bghUslf

t.v

gf

1.

mwhl th yFf gF

2.

jhtuf, yFf czl

13

3.

kj cl mik kW af

27

4.

jhtu w mika

41

5.

tifghoa

59

6.

jhtuf kW yFf - Rthj

71

7.

Niy kly

81

8.

- X mats

93

9.

eik Rs gUbghUf

107

10.

gUbghUf kW mj jikf

119

11.

vj kW Rl

145

12.

msoa

159

13.

afa

175

14.

a kW btga

187

15.

xa

209

iii

ca
1
myF

mwhl th
yFf gF

ca

ca

dW FU nghny -
J gwJth ghgh
tz gwitfis fL -
kd k bfhS ghgh
bfh mj nfh - mij
To isahL ghgh
v UL mj fhfh - mjF
ufgl ntQko ghgh
to GF ey Fiu - beY
ta cGJ tU khL
mo iHF eik ML - ij
Mjf ntQko ghgh
thiy FiHJ tU ehjh - mJ
kjF njhHdo ghgh
- kfhf ghuah
kj bjGwh. cz,
cil, nghFtuJ vd midF
yFf gaghL f mf.
<f fhu kj Kj
ghlyhf,
k mHF eld
mtdJ Kj bghGJnghfhf
khd. ehfS, idfS kj
Kj njhHfshd.

ruh xU nghofhf jid

jahgL
bfhoUif
ghuah fijia fhz
nelJ.
ghuah
yFfis
vthbwyh
neUwh.
mt gfis gaghil,
va, a gRikahd bkh
ciuJsh vd ajh.
ghliy j jhl fhjh.

cs c thifia
iy WJtJ jhtuf kW
yFfns.

kf Mtij Jbfhl
mt jh yFf kjfl
vthbwyh
xizJsd
vgjid fhiy oaUJ
khiy kiw tiu kj thif
yFfnshL izJsJ
vgij j kfl Tdh.
gwitf xid nfLjh

kj yFfis f mfkhf
j
gagLbghUshf
ghf
bjhldh. kj kW yF
filna cs cw iy nkhrkhf
ghgiljh j rkiyia
HJL.
2

mwhl th yFf gF
bra 1.1
FHijfns,
VnjD
bry uhia cf
o tsfsh?
e bryuh
tU NH UFnghJ
f vd brf?
(i) gahf UF nghJ __
______.
(ii) btgkhf myJ Fuhf
czU nghJ ______ .
(iii) ahnuD
JWJ
nghJ ______ .
(iv) fhagLJ nghJ __
______ .
gl 1.1 bryuhf

bra 1.2
FHijfns, tU btlfis ugyhkh?
yFf bgaf
1. eh
2.
3.
4. khL (vUJ)
5. nfh
6.
7.
8. nj

vjfhf eKl itJnsh

gh jUwJ
to GwJ

nenwh

gl 1.2 (m) b#

gl 1.2 (M) fhnfa

3

ca

1.1. yFf gaf

2. cnuhk jU yFf
brk ML, btshL, yhkh
vw xU tif fg ML nghw
yFf
ekF
cnuhkij jUwd.
j cnuhkf rahd
Kiw gjgLjgL
fg jahfgLwJ.
gLG
ekF
gL
iHid jUwJ.

yFfS
mtUJ
bgwgLw is bghUfS
kjDF gy tiff
gagLwd. yFf
cgnahfij bghWJ mit
_W tifgL.

1. cz jU yFf
gh,
Kil
kW
iwfhf
yFf
tsfgLwd.
gR
3. Git yFf
df Kakhf mj
V cGtjF, to
ghYfhf
tsfgL
gl 1.3 yhkh
GgjF
gagL
wd. y Modf
mj gh kW iwfhf yFf Git yFf MF.
tsfgLwd. njf ekF vUJ, fhiskhL, Fiu, ahid, fGij
njid bfhLwJ. df nghw yFf is yfis
nghFtuF
uj rhj czF xU ey cGtjF,
cgnahfgLwd.
_ykhf csJ.
nkY mJbfhnth
y gRf xU ehSF 16 l gh myJ xU tUlF 6000 l
ghiy jUwd.

1.2. yFfUJ bgwgL bghUf

ydf ekF fg, gL, gh, nj, iw, njh, KJ, Kil,
muF nghw gytifgl bghUfis jUwd. t ytiw
fhngh.
bra 1.3
khL bjhGt cs khL
fis cf ghfhu ftgij
ghf. cf L bry
uhia cf o cs
tf mfiwnahL ftgij
ghf. mjid goal.
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.

eh

gl 1.4 nj

khL

gl 1.5 gh

gl 1.6 gL
4

mwhl th yFf gF
1. fg: brkahL, btshL, kW yhkh vw XU tif fg
MLf
clUJ
bgwgL
cnuhkfUnj
fg
jahfgLwJ. fg ril, rhit, nghit, fhciw, ifciw
nghwit fg UJ jahfgLwd.
2. iw: brk ML, btshL, g, nfh, wh, eL nghwt
iw czthf gagLwd.
3. gL: gL Gf UJ gL iH bgwgLwJ. tUJ
gL Milf jahfgLwd.
4. njh: ML, khL nghw fheil yFf njhiy gjgL igf,
gzigf, ghj, ifbgo, Lth nghwitf jahf
gagLwd.
5. KJ: KJ fUJ iy caj KJ bgwgLwJ. it
gntW Mguzf bra gagLwd.
6. muF: muF RuF xU tif muF MF. tzf,
(bgLf) thZf, mR ik, mHF rhjdf nghwit
jahf it gagLwd.
7. gh: gR, vUik, ML nghw yFf gh jUwd.
8. nj: njf njid nrfJ jUwd. nj y kUJf
jahgjF, czl nrJ cgjF gagLwd.
9. Kil: Lf tsfgL gwit dfshd nfhf, thJ kW
thnfh Kilfis jUwd.
nkY mJbfhnth
2004M ML, org khj, mjkh nfhg f thj gHFof,
fho cs yFf elij y khwfis fld. mj
_y Vnjh bga MgJ tunghtij czjd. vdnt, mf cs
ghJfhghd l neh l bgajd. J neubfyh mfis
Rdh jhaJ. mUj kf fhgwgld.

1.3. yFfUJ bgwgL

iHf:
xU eh brt j gho mUj
rhitia ghjh. mt mkh
mtid fg Mil ma brhdh.
vjfhf j Milfis ma ntL
vd brt nflh. fg J tiff
X mflahf bragL F
fhy ekF btJbtJig jUwJ
vW brt mkh g Tdh.
5

gl 1.7 brk ML

ca
fg: brk ML, btshL,
ril vUik (ah) nghw yFf
njh UJ bgwgL joj
cnuhkfsh
Md
iHna
fg vdgL. J ujdh
MdJ. eeho gntW tifahd
brkahL df gytif fg
cgbfd tsfgLwd.
brk Mo njh UJ
bgwgL cnuhk UtifgL.
m) brhubrhughd cnuhk.

brk
Mo
nkwnjh
UJ bka mLfhf cs
cnuhkfis btLw Kiwna
cnuhkij fjj vdgL.
fgril, rhit, nghit,
fhciw, ifciw nghwitf
jahf fg gagLwJ.
gL: gL vgJ gLl
UJ bgwgL aif iHahF.
gLGf
gL
iHfis
Ruwd. kbg gLGf
s c TLf(fT) UJ
bgwgL gL iHna f wj
gL iH vd fUjgLwJ.
gLJfis Kj cUtha
tf gila df Mt.
go
gaf:
glhilf,
ghuhN jahf, bjhiyng
kW fyh V fhl
gl fRUshf gL ga
gLwJ.

M) UJthd bka cnuhk.

bghJthf bka cnuhkf
fg
iH
jahf
ga
gLwd. bg kW ylh
gFf bghJthf ril vUik
fg ilwJ. #K kW
fhZ gFf cs mnfhuh
btshLf UJ bgwgL
fg mnfhuh fg vdgL.
fhZ cs btshL gdh.
j gF cs cnuhkf
UJ
beagL
UJthd
rhitna gdh rhitf. it
UJthdJ kW iy cajJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
agL vgJ gLl
UJ ilF UJthd aif
iHna MF. J iHf
uh vd miHfgLwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
Mnua Phf, Mo
UJ cnuhkij fjf xU
JKiwia fLoJsd.
njhid
nrjgLjhk
fgia vLF j a
KiwF gnah vd bga.

