Cong Nghe W CDMA Va Giai Phap Nang Cap Mang GSM Len W CDMA

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M C L C
CHNG 1 : GII THIU CC H THNG THNG TIN DI NG Gii thiu chng 1....1
1.1. H thng thng tin di ng th h 1 ................................................................ 1 1.2. Thng tin di ng th h 2................................................................................ 2 1.2.1. a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA. ...2 1.2.2. a truy cp phn chia theo m CDMA .4 1.3. Thng tin di ng th h 3................................................................................ 5 1.4.Thng tin di ng tip theo ...7 Kt lun chng 18
CHNG 2 : MNG GSM V GII PHP NNG CP LN 3G

Gii thiu chng 2 ................................................................................................ 9 2.1. c im chung ................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Kin trc ca h thng GSM ......................................................................... 10 2.2.1. Kin trc mng............................................................................................ 10 2.2.1.1. Phn h trm gc (BSS) ........................................................................ 11 2.2.1.2. Phn h chuyn mch (SS) ................................................................... 12 2.2.1.3. Phn h khai thc v h tr (OSS) ........................................................ 13 2.3.1. Kin trc a l ........................................................................................... 14 2.3.1.1. Vng mng : Tng i v tuyn cng (Gateway - MSC) ..................... 14 2.3.1.2. Vng phc v MSC/VLR ..................................................................... 14 2.3.1.3. Vng nh v LA (Location Area) ........................................................ 14 2.3.1.4. Cell ........................................................................................................ 15 2.3. K thut v tuyn s trong GSM ................................................................... 15 2.3.1. M ha knh................................................................................................ 15 2.3.1.1. M khi ................................................................................................. 16 2.3.1.2. M xon ................................................................................................ 17 2.3.2. iu ch ................................................................................................... 18 2.3.2. Phng php a truy cp trong GSM ......................................................... 21
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2.3.3. Giao tip v tuyn ....................................................................................... 22 2.4. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM (Radio Resoucre Management) .......... 23 2.4.1. Qun l di ng MM (Mobility Manegement) ........................................... 23 2.4.2. Qun l cp nht v tr................................................................................. 23 2.4.3. Qun l chuyn giao (Handover) ................................................................ 24 2.5. Cc th tc thng tin ...................................................................................... 24 2.5.1. ng nhp thit b vo mng ...................................................................... 24 2.5.2. Chuyn vng ............................................................................................... 25 2.5.3. Thc hin cuc gi ..................................................................................... 25 2.5.3.1. Cuc gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh .............................. 25 2.5.3.2. Cuc gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng .............................. 26 2.5.3.3. Cuc gi t thit b di ng n thit b di ng .................................. 27 2.5.4. Kt thc cuc gi ........................................................................................ 27 2.6. Nng cp GSM ln W-CDMA ....................................................................... 27 2.6.1. S cn thit nng cp mng GSM ln 3G ................................................... 27 2.6.2. Gii php nng cp ..................................................................................... 28 Kt lun chng 2..30
CHNG 3 : GII PHP GPRS TRN MNG GSM

Gii thiu chng 3 .............................................................................................. 31 3.1. Kin trc mng GPRS .................................................................................... 31 3.1.1. Node GSN ................................................................................................... 32 3.1.1.1. Cu trc ................................................................................................. 32 3.1.1.2. Thuc tnh ca node GSN ..................................................................... 33 3.1.1.3. Chc nng ............................................................................................. 34 3.1.2. Mng Backbone .......................................................................................... 35 3.1.3. Cu trc BSC trong GPRS .......................................................................... 36 3.2. Cu trc d liu GPRS .................................................................................. 37 3.3. Cc gii php nng cp ln GPRS cho mng GSM Vit Nam.................... 38 3.3.1. Gii php ca hng Alcatel (Php) ............................................................. 38 3.3.2. Gii php ca hng Ericson (Thy in) ................................................... 39 3.3.3. Gii php ca hng Motorola (M) ............................................................ 40
3.3.4. Gii php ca hng Siemen (c) .............................................................. 40 3.4. EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution) ....................................... 41 3.4.1. Tng quan ................................................................................................... 41 3.4.2. K thut iu ch trong EDGE ................................................................... 41 3.4.3. Giao tip v tuyn ....................................................................................... 42 3.4.3.1. Truyn dn chuyn mch gi EDGE EGPRS .................................... 43 3.4.3.2. Truyn dn chuyn mch knh EDGE ECSD ................................... 43 3.4.4. Cc k hoch cn thc hin khi p dng EDGE trn mng GSM .............. 44 3.4.4.1. K hoch ph sng (Coverage Planning) ............................................. 44 3.4.4.2. K hoch tn s (Frequency Planning) ................................................. 45 3.4.4.3. iu khin cng sut............................................................................. 45 3.4.4.4. Qun l knh ......................................................................................... 45 Kt lun chng 3..46
CHNG 4 : CNG NGH DI NG TH H 3 W-CDMA

Gii thiu chng ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1. Cu trc mng W-CDMA .............................................................................. 48 4.1.1. Giao din v tuyn ...................................................................................... 51 4.1.1.1. Giao din UTRAN CN, IU ................................................................. 51 4.1.1.2. Giao din RNC RNC, IUr ................................................................... 52 4.1.1.3. Giao din RNC Node B, IUb ............................................................... 53 4.2. Cc gii php k thut trong W-CDMA ...................................................... 53 4.2.1. M ha ....................................................................................................... 53 4.2.1.1. M vng ............................................................................................... 53 4.2.1.2. M xon ............................................................................................... 55 4.2.1.3. M Turbo ............................................................................................. 55 4.2.2. iu ch BIT/SK v QPSK ....................................................................... 56 4.2.2.1. iu ch BIT/SK ................................................................................. 56 4.2.2.2. iu ch QPSK .................................................................................... 57 4.3. Tri ph trong W-CDMA .............................................................................. 59 4.3.1. Gii thiu ................................................................................................... 59 4.3.2. Nguyn l tri ph DSSS .......................................................................... 60
4.3.3. M tri ph ................................................................................................ 61 4.4. Truy nhp gi .................................................................................................. 63 4.4.1. Tng quan v truy nhp gi trong W-CDMA........................................... 63 4.4.2. Lu lng s liu gi ................................................................................ 63 4.4.3. Cc phng php lp biu gi .................................................................. 64 4.4.3.1. Lp biu phn chia theo thi gian ....................................................... 65 4.4.3.2. Lp biu phn chia theo m ................................................................ 65 4.5. Quy hoch mng W-CDMA........................................................................... 66 M u ............................................................................................................... 66 4.5.1 Suy hao ng truyn trong qu trnh lan truyn tn hiu ......................... 66 4.5.1.1.Tp m v can nhiu 66 4.5.2.M hnh tnh suy hao ng truyn...66 4.5.2.1 . M hnh Hata Okumara.66 4.5.2.2 . M hnh Walfisch/ Ikegami ..68 4.5.2.3.Quan h suy hao ng truyn dn v vng ph sng71 4.5.2.4.Mt s kho nim cn quan tm..71 4.5.3.Dung lng kt ni v tuyn..73 4.5.4.Suy hao ng truyn ln nht cho php...74 4.5.5.Ti u mng...75 Kt lun chng 4 PHN M PHNG........................................................................................................... 76 KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN ........................................................................ 81 TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................. 83
Bng tra cu t vit tt
A
ACCH AI AMPS ARQ AS Associated Control Channels Knh iu khin lin kt. Acquisition Indicator Ch th bt. Advanced Mobile Phone System H thng in thoi di ng tin tin. Automatic Repeat Request Yu cu lp li t ng. Access Stratum Tng truy nhp.
B
BCCH BCH BER BSC BSS BTS BPSK Broadcast Control Channel Knh qung b iu khin. Broadcast Channel Knh qung b. Bit Error Ratio T s bit li. Base Station Controler B iu khin trm gc. Base Station Subsystem Phn h trm gc. Base Tranceiver Station Trm v tuyn gc. Binary Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha nh phn.
C
CCCH CDMA C/I CCCH CCPCH Common Control Channel Knh iu khin chung. Code Division Multiple Access a truy cp chia theo m. Carrier to Interference ratio T s sng mang trn nhiu. Common Control Chanel Knh iu khin chung. Common Control Physical Chanel
CPCC CPCH CPICH CR CS
Knh vt l iu khin chung. Common Power Control Chanel Knh iu khin cng sut chung. Common Packet Chanel. Knh gi chung. Common Pilot Chanel Knh hoa tiu chung. Chip Rate Tc chip (tng ng vi tc tri ph ca knh). Circuit Switch Chuyn mch knh.
D
DCA DCCH DPCCH DPCH DPDCH DTCH DTE DSCH Dynamic Chanel Allocation Phn b knh ng. Dedicated Control Channel Knh iu khin dnh ring. Dedicated Physical Control Chanel Knh iu khin vt l ring. Dedicated Physical Chanel Knh vt l ring. Dedicated Physical Data Chanel Knh s liu vt l ring. Dedicated Traffic Chanel Knh lu lng ring. Data Terminal Equipment Thit b u cui s liu. Downlink Shared Chanel Knh dng chung ng xung.
E
EDGE ETSI Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution. Tng tc truyn dn European Telecommunications Standards Institute Vin Tiu chuNn vin thng chu u.
F
FACCH FACH FAUSCH FCCCH Fast Associated Control Channel Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh. Forward Access Chanel Knh truy nhp ng xung. Fast Uplink Signalling Chanel Knh bo hiu ng ln nhanh. Forward Common Control Chanel Knh iu khin chung ng xung.
FCCH FDD FDMA FDCCH FSK
Frequency Correction Channel Knh hiu chnh tn s. Frequency Division Duplex Ghp knh song cng phn chia theo tn s. Frequence Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo tn s Forward Dedicated Control Chanel Knh iu khin ring ng xung. Frequency Shift Keying Kho iu ch dch tn.
G
GOS GSM GPS GPRS Grade Of Service Cp phc v. Global System for Mobile Communication Thng tin di ng ton cu Global Position System H thng nh v ton cu. General Packet Radio Services Dch v v tuyn gi chung.
H
Handover HH HSCSD Chuyn giao. Hard Handoff Chuyn giao cng. Hight Speed Circuit Switched Data H thng chuyn mch knh tc cao.
I
IMT-2000 IMSI IP IS-54 IS-136 IS-95A ISDN ITU-R International Mobile Telecommunication Tiu chuNn thng tin di ng ton cu. International Mobile Subscriber Identity S nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t. Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet. Interim Standard 54 Tiu chuNn thng tin di ng TDMA ca M (do AT&T xut). Interim Standard 136 Tiu chuNn thng tin di ng TDMA ci tin ca M (AT&T). Interim Standard 95A Tiu chuNn thng tin di ng TDMA ci tin ca M (Qualcomm) Integrated Servive Digital N etwork Mng s a dch v. International Mobile Telecommunication Union Radio Sector Lin minh vin thng quc t - b phn v tuyn.
IWF
InterWorking Function Chc nng tng tc mng
L
LAC LAI LLC LR Link Access Control iu khin truy nhp lin kt. Location Area Indentify N hn dng vng v tr. Logical Link Control iu khin lin kt logic. Location Registration ng k v tr.
M
ME MS MTP MSC Mobile Equipment Thit b di ng. Mobile Station Trm di ng. Message Transfer Part Phn truyn bn tin. Mobile Service Switching Center Tng i di ng.
N
N AS N ode B N SS N on-Access Stratum Tng khng truy nhp. L nt logic kt cui giao din IuB vi RN C. N etwork and Switching Subsystem H thng chuyn mch
O
ODMA OM Opportunity Driven Multiplex Access a truy cp theo c hi. Operation and Management Khai thc v bo dng.
P
PAGCH PCCC PCCH Paging and Access Knh chp nhn truy cp v nhn tin. Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code M xon mc ni song song. Paging Contrlo Chanel Knh iu khin tm gi.
PCH PCPCH PCS PLMN PSTN
Paging Channel Knh nhn tin. Physical Common Packet Chanel Knh gi chung vt l. Personal Communication Services Dch v thng tin c nhn. Public Land Mobile N etwork Mng di ng mt t cng cng. Public Switched Telephone N etwork Mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng.
Q
QPSK Kha dch pha vung gc.
R
RACH RRC Random Access Channel Knh truy cp ngu nhin. Radio Resource Control iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn.
S
SCH SDCCH SDMA Synchronization Channel Knh ng b. Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel Knh iu khin dnh ring. Space Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo khng gian
T
TACH TCH TDMA TDD Traffic and Associated Channel Lnh lu lng v lin kt. Traffic Channel Knh lu lng. Time Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian Time Division Duplex Ghp song cng phn chia thi gian.
U
UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access N etwork Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton cu.
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunnication System
V
VA VBR Voice Activity factor H s tch cc thoi. Variable Bit Rate Tc kh bin.
W
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiplex Access a truy cp phn chia theo m bng rng.
Li gii thiu
ng vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh cng ngh nh in t, tin hc...
cng ngh thng tin di ng trong nhng nm qua pht trin rt mnh
m cung cp cc loi hnh dch v a dng p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi s dng. K t khi ra i vo cui nm 1940 cho n nay thng tin di ng pht trin qua nhiu th h v tin mt bc di trn con ng cng ngh. Trong th k 21, th gii chng kin s bng n v nhu cu truyn thng khng dy c v s lng, cht lng v cc loi hnh dch v. Tuy nhin, theo nh gi th cng ngh truyn thng khng dy hin thi vn cn qu chm v khng p ng c cc yu cu v dch v mi c bit l cc dch v truyn s liu a phng tin. iu ny i hi cc nh khai thc phi c c cng ngh truyn thng khng dy nhanh hn v tt hn. p ng yu cu , ngay t nhng nm u ca thp k 90 ngi ta tin hnh nghin cu, hoch nh h thng thng tin di ng th h ba. ITU-R ang tin hnh cng tc tiu chuNn ha cho h thng thng tin di ng ton cu IMT-2000, cn chu u ETSI ang tin hnh tiu chuNn ha phin bn ny vi tn gi l UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunnication System). Mc tiu trc mt l tng tc bit truyn t 9.5Kbps ln 2Mbps. Cng ngh ny s nng cao cht lng thoi, v dch v d liu s h tr truyn thng a phng tin n cc thit b khng dy. C nhiu chuNn thng tin di ng th h ba c xut, trong chuNn WCDMA c ITU chp thun v hin nay ang c trin khai mt s khu vc. H thng W-CDMA l s pht trin tip theo ca cc h thng thng tin di ng th h hai s dng cng ngh TDMA nh GSM, PDC, IS-136...W-CDMA s dng cng ngh CDMA ang l mc tiu hng ti ca cc h thng thng tin di ng trn ton th gii, iu ny cho php thc hin tiu chuNn ha giao din v tuyn cng ngh truyn thng khng dy trn ton cu. Hin nay, mng thng tin di ng ca Vit N am ang s dng cng ngh GSM, tuy nhin mng GSM khng p ng c cc yu cu v dch v mi cng
nh i hi cht lng dch v ngy cng cao ca ngi s dng. Do vic nghin cu v trin khai mng thng tin di ng th h ba W-CDMA l mt iu tt yu. Xut pht t nhng suy ngh nh vy nn em quyt nh chn ti: " Cng ngh W-CDMA v gii php nng cp mng GSM ln W-CDMA". N i dung n gm 4 chng : Chng 1: Gii thiu cc h thng thng tin di ng Chng ny trnh by tng quan v qu trnh pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng v s cn thit ca vic xy dng h thng thng tin di ng th h ba. Chng 2: Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G Trnh by kin trc mng GSM v cc k thut v tuyn s p dng trong mng GSM. xut cc gii php nng cp h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 ln th h ba v khi qut l trnh nng cp mng GSM ln W-CDMA. Chng 3 : Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS v EDGE Gii thiu v dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS) v dch v v tuyn gi chung nng cao (EDGE). Cc gii php k thut trong bc tin trin t GSM sang GPRS v hiu qu t c. Gii php GPRS cho mng GSM Vit N am. Chng 4 : Cng ngh W-CDMA Gii thiu cng ngh thng tin di ng th h 3 W-CDMA. Cc gii php k thut khi nng cp mng GPRS & EDGE ln W-CDMA. Trong qu trnh lm ti, em c gng rt nhiu song do kin thc hn ch nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, sai lm. Em rt mong nhn c s ph bnh, hng dn v s gip ca Thy c, bn b. Em xin chn thnh cm n s gip tn tnh ca Thy N guyn Vn Phng cng cc Thy c trong khoa em hon thnh ti tt nghip ny. N ng, ngy......thng......nm 2007 Sinh vin : Trng Vn Ho
Chng 1 - Gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng
CHNG 1 GII THIU V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG

Gii thiu chng 1: Thng tin di ng l mt lnh vc rt quan trng trong i sng x hi. X hi cng pht trin, nhu cu v thng tin di ng ca con ngi cng tng ln v thng tin di ng cng khng nh c s cn v tnh tin dng ca n. Cho n nay, h thng thng tin di ng tri qua nhiu giai on pht trin, t th h di ng th h 1 n th h 3 v th h ang pht trin trn th gii - th h 4. Trong chng ny s trnh by khi qut v cc c tnh chung ca cc h thng thng tin di ng. 1.1. H thng thng tin di dng th h 1 H thng di ng th h 1 ch h tr cc dch v thoi tng t v s dng k thut iu ch tng t mang d liu thoi ca mi ngi, v s dng phng php a truy cp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA). Hnh 1.1 m t phng php a truy cp FDMA vi 5 ngi dng. Hnh 1.1(a) l ph ca h thng FDMA. y, bng thng ca h thng c chia thnh cc bng c rng W ch . Gia cc knh k nhau c mt khong bo v trnh chng ph do s khng n nh ca tn s sng mang. Khi mt ngi dng gi yu cu ti BS, BS s n nh mt trong cc knh cha s dng v ginh ring cho ngi dng trong sut cuc gi. Tuy nhin, ngay khi cuc gi kt thc, knh c n nh li cho ngi khc. Khi c nm ngi dng xc nh v duy tr cuc gi nh hnh 1.1(b), c th n nh knh nh trn hnh 1.1(c). c im: - Mi MS c cp pht i knh lin lc sut thi gian thng tuyn. - N hiu giao thoa do tn s cc knh ln cn nhau l ng k. - BTS phi c b thu pht ring lm vic vi mi MS. H thng FDMA in hnh l h thng in thoi di dng tin tin (Advanced Mobile phone System - AMPS).
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H thng di ng th h 1 s dng phng php a truy cp n gin. Tuy nhin h thng khng tho mn nhu cu ngy cng tng ca ngi dng v c dung lng v tc . V cc khuyt im trn m ngui ta a ra h thng di dng th h 2 a im hn th h 1 v c dung lng v cc dch v c cung cp.
Ph
Bng tn h thng Khong bo v Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 .......... Bng tn Tn s Knh N
N gi dng 5 N gi dng 4 N gi dng 3 N gi dng 2 N gi dng 1
Tn s Knh 3 Knh 2 Knh 1
Thi gian
N gi dng 3 N gi dng 2,5 N gi dng 1,4
Thi gian Hnh 1.1 Khi nim v h thng FDMA: (a) Ph tn ca h thng FDMA; (b) M hnh khi u v duy tr cuc gi vi 5 ngi dng; (c) Phn b knh.
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Chng 1 - Gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng 1.2. H thng thng tin di dng th h 2
Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca thu bao, h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 c a ra p ng kp thi s lng ln cc thu bao di ng da trn cng ngh s. Tt c h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 s dng iu ch s. V chng s dng 2 phng php a truy cp: - a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA). - a truy cp phn chia theo m (CDMA). 1.2.1 a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA Ph quy nh cho lin lc di ng c chia thnh cc di tn lin lc, mi di tn lin lc ny dng chung cho N knh lin lc, mi knh lin lc l mt khe thi gian trong chu k mt khung. Cc thu bao khc dng chung knh nh ci xen thi gian, mi thu bao c cp pht cho mt khe thi gian trong cu trc khung. Hnh 1.2 cho thy qu trnh truy cp ca mt h thng TDMA 3 knh vi 5 ngi dng.
Ph Bng tn h thng
Tn s
Thi gian chim knh N gi dng 5 N gi dng 4 N gi dng 3 N gi dng 2 N gi dng 1
Thi gian
Thi gian Hnh 1.2 Khi nim v h thng TDMA: (a) Ph tn ca h thng TDMA; (b) M hnh khi u v duy tr cuc gi vi 5 ngi dng; (c) Phn b knh (khe), vi gi thit dng TDMA 3 knh.
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c im : - Tn hiu ca thu bao c truyn dn s.
- Lin lc song cng mi hng thuc cc di tn lin lc khc nhau, trong mt bng tn c s dng truyn tn hiu t trm gc n cc my di ng v mt bng tn c s dng truyn tuyn hiu t my di ng n trm gc. Vic phn chia tn nh vy cho php cc my thu v my pht c th hot ng cng mt lc m khng s can nhiu nhau. - Gim s my thu pht BTS. - Gim nhiu giao thoa. H thng TDMA in hnh l h thng thng tin di ng ton cu (Global System for Mobile - GSM). My in thoi di ng k thut s TDMA phc tp hn k thut FDMA. H thng x l s i vi tn hiu trong MS tng t c kh nng x l khng qu 106 lnh trong mt giy, cn trong MS s TDMA phi c kh nng x l hn 50x106 lnh trn giy. 1.2.2 a truy cp phn chia theo m CDMA Thng tin di ng CDMA s dng k thut tri ph cho nn nhiu ngi s dng c th chim cng knh v tuyn ng thi tin hnh cc cuc gi, m khng s gy nhiu ln nhau. N hng ngi s dng ni trn c phn bit vi nhau nh dng mt m c trng khng trng vi bt k ai. Knh v tuyn CDMA c dng li mi (cell) trong ton mng, v nhng knh ny cng c phn bit nhau nh m tri ph gi ngu nhin (Pseudo N oise - PN ). c im: - Di tn tn hiu rng hng MHz. - S dng k thut tri ph phc tp. - K thut tri ph cho php tn hiu v tuyn s dng c cng trng hiu qu hn FDMA, TDMA. - Vic cc thu bao MS trong dng chung tn s khin cho thit b truyn dn v tuyn n gin, vic thay i k hoch tn s khng cn vn , chuyn giao tr thnh mm, iu khin dung lng rt linh hot.
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Ph
Bng tn h thng
Tn s
Thi gian chim knh N gi dng 5 N gi dng 4 N gi dng 3 N gi dng 2 N gi dng 1
Thi gian Tn s
N gi dng 4 N gi dng 1 N gi dng 3
N gi dng 2
N gi dng 5
Thi gian Hnh 1.3 Khi nim v h thng CDMA: (a) ph tn; (b) m hnh khi u v duy tr cuc gi vi 5 ngi dng; (c) phn b knh.
1.3. H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 H thng thng tin di ng chuyn t th h 2 sang th h 3 qua mt giai on trung gian l th h 2,5 s dng cng ngh TDMA trong kt hp nhiu khe hoc nhiu tn s hoc s dng cng ngh CDMA trong c th chng ln ph tn ca th h hai nu khng s dng ph tn mi, bao gm cc mng c a vo s dng nh: GPRS, EDGE v CDMA2000-1x. th h th 3 ny cc h thng thng tin di ng c xu th ho nhp thnh mt tiu chuNn duy nht v c kh nng phc v tc bit ln n 2 Mbit/s. phn bit vi cc h thng thng tin di ng bng hp hin nay, cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 gi l cc h thng thng tin di ng bng rng.
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N hiu tiu chuNn cho h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 IMT-2000 c xut, trong 2 h thng W-CDMA v CDMA2000 c ITU chp thun v a vo hot ng trong nhng nm u ca nhng thp k 2000. Cc h thng ny u s dng cng ngh CDMA, iu ny cho php thc hin tiu chuNn ton th gii cho giao din v tuyn ca h thng thng tin di ng th h 3. - W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) l s nng cp ca cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 s dng cng ngh TDMA nh: GSM, IS136. - CDMA2000 l s nng cp ca h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 s dng cng ngh CDMA: IS-95.
Hnh 1.4 trnh by l trnh pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng t 2G n 3G. 2G cdmaOne
Thoi, s liu 14 4 kbps Thoi, s liu 9.6 kbps
2,5G
3G CDMA 2000
Thoi 2X, D liu 153 kbps / 3,09 M
GSM 1X
TDMA
Thoi, s liu 9.6 kbps
UMTS WCDMA
Thoi, d liu 384 kbps - 2M
GSM D liu 115 kbps 1999
GPRS D liu 384 kbps 2000 2001 2002 2003
EDGE
2004 2005
Hnh 1.4 L trnh pht trin t 2G n 3G
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Yu cu i vi h thng thng tin di ng th h 3:
Thng tin di ng th h th 3 xy dng trn c s IMT-2000 c a vo phc v t nm 2001. Mc ch ca IMT-2000 l a ra nhiu kh nng mi nhng cng ng thi bo m s pht trin lin tc ca thng tin di ng th h 2. - Tc ca th h th ba c xc nh nh sau: + 384 Kb/s i vi vng ph sng rng. + 2 Mb/s i vi vng ph sng a phng. - Cc tiu ch chung xy dng h thng thng tin di ng th h ba (3G): + S dng di tn quy nh quc t 2GHz nh sau: ng ln : 1885-2025 MHz. ng xung : 2110-2200 MHz. + L h thng thng tin di ng ton cu cho cc loi hnh thng tin v tuyn: Tch hp cc mng thng tin hu tuyn v v tuyn. Tng tc vi mi loi dch v vin thng. + S dng cc mi trng khai thc khc nhau: trong cng s, ngoi ng, trn xe, v tinh. + C th h tr cc dch v nh: Mi trng thng tin nh o (VHE: Virtual Home Environment) trn c s mng thng minh, di ng c nhn v chuyn mng ton cu. m bo chuyn mng quc t. m bo cc dch v a phng tin ng thi cho thoi, s liu chuyn mch theo knh v s liu chuyn mch theo gi. + D dng h tr cc dch v mi xut hin. 1.4. H thng thng tin di ng th h tip theo H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 sang th h 4 qua giai on trung gian l th h 3,5 c tn l mng truy nhp gi ng xung tc cao HSDPA. Th h 4 l cng ngh truyn thng khng dy th t, cho php truyn ti d liu vi tc
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ti a trong iu kin l tng ln ti 1 cho n 1.5 Gb/giy. Cng ngh 4G c hiu l chuNn tng lai ca cc thit b khng dy. Cc nghin cu u tin ca N TT DoCoMo cho bit, in thoi 4G c th nhn d liu vi tc 100 Mb/giy khi di chuyn v ti 1 Gb/giy khi ng yn, cho php ngi s dng c th ti v truyn ln hnh nh ng cht lng cao. ChuNn 4G cho php truyn cc ng dng phng tin truyn thng ph bin nht, gp phn to nn cc nhng ng dng mnh m cho cc mng khng dy ni b (WLAN ) v cc ng dng khc. Th h 4 dng k thut truyn ti truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM, l k thut nhiu tn hiu c gi i cng mt lc nhng trn nhng tn s khc nhau. Trong k thut OFDM, ch c mt thit b truyn tn hiu trn nhiu tn s c lp (t vi chc cho n vi ngn tn s). Thit b 4G s dng my thu v tuyn xc nhn bi phn mm SDR (Software - Defined Radio) cho php s dng bng thng hiu qu hn bng cch dng a knh ng thi. Tng i chuyn mch mng 4G ch dng chuyn mch gi, do , gim tr thi gian truyn v nhn d liu. Kt lun chng 1: Chng 1 trnh by mt cch khi qut v nhng nt c trng cng nh s pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 1, 2 v 3, ng thi s lc nhng yu cu ca h thng thng tin di ng th h 3. Th h th nht l th h thng tin di ng tng t s dng cng ngh truy cp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA). Tip theo l th h th hai s dng k thut s vi cc cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) v phn chia theo m (CDMA). V hin nay l th h th ba ang chuNn b a vo hot ng. H thng thng tin di ng th h th ba vi tn gi IMT-2000 khng nh c tnh u vit ca n so vi cc th h trc cng nh p ng kp thi cc nhu cu ngy cng tng ca ngi s dng v tc bit thng tin v tnh di ng. Tuy cha xc nh chnh xc kh nng di ng v tc bit cc i nhng d on c th t tc 100 km/h v tc bit t 110 Mbit/s. Th h th t c tc ln ti 34 Mbit/s ang c nghin cu a vo s dng.
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Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn
CHNG 2 MNG GSM V GII PHP NNG CP LN 3G