1.4. gLG ts
brtD t xU Ukz
fF brUjd. mF
tUj bgf bgU ghiknah
tz tz gLlitfis
mJ Ujij fL V
j litf kL gsgsghf
Uwd vd brt j jhl
nflh. j litf midJ
glh Mdit vd mt jh
Tdh.

bra 1.4
fgia
jU
y
yFf glfis nrfJ
mtiw cfSila JQF
jf xl.
fg gjgLJj

gL cgbfd gLG
fis tsF KiwF gLG
ts vW bga. ah

cnuhkf UJ fgahf
jahg gy iyf csd.
6

mwhl th yFf gF
fbjhikahd
bjhf
J
xW.
gLG
ToUJ bgwgL xU iHna
gL iH vgjhF. gyjkhd
gLGfUJ gy jkhd
ber jiknfw gyjkhd
gL cg bragLwJ.
gntW gL tiff

gL

TLG

1. kbg gL
2. lh[ gL
3. v gL
4. Kfh gL
bghJthfnt f mfms
ga csJ kbg gL MF.
kbg gL ju wjJ.
Vbd
J
bkikahd,
gsgsghd bt kr w
bfhlJ. gLGf Ruf
UJ RufgL bghUns gL
iHahF.
gL iH jahj iyf

Kilf
gLG
thif
RH

sc

gl 1.8 gLG thif RH

4. 25 Kj 30 ehf cl wF
iHfsh
jid
R
mikJ bfhS miwna TL
(fT) vdgL.

1. bg gLG xnu neu

Wfzfhd Kilfis L.

5. TLfis bfhF
_f itJ, d gL iHf
bjLfgLwd.

2. Kilfis
Rfhjhukhd
Niy, cfj btg iy
itf ntL.

6. gLToUJ
iHfis
bjLF KiwF RUSj
vdbga.

3. s cf Kilf UJ
bttU nghJ, itf kbg
vw KRbfhil iyfis
cwd.

7. j iHf gLJahf
beagLwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
dhit nrj ir vw nguu jh Kj Kj gil
fLojhf eggLwJ.
ah cy gL cg ulh l csJ.
jeho gL cg bragL y Ka lf fhu,
WtjhL, Utd kW Mu MF.
bra 1.5
jehL tiugl gL iH cg bragL lfis, gL
ber eilbgW lfis Ffyhkh?
7

ca

gl 1.9 uh nj

gl 1.10 M nj

1.5. nj ts

jfhy,
njid
mf
ms
cg
brtjbfd
njf tsfgLwd. nj
cgbfd f mf ms

njf
vF
thwd?
njf nj TLf thwd.
nj TL gy a miwfsh
MdJ. njf Tlkhf thG.
njTo
_W
tifahd
njf csd. mitahtd.
1) uh
nj
(bg nj)

gl 1.11
ntiyfhu nj

nkY mJbfhnth
nj cs TL bghU ms
rfiu
75%

17%
jhJ cf 8%

3) ntiy
2) onuh
fhu nj
(M nj) (kyL bg
nj)

njf tsF Kiwna nj

ts vdgL. eFmagl
jha d V bkbguh.
it nj tsF cfj d.
Vbd it f mf njid
cg br w cilad. nkY
bfhL jik Fiwthf csd.

xU nj To xnu xU
uhnj
kLnk
fhzgL.
KilLtnj uh nj
ntiyahF.
dbgUfF
cj
Wfzfhd M
njf mF csd. ntiyfhu
nj Mufz fhzgL.
it gy ntiyfis br.

bra 1.6
nj ikahdjh myJ
fyglkhdjh vgij mJ
bfhnthkh?
1. xU Ftis iu vLJ
bfhs.
2. xU brhL
njid m
l.
3. nj fiuahk Ftis
mo brwiljh, mJ
a njdhF.
4. nj
Ftis
mo
brwiltjF Knd
fiujh mj nj fyglkhd
njdhF.

nj
czthf
gagLwJ.
j kUJt, Mntjh kW
dh nghw kUJt Jiwf
kUJ jah nj gagLwJ.
njf bkGif cg brwJ.
J
bkGFt
jah
gagLwJ.
y a tif njf
1. ghiw nj (V lhnrlh)
2. a nj (V nshah)
3. a nj (V ofh)
8

mwhl th yFf gF
kLnk tsfgLwd. nfhf
fnfhf (uhy) vdgL.
nfhgizF ey fhnwh
lK ey btrK mta.
tsU nfhfSF jhafS,
f mf ms jU mj
ntL. milfhJ FR bghF
nfhfSF milfhF nfhf
vW bga. mit Kil nk
mkJ KilF btJbtJig
jUwd. J milfhj vdgL.
21 ehf fJ Kil UJ
FR bghF.

gl 1.12 nfhgiz

1.6. nfh ts
brtD t ka cz
fhf
fhUjd.
xbthU
ehS g ka cz nghJ
Kil tHfglJ. midtUF
bfhLgjF njitahd ts
KilfS vUJ ilwd
vd brt ddh. ts
KilfS
nfhgiz
UJ
tUwd
vd
t
Tdh. Kilfhf, iw
fhf nfh df tsfgL
KiwF nfh ts Kiw vdgL.
nfh, thJ, thnfh nghw
gwit
df
Kilfhf
iwfhf tsfgLwd.
nfh
tsF
lfSF
nfhgiz vW bga.

gl 1.13 byAh nfh Kil /

ehL nfh Kil

bra 1.7
byAh nfh kW ehL
nfh Kilfis vLJbfh.
uoF cs ntWghLfis
vGJnthkh?.
Kil XL kW f brhL
kUJ _o tiw bfhL
bgF gwit nghW brJ
ghnghkh?
TAPCO jehL nfh ts Jiw.
bt u
ah Kil
cgia
mfgLj nkbfhsgL a
ma eilKiwF bt u
vW bga.

jeho
ehkf
khtl
nfhgiz bjh fbgW
sFwJ.
e eho Lf tsfgL
gwitf
mf
UggL
gwit nfh MF. nfh ts
jbghGJ xU fbga bjhyhf
tsJ tUwJ. y tif nfh
df
Kilfhf
kL
tsfgLwd.
nfhf
KilL nfhf vdgL. y
tif nfh df iwfhf

bra 1.8
mGa KilUJ ey
Kilia
X
vaKiw
ntWgLjyhkh? J X va
KiwahF. uL Kilfis
ua z nghl.
ey Kil _ L. mGa
Kil jF.
9

ca

1.7. yFf ghJfh kW

guhk
kj yFfis rhnj
thJ
tUwh.
jhtuf
kW yFf xiw xW
rhJ csd. aif rk
iyia guhkf yFf kW
jhtufis ghJfhj ntL.
Vbd eKila cth
itfis rhnj csJ.
L yFf ghJfh
1. L ts yFfSF
ey cz, a Fo bfhLJ
mitfis
nehalhJ
ghJfhf ntL.
2. jFl ikahdjhf,
fhnwhlkhdjhf
kW
btrkhdjhf
Uf
ntL.
3. nehf UJ mitfis
ghJfhf ntL.
td cf ghJfh
g brtjfhf, nkrY
fhf, L kW bjhrhiy fL
tjfhf, kf f mfkhf is
yfis gagLJtjh, gy jhtu
kW yF df m mgha
iy csd. rlF wghf,
ULjdkhf
ntilahLj,
khRgLJj, mf ms
bfhfis gagLJj nghw
fhuzfdh gy jhtu kW y
df mwd. y
cdf KGtJkhf mJld.
X yF bjhlJ yhUjh
mit mj d vdgL. X
yF maToa iy Mg
nkY mJbfhnth
jeho cs y Ka
ruzhyaf: ntljhf,
KJkiy, KlJiw, fsfhL
kW nfhoafiu

jhd iy Ujh mit mJ

bfhoUF d vdgL. td
yF ghJfhj kW guhkjny
tdyF ghJfh vnwh.
tdyF ghJfhF eh bra
ntoait.
1. nja fh kW td c
ruzhya mikj ntL.
2. cfis
ULjdkhf
ntilahLjiy
jLf
ntL.
3. fhLfismgijjLfntL.
td cf kW fhLf ekJ
eho bgUikia giw rhW
ma tsfshF. jhtufis
yFfis ghJfhgbjgJ ekJ
xbthUt flikahF.
yFfis ghJfhF Kiwf
1. jhtuijnah ydfisnah
CdgLj TlhJ.
2. kufis tsJ kW
gwitfSF
jFlij
VgL juntL.
3. yFf UJ bgwgl
jilbragl
bghUfis
thFj TlhJ.
nkY mJbfhnth
S uh vgJ yFf
ghJfhfhf VgLjgl X
g
bragl
mikghF.
guhk yhj
yFfSF
Ul VgL jUtJ, ghJ
fhig jUtJ j nehfkhF.