Gii thiu chng 2: N m 1982, CEPT (Hip hi bu chnh vin thng chu u) bt u a ra chuNn vin thng k thut s chu u ti bng tn 900MHz, tn l GSM (Global System for Mobile communication h thng thng tin di ng ton cu). N m 1986, CEPT lp nhiu phng th nghim ti Paris la chn cng ngh truyn pht. Cui cng k thut a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) v a truy cp phn chia theo tn s c la chn (FDMA). Hai k thut ny kt hp to nn cng ngh pht cho GSM. Cc nh khai thc ca 12 nc chu u cng k bn ghi nh Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) quyt tm gii thiu GSM vo nm 1991. Cho n hin nay mng thng tin di ng GSM ang l mt h thng s dng ph bin nht trn th gii. Trong chng ny s cp n c im ,cu trc mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G. 2.1. c im chung GSM c thit k c lp vi h thng nn hon ton khng ph thuc vo phn cng, m ch tp trung vo chc nng v ngn ng giao tip ca h thng. iu ny to iu kin cho nh thit k phn cng sng to thm tnh nng v cho php cng ty vn hnh mng mua thit b t nhiu hng khc nhau. - GSM vi tiu chuNn thng s ton Chu u mi, s gii quyt s hn ch dung lng hin nay. Thc cht dung lng s tng 2 3 ln nh vic s dng tn s tt hn v k thut nh, do vy s thu bao c phc v s tng ln. - Lu ng l hon ton t ng, ngi s dng dch v c th em my di ng ca mnh i s dng nc khc. H thng s t ng cp nht thng tin v v tr. N gi s dng cng c th gi i v nhn cuc gi n m ngi gi khng bit v tr ca mnh. N goi tnh lu ng quc t, tiu chuNn GSM cn cung cp mt
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s tnh nng nh thng tin tc cao, faxcimile v dch v thng bo ngn. Cc my in thoi di ng s ngy cng nh hn v tiu th t cng sut hn cc th h trc chng. - Tiu chuNn GSM c thit k c th kt hp vi ISDN v tng thch vi mi trng di ng. N h vy tng tc gia hai tiu chuNn ny m bo. - GSM vic ng k thu bao c ghi module nhn dng thu bao SIM (Subscribe Identity Module). Card thu bao ch c s dng vi mt my. H thng kim tra l ng k thu bao ng v card khng b ly cp. Qu trnh ny c t ng thc hin bng mt th tc nhn thc thng qua mt trung tm nhn thc. - Tnh bo mt cng c tng cng nh vic s dng m s ngn chn hon ton vic nghe trm v tuyn. cc nc iu kin tng i tt, cht lng ting GSM ngang bng vi h thng tng t. Tuy nhin, cc iu kin xu do tn hiu yu hay do nhiu giao thoa nng, GSM c cht lng vt tri. 2.2. Kin trc ca h thng GSM 2.2.1. Kin trc mng H thng GSM c chia thnh h thng trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem) v h thng chuyn mch N SS (N etwork and Switching Subsystem). Mi h thng ni trn cha mt s khi chc nng, thc hin tt c cc chc nng ca h thng. Cc khi chc nng c thc hin bi cc thit b phn cng khc nhau.
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ISDN PSPDN CSPDN PSTN PLMN
SS
VLR
AUC HLR MSC BSC BSS BTS EIR
OSS
MS
Hnh 2.1- M hnh h thng GSM 2.2.1.1. Phn h trm gc (BSS) H thng c thc hin nh l mt mng gm nhiu v tuyn cnh nhau m bo ton b vng ph ca vng phc v. Mi c mt trm v tuyn gc (BTS) lm vic tp hp cc knh v tuyn. Cc knh ny khc vi cc knh lm vic ca k cn trnh nhiu giao thoa. BTS c iu khin bi b iu khin trm gc BSC. Cc BSC c phc v bi trung tm chuyn mch nghip v di ng (MSC). Mt BSC iu khin nhiu BTS. BSS ni vi MS thng qua giao din v tuyn v cng ni n N SS. Mt b phn TRAU (Transcoder/Rate Adaption Unit) thc hin m ho v gii m ng thi iu chnh tc cho vic truyn s liu. H thng GSM s dng m hnh OSI (Open System Interconnection). C 3 giao din ph bin trong m hnh OSI: giao din v tuyn gia MS v BTS, giao din A gia MSC v BSC v giao din A-bis gia BTS v BSC. i v tuyn gc BTS : Mt BTS bao gm cc thit b pht thu, anten v x l tn hiu c th cho giao din v tuyn. C th coi BTS l cc modem v tuyn phc tp c thm mt s cc chc nng khc. Mt b phn quan trng ca BTS l TRAU (Transcoder and rate adapter unit: khi chuyn i m v thch ng tc ). TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ha v gii m ting c th ring cho GSM
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c tin hnh, y cng thc hin thch ng tc trong trng hp truyn s liu. TRAU l mt b phn ca BTS, nhng cng c th t n cch xa BTS v thm ch trong nhiu trng hp c t gia cc BSC v MSC. i iu khin trm gc BSC : BSC c nhim v qun l tt c giao din v tuyn thng qua cc lnh iu khin t xa BTS v MS. Cc lnh ny ch yu l cc lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v qun l chuyn giao (handover). Mt pha BSC c ni vi BTS cn pha kia ni vi MSC ca SS. Trong thc t BSC l mt tng i nh c kh nng tnh ton ng k. Vai tr ch yu ca n l qun l cc knh giao din v tuyn v chuyn giao (handover). Mt BSC trung bnh c th qun l ti vi chc BTS ph thuc vo lu lng ca cc BTS ny. Giao din gia BSC vi MSC c gi l giao din A, cn giao din gia n vi BTS c gi l giao din Abis. 2.2.1.2. Phn h chuyn mch (SS) N SS trong GSM l mt mng thng minh. N SS qun l giao din gia ngi s dng mng GSM vi ngi s dng mng vin thng khc, n bao gm: Trung tm chuyn mch dch v di ng MSC (Mobile Service Switching Centre): Thc hin chc nng chuyn mch, nhim v chnh ca MSC l iu phi vic thit lp cuc gi n nhng ngi s dng mng GSM. Mt mt MSC giao tip vi h thng con BSS, mt khc giao tip vi mng ngoi. MSC lm nhim v giao tip vi mng ngoi gi l MSC cng. Vic giao tip vi mng ngoi m bo thng tin cho nhng ngi s dng mng GSM i hi cng thch ng (cc chc nng tng tc IWF: interworking function). Chng hn SS c th s dng mng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (CCS N o7), mng ny m bo hot ng tng tc gia cc phn t ca SS trong mt hay nhiu mng GSM. MSC thng l mt tng i ln iu khin trm gc (BSC). Chc nng tng tc mng IWF (InterWorking Function): L cng giao tip gia ngi dng mng GSM vi cc mng ngoi nh PSPDN , CSPDN kt ni MSC vi mt s mng khc cn phi thch ng vi cc c im truyn dn ca
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GSM vi cc mng ny. Cc thch ng ny c gi l cc chc nng tng tc bao gm mt thit b thch ng giao thc v truyn dn. N cho php kt ni vi cc mng: PSPDN (mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi) hay CSPDN (mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch theo mch), n cng tn ti khi cc mng khc ch n thun l PSTN hay ISDN . IWF c th c thc hin trong cng chc nng MSC hay c th thit b ring, trng hp hai giao tip gia MSC v IWF c m. Thanh ghi nh v thng tr HLR (Home Location Register): cha tt c cc thng tin v thu bao, v cc thng tin lin quan n v tr hin hnh ca thu bao, nhng khng chnh xc. HLR c trung tm nhn thc AUC (Authentication Center) v thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR (Equipment Identity Register). AUC qun l bo mt d liu cho vic nhn thc thu bao. EIR cha cc s liu phn cng ca thit b. Thanh ghi nh v tm tr VLR (Visitor Location Register): VLR l c s d liu th hai trong mng GSM. N c ni n mt hoc nhiu MSC, c nhim v lu gi tm thi s liu thu bao ca cc thu bao hin ang nm trong vng phc v ca MSC tng ng v ng thi lu gi s liu v v tr ca cc thu bao ni trn cp nht cho MSC vi mc chnh xc hn HLR. MSC cng (GMSC): SS c th cha nhiu MSC, VLR, HLR. thit lp mt cuc gi n ngi s dng GSM, trc ht cuc gi phi c nh tuyn n mt tng i cng c gi l GMSC m khng cn bit n hin thi thu bao ang u. Cc tng i cng c nhim v ly thng tin v v tr ca thu bao v nh tuyn cuc gi n tng i ang qun l thu bao thi im hin thi (MSC tm tr). 2.2.1.3. Phn h khai thc v h tr (OSS) H thng khai thc v h tr c ni n tt c cc thit b h thng chuyn mch v ni n BSC. N cung cp h tr t tn km cho khch hng m bo cng tc bo dng khai thc ti ch. OSS c cc tnh nng chnh nh sau :
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- M hnh mng logic c my tnh ha. - Cc khai thc nh hng theo hnh ng. - Cc chc nng qun l iu khin theo thc n. - Cc phng tin thu thp s liu v x l. Mc ch chnh ca OSS l m bo theo di tng quan h thng v h tr cc hot ng bo dng ca cc c quan khai thc v bo dng khc nhau. 2.2.2. Kin trc a l Trong mi mng in thoi, kin trc a l l nn tng quan trng xy dng quy trnh kt ni cuc thoi n ng ch. Vi mng di ng iu ny cng quan trng hn do ngi dng lun lun thay i v tr nn kin trc phi c kh nng theo di c v tr ca thu bao. 2.2.2.1. Vng mng : Tng i v tuyn cng (Gateway - MSC) Cc ng truyn gia mng GSM/PLMN v mng PSTN /ISDN khc hay cc mng PLMN khc s mc tng i trung k quc gia hay quc t. Tt c cc cuc gi vo mng GSM/PLMN s c nh tuyn n mt hay nhiu tng i gi l tng i v tuyn cng (GMSC). GMSC lm vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho GSM/PLMN . y l ni thc hin chc nng hi nh tuyn cuc gi cho cc cuc gi kt cui di ng. N cho php h thng nh tuyn cc cuc gi n nhn cui cng ca chng l cc thu bao di ng b gi. 2.3.2.2.Vng phc v MSC/VLR Vng phc v l mt b phn ca mng do MSC qun l. nh tuyn mt cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng, ng truyn qua mng s ni n MSC vng phc v m thu bao di ng ang . Mt vng mng GSM/PLMN s c chia thnh mt hay nhiu vng phc v MSC/VLR. 2.3.2.3.Vng nh v LA (Location Area) Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s vng nh v. Vng nh v l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC/VLR m trm di ng c th di chuyn
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t do m khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho tng i MSC/VLR iu khin vng nh v ny. Trong vng nh v mt thng bo tm gi s c pht qung b tm thu bao di ng b gi. Vng nh v c th c mt s v ph thuc mt hay vi BSC nhng n ch ph thuc mt MSC/VLR. 2.3.2.4.Cell Vng nh v c chia thnh mt s . l vng bao ph v tuyn c mng nh danh bng nhn dng ton cu (CGI Cell Global Indentify). Trm di ng t nhn dng mt bng cch s dng m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC).
LA VLR MS LA
LA LA Cell
Hnh 2.2. Phn vng mt vng phc v MSC thnh cc vng nh v v cc 2.3. K thut v tuyn s trong GSM 2.3.1. M ha knh Trong truyn dn s ngi ta thng o cht lng ca tn hiu bng t s li bit (BER). T s BER cng nh th cht lng truyn dn cng cao, tuy nhin do ng truyn dn lun thay i nn khng th gim t s ny xung khng. N gha l ta phi chp nhn mt s lng li nht nh. M ha knh c s dng pht hin v hiu chnh li trong lung bit thu nhm gim t s li bit BER. t c iu ny ngi ta b sung cc bit d vo lung thng tin. N h vy ta phi gi i nhiu bit hn cn thit cho thng tin, nhng b li ta c th t c an ton chng li tt hn.
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Cng thc tnh dung lng knh Shannon :
P S = B log 2 1 + C = B log 2 1 + N0B N
Trong : C : Dung lng knh. B : Bng thng truyn dn (Hz). P : Cng sut tn hiu thu (W). N 0 : Mt cng sut nhiu n bin (W/Hz). Cng sut thu c ti my thu: P = EbRb Trong : Eb: nng lng bit trung bnh. Rb : tc bit truyn dn. Phng trnh c th c chuNn ha:
E R C = log og 1 + b b B N0B
Vi
C l hiu sut bng thng. B
B m ha knh m ha d liu thng tin ngun ra mt chui m khc pht ln knh truyn. C th chia m ha knh thnh hai loi : m khi (Block code) v m xon (Convolutional code). 2.3.1.1. M khi M khi l m sa sai truyn thng (Forward Error Correction FEC), n cho php mt s bits li c sa sai m khng cn truyn li. Trong m khi, cc bits parity c thm vo khi bits thng tin to nn cc t m khc hoc khi m.
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b m ha khi, k bits thng tin c m ha ra thnh n bits. Tng cc bits (n k) c cng vo cc bits thng tin vi mc ch pht hin sai v sa sai. m khi ta b sung bit kim tra vo mt s bit thng tin nht nh, nguyn tc ny c m t nh sau :
Khi bn tin
B M HA KHI
Khi m
Thng tin
Thng tin
Kim tra
Hnh 2.3. M ha khi Trong m ha khi cc bit kim tra trong khi ch ph thuc vo cc bit thng tin khi bn tin. 2.3.1.2. M xon m ha xon, b m ha to ra khi cc bit m khng ch ph thuc vo cc bit ca khi bn tin hin thi c dch vo b m ha m cn ph thuc vo cc bit ca cc khi trc. Cc chui thng tin c chia ra thnh cc khi ring l v m ha l mt chui bits thng tin c sp xp thnh mt chui lin tc ti u ra ca b m ha. Vi cng mt phc tp th li m ha ca m chp ln hn m khi.
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N Stages k Data bits 1 k 1 k 1 k
+
1
+
2 Encoded Sequence
+
n
Hnh 2.4 S khi tng qut ca b m ha chp. Mt m xon c sinh ra bng cch cho chui thng tin i qua cc thanh ghi dch trng thi hu hn. Thanh ghi dch ny cha n (k bits) tng v pht ra mt hm i s tuyn tnh da trn vic pht ra cc a thc. D liu ng vo c dch vo v theo thanh ghi dch k bits ti mi thi im. S bits u ra vi mi chui d liu ng vo k bits l n bits. T l m Rc =k/n. H s N c gi l chiu di bt buc v cho thy s bits d liu ng vo ph thuc vo ng ra hin hnh. N quyt nh th mnh v phc tp ca m. 2.4.2.iu ch Mc tiu chnh ca s pht trin h thng thng tin di ng s l vic s dng tt hn ph tn s c. Vi mc tiu trn k thut iu ch v gii iu ch bng hp l cc k quan trng. GSM s dng phng php iu ch kha dch pha cc tiu Gauss GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying). Phng php iu ch ny tha mn c cc yu cu t ra : - Ph cng sut u ra hp : m bo yu cu cng sut ngoi bng pht x vo cc knh ln cn nh hn 60 80 dB trong cc knh yu cu. iu ny l cn thit trnh nhiu cc knh ln cn gy ra trong qu trnh truyn lan. - Xc sut li qu trnh truyn lan nh : Ch tiu ny b nh hng bi Nm mi trng cng nh tp m nhit v nhiu. V th yu cu cng sut my pht phi thp v ti s dng cng knh trong vng a l phi cao.
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- Ch s khuch i tuyn tnh nh : Yu cu ny rt cn thit tit kim ngun v ci thin hiu qu tng ra. - N gun sng mang nhiu tn s : Yu cu ny cn thit cho php thm nhp bt c knh v tuyn no c n nh. B tng hp tn s kha pha vi tn s trung tm c th lp trnh c thng c s dng cho mc ch ny. GMSK l phng php iu ch bng hp da trn k thut iu ch dch pha, thc hin bng cch ni dy chuyn mt b lc Gauss v b iu ch MSK. MSK chnh l phng php iu ch FSK lin tc (CPFSK) trong trng hp h s iu ch bng 0.5. FSK l phng php iu tn, n bin i thng tin thnh cc tn hiu tn s trong sng mng, sau truyn i. C th s dng b VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) thc hin FSK.
VCO FSK m gi tr
Tn hiu m mc
Hnh 2.5. Cu to nguyn l b FSK Tn hiu iu ch c pha thay i lin tc gi l FSK lin tc (CPFSK). CPFSK tho mn iu kin trc giao khi lng thay i pha trn mt m bng s nguyn ln 0.5. Trong trng hp c bit CPFSK c h s iu ch bng 0.5 c gi l kha dch tn cc tiu MSK. Gi s sng mang c iu ch i vi MSK c dng nh sau : S(t) = A.cos (0t + t + 0) Trong : A : Bin khng thay i. 0 = 2f (rad/s) : Tn s gc ca sng mang. t : Gc pha ph thucvo lung s a ln iu ch.
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0 : Pha ban u. Lc ny ta s c gc pha t nh sau : t = kii (t-iT) Trong : ki = 1 nu di = di-1 ki = -1 nu di di-1 i(t) = t/2T, T l khong thi gian ca bit. di l chui bit a ln iu ch. Ta thy MSK nu bit iu ch thi im xt ging nh bit thi im trc t s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 /2, ngi li nu bit iu ch thi im xt khc bit trc th t s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 -/2. S thay i gc pha iu ch MSK cng dn n thay i tn s theo quan h sau: = d(t)/dt Trong : (t) = 0t + t + 0 N u chui bit a ln iu ch khng i (ton s 1 hoc ton s 0) ta c tn s nh sau: 1 = 2f1= 0+T/2 N u chui bit a ln iu ch thay i lun phin (1,0,1,0...) th ta c: 2 = 2f2= 0 - T/2 thu hp ph tn ca tn hiu iu ch lung bit a ln iu ch c a qua b lc Gauss. GSM b lc Gauss c s dng BT = 0.3, trong B l rng bng tn. Vy rng bng tn 3dB c th tnh nh sau:
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B.T = 0.3 hay B = 0.3/T = 0.3/ (1/271 x103) = 81 Khz 2.4.3.Phng php a truy cp trong GSM giao din v tuyn MS v BTS lin lc vi nhau bng sng v tuyn. Do ti nguyn v tn s c hn m s lng thu bao li khng ngng tng ln nn ngoi vic s dng li tn s, trong mi cell s knh tn s c dng chung theo kiu trung k. H thng trung k v tuyn l h thng v tuyn c s knh sn sng phc v t hn s ngi dng kh d. X l trung k cho php tt c ngi dng s dng chung mt cch trt t s knh c hn v chng ta bit chc rng xc sut mi thu bao cng lc cn knh l thp. Phng thc s dng chung cc knh gi l a truy nhp. Hin nay, ngi ta s dng 5 phng php truy cp knh vt l: FDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo tn s) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc knh tn s khc nhau. TDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc khe thi gian khc nhau. CDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo m) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc chui m khc nhau. PDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo cc tnh) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc s phn cc khc nhau ca sng v tuyn. SDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo khng gian) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc anten nh hng bp sng hp. GSM s dng kt hp hai phng php a truy cp l FDMA v TDMA. Di tn 935 960MHz c s dng cho ng ln v 890 915MHz cho ng xung (GSM 900). Di thng tn mt knh l 200KHz, di tn bo v bin cng rng 200KHz nn ta c tng s knh trong FDMA l 124. Mt di thng TDMA l mt khung c tm khe thi gian, mt khung ko di trong 4.616ms. Khung ng ln tr 3 khe thi gian so vi khung ng xung, nh tr ny m MS c c th s
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dng mt khe thi gian c cng s th t c ng ln ln ng xung truyn tin bn song cng. Cc knh tn s c s dng GSM nm trong dy tn s quy nh 900Mhz xc nh theo cng thc sau: FL = 890,2 + 0,2.(n-1) MHz FU = FL(n) + 45 MHz 1 n 124 T cng thc trn FL l tn s na bng thp, FU l tn s na bng cao, 0,2MHz l khong cch gia cc knh ln cn, 45Mhz l khong cch thu pht, n s knh tn v tuyn. Ta thy tng s knh tn s c th t chc cho mng GSM l 124 knh. cho cc knh ln cn khng gy nhiu cho nhau mi BTS ph mt ca mng phi s dng cc tn s cch xa nhau v cc ch c s dng li tn s khong cch cho php. Truyn dn v tuyn GSM c chia thnh cc cm (Burst) cha hng trm bit c iu ch. Mi cm c pht i trong mt khe thi gian 577s trong mt knh tn s c rng 200 Khz ni trn. Mi mt knh tn s cho php t chc cc khung thm nhp theo thi gian, mi khung bao gm 8 khe thi gian t TS0 n TS7. 2.4.4.Giao tip v tuyn Giao tip v tuyn l khi nim dng ch cu trc truyn dn gia trm di ng v trm thu pht gc. GSM s dng kt hp hai phng php a truy cp FDMA v TDMA. Trong FDMA c 124 knh vi di tn 935 960MHz s dng cho ng ln v 890 915MHz cho ng xung. Mi knh c c trng bi mt tn s (sng mang) gi l knh tn s RFCH (Radio chanel) cho mi hng thu pht v c gn cho mt khung thi gian trong TDMA, mi khung c chia ra 8 khe thi gian truyn dn thng tin theo hai hng. N h vy ta c tng s knh GSM 900 l 992.
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Mt cp RFCH (thu v pht) ti mt khe thi gian c gi l mt knh vt l. Mt knh nhn theo quan im ni dung tin tc c gi l knh logic (logical chanel). Cc knh logic c sp xp ln cc knh vt l theo mt nguyn tc nht nh. 2.4. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM (Radio Resoucre Management) Khi mt MS ang trong cuc gi th c ngha mt ng truyn dn tin tc v mt ng bo hiu gia MS vi MSC neo ang c duy tr. S duy tr bt u t lc MS ri b trng thi ch bc vo trng thi truyn tin n lc tr v li trng thi ch. V pha c s h tng ca PLMN , ng truyn dn tuy duy tr lin tc nhng c th thay i nhiu, nht l chuyn giao. Chc nng RRM lin quan n vic qun l ng truyn dn, c ba chc nng qun l chnh l nh v, chuyn giao v di ng. 2.5.1.Qun l di ng MM (Mobility Manegement) Lp qun l di ng c xy dng trn lp RR m nhn cc chc nng xut hin do s di chuyn ca t bo cng nh vn nhn thc v bo mt. Thu bao di ng c thng bo cuc gi n bng thng ip ngn gi qua knh chp thun truy cp v nhn tin (PAGCH) ca mt cell. Qun l di ng cung cp kh nng khi ng cuc gi trong h thng mng ny v phn phi n n h thng cc mng khc. 2.5.2.Qun l cp nht v tr Thu bao lun c lin kt vi mng di ng mt t PLMN (Public Land Mobile N etwork) thng tr ca n. Khi di chuyn n s lin kt vi mng PLMN tm tr. Chng ta c th nhn dng cuc gi t PLMN tm tr t v tr ca MS. Trong qu trnh x l chn la PLMN , MM thng tm cell trong PLMN thng tr. N u khng c dch v hin hnh, user c th chn ch t ng (tm kim mng ) hoc ch thao tc bng tay (tm kim user) tm c PLMN ph hp. Trong trng hp dch v gii hn, MM tip tc kim tra ch 30 sng mang mnh nht. Dch v gii hn lun quan tm n vng ph sng ti bin gii ca cc
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quc gia ln cn. 2.5.3.Qun l chuyn giao (Handover) Trong lc cuc gi din ra, hai thu bao cng trn mt knh thoi. Khi mt MS di chuyn ra khi vng ph sng ca trm gc cha n th tn hiu thu tr nn yu. cuc gi khng b ngt, trm gc hin hnh s yu cu mt th tc chuyn giao cuc gi n mt knh tn s mi mt trm gc mi m khng gy ra ngt cuc gi hoc bt u mt cuc gi mi. Cng c th chuyn giao xy ra khng phi do tn hiu yu m ci thin chung v nhiu. Chuyn giao ny s gip cho MS hot ng thng tin trong vng ti u nht theo quan im phng v nhiu mc d tn hiu trc chuyn giao vn mnh. Loi chuyn giao th ba l chuyn giao lu thng. V mt l do no m dung lng trong mt cell tng t bin, gii ta nghn mch cell ta thc hin chuyn giao thu bao sang cell k cn. C hai tiu chuNn chuyn giao sau y : - Tiu chuNn 1 : Lin quan n s sm nh thi. N u cell mi ng b vi cell c th MS c th tnh ra s sm nh thi mi, l chuyn giao ng b. Trng hp chuyn giao d b th c MS v BTS mi u khi to s sm nh thi. - Tiu chuNn 2 : Lin quan n v tr im chuyn mch c s h tng PLMN . C th chuyn giao xy ra gia cc cell do mt BSC qun l, gia cc BSC do MSC qun l v gia cc MSC. 2.5. Cc th tc thng tin 2.5.1. ng nhp thit b vo mng Khi mt thu bao khng trng thi gi, n s qut 21 knh thit lp trn tng s 416 knh. Sau n chn mt knh mnh nht v kha knh ny. Sau 60s qu trnh t nh v c lp li. Khi thu bao bt ln, thit b d tn s GSM tm knh iu khin. Sau , thit b o cng ca tn hiu t cc knh v ghi li. Cui cng chuyn sang kt ni vi knh c tn hiu mnh nht.
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2.5.2. Chuyn vng V GSM l mt chuNn chung nn thu bao c th dng in thoi h GSM ti hu ht cc mng GSM trn th gii. Trong khi di chuyn thit b lin tc d knh lun duy tr tn hiu vi trm l mnh nht. Khi tm thy trm c tn hiu mnh hn, thit b s t ng chuyn sang trm mi, nu trm mi nm trong LA khc thit b s bo cho mng bit v tr mi ca mnh. Ring trong ch chuyn vng quc t hoc chuyn vng gia mng ca hai nh khai thc dch v khc nhau th qu trnh cp nht v tr i hi phi c s chp thun v h tr t cp nh khai thc dch v. 2.5.3. Thc hin cuc gi 2.5.3.1. Cuc gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh Trnh t thit lp cuc gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh nh sau : 1. Thit b gi yu cu mt knh bo hiu. 2. BSC/TRC s ch nh knh bo hiu.
GSM/PLMN
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 4
PSTN
BSC/TRC
MSC/VLR
Thit b u cui
Hnh 2.9. Gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh 3. Thit b gi yu cu cuc gi cho MSC/VLR. Thao tc ng k trng thi tch cc cho thit b vo VLR, xc thc, m ha, nhn dng thit b, gi s c gi cho mng, kim tra xem thu bao c ng k dch v cm gi ra u c thc hin
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trong bc ny. 4. N u hp l MSC/VLR bo cho BSC/TRC mt knh ang ri. 5. MSC/VLR chuyn tip s c gi cho mng PSTN . 6. N u my c gi tr li, kt ni s thit lp. 2.5.3.2. Cuc gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng im khc bit quan trng so vi gi t thit b di ng l v tr ca thit b khng c bit chnh xc. Chnh v th trc khi kt ni, mng phi thc hin cng vic xc nh v tr ca thit b di ng. 1. T in thoi c nh, s in thoi di ng c gi n mng PSTN . Mng s phn tch v nu pht hin ra t kha gi mng di ng, mng PSTN s kt ni vi trung tm GMSC ca nh khai thc thch hp 2. GMSC phn tch s in thoi di ng tm ra v tr ng k gc trong HLR ca thit b v cch thc ni n MSC/VLR phc v.
GSM/PLMN
5 2 5 4 MSC/VLR 7 11 8 8 11 10 6
PSTN
Tng i ni b
1
HLR
GMSC
BSC/TRC
Hnh 2.10. Gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng
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3. HLR phn tch s di ng gi n tm ra MSC/VLR ang phc v cho thit b. N u c ng k dch v chuyn tip cuc gi n, cuc gi s c tr v GMSC vi s in thoi c yu cu chuyn n. 4. HLR lin lc vi MSC/VLR ang phc v. 5. MSC/VLR gi thng ip tr li qua HLR n GMSC. 6. GMSC phn tch thng ip ri thit lp cuc gi n MSC/VLR. 7. MSC/VLR bit a ch LA ca thit b nn gi thng ip n BSC qun l LA ny. 8. BSC pht thng ip ra ton b vng cc thuc LA. 9. Khi nhn c thng ip thit b s gi yu cu ngc li. 10. BSC cung cp mt khung thng ip cha thng tin. 11. Phn tch thng ip ca BSC gi n tin hnh th tc bt trng thi ca thit b ln tch cc, xc nhn, m ha, nhn din thit b. 12. MSC/VLR iu khin BSC xc lp mt knh ri, chung. N u thit b di ng chp nhn tr li, kt ni c thit lp. 2.5.3.3. Cuc gi t thit b di ng n thit b di ng Qu trnh din ra tng t nh gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng, ch khc im giao tip vi mng PSTN ca in thoi c nh s c thay th bng MSC/VLR khc. 2.5.4. Kt thc cuc gi Khi MS tt my pht, mt tn hiu c bit (tn hiu n tone) c pht n cc trm gc v hai bn cng gii phng cuc gi. MS tip tc kim tra tm gi thng qua knh thit lp mnh nht. 2.6. Nng cp GSM ln W-CDMA 2.6.1. S cn thit nng cp mng GSM ln 3G p ng c cc dch v mi v truyn thng a phng tin trn phm vi
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ton cu ng thi m bo tnh kinh t, h thng GSM s c nng cp tng bc ln th h ba. Thng tin di ng th h ba c kh nng cung cp dch v truyn thng multimedia bng rng trn phm vi ton cu vi tc cao ng thi cho php ngi dng s dng nhiu loi dch v a dng. Vic nng cp GSM ln 3G thc hin theo cc tiu ch sau : - L mng bng rng v c kh nng truyn thng a phng tin trn phm vi ton cu. Cho php hp nht nhiu chng loi h thng tng thch trn ton cu. - C kh nng cung cp rng bng thng theo yu cu nhm h tr mt di rng cc dch v t bn tin nhn tc thp thng qua thoi n tc d liu cao khi truyn video hoc truyn file. N gha l m bo cc kt ni chuyn mch cho thoi, cc dch v video v kh nng chuyn mch gi cho dch v s liu. N goi ra n cn h tr ng truyn v tuyn khng i xng tng hiu sut s dng mng (chng hn nh tc bit cao ng xung v tc bit thp ng ln). - Kh nng thch nghi ti a vi cc loi mng khc nhau m bo cc dch v mi nh nh s c nhn ton cu v in thoi v tinh. Cc tnh nng ny s cho php m rng ng k vng ph sng ca cc h thng di ng. - Tng thch vi cc h thng thng tin di ng hin c bo m s pht trin lin tc ca thng tin di ng. Tng thch vi cc dch v trong ni b IMT2000 v vi cc mng vin thng c nh nh PSTN /ISDN . C cu trc m cho php a vo d dng cc tin b cng ngh, cc ng dng khc nhau cng nh kh nng cng tn ti v lm vic vi cc h thng c. 2.6.2. Gii php nng cp C hai gii php nng cp GSM ln th h ba : mt l b hn h thng c, thay th bng h thng thng tin di ng th h ba; hai l nng cp GSM ln GPRS v tip n l EDGE nhm tn dng c c s mng GSM v c thi gian chuNn b tin ln h thng 3G W-CDMA. Gii php th hai l mt gii php c tnh kh thi v tnh kinh t cao nn y l gii php c a chung nhng nc ang pht trin nh nc ta.
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Hnh 2.11. Cc gii php nng cp h thng 2G ln 3G Giai on u ca qu trnh nng cp mng GSM l phi m bo dch v s liu tt hn, c th h tr hai ch dch v s liu l ch chuyn mch knh (CS : Circuit Switched) v ch chuyn mch gi (PS : Packet Switched). thc hin kt ni vo mng IP, giai on ny c th s dng giao thc ng dng v tuyn (WAP : Wireless Application Protocol). WAP cha cc tiu chuNn h tr truy cp internet t trm di ng. H thng WAP phi c cng WAP v chc nng kt ni mng.
Data Speed
2Mbps 171.2Kbp GPRS HSCSD
WCDMA
9.6Kbps
GSM
2002
Hnh 2.12. L trnh nng cp GSM ln W-CDMA Trong giai on tip theo, tng tc s liu c th s dng cng ngh s liu chuyn mch knh tc cao (HSCSD : High Speed Circuit Switched Data) v dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS : General Packet Radio Protocol Services). GPRS s h tr WAP c tc thu v pht s liu ln n 171.2Kbps. Mt u im quan trng ca GPRS na l thu bao khng b tnh cc nh trong h thng chuyn mch knh m cc ph c tnh trn c s lu lng d liu s dng thay
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v thi gian truy cp. Dch v GPRS to ra tc cao ch yu nh vo s kt hp cc khe thi gian, tuy nhin k thut ny vn da vo phng thc iu ch nguyn thu GMSK nn hn ch tc truyn. Bc nng cp tip theo l thay i k thut iu ch kt hp vi ghp khe thi gian ta s c tc truyn d liu cao hn, chnh l cng ngh EDGE. EDGE vn da vo cng ngh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi vi tc ti a t c l 384Kbps nn s kh khn trong vic h tr cc ng dng i hi vic chuyn mch linh ng v tc truyn d liu ln hn. Lc nay s thc hin nng cp EDGE ln W-CDMA v hon tt vic nng cp GSM ln 3. Kt lun chng 2: Chng 2 trnh by kin trc mng GSM v cc k thut v tuyn s p dng trong mng GSM. xut cc gii php nng cp h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 ln th h ba v khi qut l trnh nng cp mng GSM ln W-CDMA. Chng tip theo s trnh by dch v v tuyn gi a nng GPRS.
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Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
CHNG 3 GII PHP GPRS TRN MNG GSM

Gii thiu chng Dch v v tuyn gi a nng GPRS l mt chuNn ca vin nh chuNn chu u ETSI. y l mt k thut mi p dng cho mng thng tin di ng GSM. N cung cp dch v d liu gi bn trong mng PLMN v giao tip vi mng ngoi qua cng u ni trc tip nh TCP/IP, X.25iu ny cho php cc thu bao di ng GPRS c th d dng truy nhp vo mng internet, intranet v truyn d liu vi tc ln n 171Kbps. Trong mng GPRS, mt MS ch c dnh ti nguyn v tuyn khi n c s liu cn pht v thi im khc nhng ngi s dng c th s dng chung mt ti nguyn v tuyn. N h vy m hiu qu s dng bng tn tng ln ng k. Chng ny trnh by cc kin trc,cu trc d liu GPRS v gii php nng cp ln GPRS cho mng GSM.Sau l EDGE v cc k hoch cn thc hin khi p dng EDGE trn mng GSM. 3.1.Kin trc mng GPRS GPRS c pht trin trn c s mng GSM sn c. Cc phn t ca mng GSM ch cn nng cp v phn mm, ngoi tr BSC phi nng cp phn cng. GSM lc u c thit k cho chuyn mch knh nn vic a dch v chuyn mch gi vo mng i hi phi b sung thm thit b mi. Hai node c thm vo lm nhim v qun l chuyn mch gi l node h tr GPRS dch v (SGSN ) v node h tr GPRS cng (GGSN ), c hai node c gi chung l cc node GSN . N ode h tr GPRS dch v (SGSN ) v node h tr GPRS cng (GGSN ) thc hin thu v pht cc gi s liu gia cc MS v cc thit b u cui s liu c nh ca mng s liu cng cng (PDN ). GSN cn cho php thu pht cc gi s liu n cc MS cc mng thng tin di ng GSM khc.
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BTS MSC/VLR
SOG AUC SMS-SC HLR
A bis Um
BTS MS
A
PCU
Frame Relay
Gs Gr
Gb
Gb
SGSN
TCP/IP
Gn
Backbone
BGw
Gi
X.25
Gn
GGSN
Gn
GGSN
Gi
Gp
GGSN
Another
Hnh 3.1. Cu trc mng GPRS 3.1.1.Node GSN 3.1.1.1.Cu trc Cc node GSN c xy dng trn nn tng h thng chuyn mch gi hiu sut cao. N n tng ny kt hp nhng c tnh thng c trong thng tin d liu nh tnh c ng v nng lc cao, nhng thuc tnh trong vin thng nh vng chc v kh nng nng cp. N hng c tnh k thut nn tng ca h thng ny l : Da trn nhng chuNn cng nghip cho c phn cng ln phn mm. H thng c th h tr s kt hp mt vi ng dng trong cng mt node, ngha l n c th chy trn SGSN , GGSN hay kt hp c SGSN /GGSN trn phn cng. Phn lu thng v iu khin phn chia chy trn nhiu b x l khc nhau.
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C ba loi x l c dng l : - B x l ng dng trung tm (AP/C) cho cc chc nng trung tm v dng chung nh OM. - B x l ng dng (AP) qun l cc chc nng c trng ring bit ca GPRS. - B x l thit b (DP) chuyn dng trong qun l lu lng ti mt vi kiu giao din no nh IP thng qua giao din ATM. N goi ra cu trc phn mm ca GSN cng c chia ra thnh cc phn h bao gm cc phn h nng ct v cc phn h ng dng h tr v qun l h thng. 3.1.1.2.Thuc tnh ca node GSN Cc node GSN thng l cc Router c dung lng ln. Trong cc GGSN c thm cng BG chia s cc giao din vt l n cc mng ngoi v n mng backbone. Mt BG c th qun l nhiu mng PLMN . Chc nng tnh cc thc hin trong cc SGSN v GGSN c kt hp vi cc thit b khc cung cp cho nh qun l mng kh nng tnh cc a dng nh : tnh cc theo lng d liu, theo thi gian cuc gi, theo kiu dch v, theo ch n Kh nng cp pht ng a ch IP cho php nh qun l mng s dngv ti s dng li mt s lng a ch IP gii hn dng cho mng PLMN . iu ny s hn ch ti a tng s a ch IP cp cho mi PLMN . Cung cp cc chc nng bo mt trong GSN thng qua cc th tc xc nhn c chn lc. Qun l lu lng trong SGSN : Trong mt chu k thi gian, cc gi d liu c tr cp 1 theo QoS s c phn pht trc bt k gi d liu no c tr cp 2. Lu lng n v i t cc MS trong cng mt mc tr s c x l theo kiu hng i.
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3.1.1.3.Chc nng N ode h tr GPRS dch v (SGSN ) SGSN c cc chc nng chnh sau : - Qun l vic di chuyn ca cc u cui GPRS bao gm vic qun l vo mng, ri mng ca thu bao, mt m, bo mt ca ngi s dng, qun l v tr hin thi ca thu bao v.v - nh tuyn v truyn cc gi d liu gia cc my u cui GPRS. Cc lung c nh tuyn t SGSN n BSC thng qua BTS n MS. - Qun l trung k logic ti u cui di ng bao gm vic qun l cc knh lu lng gi, lu lng nhn tin ngn SMS v tn hiu gia cc my u cui vi mng. - X l cc th tc d liu gi PDP (Packet Data Protocol) bao gm cc thng s quan trng nh tn im truy nhp, cht lng dch v khi kt ni vi mt mng d liu khc bn ngoi h thng. - Qun l cc ngun knh ti nguyn BSS. - Cung cp cc file tnh cc dnh cho d liu gi. - Qun l truy nhp, kim tra truy nhp cc mng d liu ngoi bng mt m v s xc nhn. N ode h tr GPRS cng (GGSN ) trao i thng tin vi mng d liu ngoi SGSN phi thng qua node h tr GPRS cng l GGSN . V mt cu trc GGSN c v tr tng t nh gate MSC. Thng thng GGSN l mt Router mnh c dung lng ln. Chc nng chnh ca GGSN l : - H tr giao thc nh tuyn cho d liu my u cui. - Giao tip vi cc mng d liu gi IP bn ngoi . - Cung cp chc nng bo mt mng.
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- Qun l phin GPRS theo mc IP, thit lp thng tin n mng bn ngoi. - Cung cp d liu tnh cc (CDRs). 3.2.2.Mng Backbone Mng Backbone kt h mt s giao din chuNn d liu chuNn dng kt ni cc gia node SGSN , GGSN v cc mng d liu bn ngoi. C hai loi mng backbone : - Mng intra-backbone : Kt ni cc phn t trong cng mt PLMN nh cc node SGSN , GGSN . - Mng inter-backbone : Dng kt ni gia cc mng intra-backbone ca hai PLMN khc nhau thng qua cng BG (Border Gateway). N h vy mng Backbone gii quyt vn tng tc gia cc mng GPRS. L do chnh m h thng h tr vn tng tc gia cc mng GPRS l cho php roaming gia cc thu bao GPRS. Cc thu bao roaming s c mt a ch PDP c cp pht bi mng PLMN ch, mt router chuyn tip gia mng PLMN ch v mng PLMN m thu bao di chuyn n. nh tuyn ny c dng cho c thu bao hon thnh hay bt u truyn d liu. Thng tin c truyn i thng qua cc cng bin BG.
Hnh 3.2. Mng Backbone
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3.2.3.Cu trc BSC trong GPRS nng cp mng GSM ln GPRS, ngoi vic nng cp phn mm ta cn b sung vo trong BSC mt phn cng gi l khi kim sot gi (PCU). PCU c nhim v x l vic truyn d liu gi gia my u cui v SGSN trong mng GPRS.
GMSC GGSN
MSC
SGSN
Gb
BSC PCU
MS
Hnh 3.3. Giao din Gb m kt ni PCU vi SGSN PCU qun l cc lp MAC v RLC ca giao din v tuyn, cc lp dch v mng ca giao din Gb (giao din gia PCU v SGSN ). N bao gm phn mm trung tm, cc thit b phn cng v cc phn mm vng (RPPs). Chc nng ca RPP l phn chia cc khung PCU gia cc giao din Gb v A-bis, chng c th c thit lp lm vic vi mt giao din A-bis hay vi c hai giao din A-bis v Gb. Gii php b sung PCU vo BSC l mt gii php hiu qu v mt chi ph h thng. V truyn dn th giao din A-bis c s dng li cho c chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi trn GPRS, nhng giao din gia BSS v SGSN li da trn giao din m Gb. Thng qua A-bis, cc ng truyn dn v bo hiu hin ti ca GSM c s dng li trong GPRS nn em li hiu sut h thng cao v hiu qu trong gi thnh. Giao din Gb mi l mt xut mi nhng n c th nh tuyn lu thng Gb mt cch trong sut thng qua MSC.
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3.3.Cu trc d liu GPRS D liu GPRS phi c chuNn ha theo dng cu trc d liu GSM truyn qua mng GSM.
N etwork Layer
Header
Data
Control Compression Data Compression Segmented
SN DCP Layer
SNDCP Header
Segmented N-PDU
LLC Layer
Frame Header
Information Field
BCS
RLC/MAC Layer
Block Header
Information Field
BCS
Block Header
Information Field
BCS
Block Header
Chamel Coding Interleaving Burst Formating
Normal Burst
Physical Layer
Normal Burst
Normal Burst
Normal Burst
Hnh 3.8. Cu trc d liu GPRS - Phn tiu v d liu c sp xp li thnh n v d liu th tc mng (N PDU) ti lp mng. - N -PDU c nn v phn on thnh n v d liu th tc mng con (SN PDU) lp SN DCP nh giao thc SN DCP. - Cc d liu SN -PDU c ghp li thnh cc khung LLC c cc kch thc khc nhau. Kch thc ti a ca mt khung LLC l 1600 octets. - Ton b khung LLC c phn on thnh cc khi d liu RLC, kch c khi ph thuc vo cch iu ch CS. D liu trn c a vo trng thng tin, thm phn tiu khi v bit BCS. - D liu RLC c a qua b m ha knh CS cho khung chuNn
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456bit/20ms, ghp xen nh b to lon (interleaving) v cui cng l nh dng burst to thnh cc burst chuNn 114bit. Sau cc burst c iu ch qua b iu ch GMSK ri khuch i v truyn i trong khng gian. 3.4.Cc gii php nng cp ln GPRS cho mng GSM Vit Nam Hin ti mng di ng GSM Vit N am c hai nh khai thc chnh l MobilePhone (VMS) v VinaPhone (GPC). Mng di ng MobilePhone do cng ty VMS qun l khai thc s dng thit b ca cc hng sau : - Khu vc min Bc do hng Alcatel (Php) cung cp ton b thit b trn mng t thit b chuyn mch (MSC) n thit b v tuyn BSC, BTS. - Khu vc min N am do hng Ericson (Thy in) cung cp thit b h thng ton mng t MSC, BSC n BTS. Mng VinaPhone do cng ty GPC qun l, thit b s dng c thng nht c hai min do cc hng sau cung cp : - Thit b chuyn mch MSC, OMCS do hng Siemen (c) cung cp. - Thit b v tuyn BSS bao gm BSC, BTS, OMSC do hng Motorola (M) cung cp. Vic a dch v GPRS p dng trn mng GSM Vit N am s c nhiu gii php ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau. 3.4.1.Gii php ca hng Alcatel (Php) Gii php ca hng Alcatel tp trung cc im chnh sau : Trm BTS khng thay i phn cng, ch thay i phn mm. BSC gi nguyn khng thay i. t thm mt server chuyn mch gi MFS (A935) phn Transcoder. Server ny lm chc nng ca khi PCU v x l giao tip Pb h tr cho BSC trong vic chuyn d liu t BTS n SGSN .
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SGSN : S dng thit b ca hng Cisco gm c mt server SGSN , mt server tnh cc v mt router truy nhp IP lm h thng truyn d liu backbone. GGSN : S dng router ca hng Cisco. HLR, SMS v N MC c nng cp phn mm h tr cho dch v GPRS. Gii php ca Alcatel l thm vo cc thit b server, router ca hng Cisco m Alcatel lin kt, khng s dng thit b c chng, nn d dng p dng vi mng GSM c quy m va hoc nh. 3.4.2.Gii php ca hng Ericson (Thy in) Gii php ca hng Ericson gm mt s im sau : Trm BTS vi thit b RBS 200 ch cn nng cp phn mm khng b sung phn cng. BSC c b sung thm phn cng PCU (Packet Control Unit) v phn mm p ng yu cu ca GPRS. HLR cng c b sung phn mm h tr cho vic truy cp, qun l GPRS v chuyn tin ngn SMS. MSC/VLR cng c nng cp phn mm h tr cho vic qun l thu bao GPRS class A v B. Ring SGSN v GGSN c lp t trong AXB-250, mt dng tng i mi truyn d liu ca Ericson. N h vy gii php ca Ericson l c tng i d liu AXB-250, phn cng thm vo cho BSC v nng cp phn mm cc phn t cn li ca mng GSM nh BTS, HLR, MSC/VLR. 3.4.3.Gii php ca hng Motorola (M) Hng Motorola a ra gii php thc hin GPRS nh sau :
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Trm BTS khng thay i. BSC c b sung thm phn cng PCU v phn mm h tr cho vic chuyn d liu n SGSN . Cc phn t khc c t thit b GSN gm c : - N gn SGSN : Mi ngn c 3 card SGSN v mt card tn hiu s 7 cung cp cho 10.000 thu bao, phn cng SGSN da trn c s ca phn cng hng Compact PCI. - N gn GGSN : ChuNn l Router 7206 ca hng Cisco. Mi ngn c kh nng cung cp dch v cho 15.000 thu bao. - N gn CommHub : Da trn c s ca Router 5500 ca hng Cisco. N gn ny lm nhim v mng Backbone ca GPRS trn cc giao tip Gi, Gn, Gp. - N gn ISS : Da trn c s ca Server Dual-T 1125 ca hng SUN N estra. Server ny c b nh trn 100Gb m nhn cc chc nng : cng tnh cc, ng b mng, a ch IP ng v bo mt. Gii php ca Motorola l s dng phn cng b sung BSC v lp t thit b GSN cho mng da trn cc router chuyn dng ca cc hng Cisco, Compact, Sun N estra. Dung lng ca GPRS Motorola tng i ln, do c th m rng thm cc t ca GSN v cc thit b ca cc hng chuyn dng c dung lng cao. 3.4.4.Gii php ca hng Siemen (c) Gii php ca hng Siemen bao gm cc im chnh : Khng thm phn cng BTS ch nng cp phn mm. BSC b sung thm phn cng PCU v phn mm h tr. HLR nng cp b sung thm h tr GPRS. Cc phn t khc c ch to theo cng ngh ca Siemen v lp t t SGN gi l EWSX (36190) gm : - SGSN v GGSN ch to theo cng ngh ca Siemen.
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- Phn chuyn mch v mng backbone da trn c s k thut ATM. - C b x l chnh (Main Processor) iu khin hot ng ton b thit b trong t. Tm li, gii php ca Siemen l sn xut ring bit thit b chuyn mch gi EWSX cho SGSN v GGSN cn BTS v HLR nng cp phn mm, BSC thm phn cng PCU. 3.5.EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution) 3.5.1.Tng quan Gii php nng cp mng GSM ln GPRS tng tc truyn d liu ln n 170Kbps nhng vn cha p ng c yu cu ca cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin. Dch v GPRS to ra tc cao ch yu nh s kt hp ca cc khe thi gian. Tuy nhin do vn s dng k thut iu ch nguyn thu GMSK nn tc truyn d liu cn hn ch. Cng ngh EDGE s kt hp vic ghp khe thi gian vi vic thay i k thut iu ch GMSK bng 8PSK, iu ny s gip tng tc truyn d liu trong mng GPRS ln 2 n 3 ln. 3.5.2.K thut iu ch trong EDGE tng tc truyn d liu trong EDGE ngi ta s dng k thut iu ch 8PSK thay th cho GMSK trong GSM. Dng tn hiu iu ch ca 8PSK :
2 (i 1) 2 2 (i 1) 2 s (t ) = E S .cos . cos(wo t ) sin sin (wo t ) T T 8 8
Trong : wo : Tn s gc sng mang. ES : N ng lng tn hiu. T : Chu k tn hiu. A : Hng s.
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Gin tn hiu iu ch :
Q Q
GMSK
8PSK
Hnh 3.1212. Gin tn hiu hai loi iu ch S dng iu ch 8PSK c tc bit gp ba ln tc bit ca iu ch GMSK, do tc truyn d liu ca EDGE gp ba ln so vi GSM. Tuy nhin iu ch 8PSK trong EDGE thay i theo thi gian nn vic thit k cc b khuch i rt phc tp. Hiu sut cng sut ca iu ch 8PSK ch bng 4/7 ca iu ch GMSK nn cng sut ca my thu pht EDGE phi ln gn gp i so vi GSM. iu ny nh hng n vic ch to thit b u cui v cc trm thu pht cng sut nh nh Micro BTS, Pico BTS... Do phn ln cc dch v tc cao u nm ng xung nn hn ch tnh phc tp cho my my u cui, ngi ta a ra gii php : ng ln s pht tn hiu s dng iu ch GMSK nhm hn ch tnh phc tp cho my u cui cn ng xung s dng iu ch 8PSK. 3.5.3.Giao tip v tuyn Trong cng ngh EDGE ngoi vic thay th k thut iu ch, cc thng s vt l khc ca giao din v tuyn tng t nh trong GSM. Th tc v tuyn ca EDGE chnh l cc th tc c s dng trong GSM/GPRS. iu ny hn ch ti thiu vic xy dng thm cc th tc mi cho EDGE. Tuy nhin h tr cho vic truyn d liu tc cao, mt vi th tc s c thay i cho ph hp. C hai dng truyn d liu ca EDGE cn xem xt l : truyn chuyn mch gi v truyn chuyn mch knh.
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3.5.3.1.Truyn dn chuyn mch gi EDGE EGPRS Hin ti GPRS cung cp tc truyn d liu t 9,6Kbps n 21,4Kbps cho mt khe thi gian. EDGE s cho php truyn vi tc t 11,2Kbps n 59,2Kbps cho mt khe thi gian v nu ghp nhiu khe s cho tc truyn ti a l 384Kbps. m bo tc truyn cng nh bo v thng tin, th tc kim sot knh v tuyn LLC trong EDGE s c mt s thay i c bn xoay quanh vic ci tin mu RLC v s tng hp ng kt ni v gia tng tc d phng. S tng hp ng kt ni l vic la chn m hnh iu ch v m ha ph hp vi cht lng ng truyn v tuyn. S gia tng tc d phng cng l mt bin php m bo cht lng dch v. Tng ng vi mi mu m ha, thng tin s c thit lp v gi i vi m ha t nht t tc cao nht. Tuy nhin nu b phn gii m b sai, nhiu bit m s c thm vo v gi cho n khi no vic gii m thnh cng. D nhin, vic thm m s lm cho tc truyn gim v tr truyn dn tng. EGPRS cung cp mu tng hp kt ni v gia tng d phng lm c s cho vic o lng cht lng ng truyn nhm m bo vic khai thc dch v truyn dn vi tr ngn hn v gim yu cu b nh. 3.5.3.2.Truyn dn chuyn mch knh EDGE ECSD ChuNn GSM hin ti c th cung cp truy nhp v tuyn truyn dn trong sut v khng trong sut. Truyn trong sut yu cu tc bit c nh hng dy t 9,6 n 64 Kbps, cn truyn khng trong sut thay i t 4,8 n 57,6Kbps. Tc thc t ca truyn khng trong sut ph thuc vo cht lng knh v kt qu ca vic truyn li khi sai st. EDGE khng nh hng g n vic truyn ny trong h thng chuyn mch GSM nn tc bit cng khng thay i. Tuy nhin cc thnh phn trong m ha knh s c mt s thay i c tc cao hn. Trong tng lai khi EDGE s dng dch v thi gian thc thng qua giao thc internet th s c tc ng mnh khng nhng trn truy nhp v tuyn m c trn
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trng chuyn mch truyn thng. 3.5.4.Cc k hoch cn thc hin khi p dng EDGE trn mng GSM EDGE ch yu tc ng n phn truy xut v tuyn ca mng GSM c th l trm thu pht v tuyn gc BTS, i kim sot gc BSC nhng khng nh hng n cc ng dng v giao tip da vo chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Cc giao tip ang tn ti c gi li thng qua trung tm chuyn MSC v cc node h tr GPRS (SGSN , GGSN ). Trong EDGE tc bit s c tng ln n 384Kbps. Tc ny ch yu nh hng n giao tip khng gian c th l lm gim kh nng phn tn thi gian v vn tc di chuyn ca my u cui. Mt khc giao tip A-bis gia trm thu pht v BSC trong GSM ch t tc 16Kbps, vi EDGE tc ny phi t n 64Kbps nn phi gn nhiu khe thi gian cho knh thoi. gii quyt vn ny ta c th s dng m ha knh CS3, CS4 cho php t n tc 28,8Kbps. Trong giao tip gia MSC v BSC tc cho php l 64Kbps nn MSC khng cn c s thay i. Cc node chuyn mch gi ca GPRS l SGSN v GGSN s dng cc giao thc chuyn mch gi s khng nh hng n tc cao ca EDGE nn cng khng cn thay i c phn cng ln phn mm. Tm li, do thay i cch iu ch tng tc truyn nn vic thay i cc phn t trong mng GSM tng thch vi EDGE ch yu xy ra cc my u cui, trm thu pht gc BSS. Cc h thng chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi nh MSC, SGSN , GGSN s khng cn phi thay i. c th thc hin EDGE trn mng GSM hin ti, vic cn thit l phi tin hnh tng bc thng qua cc k hoch ph sng, k hoch tn s, qun l knh, iu khin cng sut khng lm nh hng n vic khai thc. 3.5.4.1.K hoch ph sng (Coverage Planning) Trong EDGE, nu t l sng mang trn nhiu thp s khng lm rt mch nh trong GSM m ch lm gim tm thi tc truyn d liu EDGE. Mt t bao EDGE s ng thi phc v cho nhiu ngi s dng vi tc yu cu khc nhau.
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Tc bit trong trung tm t bo s cao v b gii hn bin t bo. 3.5.4.2.K hoch tn s (Frequency Planning) Hin nay mng GSM ang dng mu s dng li tn s 4/12. Tuy nhin vic p dng cc tnh nng nhy tn, mu a s dng li tn s MRP v truyn khng lin tc DTX th thng s s dng li c th thp hn hoc l 3/9. i vi EDGE nh k thut tng hp ng kt ni nn vn c th s dng mu tn s 3/9 v vic nh hng t s nhiu cng knh khng tc ng ln n cht lng mng. 3.5.4.3.iu khin cng sut Cc h GSM hin nay ang s dng tnh nng iu khin cng sut t ng my u cui v trm thu pht v tuyn gc BTS. Tnh nng ny cho php gim cng sut khi thu bao tin li gn trm v tng cng sut khi thu bao ri xa trm hay c vt cn gia my u cui v trm BTS. Vic t ng iu chnh cng sut s lm tng tui th h thng v pin my u cui ng thi nng cao cht lng cuc gi do cn bng cng sut ng ln v ng xung cng nh hn ch nhiu giao thoa gia hai knh k cn. EDGE cng h tr chc nng ny mc d c th c mt s im khc bit so vi GSM.
3.5.4.4.Qun l knh Sau khi a vo s dng EDGE, mt s t bo s bao gm hai kiu thu pht : GSM chuNn v EDGE. Mi knh vt l trong t bo c th l : - Thoi GSM v d liu chuyn mch knh. - D liu gi GPRS. - D liu chuyn mch knh EDGE ECSD. - D liu gi EDGE, cho php hn hp gia GPRS v EGPRS.
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Kt lun chng 3: Trong GPRS tc truyn d liu khng ph thuc vo tc d liu ca tng knh c th m c th thay i. Mt ngi s dng GPRS c th s dng n 8 khe thi gian t c tc hn 100kbps. Tuy nhin y l tc cc i, nu nhiu ngi s dng th tc bit s thp hn. Giao din v tuyn GPRS s dng cc tnh nng c bn ca giao din v tuyn GSM. N h vy c dch v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi u c th s dng cng sng mang. Tuy nhin mng ng trc ca GPRS c thit k sao cho n khng ph thuc vo giao din v tuyn. Chng 3 ny gii thiu v dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS) v dch v v tuyn gi chung nng cao (EDGE). Cc gii php k thut trong bc tin trin t GSM sang GPRS v hiu qu t c. Gii php GPRS cho mng GSM Vit N am.Chng tip theo s trnh by v cng ngh WCDMA
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Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
CHNG 4 CNG NGH DI NG TH H BA W-CDMA