bra 1.9
nfh, thJ, g, fhf,
thnfh nghw
yFf
Kilfis nrff. mitfis
tFgiw fhfhf itf.

j eho khy yF - tiuahL

10

mwhl th yFf gF

kL
I. rahd giy njbjL.
m) ________ iH UJ bgwgLwJ (fg/ gL).
M) ________ giz tsfgL gwitd (vUik/ nfh).
) nj To xnu xU ________ UF (uh nj, M nj).
<) milfhjYF wF nfh Kilf ________ ehfSF wF FR
bghF ( 21 / 31 ).
c) MLf njh UF mlahd
MdJ (kjDF/ MLfSF).

nuhk

________

II. nH fyJ bfhLfgLs brhf gL thif RHia

FgjhF. rahd brhfis fLoJ tir gLj.
Lg , ilK, cs, TGL
(v.fh.) gL ________
III. oF brY t fh cilj xU Moid fhf.
mij fL ftiygL f mjF cj bra idf. vd
cjfis brf vW vGj.
m) ______________________
M) ______________________
) ______________________
IV. nH cfisRs yFf bfhLfgLsd. mj yFfis
TJ ftJ bfhLfgLs mltizia bra.
(fhf, khL, g, fGij, ML, Fiu, <, vW, FuF, glh, bfhR,
eh, id)
t.
v
1.

yF

vLJ
VgLJ
bfhS
x
cz

eh

t, t

m,
iw

2.
3.
4.
5.
11

tF
l

kjDF
cs cw

eh tF
l

eg,
ghJfhty

ca
V. b
 fhLfgLs jehL tiugl y Ka tdc ruzhyaf
FfgLsJ.
m) lf bgafis Ff.
M) mnf cs yFf/ gwitf vit vd fhf.
) cf o mU cs ruzhya vJ vd Ff.

nkY ma
jff
1. Life (4th edition) - Lewis. Gaffin. Hoefnagles. Parker. Mcgraw
Hill, New York.
2. Biology Understanding Life (3 rd edition) - Sandra Alters.
Jones and Barthlett
Publishers, U.K.
izajsf
www.jbpub.com/biology.
www.nationalgeographic.com.
ma rhj fhzntoa lf
mP mzh ca fh- tl, brid khtl.

12

ca
2
myF

jhtuf, yFf
czl

ca

ca

gl 2.1 rJs cz tiff

midJ cdfS c thH mogil njit cz.

V v cdf tha brafSF cznt Mw
mwJ. cl flikF, tsF cz njitgLwJ.
cdf czit vthW bgWwd? gR jhtuf jkF
njitahd czit kW fayth cjbfhL jhnk
jahwd. yFfsh czit jhnk jahf Kotiy.
mitf neilahfnth myJ kiwKfkhfnth czfhf
jhtufis rhJsd. cdf czit cbfhS Kiw
mjid gagLJ Kiwnk czl vdgL.

2.1. jhtuf czl Kiw

czl U tifgL. mit jrh ClKiw kW w rh
ClKiw MF.
14

jhtuf, yFf czl

2.2. jrh kW wrh ClKiw

czl Kiw

jrh
ClKiw

w rh
ClKiw

(Auto = self; trophos =

nourishment)

(Hetero = other; trophos =

nourishment)

cdf gR jhtuf
kLnk jkF njitahd cz
bghUfis
jhnk
jahf
Ko. it mjF kL
w cdfSF,
czit
mwd. jkF njitahd
czit jhnk jahF czl
Kiwna jrh ClKiw vdgL.
Kiw czit jahF
cdf jrh Cl cf
vdgL.
v.fh. gR jhtuf.

girakw jhtu kW gy
yFf Vfdnt jhtufsh
jahfgl
czit,
y
yFfis
czthf
cbfhwd. czfhf w
cdfis rhJ UF Cl
KiwF wrh ClKiw vdgL.
Kiw czit cbfhS
cf
wrh Cl cf
vdgL.

2.2.1. xnrif
FHijfns! xnrifF
njitahd _ybghUfis Kj
bjJbfhnth.
iy
cgFia
Muhjh
ekF
aghf
UF.
iyf
bka
njh
Cnl
Na
xahdJ brwJ. iyf
cns cs gRikahd bghUgira vdgL. iy cs
EJisf _y fhW iyF
brwJ. j EJisfSF
iyJis vW bga. ntf
_y crgL iyfSF
fljgLwJ.

2.2. iy- iyD iyJis

15

ca

Na

M#
gira

fayth

MwYF
csJ.

2.3. xnrif tiugl

Na x yhlh mj
is vdthf UF? Na x
yhk xnrif eilbgwhJ.
cz jahf KoahJ. cz
iy v y cf
thtjF
thiy.
vdnt,
midJ cdfSF Nand

Kjikahd

_ykhf

Na x Mw
cjah
girakhdJ

kW
faythit czthf khWwJ.
, fayth, Na x kW
gira nghwt cjnahL
jhtuf jfSfhd czid
jahF fF xnrif
vW bga.

xnrif idid nH csthW Flyh

Na x
+ fayth
lh + ct (M#)
gira
y jhtuf cs iyf gy tzf
fhzgL.
mjhtufsh xnrif bra Kokh? M. xnrif bra
Ko. mf ms cs t, gG nghw wf gira wia kf
brwd.
bra 2.1
xU vtt ghuij Na
x cs bt J fJ
itf. IJ ehfSF mj
ghuij
mgona
l.
ghuij vLJ ghf TlhJ.
IJ ehfSF wF ghuij
vLJ fis ftf. mJ
Na x UF fUJ
vthW ntWgLwJ?.

gl 2.4 gy tz iyf
16

jhtuf, yFf czl

2.2.2. jhtuf w rh Cl
Kiwf
y gira mw jhtufsh
czid jahf KoahJ.
jhtuf czfhf kw jhtu
fis rhJsJ. itf w rh
ClKiwia gWwJ.
it
rhWf(kF), xLf,
f nghwitfshF.
bra 2.2
xU buho Jil vLJ
bfhs. mjid <ukh y
ehfSF L itf.
mj nk gR nghw u
tsUgij fhzyh. mJ
vd vW bjwjh?

gl 2.6 fhsh

xLf
gl 2.7I ftdkhf cW nehf.
kr w FH nghw mikf,
ku jil Rsij
ghf Ko. jhtu bga
fFlh.
gira
yhjjh
mtwh
xnrif bra
Kotiy. it vj ku
jil Rsnjh, mj kuijna
czfhf rhJsJ. czit
mgjh mku X vd,
tif jhtuf xL
vd miHfgL.

gl 2.5 buho fhsh

rhWf
kiHfhyf,
rhiynahu
cs
Fgigf
Fil
nghw
mikf tsUF. mit ahit?
mit vthW czit bgWwd?
j cdf irf vd gL.
it wj fk bghUf iwj
tsjs tswd.
irf
fkbghUf J behfis RuJ
mtiw fiuaToa va rJs
bghUfshf kh cbfhwJ.
j tif ahd czl Kiw rhW
czlKiw
vW,
mjifa
jhtuf
rhWf
vW
miHfgLwd.
v.fh. fhsh, buho fhsh.
17

gl 2.7 fFlh (rljh)

ca

d ~isuh
( cns EiHj)

d ~isuh
(
bfhSj)
gl 2.8. begj (FLit jhtu)

cQ jhtuf
f jhtufis czthf cbfhS vgJ ekF
bj. Mdh y jhtuf fis czthf cbfhtJ a
ghdJ. nknys 2.8 glfis fhf. mit fis czthf
cbfhwd. Vbd, mitf tsF njitahd
ieu# nghw ClrJf mk fhzgLtiy.
TL jhtuf
zl Kiw uL cdf izJ thwd.
xW kbwhwh ga mil. v.fh. iyff.
iyff vgJ xU Mfh kW xU ir ilna fhzgL
TL thif MF. ir cly J Mfh tsU. ir
k cs kW fkfis c
MfhF cjwJ. Mfh gRikahf
Ugjh xnrif _y cz
cg brJ irF tHFwJ. F
U cdfS xW kbwhwh ga
milwd. U btntW cdf
xwhf izJ thJ xW kbwhwh
ga miljh mthif Kiw TL
thifKiw
vdgL.
f
gl 2.9 iyff
TLf vdgLwd.
18

jhtuf, yFf czl

2.3. yFf czl

ngUJ, kGJ, bjhlto nghw aufis cW nehf.
itf vthW aFwd? vbghUUJ Mwiy bgW
aFwd. e clY xU aunk. eh cQ czUJ
Mwiy bgWnwh. cz Mw kL cl ts guhk kW
rbrjYF njitahd _ybghUf csd. bghJthf yFf l
czfis cbfhwd. Kiwahd ClF KG yF ClKiw
(nAhnyhnrh ClKiw) vdgL. czl IJ go iyf csd.