Gii thiu chng Cng ngh EDGE l mt bc ci tin ca chuNn GPRS t tc truyn d liu theo yu cu ca thng tin di ng th h ba. Tuy nhin EDGE vn da trn cu trc mng GSM, ch thay i k thut iu ch v tuyn kt hp vi dch v chuyn mch v tuyn gi chung (GPRS) nn tc vn cn hn ch. iu ny gy kh khn cho vic ng dng cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin i hi vic chuyn mch linh ng v tc truyn d liu ln hn. gii quyt vn ny, gii php a ra l nng cp EDGE ln chuNn di ng th h ba W-CDMA. W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA) l cng ngh thng tin di ng th h ba (3G) gip tng tc truyn nhn d liu cho h thng GSM bng cch dng k thut CDMA hot ng bng tn rng thay th cho TDMA. Trong cc cng ngh thng tin di ng th h ba th W-CDMA nhn c s ng h ln nht nh vo tnh linh hot ca lp vt l trong vic h tr cc kiu dch v khc nhau c bit l dch v tc bit thp v trung bnh. * W-CDMA c cc tnh nng c s sau : - Hot ng CDMA bng rng vi bng tn 5MHz. - Lp vt l mm do tch hp c tt c thng tin trn mt sng mang. - H s ti s dng tn s bng 1. - H tr phn tp pht v cc cu trc thu tin tin. N hc im chnh ca W-CDMA l h thng khng cp php trong bng TDD pht lin tc cng nh khng to iu kin cho cc k thut chng nhiu cc mi trng lm vic khc nhau. H thng thng tin di ng th h ba W-CDMA c th cung cp cc dch v vi tc bit ln n 2MBit/s. Bao gm nhiu kiu truyn dn nh truyn dn i xng v khng i xng, thng tin im n im v thng tin a im. Vi kh nng , cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba c th cung cp d dng cc dch v mi nh
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: in thoi thy hnh, ti d liu nhanh, ngoi ra n cn cung cp cc dch v a phng tin khc.
KBit/s 2M
Truyn hnh hi ngh (Cht lng cao) a phng tin di ng Qung b
Y t t xa
Truy nhp c s d liu
384
Truyn hnh hi ngh (Cht lng thp)
Truy nhp Internet WWW Th in t
Cc dch v phn phi thng tin
Mua hng theo Catalog Video Bo in t Th ting Xut bn in t
Video theo yu cu
Karaoke ISDN
Truyn hnh di ng
64
Tin tc D bo thi tit Thng tin lu lng Thng tin ngh ngi
Truyn thanh di ng
32
m thoi hi ngh
FTP in thoi IP vv
16 9.6 2.4 1.2

i xng in thoi
H.nh S liu
Th in t
FAX Ting
Khng i xng im n im
a phng a im
Hnh 4.1 Cc dch v a phng tin trong h thng thng tin di ng th h ba Cc nh khai thc c th cung cp rt nhiu dch v i vi khch hng, t cc dch v in thoi khc nhau vi nhiu dch v b sung cng nh cc dch v khng lin quan n cuc gi nh th in t, FPT 4.1.Cu trc mng W-CDMA H thng W-CDMA c xy dng trn c s mng GPRS. V mt chc nng c th chia cu trc mng W-CDMA ra lm hai phn : mng li (CN ) v mng truy nhp v tuyn (UTRAN ), trong mng li s dng ton b cu trc phn cng ca mng GPRS cn mng truy nhp v tuyn l phn nng cp ca W-CDMA. N goi ra hon thin h thng, trong W-CDMA cn c thit b ngi s dng (UE) thc hin giao din ngi s dng vi h thng. T quan im chuNn ha, c UE v UTRAN u bao gm nhng giao thc mi c thit k da trn cng ngh v tuyn WCDMA, tri li mng li c nh ngha hon ton da trn GSM. iu ny cho php h thng W-CDMA pht trin mang tnh ton cu trn c s cng ngh GSM.
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UU IU
Node B RNC Node B USIM

CU IUb IUr
MSC/ VLR
GMSC
PLMN,PST NISDN
HLR
USIM
Node B RNC Node B SGSN GGSN

Internet
UE
UTRAN
CN
Cc mng
Hnh 4.3. Cu trc ca UMTS UE (User Equipment) Thit b ngi s dng thc hin chc nng giao tip ngi s dng vi h thng. UE gm hai phn : - Thit b di ng (ME : Mobile Equipment) : L u cui v tuyn c s dng cho thng tin v tuyn trn giao din Uu. - Module nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM) : L mt th thng minh cha thng tin nhn dng ca thu bao, n thc hin cc thut ton nhn thc, lu gi cc kha nhn thc v mt s thng tin thu bao cn thit cho u cui. UTRAN (UMTS Terestrial Radio Access N etwork) Mng truy nhp v tuyn c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n truy nhp v tuyn. UTRAN gm hai phn t : - N t B : Thc hin chuyn i dng s liu gia cc giao din Iub v Uu. N cng tham gia qun l ti nguyn v tuyn. - B iu khin mng v tuyn RN C : C chc nng s hu v iu khin cc ti nguyn v tuyn trong vng (cc nt B c kt ni vi n). RN C cn l im truy cp tt c cc dch v do UTRAN cung cp cho mng li CN .
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CN (Core N etwork)
- HLR (Home Location Register) : L thanh ghi nh v thng tr lu gi thng tin chnh v l lch dch v ca ngi s dng. Cc thng tin ny bao gm : Thng tin v cc dch v c php, cc vng khng c chuyn mng v cc thng tin v dch v b sung nh : trng thi chuyn hng cuc gi, s ln chuyn hng cuc gi. - MSC/VLR (Mobile Services Switching Center/Visitor Location Register) : L tng i (MSC) v c s d liu (VLR) cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch knh cho UE ti v tr ca n. MSC c chc nng s dng cc giao dch chuyn mch knh. VLR c chc nng lu gi bn sao v l lch ngi s dng cng nh v tr chnh xc ca UE trong h thng ang phc v. - GMSC (Gateway MSC) : Chuyn mch kt ni vi mng ngoi. - SGSN (Serving GPRS) : C chc nng nh MSC/VLR nhng c s dng cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi (PS). - GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support N ode) : C chc nng nh GMSC nhng ch phc v cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi. Cc mng ngoi - Mng CS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh. - Mng PS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi. Cc giao din v tuyn - Giao din CU : L giao din gia th thng minh USIM v ME. Giao din ny tun theo mt khun dng chuNn cho cc th thng minh. - Giao din UU : L giao din m qua UE truy cp cc phn t c nh ca h thng v v th m n l giao din m quan trng nht ca UMTS. - Giao din IU : Giao din ny ni UTRAN vi CN , n cung cp cho cc nh khai thc kh nng trang b UTRAN v CN t cc nh sn xut khc nhau. - Giao din IUr : Cho php chuyn giao mm gia cc RN C t cc nh sn xut khc nhau. - Giao din IUb : Giao din cho php kt ni mt nt B vi mt RN C. IUb c
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tiu chuNn ha nh l mt giao din m hon ton. 4.1.1.Giao din v tuyn
Cu trc UMTS khng nh ngha chi tit chc nng bn trong ca phn t mng m ch nh ngha giao din gia cc phn t logic. Cu trc giao din c xy dng trn nguyn tc l cc lp v cc phn cao c lp logic vi nhau, iu ny cho php thay i mt phn ca cu trc giao thc trong khi vn gi nguyn cc phn cn li.
Lp mng v tuyn
Giao thc ng dng Lung s liu
Lp mng truyn ti
Pha ngi s dng mng truyn ti
Pha iu khin mng truyn ti

ALCAP
Pha ngi s dng mng truyn ti
Mng bo hiu
Mng bo hiu Lp vt l
Mng s liu
Hnh 4.5. M hnh tng qut cc giao din v tuyn ca UTRAN 4.1.1.1.Giao din UTRAN CN, IU Giao din IU l mt giao din m c chc nng kt ni UTRAN vi CN . Iu c hai kiu : Iu CS kt ni UTRAN vi CN chuyn mch knh v Iu PS kt ni UTRAN vi chuyn mch gi. Cu trc IU CS IU CS s dng phng thc truyn ti ATM trn lp vt l l kt ni v tuyn, cp quang hay cp ng. C th la chn cc cng ngh truyn dn khc nhau nh SON ET, STM-1 hay E1 thc hin lp vt l. - N gn xp giao thc pha iu khin : Gm RAN AP trn nh giao din SS7 bng rng v cc lp ng dng l phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP, phn truyn
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bn tin MTP3-b, v lp thch ng bo hiu ATM cho cc giao din mng SAAL-N N I. - N gn xp giao thc pha iu khin mng truyn ti : Gm cc giao thc bo hiu thit lp kt ni AAL2 (Q.2630) v lp thch ng Q.2150 nh cc giao thc SS7 bng rng. - N gn xp giao thc pha ngi s dng : Gm mt kt ni AAL2 c dnh trc cho tng dch v CS. Cu trc IU PS Phng thc truyn ti ATM c p dng cho c pha iu khin v pha ngi s dng. - N gn xp giao thc pha iu khin IU PS : Cha RAN AP v vt mang bo hiu SS7. N goi ra cng c th nh ngha vt mang bo hiu IP ngn xp ny. Vt mang bo hiu trn c s IP bao gm : M3UA (SS7 MTP3 User Adaption Layer), SCTP (Simple Control Transmission Protocol), IP (Internet Protocol) v ALL5 chung cho c hai tu chn. - N gn xp giao thc pha iu khin mng truyn ti IU PS : Pha iu khin mng truyn ti khng p dng cho IU PS. Cc phn t thng tin s dng nh a ch v nhn dng bo hiu AAL2 ging nh cc phn t thng tin c s dng trong CS. - N gn xp giao thc pha ngi s dng Iu PS : Lung s liu gi c ghp chung ln mt hay nhiu AAL5 PVC (Permanent Virtual Connection). Phn ngi s dng GTP-U l lp ghp knh cung cp cc nhn dng cho tng lung s liu gi. Cc lung s liu s dng truyn ti khng theo ni thng v nh a ch IP. 4.1.1.2.Giao din RNC RNC, IUr IUr l giao din v tuyn gia cc b iu khin mng v tuyn. Lc u giao din ny c thit k h tr chuyn giao mm gia cc RN C, trong qu trnh pht trin tiu chuNn nhiu tnh nng c b sung v n nay giao din IUr phi m bo 4 chc nng sau : - H tr tnh di ng c s gia cc RN C.
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- H tr knh lu lng ring. - H tr knh lu lng chung. - H tr qun l ti nguyn v tuyn ton cu. 4.1.1.3.Giao din RNC Node B, IUb
Giao thc IUb nh ngha cu trc khung v cc th tc iu khin trong bng cho cc tng kiu knh truyn ti. Cc chc nng chnh ca IUb : - Chc nng thit lp, b sung, gii phng v ti thit lp mt kt ni v tuyn u tin ca mt UE v chn im kt cui lu lng. - Khi to v bo co cc c th , node B, kt ni v tuyn. - X l cc knh ring v knh chung. - X l kt hp chuyn giao. - Qun l s c kt ni v tuyn. 4.2.Cc gii php k thut trong W-CDMA 4.2.1.M ha 4.2.1.1.M vng M khi l b m ha chia dng thng tin thnh nhng khi tin (message) c k bit. Mi tin c biu din bng mt khi k thnh phn nh phn u = (u1,u2,..,un), u c gi l vector thng tin. C tng cng 2k vector thng tin khc nhau. B m ha s chuyn vector thng tin u thnh mt b n thnh phn v = (v1,v2,...,vn) c gi l t m. N h vy ng vi 2k vector thng tin s c 2k t m khc nhau. Tp hp 2k t m c chiu di n c gi l mt m khi (n,k). T s R = k/n c gi l t s m, R chnh l s bit thng tin a vo b gii m trn s bit c truyn. Do n bit ra ch ph thuc vo k bit thng tin vo, b gii m khng cn nh v c th c thc hin bng mch logic t hp. M vng l mt tp con ca m khi tuyn tnh. M vng l phng php m ha cho php kim tra d vng (CRC Cyclic Redundance Check) v ch th cht lng khung cc khung bn tin. M ha m vng (n,k) dng h thng gm ba bc :
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(1). N hn a thc thng tin u(x) vi xn-k.
(2). Chia xn-k.u(x) cho a thc sinh g(x), ta c phn d b(x). (3). Hnh thnh t m b(x) + xn-k Tt c ba bc ny c thc hin bng mch chia vi thanh ghi dch (n-k) tng c hm hi tip tng ng vi a thc sinh g(x). N guyn l hot ng : Bc 1 : Cng ng cho thng tin qua mch, k ch s thng tin u0, u1,...,un-k c dch vo mch t thit b u cui nhn trc u(x) vi xn-k. N gay sau khi thng tin c a vo mch th n-k ch s cn li trong thanh ghi l nhng con s kim tra chn l. Bc 2 : Ct t ng hi tip bng cch iu khin cho cc cng gi h (khng cho thng tin qua). Bc 3 : Dch cc con s kim tra chn l v a ra ng truyn. Cc ch s kim tra ny kt hp vi k ch s thng tin to thnh vector m. S mch m ha vng :
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Cng
G1
G2
Gn-k-1
b0
b1
b2
bn-k-1
Mt khu ca thanh ghi dch
Thng tin xn+k.u(x)
Cc s kim tra chn l
Cng XOR
Mi lin kt g = 1 : C lin kt g = 0 : Khng lin kt
Hnh v 4.6. Mch m ha vng vi a thc sinh g(x) = 1 + g1x + g2x2 + ...+ gn-k-1xn-k-1 + xn-k
4.2.1.2.M xon M xon (Convolutional Code) (n,k,m) cng c n u ra, k u vo nh m khi (n,k) nhng n u ra ca m xon ph thuc khng ch vo k u vo ti thi gian m cn ph thuc vo m khi bn tin trc . M xon (n,k,m) c xy dng bi mch dy. Mch ny dng thanh ghi dch m bit lm b nh, cc u ra ca cc phn t nh c cng vi nhau theo quy lut nht nh to nn chui m, sau cc chui ny c ghp xen vi nhau to nn chui m u ra. 4.2.1.3.M Turbo M ha Turbo ch c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba khi hot ng tc bit cao vi yu cu t s li bit BER nm trong khong 10-3 n 10-6. B m ha turbo thc cht l b m xon mc ni song song PCCC (Parallel
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Concatenated Convolutional Code) vi cc b m ha thnh phn 8 trng thi c s dng. 4.2.2.iu ch BIT/SK v QPSK 4.2.2.1.iu ch BIT/SK Trong mt h thng iu ch BIT/SK (BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying) cp tn hiu s1(t) v s2(t) c s dng biu din cc gi tr nh phn. Ta c
s i (t ) = 2 Eb . cos[2 . f c + (t ) + ] Tb
Trong : Tb : rng bng thng. Eb : N ng lng ca mt bit.

(t ) : Gc pha thay i theo tn hiu iu ch, l gc pha ban u.
(t ) = (i 1). ,0 t Tb , i = 1,2
Mt cp sng sin i pha 1800 nh trn gi l mt cp tn hiu i cc.