gl 2.10 gtif cbfhSj

1. cbfhSj
cz GFjiyna cbfhSj vnwh.
cdfilna
cz cbfhS Kiw ntWgL fhzgLwJ. vLJfhlhf,
tzJ kW njf kyUJ czit cRwd. gh
kW jtis czit GFwd. th yFf(yfy)
czit tofLwd.
2. brj
fyhd _yTWfsh Md czid behf cjah ijf
gL va _yTWfshf khWw fna brj vdgL.
3. cRj
brfgl cz FlRt cs uj ehsf _y crgL
fna cRj vdgL.
4. jkakhj
crgl czthdJ brD gagLjgL jkhf khw
miltnj jkakhj vdgL.
5. btnaWj
brfglhj cz kyiH tahf btnaWtijna btnaWj
vnwh.
19

ca

2.4. mgh czl

mgh xU br c. J nja
iyf thwJ.
it
EQfis
cbfhwd.
mgh xU br cahf Uj
nghY, l czit cl nkgu
tahf
vLJ
bfhwJ.
Mjyh tif czlF KG
yF ClKiw (nAhnyhnrh
ClKiw) vW bga. mgh
clgu czit v bfhS
nghJ it bghfhf _ykhf
czit
KGtJkhf
G
czFfshf
khWwd.
czFfSF
cs
behf cjah cz brf
gLwJ. brfgl cz gut
_ykhf br KGtJ uwd.
tsF njitahd ujfis
cUthFtjF,
Mwiy
bgWtjF mgh czit ga
gLJwJ. brfglhj czit
cl nkgu tahf clUJ
btnaWwJ.

2.5. kj brkhd kly

ekF oj VnjD , gH
tiw idJ ghf. f
cbfhS nghJ vd khwf
fwd
vgij
fhf.
it
brkhd
klyF
brwd.
brkhd
kly
vgJ th, czFH, iuig,
WFl, bgUFl kW kyiH
Matwh MdJ.
th
eh th tahf czid
cbfhnwh. thFD gf,
ehF kW c Ruf csd.
20

cz

c
bghfh

gl 2.11 mgh cz cbfhSj

gf
gf czit WW JL
fshFtjF,
bkYtjF,
miugjF cjwd.
c Ruf
th FD _W n#ho c
Ruf csd. Ruf
Ruw nghw utF
c vW bga. it czit
<ukhFtjh
ekh
vjhf
tiw Gf KowJ.
cs mikny vw behahdJ
lh brjYF cjwd.
ehF
ehF vgJ Rit cz cW.
J czit cUl fyf,
<ukhf
cjwJ.
czit
GF nghJ, mij ftskh
cjs gagLwJ.
czFH
thFia
iuigia
izF X FHh. th
FUJ cz iuigF
brtjF cjwJ.

jhtuf, yFf czl

iuig
iuig vgJ X ig nghw mikghF. F cz nkY brfgL
Tkkhf khWwJ. iuig RuF behF iuig vW bga. J
cz brjYF gagLwJ.
WFl
J Rkh 7 l sKila xU
l FHh. F czthdJ j,
fiza, WFl tWl
fywd.
it
czit
KGtJkhf brf cjwd.

th

brj
Ko,
fh
nghiAnuLf ijJ FS
nfh[hf,
ujf
ijJ
mndh myfshf, bfhGf
ijJ bfhG myfshf
khWwd. brfgl cz W
Fl cs ujFHhf _y
crgLwd.

czFH

fu

WFl

iuig
fiza

bgUFl

bgUFl

J Rkh 1.5 l sKilaJ. J

iu cr cjwJ. brfglhj
czit jfhfkhf nrfF
lkhf J csJ. F brj
eilbgWtJ iy.
kyiH

kyiH

brfglhj
cz
kW
fbghUf kyiH tahf
btnaWwJ. jF btnaWj
vW bga. czthdJ vgo cz
klyF brwJ vgij
ghnghkh? Fl jirf uhd
RUFj kW tiljyh
czthdJ czFHUJ ky
iHF miynghW
brwJ.
tiy afF Fljir
miy vW bga.

Fl th

gl 2.12 kj cz kly

nkY mJbfhnth
cz
klyD
czthdJ midJ brkhd
iyfis flf ruhrahf 24
k neu vLJ bfhwJ.

21

ca
bra 2.3
Fl jir miyit brJ ghfyh
1. X ug FHhia vLJ bfhL mj cgFia
<ukhf.
2. ug FHh
bfhnth.

cz

FHhia

FwJ

vd

3. FHhD gy nfh FLfis nghl.

4. F nfh FLf czit Fwd vd
bfhnth.
ug
FHh 5. ug FHh nkwUJ Kndh cf
ifdh tij nghW mGj.
6. bghGJ ug FHh
VgLtij fhzyh.

miy

nghw

af

7. j af Fl jir miy vdgL.

2.5.1. gf tiff
e theh ekF uL tifahd
gf csd. xU taJ FHijahf
UFnghJ njhW gf Kj
tif. jF ghgf vWbga.
t vif 20 Mf UF.
ghgf FHij VG myJ
vL taJ tiu kLnk UF.
ghgf Gjl, a tif gf
tswd.
gfSF
iyj
gf vW bga. t vif
32Mf
UF.
gf
16
nkwjhilY, 16 wjhilY
csd. midJ gfS xnu khahf
Ugiy. it ehF tifgL.
Kiwna btLgf, nfhiugf, K
filth gf kW filth
gf MF.

filth gf
Kfilth gf
nfhiu gf
btLgf

gl 2.13 gf tiff

btLgf
th KgF cnghW fhzgL gf btL gfshF.
xbthU jhilY ehF gf jkhf bkhj vL gf csd. it
czit fogjF cjwd.
22

jhtuf, yFf czl

nfhiu gf
it Ta Kids gf. xbthU jhilY uL gf j
bkhj ehF gf csd. it czit btl, f cjwd.
Kfilth gf
bra 2.4
VnjD
xU
fia
vLJbfhs.
mfia
U mDgJ rhl.
wF fL of

xbthU jhilY nfhiu

gfSF fhzgL bga
gfns K filth gf. it
mfw gu cilait. xbthU
jhilY ehF gf j bkhj
vL gf csd. it czit
bky, miuf gagLwd.

gf

foj
btLj, j
bkYj, miuj

filth gf
Kfilth
gfSF

fhzgL
bga
gfns

filth gf MF. Kfilth

gfis l mfw guilait.
it Kfilth gf nghnw
czit bkYtjF miuf
gagLwd. xbthU jhilY
MW gf j bkhj guL
filthgf csd.
g guhk
iyj gf theh KGtJ
gagLwd.
it Gjh
L Kisgiy.

t, g yhj yFf
csjh?
M brth, yfy
vw fbga ghoF
gfns ilahJ.

vdnt,
mf
mfiwl
gfis Rjkhf itJbfhs
ntL.

nkY mJbfhnth

gf cs gR (vdhk)
bgatfisl
WtfSF
bkajhf fhzgL. vdnt,
bgatfisl
atfSF
gf v ijaToajhf
fhzgL. Wtf mf Fuhd
myJ
btgkhd
czit
jj ntL. xU eh
gfis uLKiw RjgLJj
ntL.
brf
nghw
fodkhd bghUfis bfhL
gfis njj TlhJ.

kw yFf cs gfis
ga Rthuakhd jftfis
fhzyh.
1. gwitfSF gf ilahJ.
2. vfSF gf bjhlahf
tsJ bfhnlUF.
3. ahid btL gf
na mj l jjkhF.
4. xU y kjfSF kLnk
32 gf UF.
23

ca

2.6. mirnghL ghof

ML, gR kW vUik
nghw y f cQ yFfis
cWnehf. myFf czit czhj nghJ x iyUF
nghJ mirnghL bfhnl UF. itfSF w thj brkhd
kly csd. j iuig ehF gFf csd, mtrukhf
cbfhl fis iuig cs Kj gF nrfwJ. jF
%k vdbga.
Mfhu fts

WFl

iuig

gl 2.14 mirnghL ghof

%k gF y ghOahf
cjdh behj VgL f
ijfgLwd. it mirnghl
Ug thF bfhLtugL.
jF Mfhu fts vW bga.
Mfhu fts, Ug thF
bfhL tugL Fiwthd ms
yFfsh bkygLwJ.
thW bkygLtjF mirnghLj
vW bga. tif yFfSF
mirnghL ghof vW bga.

xUtifahd ignghW fhzgL

cWF f vW bga. J W
FlYF bgUFlYF ilna
fhzgLwJ.
j
igYs
ghOahf UJ RufgL
behahd brYny, brYnyhir
brfgagLwJ.

f mf ms brYnyh
vw xU tifahd fhnghiAnu
csJ. jhtu cf ij
brwd. kwyFf kW
kjdh brYnyhir brf
ayhJ. mirnghL ghof

vUik, kh, Fiu, xlf,

Ka kW fGij.

24

bra 2.5
bfhLfgLs tiff
vit mir nghLgit, mir
nghlhjit vd fLo.

nkY mJbfhnth
xU khL VwFiwa xU ehSF
40,000 Kj 60,000 Kiw mirnghL.

jhtuf, yFf czl

kL
1. bfhLfgLs goa jrh cf wrh cf vitbad
goaLf.
, gh, ntgku, kj, fhsh, mgh, khku, Kilnfh, gRkhL,
Nafh .
t. v
1.
2.
3.
4.

jrh cf

2. tU thijfis
KGikahFf.

flf

wrh cf

xnrif

idia

(, lh, ct th, Na x, fayth, gira)

+

3. csitf cz, m mls bghUf bfhLf gLsd.

cz bga mt mls bghUfis Ff.

njhir
rhgh
m
Kil
bfhil fliy Rl
fhf bgha
til, gh

jha (f, nrhs)

iuf

fhnghiAnu
fhnghiAnu, uj
uj, itl, jhJbghU, bfhG
fhnghiAnu
uj, bfhG
uj
itl, jhJbghU
bfhG, uj
uj
fhnghiAnuLf
itl, jhJbghU

f neW rhl czit goaLf. vj rJ bghU m iy

vd fLof.
neu

rhl
cz

fhngh
iAnu

uj

fhiy
ka
khiy
u
25

bfhG

itl

jhJ
bghU

ca
4. c
 f FLg cstf gfis cWnehf.
vifia fzL mltiz Ff.
t.
v

FLg
cWd

jhil

1.

mgh

nk

2.

mkh

nk

3.

jdF

nk

4.

rnfhju

nk

5.

rnfhj

nk

6.

btL
gf

nfhiu
gf

Kfil
th
gf

gf

fil
th
gf

nk

kj g Nu = bt

2 ; nfh 1 ; K.f 2 ; .f 3 x2 = 32
2
1
2
3

5. glij ftJ mj gafis goaLf.

t.v

gl

gf bga

gaf

1.
2.
3.
4.
nkY ma
jff
1. Biology(5th edition) - Sylvia.S.Mader, Brown publishers, U.S.A.
2. How the body works - Steve Parker, DK Ltd, London.
izajsf
http://www.kidastronomy.com
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html

26

ca
3
myF

kj cl mik
kW af

ca

ca

u, ajhf fo bfhL UF jdJ oF brwh. mt

jijl, vthW xU L flgLwJ? vd ddh. mtDila jij,
L vgJ kz, brf, ff kW bklh flgLwJ vwh. u
mtDila cl vjdh MdJ vgij ma Udh.
kj kW il xL ghF nghJ nH bfhLfgLs
jtff rahf bghU tUtJ FljfJ.
brf

br

brf, fyit, Uf =

Rt

cWf

kj

28

kj cl mik kW af

cd
cW klyf

cWf

Rf

brf

br EQWf

_yTWf

mQf

Rf

mQf

cWf

_yTWf

cW klyf

br EQWf

cd

brf

gl 3.1 cd iyf

khztfns!
midJ
cdfS
wghd cl mik iyfis
bgWsd. kj cl Fl

tot
kW braghLfSl
Toa w mikig bgWsJ.
midJ cWfS xWl xW
xUizJ bra wd.
29

ca

3.1. kj cW kly mik /

braghLf
kj cl gy cW klyfsh MdJ nkY mJbfhnth
njh ekJ cl f
vgij Vfdnt goJnsh. e cl gJ
cWklyf csd. mtW ytiw fdkhd cWghF. e
cl vil VwFiwa
g RUfkhf mJ bfhnth.
7 nyh njh csJ.
1. njhYW kly
njhYW kly njh, cnuhk, ef, ait Ruf kW
vbz Ruf nghwitf csd.
ait Ru

cnuhk

wnjh

uh#&
bt
isaho bfhoU
FnghJ mt fh
K
FaJ.
V
twJ?
vjdh
twJ?
vd
bjJ bfhs mt
Mtkh Ujh.
njh vgJ X
cz cW. J ekF
cztjF cjwJ.

gl 3.2 njh FWF btL njhw

njh gf
cl ccWfis ghJ
fhwJ.
aitia
Rugj _y
kly xU f f
cWghf bragLwJ.
X cz cWghf bragLwJ.
2. brkhd kly
gy tifahd cz bghUf
brj F eilbgWwd.
brfgl cz _yTWf
30

crgL uj
_y
fljgLwJ.
brfglhj cz btnaw
gLwJ.
3. Rthr kly
btUJ ctia vLJ
bfhL, J uj Xl
_y
gntW
gFfSF
fljgLwJ (cRthr).
cz bghU vfgLtjF
ct
gagLwJ.

kj cl mik kW af
gf
vY kly ekJ clF
X totij mgnjhL, af
F cjwJ.
kj cSWfshd _is,
ja, Eiupu nghwtiw
ghJfhwJ.
uj btisaQf, uj
tgQf kW uj jLf
nghwtiw cUthFwJ.
5. jir kly
jir kly _W tif
ahd jirf
csd. mit
vY jirf (til jirf),
cSW
jirf
(taw
jirf), ja jirf.
vYjirf vgJ vY
fSl
izfgLsd.
cSW
jirf
vgJ
uj FHhf RtfY,
cFs cWfshd iuig,
Fl nghwt RtfY
fhzgLwd. ja jirf
vgJ ja kLnk fhzgL
xU wghd jirahF.
gf
1. vY jirf
clYF
cUtij
mwd.
nkY
e clF af
fis jUwd.
2.
e
cl
btgiyia
xnu
uhf itJbfhs
njitahd btgij
cg brgit j
jirfns MF.
3.
w
jirf
cSWf a
fF cjwd.

gl 3.3 vY kly

idnghJ
f a y t h
btnawgLwJ
(btRthr).
4. vY kly
ekJ cl vY
kly
vYf
kW w Rfshyhd
FUbjYf,
jir
ehf
nghwit mikJsd. ekJ cl
vY kly 206 vYf
csd.
midJ
vYfS
_Lfsh izfgL clF
X totij jUwJ.

gl3.4 jir kly

31

ca
6. uj Xl kly
uj Xl kly cl gy
gFfSF njitahd bghUfis
flJwJ. kly ja kW
uj FHhfsh MdJ. j
tahf uj brwJ.
ja X jir ehfsh Md RU
jikila cWghF. ja
ujij midJ ghffSF
bfhL brwJ. L it
midJ
ghffUJ
u
jij bgWwJ.

ja

gf
uj, czl bghUf,
ct,
fbghU
kW
Ahnkhfis flJwJ.
cl btgiyia,
msit fLgLJwJ.
uj
FHhf
_W
tifgL. mit jkf, iuf
kW uj jJf.
_is

uj t
mQf
cs t w
nkhFnsh
vdgL. itna
ujF t
wij
jUwJ.

jLtl

euf

iu
jk

gl 3.6 eu kly

7. eu kly
_is,
jLtl
kW
eufsh Mdnj eu kly.
eu kly UtifgL. mit
ika eu kly, btbr eu
kly. bt cyfij bjJ
bfhs e cl 5 czcWf
csd. mit f, _F, fhJ, ehF
kW njh. ika eu kly
_is kW jLtldh MdJ.
btbr eu kly _is
euf kW jLtl eufsh
MdJ.

gl 3.5 uj Xl kly
t, midJ
yFf
ujK t
w UFkh?
iy brth! y yFfshd
eL kW f wh nghw t
uj y wkhf fhzgL.
fugh uj wkwjhf
fhzgL.
32

kj cl mik kW af
nkY mJbfhnth
40
tifahd
jirf
bragho btghL eKila
Kf mirfSF fhuz MF.
8. ehsyh Ru kly
kly ehsyh Ru
f
bjhF
fhzgLwJ.
Ru RuF ntbghUfns
Ahnkhf.
uj
_y
mit bragL lF vLJ
brygLwd. Ahnkhf cl
braa ntiyfis xGF
gLJwd.
9.f f kly
f bghUfis btnaw
cj klynk f f kly
MF. xU n#ho Wuf,

xU n#ho Wehs, Wig

kW
Wwt
mika
bgW csJ. uj cs
fbghUf toflgL xU
Fl ilbt Wuhf
btnaWtnj j gahF
10. dbgUf kly
Mf fhzgL jff
kW bgf fhzgL mlf
f
cslanj
dbgUf
klykhF. jf cg br
M dbrYF Jbr vW
bga. mlf cg br
bg dbrYF mlbr vW
bga. kly nehf a
dfis dU brJ kj
dij iy W bfhtnj
MF.

3.2. a kUJt kj cl ey
Mnuhakhd th vgJ nehfis jLgJ ir mgJ,
MF. gy ViH uhk kf uL tifahd iria rhUwhf.
mit j kUJt kW Mntj kUJt vgitahF.
j kUjt (j kUJt)
j ita vgJ e
jeho UJ njha f
bjhikahd kUJt Kiw MF.
gHfhy yafshd, jf
ghoa Uku, UFw kW
bjhfhaf gy Ff
l bgWsd. j kUJt
vgJ uhl Kiw kUJtkhF.
UJ
nfush,
fehlfh
kW
Muunjr
nghw
khyfSF guW. gbdL
jf jh j kUJt Jiw
njhw
mojslhf. j
vgJ vw brh UJ
njhanj MF. j bghU
Kotw nguhdj vgjhF.
jf
mfaiu
Kj
j vd FLnwh. mtiu

gl 3.7. j ita
33

ca
"j kUJt
miHnwh.

jij"

vd

jf bghJthd fUJ
"cznt kUJ kUnj cz"
vgjhF. e thif Kiw,
cz gHfK e cl ey
Ka gfhWtJ kL gyj
nehfis
FzgLJwd.
_iff
(jhtuf),
jhJ
(cnyhf fk), th (yF
bghUf) tUnj kUJf
jahfgLwd. j kUJ
jahf VwFiwa 1200 _if
brof gagLwd. jf
kUJt ir Kiw Kj
iyfis
bfhL

brof ntfis bfhL

irafgLwJ. neh u
Fiwahk Ujh mj gg
vw mLj iyF brwhf.
Nuz, khiu, ijy, nya,
uhrhad, gg kW bruz
nghw kUJf j kUJt
gagLJwhf.
Mntjh
Mntj
irKiw
f
gHikahd
Kiw.
ah
UJ
njha
kUJfsh
FzgLjToa xU KiwahF.
Mntjh vgJ ciu ga
mayhF. (M-c, ntjma)
thj, j kW fg _W
uhf
izJ
eLiyah
cliy njhWwJ vgnj
Mntj nehfkhF. j
Kiw cl ahf, Mkh
rhj ahfis FzgLJ
tjhf eggLwJ. nahfh, ahd,
Mkhit ikahFj nghw
Kiwf FzgLJtJ Mntj
34

gl 3.8. Mntjh

irahF.
J
agila
itF xU ir Kiwahf
fUjgLwJ.
Mntj
_iffis

ir
bfhL

Kiw
cliy

nkY mJbfhnth
nAhnahg kUJt
nAhnahg
vgJ
xU
khW kUJt KiwahF. ij
b#kia nrj kUJt
rhKbt Ahk vgt 1796
KjKjyhf mKfgLdh.
dh kUJt
nuf
eho
ngh
nul kW nuhkha eho
nfy vgtfsh ghuga
kUJtKiw
flaglJ.
wF mu kW bga ehLf
kUJt Kiw ts miljJ.

kj cl mik kW af
oJ Lj (k[h{), cz
fLghL brj, clgf
brj vdgntW nehfSF
jjna ir mfgLwJ.

3.3. nehf, FiwghLf kW

jL Kiwf

t :
nehia
jLf
Kokh?
gh : Ko
t.
rahd
clg Kiw kW
Mnuhakhd
cz
Kiw _y neh tuhk
jLf Ko.
t : gh,
Mnuhakhd
cz Kiw vwh vd?
gh : Mnuhakhd cz Kiw
vgJ...

neh
eh rhL cz cilJ
FSnfhrhf khWwJ. midJ
cfSF njitahd Mwiy
mF
_ykhf
FSnfh
csJ. fiza RufgL
Ahnkh R, FSnfh
msit fLgLJ. uj
cs FSnfh ms (80-120/
bl.) l mfkhdh, mj
kjDF neh vd bjJ
bfhsyh. vgJ neh
my. Mdh J xU FiwghlhF.
J cl gUk, janeh, ca
uj mGj nghw nehf
Ko. j FiwghoF fhuz,
clg
yhik,
Kiwaw
czgHf
kW
R
gwhFiw nghwit MF.

1. rhghil rahd msY

rj czthf, Fl
ilbtY cbfhtJ.
2. xU ehSF 8 Kj 10 Ftis
mUJtJ.
3. ehrJ
cz,
gir
fhff, iuf, jha
tiff,
gUt fhy
ilF
ff
nghw
cz tiffis mf ms
cbfhtJ.

bra 3.1
nH y kUJt jhtuf
bfhLfgLsd. mt
kUJt gafis
fLof.
sF
kr
L
Js
nt
dr clg

fwhiH
dh

gl 3.9. a rj cz nfhu
35

ca

3.3.1. clg eikf

xU eh ruh kW mkuh UtU j jhjhl fhF brwd.
UtU isahoajh J neu nrhtiljd. Mdh jfsJ
jhjh kL D elJbfhL Ugij al ghjd. ruh
jhjhl f vthW RWRWl Uf vd nflh. j
theh Jtiu kUJtkidF brwiy, kUJ khiufS
rhliy vd jhjh g Tdh. xbthU ehS mt br
clgfsh mtuJ cl Mnuhakhf csJ.
clg KaJtij g eh bjJ bfhnthkh?
clg vgJ midJ kjfSF njitahd xwhF. fhW
rhj clg, e jirf, ja, Eiupu kW uj Xl klyF
ctia mwJ. Mnuhakhd cl mF a fhW mla
ctia bgWtnj MF. y Ka fhW rhj clgf.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

bknyhl
TilgJ isahLj
fhgJ isahLj
Jj
to XLj
mf u ntf eil
nahfh kW eld MLj

nkTa
clgfis
dK brj ntL.

clg gaf
jajirf Eiupu kW
cl gy ghffis tik
gLJwJ. FHijf dK cl
gia FiwjJ 60 lf
brj ntL.
njitaw fnyh r vf
gLtjh cl vil FiwwJ. cl
gUk jLfgLwJ.
uj
cs
rfiu
msit Fiwf cjwJ.
uj
cs bfhGig
Fiwf cjwJ.
uj mGjij uh, e
cl eyid nkgLJwJ.

fhgJ isahLj
to XLj

Jj

gl 3.10 fhW rhj clg

36

ntf eil

kj cl mik kW af

3.4. cz ghJfh

3.4.1. gjgLJj Kiwf

gh myJ iwia xU
eh nkir J wJ itJ
L, kWeh ghjh mitf
bfL nghUF. Mdh, m
myJ rfiuia miw btg
iy itUFnghJ mit
bfLtiy. V? y cz
tiff
miw
btgiynf
bfLnghtjF
fhuz
m
cs <ugj jh. mj tifahd
cz tiff mGF bghUf
vdgL. v.fh. ff, fhff,
gh, iw.
y cz bghUf miw btg
iy bfLnghfhk UF.
Vbd mit aif cyJ
Ugjh bfL nghtiy. j
tifahd cz bghUf mGfhj
bghUf vdgL.
cz bfLnghfhk zh
tUJ jLgjF gytifahd
ghJfh Kiwfis ifahsyh.
ghiy ciwf _y bgWj jF
cjhuzkhF. gjgLJjgytif
ahd Kiwf csd. y Kiwf
bjhikahdjhf y Kiwf
iwa ed ma Egfis
ifahL ghJfhfgLwJ.
cz gjgLJj vwh vd?
cz bghUf aghd
iynyna, bfL nghfhk, zh
fhk l ehfSF itUF
Kiwna cz gjgLJj vdgL.
gjgLJj nehf
1. cz bghUf zhtij
Fiwj.
2. cz bghUf w, Rit
kW ClbghUfis aghd
iynyna itUj.
3. vyh
fhyfY
tUl
KGtJ ilf t brj
4. e cz nkY XU tifia
nrj.

ghOah, ir kW y
EQf cz bghUf
tsailahk ghJfhF Kiw
fisna gjgLJj vg.
czbghUf behf
braf
Tl
jLfgLwJ.
cz gjgLJj gytKiwf
csd. mit cyJj, F%Lj,
btggLJj, rfiu kW c
fyj. y ed Kiwfshd fR
KiwY cz gjgLjgLwJ.
cz gjgLJ tKiwf
ytiw fhngh.
cyJj
Kiw czUJ iu
cyuitJ btnaw ntL.
mWtil
brj
jhaf
rahd Kiw Na x
cyuitJ,
mjD
UF
<ugjij Fwd. j _y
ghOah, ir kW f
jhFjUJ czbghUf
ghJfhfgLwd.
btggLJj
cz gjgLJj J
X KiwahF. cz cs
EQfis mgJl,
cs
behf
aig
khWw Kiw MF. jdh
cz bghU ghJfhghf nrf
gLwJ. v.fh. gagLJ K
myJ nrF K ghiy
bfhf itj. btggLJjiy
eh vbghGJ idjhY e
K njhWtJ ghoa gh vw

gl 3.11 cyJj
37

ca
thij jh. Kiw ghiy
70 br Kj 75 br btgiy tiu
y k neu fh ntfkhf
FubrJ
nrj
ghoa

gl 3.12 gh

Kiw vdgL. ghoa vw

Ph jh ghiy ghJfhF
Kiwia fLojh.
F%Lj
cz bghUfshd iw,

nghwit
f
Fiwj
btgiyF cgLJnghJ
bra
jLfgLwJ.
mjdh
EQ ts kW beh
braiy jilbrwJ.

gl 3.13 Fgjd bgo

c nrj
cz
bghUf
c
nrgj _y, cz cs
uhdJ rLgut f _y
btnaWwJ. cz bghUf
<ugj iyba EQf
tsu KoahJ. behf bra a
KoahJ. y czf, iw,
, befh, , gir khfh
nghwit c nrj _y
gjgLjgLwJ.
38

rfiu nrj
czbghUf rfiuia
nrgj _y rfiu fiuJ

cgnahfgLJ
iy
itUgiy. iy vwh
EQf
tsuhJ.
vdnt,
czbghU ghJfhfgLwJ.
cz bghUfS rfiu nrg
jh cz zhtJ jLfgL
nrfgLwJ vgijl J
cz tiffshd gHJit, gHghF,
gHurghd nghwit cUthf
fhuzkhf csJ.

3.4.2. Jj cz Kiwf
kW j a isf
gntW
fhuzfsh
Jj
cz
iwF
midtuhY
UggLwJ. Jj cz vgJ
Fiwj neu rikfToa X
va trahd czthF. j
Rit kW thrid midtuhY
ghuhlgLwJ.
iwa
cz vgJ o KGikahf
rikfgl cz my. Mdh
gjgLjgl gy gjgLf
nrfgl cznt W midt
oY cgnahfgLwJ.
Jjczit
bjhlJ
gy
ehfSF mf ms cbfhS
nghJ cl gUk nghw gy nehf
tirahf jhf thL.
Jjcz vg, gyjugl
bghUfsh Md gjgLjgl
cz kW jah iy cs cz,
gff, til, rnkhrh, g{ kW
bghj czf nghwit
mlF. j czf cl eyF
Vwjy. nkY o rikF
Mnuhakhd
cz
UF
ClbghUf,
itlf
nghwit t ilgiy.
Cl Mjhu f
Fiw. vdnt, clYF vjjY
ga ilahJ. [h, ghlh, gf,

kj cl mik kW af
L, g{, rnkhrh nghw y
czf Rit ms mf.
Jj czit bjhlJ cbfh
SnghJ, xU kj cl ey
gy Mgjhd isf njhwyh.
gy FLgf xWF nkgnlh
tUkhd <LnghJ, ghugakhd
Kiw a
girahd cz
bghUfis
bfhL
rikf
neu kW Mw iybagJ
cikahF.

cz kj cz goa l
bgWsJ.
Jj cz a Rit kzK
bfhl czthY mikahf
bfhy ToaJ.

3.5. ed ma fR Kiw
cyJj, CWfh nghLj,
btggLJj,
F%Lj
nghw gy tiff ghugaf
gjgLJj KiwfshF. iwa
edf
cz
fR
Kiw gjgLjgLwJ.

frh

gl 3.14 Jj cz

Jj cz a isf
1. Jj cz f mf ms
Mw br cL. Jj cz
cs mf Mw br _is
fLgLJ wid FiwwJ.
2. L L Jj cz
rhLtjh vil TLjY, cl
gUkD VgL.
3. Fiwj Mw brbfhl
czit
g
nghJ
VW
bfhSgoahf kj cl totik
fgLsJ. mf Mw br
bfhl czit VWbfhs e
cl totikfgliy.
4. Jj cz uj FHhf
uj Xlij jilbrwJ, mj
_y khuil VgLtjF t
tFwJ.
Jj czf f mf ms
fiu bfhGfS, ju Fiwj
fhnghiAnuLfS mf ms
nrhlh c csd. ekJ clYF
eh rJ Mnuhakhd bfhG
tiffS njitgLwd. Mnuh
akhd cl eyF vuhf Jj

gjgLjgl cz

gl 3.15 frh gjgLjgl cz

X-ff myJ fhkh ff

myJ w Cjhff _y
cz cs ghOaf kW
irfis
bfhY
Kiwna
fR Kiw MF.
fR cz Rit,
cz ju tiw mwjh?
iy. fR cz cs
Rit kW juij mgiy.
btfha, cUisHF Kisl
gaW tiff nghw czf
f RF cgLjgl
ajhfnt, bjhlJ UF.
frh
gjgLjgl
czf eRjik bfhlJ vd
y kjf jtwhd fUij
bfhLsd. Mdh J jtW.
mJ eRjik mwJ.
39

ca

kL
1. kj cl gntW iyf nH bfhLfgLsJ. mitfis rahd
tir vGJf.
mQf, brf, cWf,
_yTWf, cW kly.

EQWf,

Rf,

cd,

2. mltiz bfhLfgLs cWfis (m) fl fhf. xbthU

FGY nruhj jj cW csJ. mij mltiz (M) fl vGJf.
cs _F bghJthf bghUJw cW klyij () fl vGJf.
t.v

1.

c, vYf, fu,
fiza

vYf

2.

njh, Ko, ef, gf

3.

jkf, iuf, uf,

jJf

4.

_is, jL tl, euf,

Wuf

brkhd
kly

3. bghUJf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

cyJj
btggLJj
rfiu nrj
FS%Lj
Jj cz

gHJit

mikahf bfhyToaJ
cyj jhaf
gh

4. ey cz gHfK, thif Kiw nehf mlhk eik

fhJ ekF Mnuhakhd thifia juToad. bfhLfgLs
mltiz f braToa bra kW braTlhj braiy vGJf.
t.v
1.

bra Toa bra

ehnjhW clg
brj

bra Tlhj bra

Jj czit jj

2.
3.
5. u cl gUkdhdt. mf vil bfhlt. mtUila FSnfh ms
mf. u jh kUJt Mnyhridia ehodh. kUJt y
dr brafis Mnyhridahf tHdh. Mnyhridahf tHfgl
braf vdthf Uf Ko?
nkY ma
ma rhj fhzntoa lf
IFGTB GASS fhLf mUfhaf, nfha.
40

ca
4
myF

jhtu wmika

ca

ca

gl 4.1 fhff

k kW ik UtU mtfSila mkhF rikayiw

cj brjd.
mkh :

FHijfns! fhf gro brtjF vdF cj brfsh?

k :

cfSF cj brt vfSF k mkh.

mkh :

cfSF njitahd
vLJbfhSf.

fhffis

Til

UJ

k kW ik UtU Til UJ jfh, griyiu,

Kilnfh, ntfliy, bts, girglh, nfu kW U
Matiw vLJbfhld.
eh tiw tifgLJnthkh?
ntf

iyf

ff

ijf

FHijf UtU jhtu gntW ghffis itJbfhL

Ritahd groia brjd.
42

jhtu wmika

4.1. cf gf
cuQfsh
cUthfgL
cf cUsit vdgL.
v.fh. jhtu, yFf
cuQf mw lbghU
fsh Mdit cuwit vdgL
v.fh. fghiw, jf.
cUsitf
jhtuf
kW yFf mlF.
cUsitfUJ
cuw
itfis vthW ntWgLjyh
vgnj ekJ dhthF.
cUsit
tU
g
fis bfhLsJ. Mdh cuw
itfSF gf ilahJ.
midJ
cUsitfSF
cz njit.
midJ cUsitfS
Rthr _y czit Mwyhf
khWwd.
j thif y gUt tiu
ts milwd.
wlYF
Vg
Jyffis VgLJwd.
Fl fhy
thwd.

tiu

brJ bfhwd. cthG

l jhtuF c thtjF,
dbgUfF
njitahd
cz, ciwl, jgbtgiyia
mwd.
tif lij
thl vnwh. aif
jhtuf , y, ghiytd, kiy
unjr nghw gntW thlf
thwd.
th (1909) njit
mogil jhtufis _W
tiffshf jh. mitahtd.
1. th jhtuf
2. ily jhtuf
3. tw y jhtuf
1. th jhtuf
mf cs gFfshd Fs,
Fil,
V, MW, fl nghw
thlf thG jhtuf
th jhtuf vdgLwd.
it _W tifgL.
m) jJ jF th jhtuf
jhtuf gu J
jJ jwd.
v.fh.Mfha jhkiu

dbgUf brwd.
brfsh Mdit.

4.2. thl - jhtuf

gntW thlf
FHijfns gia Rs
y jhtufis goal. eh
thG tha NH g ntW
tifahd jhtufis fhnwh.
midJ
jhtufS
j
thlF Vg jid jftik

gl 4.2 Mfha jhkiu

43

ca
M) nt%
jhtuf

jF

th

3.
iyf
mGfhjthW
ghJfhfgLtjbfd
iyf nkgu bkGF
R fhzgL.

th
jhtuf
Fs mow k nt%
UjhY mt iyf,
gu J jwd.

2. ily jhtuf
jkhd cs lf thG
jhtuf
ily
jhtuf
vdgL. mf nuh f Fiwj nuh
cs lf jhtufsh
tsu ayhJ. bgUghyhd g
jhtuf ily jhtuf MF.

v.fh. m, jhkiu.

v.fh.
nfhJik,
Nafh, kh, nt.

kfhnrhs,

gl 4.3 m

) _a th jhtuf
jhtuf KGtJ _,
k nt% csd.
v.fh. thndah.
th
mikf

jhtuf

jf

1. ntbjhF Fa ts
cilaJ. y jhtuf ntf
KGtJkhf fhzgLtiy.
2. jgjF VwthW jL
joj, Filahd, gR nghw
fhwiwfis bfhoUF.

gl 4.5 Nafh

ily jhtuf jftikf

1. eF ts milj nt
bjhF.
2. iyf bgUghY bgait
kW mfykhdit.
3. tw y jhtuf.
twl
jhtuf
vdgL.

gl 4.4 thndah.
44

ygF
thG
tw y jhtuf

jhtu wmika
jhtuf gwhFiw,
mf btgiy, ntfkhd fhW
nghw Niyfis
jhF
wid bgW tsU jikia
bfhlit.
v.fh. rgh f

tw y jhtuf jftikf
1. eF ts milj nt
bjhF
k
mf
MHUJ iu cr
gagLwJ.
2. rgh f
jL
jokdhf, jilahf, gRikahf
csJ.
j
_y
xnrif brwJ.
3. mfgoahd Hig jLf
iyf
f
FW
Kfshf khWU milJ
fhzgL.

gl 4.6 rgh f

4.3. W brof, jbrof

kW kuf

gl 4.7 be

t, g ikjhdij R
ty tu ekF f Mtkhf
Uwjyth?

jL
fil
jikaW,
xU l cauF jh
tsail.

M
brth.
midJ
jhtufS xnu msthf iy
vgij ftjhah?

v.fh. Ks, nfhJik, be,

Nafh

M rjh t.

2. j brof:
bkj
Mdh
fodkhd,
fil
jLila eLju
mss
jhtuf
j
brof vdgL.

jo ms kW mik
mogil Fjhtuf _W
tifgL. mitahtd.

bjthd ikajL mwJ.

Wbrof, j brof, kuf

1. W brof:
bkikahd
jL
cila
gRikahd a jhtuf W
brof vdgL.

j njhw gy isfis
cilaJ.
v.fh. nuh#h, kif, Fnuhl,
Js, vYir
45

ca
3. kuf
caukhd,
bga
msthd,
bjthd fodkhd, filahd
jL cila
jhtuf kuf
vdgL. isf kW iyfis
cUthF ikajL moku
vdgL.
v.fh. nt, kh, njF, bjid,
Myku

ky
iy
jL

nt

gl 4.9 jhtu ghff

gF bfhtiy. kyf, ff
kW
ijf
dbgUf
cWf vdgL. it dbgU
f gF bfhwd.
4.4.1. ntf, jLf, iyf
kW f
gl 4.8 khku

nt bjhF

4.4. jhtu ghff

k, ik brj groia
id bfhL tUnth. J
jhtu
gntW
ghffis
bfhL brjJ MF.
bghJthf vyh F jhtu
fY U Ka bjhFf
csd. jiuF cs bjhF
ntbjhF vd, jiuF nk
cs bjhF jL bjhF
vd U tifgL.
nt bjhF ujhd ntU,
gy gf ntfS csd. jL
bjhF, jL, isf kW
iyf csd. xU Fl
gUt tjl F jhtu
kyf, ff kW ijfis
cUthFwd. nt, jL kW
iyf jhtu cly cWf
vdgL. it dbgUf
46

jiuF nH tsU jhtu

cW nt bjhF vdgL.
fU
KisntUJ
it
njhWwd. J jhtu
neh tsU gF MF. Na
xF v ir tsu
ToaJ. gira mwJ. fQ kW
fQilgF mwJ. t
iyf,
bkhLf
ilahJ.
uL tifahd nt bjhFf
csd.
1. Mnt bjhF,
2. ntl ntbjhF
bra 4.1
xU #hoia vLJbfhs.
uh ug. #ho fGJ
gF btfhaij itf.
mj mow #ho cns cs
gLgo itf. y ehf
fJ mj ntfis ghf.

jhtu wmika
1. Mnt bjhF
J fU Kis ntUJ
njh mf MH tiu brW
Kjik nt myJ Mntuhf
tswJ. J ulh iy
ntf, _wh iy ntf vw
gfthL ntfis cUthFwJ.
bgUghikahd
Uiy
jhtuf
Mnt
bjhF
fhzgL. v.fh. kh, nt, nfu,
Ks.

gl 4.11 ntl nt bjhF

v.fh. be, , kfh nrhs, _.

nt aghd gf
nt kUJ kW fk
cfis cRwJ. tiw
jhtu
w
gFfSF
flJwJ.
jhtuij k iy Wj
brwJ.
jL bjhF

gl 4.10 Mnt bjhF

2. ntl nt bjhF
Kisnt
ju
jhtu
ntbwj gFUJ tsU nt
ntl nt vdgL. bka xnu
msyhd bfhjhf ntl nt
njhWwd. ntf bfhjhf
ehf
nghW
njhwkgjh
tiw rnt bjhF vd
miHfyh.
bgUghY
xU
iy
jhtuf
nt
bjhF fhzgLwJ.

jhtu jiuF nk cs
bjhF jL bjhF vdgL.
fU KisFUUJ jL
tswJ. jL jhtu ika
mrhF. Na xia neh
tsU. jL bjhF ika
jL, isf, fQ, fQil
gF, iy, bkhL, ky kW
ff fhzgLwd. s jL
gRikahf, Kj jL gG
wkhf UF. joUJ iy
njhWw gF fQ vdgL.
uL mLjLj fQfSF
ilna cs u fQil gF
vdgL. jo Enyh myJ
iynfhznyh
bkhLf
fhzgL.
47

ca
jo aghd gf

iy aghd gf

1. jhFj: is, iy ky kW
f itfis jhFwJ..

1. cz jahj: xnrif
_y
iyf
czit
jahwd.

2. flJj : iu, fk
fis ntUJ jiuFnk
cs
ghffSF,
cz
bghUfis iyUJ jhtu
w ghffSF flJwd.

iyjh

ka

bra 4.2
isfns,
eKila
mkhF rikayiw cj
brj vgJ Mtkhd X bra.
mLj Kiw iuia Rj
br nghJ, jhtu gntW
ghffis cW nehf.

eu

iy
iy vgJ jo bka,
gRikahd jilahd gfthL
tsf vdgL. iy _W
Ka
ghff,
iyjh,
iyfh,
iyaogF
vgdthF.
iyjh
gRikahd mfw, guj iy
gung
iyjh
vdgL.
iyjh ika ika eu
csJ. mUJ gy gfthL
euf UwfY wd.
iyfh
iyYs