Lung s c hai
NRZ
Si(t)
2E b cos 2 . f c Tb
Hnh 4.7. S nguyn l iu ch BPSK
Lung s tc bit Rb c a qua b chuyn i v tn hiu N RZ (01, 11), sau nhn vi sng mang c tn hiu iu ch BIT/SK. Chn mt tn hiu l c s l trc chuNn:
u1 (t ) =
2 . cos(2f c t ) Tb
Ta c :
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S i (t ) = Eb .d (t )u1 (t )
Khong cch gia hai tn hiu :
Eb
Eb
Hnh 4.8 Khong cch gia hai tn hiu BPSK Xc sut li trong BPSK:
Pe = 2 Eb 1 erfc N 2 0
Vi : Eb l nng lng ca bit . N 0 mt xc sut nhiu trng. 4.2.2.2.iu ch QPSK Tn hiu iu ch QPSK c dng:
2E cos 2 . f c t + (2i 1) + ,0 t T 4 S QPSK (t ) = T 0, t < 0; t > T
Trong Eb : N ng lng mt bit. Tb : Thi gian mt bit. E = 2Eb : N ng lng tn hiu pht i trn mt k hiu. T = 2Tb : Thi gian ca mt k hiu. fc : Tn s sng mang, : gc pha ban u. i = 1, 2, 3, 4. Bin i lng gic ta c phng trnh dng tng ng nh sau :
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2E cos (2i 1). cos(2 . f c t ),0 t T S QPSK (t ) = 4 T 0, t < 0; t > T
N u ta chn Q1v Q2 l cc hm nng lng c s trc giao chuNn :

Q1 (t ) = Q2 (t ) = 2 sin (2 . f c t ),0 t T T 2 cos(2 . f c t ),0 t T T
Ta c th biu din tn hiu iu ch QPSK bng bn im trong khng gian tn hiu vi cc to xc nh nh sau :
Q1 = E sin (2i 1). 4 = , i = 1,2,3,4. Q = E cos (2i 1). 2 4
S QPSK
Quan h ca cp bit iu ch v ta ca cc im tn hiu iu ch QPSK trong khng gian tn hiu th hin bng sau :
Cp bit vo
Pha ca tn hiu QPSK

/4
im tn hiu Si S1
To cc im tn hiu
0tT 00
Q1 + E/2
Q2
+ E/2 - E/2 - E/2 + E/2
01 11 10
3/4 5/4 7/4
S2 S3 S4
+ E/2 - E/2 - E/2
Xc sut li trong QPSK:

2 Eb Pe ,QPSK = Q N 0
Ta thy xc sut li ca BPSK v QPSK l nh nhau. Tuy nhin, vi QPSK th hiu sut bng thng gp 2 ln BPSK. Bng thng ca QPSK xp x bng Rb.
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4.3.Tri ph trong W-CDMA 4.3.1.Gii thiu
Trong cc h thng thng tin vic s dng hiu qu bng tn l vn c quan tm hng u. Cc h thng c thit k sao cho rng bng tn cng nh cng tt. Trong W-CDMA tng tc truyn d liu, phng php a truy cp kt hp TDMA v FDMA trong GSM c thay th bng phng php a truy cp phn chia theo m CDMA hot ng bng tn rng (5MHz) gi l h thng thng tin tri ph. i vi cc h thng thng tin tri ph (SS : Spread Spectrum) rng bng tn ca tn hiu c m rng trc khi c pht. Tuy rng bng tn tng ln rt nhiu nhng lc ny nhiu ngi s dng c th dng chung mt bng tn tri ph, do m h thng vn s dng bng tn c hiu qu ng thi tn dng c cc u im ca tri ph. pha thu, my thu s khi phc tn hiu gc bng cch nn ph ngc vi qu trnh tri ph bn my pht. C ba phng php tri ph c bn sau : - Tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS : Direct Sequence Spreading Spectrum) : Thc hin tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc chip cao hn rt nhiu so vi tc bit - Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS : Frequency Hopping Spreading Spectrum) : H thng FHSS thc hin tri ph bng cch nhy tn s mang trn mt tp cc tn s. Mu nhy tn c dng m ngu nhin. Tn s trong khong thi gian mt chip TC c c nh khng i . Tc nhy tn c th thc hin nhanh hoc chm, trong h thng nhy tn nhanh nhy tn thc hin tc cao hn tc bit ca bn tin, cn trong h thng nhy tn thp th ngc li. - Tri ph nhy thi gian (THSS : Time Hopping Spreading Spectrum) : Thc hin tri ph bng cch nn mt khi cc bit s liu v pht ngt qung trong mt hay nhiu khe thi gian. Mu nhy tn thi gian s xc nh cc khe thi gian c s dng truyn dn trong mi khung. Trong h thng DSSS, tt c cc ngi s dng cng dng chung mt bng tn v pht tn hiu ca h ng thi. My thu s dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin chnh xc
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ly ra tn hiu bng cch nn ph. Cc tn hiu khc xut hin dng nhiu ph rng, cng sut thp ging tp m. Trong cc h thng FHSS v THSS mi ngi s dng c n nh mt m ngu nhin sao cho khng c cp my pht no dng chung tn s hoc khe thi gian, nh vy cc my pht s trnh b xung t. N i cch khc DSSS l kiu h thng ly trung bnh, FHSS v THSS l kiu h thng trnh xung t. H thng thng tin di ng cng ngh CDMA ch s dng DSSS nn ta ch xt k thut tri ph DSSS. 4.3.2.Nguyn l tri ph DSSS Tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS : Direct Sequence Spreading Spectrum) : Thc hin tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc chip cao hn rt nhiu so vi tc bit Tc chip tn hiu gi ngu nhin v tc bit c tnh theo cng thc sau : RC = 1/TC Rb = 1/Tb Trong : RC : tc chip tn hiu gi ngu nhin. Rb : tc bit. TC : thi gian mt chip. Tb : thi gian mt bit.
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Tb = Tn Tb = Tn Tc
Tb : Thi gian mt bit ca lung s cn pht Tn : Chu k ca m gi ngu nhin dng cho tri ph TC : Thi gian mt chip ca m tri ph
Hnh 4.9. Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS) 4.3.3.M tri ph Cc tn hiu tri ph bng rng c to ra bng cch s dng cc chui m gi tp m PN (Pseudo N oise). M gi tp m cn c gi l m gi ngu nhin do c cc tnh cht thng k ca tp m trng AWGN (Additive White Gaussian N oise) v c biu hin ngu nhin, bt xc nh. Tuy nhin my thu cn bit m ny to bn sao mt cch chnh xc v ng b vi m c pht gii m bn tin. V th m gi ngu nhin phi hon ton xc nh. M gi ngu nhin c to ra bng cc b thanh ghi dch c mch hi tip tuyn tnh (LFSR : Linear Feedback Shift Register) v cc cng XOR.
g1 ci
g2
gm-1 ci-m
Si(1)
Si(2)
Si(m)
Si(j) : L gi tr phn t nh j trong thanh ghi dch xung ng h i. gi = 0 : kha m, gi = 1 : kha ng.
n b iu ch
Hnh 4.10. Mch thanh ghi dch to chui PN Mt chui thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh c xc nh bi mt a thc to
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m tuyn tnh bc m (m > 0) :
g (x ) = g m x m + g m 1 x m 1 + ... + g1 x + g 0 (vi gm = g0 = 1).
xm : n v tr. Gi s ta np chui gi tr khi u cho thanh ghi dch : S0 = {S0(1), S0(1), S0(m)} Gi tr u ra trong (m -1) xung ng h u tin l : C0 = S0(m) C1 = S0(m-1) . Cm-1 = S0(1) Ti xung ng h th i (i > m-1) ta c trng thi ca thanh ghi dch : Si(m) = Si-1(m-1) = Si-2(m-2) = = Si-m+1(1) (*)
Si-m+1(1) = g1.Si-m(1) + g2.Si-m(2) + + Si-m(m) (gm = 1) => Si(m) = g1.Si-m(1) + g2.Si-m(2) + + Si-m(m) p dng cng thc (*), ta c : Si(m) = g1.Si-1(m) + g2.Si-2(m) + + Si-m(m) Gi tr u ra ti xung th i chnh l gi tr phn t nh Si(m) ca thanh ghi dch : => Ci = g1.Ci-1 + g2.Ci-2 + + Ci-m Hay : Ci+m = g1.Ci+m-1 + g2.Ci+m-2 + + Ci Tc ca mch nh trn b hn ch v tc do tng thi gian tr trong cc thanh ghi v cc cng loi tr ng hi tip. hn ch thi gian tr, nng cao tc ca mch to m ngu nhin ta c th s dng s mch sau :
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g1
g2
gm-1 ci
Si(1)
Si(2)
Si(m)
Si(j) : L gi tr phn t nh j trong thanh ghi dch xung ng h i. gi = 0 : kha m, gi = 1 : kha ng.
n b iu ch
Hnh 4.11. Mch thanh ghi dch to chui PN tc cao 4.4.Truy nhp gi 4.4.1.Tng quan v truy nhp gi trong W-CDMA Truy nhp gi trong W-CDMA cho php cc vt mang khng phi thi gian thc s dng ng cc knh chung, ring v dng chung. Vic s dng cc knh khc nhau c iu khin bi b lp biu gi PS (Packet Scheduler). B lp biu gi thng c t RN C v ti y vic lp biu gi c th thc hin hiu qu cho nhiu , ngoi ra y cng xem xt cc kt ni chuyn giao mm. B lp biu gi c cc chc nng chnh sau : - Phn chia dung lng ca giao din v tuyn gia cc ngi s dng. - Phn chia cc knh truyn ti s dng cho truyn dn s liu ca tng ngi s dng. - Gim st cc phn b gi v ti h thng. 4.4.2.Lu lng s liu gi Truy nhp gi s dng cho cc dch v khng theo thi gian thc, nhn t quan im giao din v tuyn n c cc thuc tnh in hnh sau : - S liu gi c dng cm, tc bit yu cu c th bin i rt nhanh. - S liu gi cho php tr ln hn cc dch v thi gian thc. V th s liu gi l lu lng c th iu khin c xt theo quan im mng truy nhp v tuyn. - Cc gi c th c pht li bi lp iu khin kt ni v tuyn (RLC). iu ny cho php s dng cht lng ng truyn v tuyn km hn v t s li khung cao hn so vi cc dch v thi gian thc.
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Lu lng gi c c trng bi cc thng s sau : - Qu trnh n ca phin.
Phin dch v gi
Cuc gi gi Thi gian c
Thi gian
Kch thc gi
Hnh 4.26. c trng ca mt phin dch v gi - S cuc gi n phin. - Thi gian c gia cc cuc gi. - S gi trong mt cuc gi gi. - Khong thi gian gia hai gi trong mt cuc gi gi. - Kch thc gi. 4.4.3.Cc phng php lp biu gi Chc nng lp biu gi l phn chia dung lng giao din v tuyn kh dng gia cc ngi s dng. B lp biu gi c th quyt nh tc bit phn b v thi gian phn b. Thut ton lp biu gi trong W-CDMA c thc hin theo hai phng php : phn chia theo m v phn chia theo tn s. Trong phng php phn chia theo m, khi c nhu cu tng dung lng th tc bit phn b cho ngi s dng s gim i. Trong phng php phn chia theo thi gian biu dung lng c dnh cho mt s t ngi theo tng thi im, nh vy ngi s dng c th c tc bit cao nhng ch c th s dng trong thi gian ngn. Trong trng hp s ngi s dng tng th phi i truyn dn lu hn. Thc t qu trnh lp biu gi l s kt hp ca hai phng php trn.
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4.4.3.1.Lp biu phn chia theo thi gian
Khi b lp biu phn chia thi gian phn b cc tc gi, cn xt n hiu nng v tuyn. Thng thng cc dch v tc bit cao i hi t nng lng bit hn, v th phn chia theo thi gian c u im l Eb/N o thp hn. N goi ra thi gian tr trung bnh trong phng php ny l ngn hn so vi phng php phn chia theo m. N hc im chnh ca phng php phn chia thi gian l : - Thi gian truyn dn ngn trong khi vic thit lp v gii phng kt ni i hi thi gian di thm ch n vi khung. - Vic s dng phn b theo thi gian b hn ch bi di tc cao do hn ch cng sut ca MS ng ln. - Phng php ny s dng cc tc bit cao v to ra lu lng dng cm, iu ny dn n s thay i cao cc mc nhiu so vi lp biu phn chia theo m. 4.4.3.2.Lp biu phn chia theo m Trong lp biu phn chia theo m tt c ngi s dng c n nh mt knh khi h cn chng. N u nhiu ngi s dng gi yu cu lu lng th tc bit phi thp hn lp biu theo thi gian. Cc u im chnh ca phng php ny l : - Trong lp biu phn chia theo m, vic thit lp v gii phng s gy ra t tn tht dung lng hn do tc bit thp v thi gian truyn dn lu hn. Do tc bit thp vic phn b ti nguyn lp biu gi phn chia theo m i hi nhiu thi gian hn lp biu gi phn chia theo thi gian. iu ny cho php d bo c mc nhiu. - Lp biu phn chia theo m c th l tnh hoc ng. Trong lp biu tnh, tc bit c phn b duy tr c nh trong sut thi gian kt ni. Trong lp biu ngs, tc bit c th thay i ph hp vi lu lng gi. - Phng php lp biu ny i hi cc kh nng ca MS thp hn.
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4.5.Quy hoch mng WCDMA M u
Qu trnh lan truyn tn hiu t trm gc BTS n my di ng MS, cng sut tn hiu b suy hao do mi trng truyn dn, tp nhiu t nhng thit b khc, tp nhiu bn thn thit b... Phn ny trnh by cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh truyn lan tn hiu, a ra m hnh tnh suy hao ng truyn, s mc tn hiu tnh ton ng truyn, dung lng mng 4.5.1 Suy hao ng truyn trong qu trnh truyn lan tn hiu Cc iu kin ng truyn dn rt quan trng trong vic thc hin thit b u cui cng nh thit k cu hnh . Trong s ba thnh phn ca iu kin truyn dn, suy hao ng truyn do khong cch, pha inh che chn, pha inh a ng th suy hao ng truyn do khong cch v pha inh che chn xc nh cu hnh v c lng vng ph sng. Thnh phn pha inh a ng, yu t lm thay i mc tn hiu thu mt cch nhanh chng, nh hng ti cc thit k thit b u cui, bao gm vic la chn cc k thut b pha inh. 4.5.1.1. Tp m v can nhiu Tp m v can nhiu gii hn rt nhiu di hot ng ca cc thit b v tuyn. Trong cc h thng a ngi dng hay nhng h thng v tuyn dng chung mt bng thng th vn ny li cng quan trng. m bo vic thit k h thng vi mc tn hiu thu c th chp nhn c, ngi ta phi bit r c tnh tp m v nhiu v t a ra cc phng php nh gi c cht lng ca h thng v ton tuyn thng tin. 4.5.2. M hnh tnh suy hao ng truyn 4.5.2.1. M hnh Hata - Okumura M hnh ny l quan h thc nghim c rt ra t bo co k thut ca Okumura cho php s dng cc kt qu vo cc cng c tnh ton. Bo co ca Okumura bao gm mt chui cc lu c s dng lp m hnh thng tin v tuyn. Da trn cc o lng c thc hin bi Y.Okumura Tokyo ti tn s 1920 MHz, cc o lng ny va khp vi m hnh ton hc ca M.Hata. Trong m hnh ny, ban u suy hao ng truyn c tnh bng cch tnh h s iu chnh anten cho cc vng th l hm ca khong cch gia trm gc, trm
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di ng v tn s. H s ny c a vo suy hao khng gian t do. Kt qu c iu chnh bng cc h s cho cao anten trm gc v trm di ng. N goi ra, cc h s iu chnh c cp cho hng ph, cc vng ngoi , cc vng m v cc a hnh khng u. M hnh ch p dng cho 4 thng s tha iu kin: Tn s sng mang fc Khong cch t trm gc d cao anten trm gc hb : 150 1500 (Mhz) : 1 20 (km) : 30 200 (m)
cao anten trm di ng hm : 1 10 (m) Tu theo tng vng phc v khc nhau, suy hao tuyn Lp tng ng mi vng khc nhau. - Vng thnh ph: Lp(dB) = 69,55 + 26,16lgfc + (44,9 6,55lghb)lgr 13,82lghb - a(hm) trong 2 trng hp khc nhau: + i vi thnh ph nh v trung bnh: a(hm) (dB)= (1,11lgfc -0,7)hm (1,56lgfc 0,8) + i vi thnh ph ln:
a(hm) =
(4.1)
Trong : a(hm) l h s hiu chnh cho cao anten di ng (dB) c tnh
(4.2) (4.3) (4.4)
{
[L
p
8.29[lg(1,54hm)]2 1,1 3,2[lg11,75hm)]

2
(fc 200 MHz) [dB]
4,97 (fc 400 MHz) [dB]
N h vy bn knh cell c tnh :

lg r = 44,9 6,55. lg hb
69,55 26,16. lg f c + 13,82. lg hb + a(hm )
(4.5)
- Vng ngoi : Vi vng ngoi h s hiu chnh suy hao so vi vng thnh ph l:
f 2 lg c 5, 4 Lno (dB)= Lp - 2 28
- Vng nng thn: Vi vng nng thn h s hiu chnh suy hao so vi vng thnh ph l: Lnt(dB) = Lp 4,78.(lgfc)2 +18,33(lgfc) - 40,94
Trang 67
(4.6)
(4.7)
Cc php o ca Okumura ch ng cho cc kiu to nh Tokyo v cn c s liu c kh nng d on cc nhn t mi trng trn c s tnh cht vt l ca cc to nh xung quanh my thu di ng. N goi ra, do k thut Okumura dng hiu chnh mt t bt thng v cc c im khc ca ng truyn c th nn cn c cc din gii thit k. iu ny lm cho m hnh Hata-Okumura khng ph hp cho vic s dng my tnh. 4.5.2.2 M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami (hay COST 231) M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami cha 3 phn t: tn hao khng gian t do, nhiu x mi nh v tn hao tn x, tn hao do nhiu vt chn.
Hng sng
Hng di chu
Di ng
Anten trm gc
To nh
h1 w b
hr
h2
Anten trm di ng
Hnh 4.2 Cc tham s trong m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami.
Cc thng s a vo cng thc m hnh c gii thiu hnh 4.2. Trong : w: b rng ng ph (m) b: c ly gia cc dy nh ph chn ng truyn sng (m)
: gc ti ca sng trn mt phng phng v so vi trc ng
h m : chiu cao anten trm di ng (m) h b : chiu cao anten trm gc (m) d: khong cch trm di ng v trm gc (m)
Trang 68

hr: chiu cao to nh (m) M hnh ch p dng cho 4 thng s tha iu kin: Tn s sng mang fc Khong cch t trm gc d cao anten trm gc h b : 800 2000 (Mhz) : 0,02 5 (km) : 4 50 (m)
cao anten trm di ng h m : 1 3 (m) Cc biu thc s dng cho m hnh nh sau:
Lf + Lrts + Lmsd, Lrts + Lmsd > 0 Lp = Lf , Lrts + Lmsd 0

Trong : Lf : l tn hao khng gian t do, c xc nh: Lf (dB) = 32,4 +20lgr + 20lgfc Lrts (dB) = (-16,7) -10lgW + 10lgfc + 20lgh m + Lo vi: h m = hr - h m (m)
(4.8)
(4.9) (4.10)
Lrts: l nhiu x mi nh - ph v tn hao tn x, c xc nh:
Lo l sai s do tn x v nhiu x, c xc nh bi:

9,646(dB),0 35 Lo = 2,5 + 0,075( 55)(dB),35 55 4 0,114( 55)(dB ),55 90
Lmsd: l tn hao cc vt che chn, c xc nh: Lmsd = Lbsh + ka + kdlgr + kflgfc 9lgb (4.11)
18. lg(1 + hb ), hb > hr vi: Lbsh = 0, hb < hr
54, (hb > hr ) k a = 54 0,8hb , (r 500, hb hr ) 54 1,6h r, (r < 500, h h ) b b r

15hb , hb hr 18 hm kd = 18, h < h b r
Trang 69
f k f = 4 +1,5 c 1 vi thnh ph ln. 925

f k f = 4 + 0,7 c 1 vi thnh ph trung bnh. 925
Vi trng hp tia nhn thng (LOS): Lp (dB) = 42,6 + 26lgr + 20lgfc Vi trng hp tia khng nhn thng (N LOS): Lp(dB) = 32,4 + 20lgr + 20lgfc + Lrts + Lmsd N h vy bn knh cell tnh theo m hnh Walfisch Ikegami l : (4.13) (2.12 )
lgr =
Lp Lori Lbsh +10lgW 20lghm ka +9lgb (30+ k f )lg fc 157 ,
(20+ kd )
(4.14)
C th s dng cc gi tr mc nh sau cho m hnh: b = 20 50m; W = b/2; = b/2; hr = 3 x (s tng) + h nn vi: h nn = 3 m cho nc nh c cao, 0 m cho nc nh phng. Ta tnh ton tn hao ng truyn t m hnh Hata v Walfisch-Ikegami theo cc s liu di y v so snh kt qu: fc = 880 MHz hm = 1,5 m hb = 30 m nc nh = 0 m hr = 30 m = 90 b = 30 m W = 15 m
Tn hao ng truyn d on theo m hnh Hata thp hn 13-16 dB so vi m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami. Tuy nhin, m hnh Hata b qua nh hng ca rng ng ph, nhiu x ph v cc tn hao tn x. Cc nh hng ny c xt n m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami. M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami s c s dng cho phng n tnh ton thit k v m hnh ny thch hp vi iu kin vi mi trng th Vit N am, tnh ton d dng bng chng trnh trn my tnh.
Trang 70
Khong cch 1 2 3 4 5
Tn hao ng truyn (dB) M hnh Hata 126,16 136,77 142,97 147,37 150,79 M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami 139,45 150,89 157,58 162,33 166,01
Bng 4.1 So snh tn hao ng truyn t m hnh Hata v Walfisch-Ikegami Vng ph sng s c tnh ton da trn din tch cn ph sng v bn knh ca cell bng cch p dng m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami. Cht lng dch v v dung lng phc v ca h thng s tnh ton da trn phng trnh tnh dung lng cc ca ng truyn hng ln. T s tnh ton c s trm BTS cn thit p ng dung lng ca h thng. 4.5.2.3 Quan h gia suy hao ng truyn dn v vng ph sng Hnh 4.3 cho thy quan h gia suy hao ng truyn truyn sng v khong cch thu c bi cng thc Hata - Okumura, trong gi thit cao anten ca BS v MS tng ng l 100m v 1,5m. S dng s ny, c th tnh c mt khong cch m suy hao ng truyn L p max l 50%.
200 180 160 140 120 100 1 Chiu cao antenBS:100m Chiu cao anten MS: 1,5m 1,5 GHz 450 MHz
900 MHz
10
100
Khong cch truyn Hnh 4.3 Quan h gia suy hao ng(km) dn v vng ph sng 4.5.2.4. Mt s khi nim cn quan tm
- n v lu lng Erlang: Mt n v lu lng Erlang l mt mch thng tin hot ng trong mt gi. - Cp phc v (G0S): i lng biu th s % cuc gi khng thnh cng i
Trang 71
vi h thng tiu hao cn trong h thng i G0S l s % thu bao thc hin s gi tr li. i vi h thng hot ng bnh thng, cp phc v c nh gi bng xc sut tc nghn l 0,02 khi khi to cuc gi trong gi cao im. y l gi tr tr trung bnh. - Din tch cell: sau khi tnh c bn knh cell ta c th xc nh din tch cell theo bng sau Loi cell Trn Lc gic Din tch cell R2 2.598R2 Din tch sector R2/3 2.598R2/3
Bng 4.2: Cng thc tnh din tch cell - BHCA (Busy Hour Call Attempts): S ln gi ca thu bao trong gi cao im - H thng thng tin hot ng theo kiu tiu hao: Gi thit v h thng m cc thu bao khng h gi li khi cuc gi khng thnh cng. - H thng thng tin hot ng theo kiu i: Gi thit v h thng m cc thu bao s kin tr gi li cho n khi thnh cng. - Vng ph sng: H thng phi phc v mt vng nht nh. Tuy nhin do a hnh phc tp nn ph sng khng c 100% vi 2 l do: + Cng sut pht x phi rt mnh cc my thu a im b chn khut vn lm vic c. N h vy gi thnh thit b phi ln v gi cc ca thu bao phi cao. + Cng sut pht cng ln th cng kh kim sot s giao thoa sng gia cc my thu pht cng mt tn s cc cell ln cn. Vic ti s dng li tn s l mt c th ca mng cellular. Khi s thu bao tng th ta chia nh thm cc cell v mun c nhiu thu bao c dng chung mt tn s th cng sut phi gim nh thch hp. V vy cc h thng thng tin c gng bao ph 90% din tch trong vng bng phng v 75% din tch trong vng i ni hoc c nhiu vt che khut. - Tng ch khi chia sector: l thng s b chnh v mc can nhiu tng ln do cc sector khc gy nn cho sector xt. Gi l tng ch khi chia sector v vic tng sector lm tng s ngi dng. Khi s sector mt mt bng tng ln, th mi sector
Trang 72
nh i lm gim can nhiu mi sector gy ra cho sector khc. N hng s sector gy nhiu cho sector xt li tng ln. - Mt dn s: y l mt n v xc nh s lng khch hng tim nng c th s s dng dch v trn mt n v din tch. 4.5.3. Dung lng kt ni v tuyn H thng CDMA c li th hn hn so vi cc h thng khc nh FDMA, TDMA l kh nng m rng dung lng thu bao. Dung lng ca h thng CDMA ph thuc vo iu kin a l, mc nhiu, cc c tnh truyn sng v mt s iu kin khc. thit k tnh ton s knh ca h thng WCDMA ta dng phng php sau: + T s nng lng tn hiu trong mi bit vi mt ph cng sut nhiu (Eb/N o) quyt nh c tnh kt ni gia trm gc v u cui . Mc tp m l s kt hp ca tp m nn v nhiu gy ra bi u cui ca h thng khc. V vy s lng cuc gi ng thi trong mi sector hoc b hn ch bi t s Eb/N o. Gii hn ca knh lu lng vt l kt ni gia trm gc v trm u cui tnh theo cng thc sau:
W 1 1 R . . .GS N= E 1+ f b No + I o bochinh
Trong :
G S : Tng ch di qut ha
(4.15)
Eb Eb l t s No + Io N o + I o bochinh
sut khng hon ho.
trong iu kin iu khin cng
Eb Eb .e = N +I No + I o bochinh 0 o
Vi:
( e )2
2
(4.16)
Trang 73

: Hng s c gi tr 0,1ln10
e : Phng sai iu khin cng sut
W : rng di tn sng mang (Hz) R :Tc truyn (bps)
: H s tch cc thoi : t s nng lng nhiu t cell khc n cell xt
Gi tr N thay i ph hp vi cc gi tr gi nh ca mi tham s. Vy N tu thuc vo phng php v gi nh tnh ton nh gi hiu nng c th ng dng c trong mi trng hot ng. Gi tr tnh ton N trn l s lng knh ln nht c th cho php s dng kt ni ng thi gia u cui v sector hoc Ommi-Cell trong trng hp khng c chuyn v mm. Do s lng knh lu lng hot ng trong mi sng mang WCDMA c tnh nh sau: N s = N x ti ca (cell) 4.5.4 Suy gim ng truyn ln nht cho php Suy gim ng truyn ln nht cho php xc nh nh sau: La = Pm Pmin + Gb Lc Lb Lh Vi : Pmin = N 0 + Fb + (Eb/N 0)req + 10lgB. Trong : La : Tn hao ng truyn cho php. Pm : Cng sut pht x hiu dng ca MS. Pmin : Cng tn hiu ti thiu yu cu. Gb : H s khuch i ca Anten pht BS. Lc : Tn hao cp Anten thu BS. Lb : Tn hao c th. Lh : Tn hao truy nhp ta nh. (4.18) (4.17)
Trang 74

B : Tc bit (Bps) N 0 : Tp m nn ca BS. Fb : H s tp m my thu. Eb/N 0 : d tr cn thit ca anten pht BS. 4.5.5.Ti u mng
Ti u mng l qu trnh phn tch cu hnh v hiu nng mng nhm ci thin cht lng mng tng th v m bo ti nguyn ca mng c s dng mt cch c hiu qu. Giai on u ca qu trnh ti u l nh ngha cc ch th hiu nng chnh. Chng gm cc kt qu o h thng qun l mng v s liu o thc t xc nh cht lng dch v. Vi s gip ca h thng qun l mng ta c th phn tch hiu nng qu kh, hin ti v tng lai. Ta c th phn tch hiu nng ca cc thut ton qun l ti nguyn v tuyn v cc thng s ca chng bng cch s dng cc kt qu ca ch th hiu nng chnh. Trong h thng thng tin di ng th h ba vic ti u ha mng rt quan trng v mng th h ba cung cp nhiu dch v a dng. iu chnh t ng phi cung cp cu tr li nhanh cho cc iu khin thay i lu lng trong mng. Trong giai on u ca qu trnh xy dng mng W-CDMA ch c mt s thng s l c iu chnh t ng v v th cn phi duy tr qu trnh ti u ha ca h thng GSM Kt lun chng 4 Trong tnh ton thc t, ngoi vic ly mt s tham s ca nh cung cp thit b, mt phn ln cc tham s khc cn ly theo cc gi tr in hnh. iu ny dn n kt qu thit k dng mc nh c mng s b. Tuy nhin, trong thc t vic trin khai mt h thng thng tin (lp mi hoc m rng) lun cn c thm bc hiu chnh, ti u mng sau khi lp t, chy th da trn cc kt qu o t thc t. N goi ra, vic tnh ton s dng m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami cha tnh n cc tn hao do cy ci v kt qu ch tnh cho dch v thoi m cha tnh cho dch v truyn d liu, ng thi vic quy hoch theo dung lng cha m bo ti u v phng din vng ph.
Trang 75
Trang 76
Phn m phng
PHN M PHNG
Phn ny gii thiu lu thut ton m phng - tnh ton cc bc quy hoch mng di ng v cng cc ca s giao din chng trnh m phng vit bng ngn ng Visual Basic 6.0. 1. Lu tnh ton 1.1.Lu thut ton tng qut Bt u
N hp cc thng s yu cu
Sai
Kim tra thng s nhp

ng
Thc hin tnh ton
In kt qu
Kt thc
Trang 77
Phn m phng
1.2.lu thut ton chi tit Bt u
N hp: - Thng s truyn dn - Thng s trm BTS - Thng s trm MS
Sai
Kim tra thng s nhp

ng
Tnh suy hao ng truyn cho php i vi vng ph ca cell In kt qu N hp cc thng s truyn sng (chn m hnh truyn sng Walfisch-Ikegami cho Tp nh v trung bnh)
Sai
Kim tra thng s nhp

ng
- Tnh bn knh Cell - Tnh din tch Cell In kt qu
Trang 78
Phn m phng
Trang 79
Phn m phng
2. Kt qu chng trnh 2.1.Giao din chnh
2.2.Tnh suy hao ng truyn :
Trang 80
Phn m phng
2.3. Tnh kch thc Cell :
Trang 81
Phn m phng
2.4. Tnh dung lng knh :
Trang 82
Kt lun v hng pht trin ti
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI

Trc s bng n v nhu cu truyn thng khng dy c v s lng, cht lng v cc loi hnh dch v, cng ngh GSM ang c pht trin c th h tr v p ng. Tuy nhin, tc ca mng GSM hin thi vn cn qu chm v khng p ng c, iu ny i hi cc nh khai thc phi c c cng ngh truyn thng khng dy nhanh hn v tt hn. Vic s dng h thng chuyn mch knh tc cao (HSCSD) s nng c tc d liu trn mng GSM ln n 57.6KBps, tuy nhin cng ngh ny vn cha p ng thch ng yu cu v mt k thut. Gii php GPRS, EDGE trn mng GSM v sau nng cp ln W-CDMA l mt gii php kh thi v thch hp vi cc nc ang pht trin nh nc ta v c th tn dng c c s h tng mng GSM ng thi c qu u t tin ln 3G. Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS to ra tc cao ch yu nh vo s kt hp cc khe thi gian, tuy nhin k thut ny vn da trn phng thc iu ch GMSK nn hn ch tc truyn. Gii php dch v v tuyn gi chung nng cao EDGE khc phc c hn ch ny bng cch thay th phng thc iu ch GMSK bng 8PSK, iu ny gip nng cao tc ca mng GPRS ln 2 n 3 ln. Kh khn ch yu lin quan n cc k thut v tuyn trn my u cui do vic thay i k thut iu ch. Tuy nhin EDGE l vn hot ng da trn trn c s chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi hn ch tc 384KBps nn s kh khn trong vic ng dng cc dch v i hi vic chuyn mch linh ng hn v tc truyn d liu ln hn. Lc ny gii php a ra l nng cp ln h thng WCDMA. Vic nng cp cc h thng thng tin di ng ln th h ba c th p ng c cc yu cu hin ti. Trong tng lai, khi m cng ngh 3G khng p ng c yu cu th cng ngh thng tin di ng th h t l gii php tip theo vi tc ln ti 34Mbps. im mu cht trong thng tin di ng th h t l thay i phng php a truy cp kinh in bng cc phng php a truy cp cho hiu
Trang 83
sut cao hn nh phng php a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA), a truy cp phn chia theo c hi (ODMA)... Trong khun kh ti em tm hiu tng qut gii php nng cp mng GSM ln W-CDMA. Do c nhiu chuNn nng cp cng nh nhiu gii php nng cp ca cc tp on vin thng khc nhau nn ti ch a ra c nhng bc c bn nht trong l trnh nng cp v kin trc h thng v k thut v tuyn s trn c s l thuyt m khng th i su vo cc gii php chi tit. ng thi vic a ra gii php CDMA bng thng rng ti u cho GSM Vit N am cha thc hin c.
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Cong Nghe W CDMA Va Giai Phap Nang Cap Mang GSM Len W CDMA

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CHNG 2 : MNG GSM V GII PHP NNG CP LN 3G

CHNG 3 : GII PHP GPRS TRN MNG GSM

CHNG 4 : CNG NGH DI NG TH H 3 W-CDMA

Bng tra cu t vit tt

CPCC CPCH CPICH CR CS

FCCH FDD FDMA FDCCH FSK

InterWorking Function Chc nng tng tc mng

PCH PCPCH PCS PLMN PSTN

Universal Mobile Telecommunnication System

ng vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh cng ngh nh in t, tin hc...

Chng 1 - Gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng

CHNG 1 GII THIU V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG

Chng 1 - Gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng

Bng tn h thng Khong bo v Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 .......... Bng tn Tn s Knh N

N gi dng 5 N gi dng 4 N gi dng 3 N gi dng 2 N gi dng 1

Tn s Knh 3 Knh 2 Knh 1

Chng 1 - Gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng

Chng 1 - Gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng

Chng 1 - Gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng

GSM D liu 115 kbps 1999

GPRS D liu 384 kbps 2000 2001 2002 2003

Hnh 1.4 L trnh pht trin t 2G n 3G

Chng 1 - Gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng

Chng 1 - Gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

CHNG 2 MNG GSM V GII PHP NNG CP LN 3G

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

ISDN PSPDN CSPDN PSTN PLMN

AUC HLR MSC BSC BSS BTS EIR

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

C l hiu sut bng thng. B

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

N Stages k Data bits 1 k 1 k 1 k

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Hnh 2.10. Gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

2Mbps 171.2Kbp GPRS HSCSD

Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G http://www.4tech.com.vn

Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM

CHNG 3 GII PHP GPRS TRN MNG GSM

Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM

SOG AUC SMS-SC HLR

Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM

Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM

Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM

Hnh 3.2. Mng Backbone

Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM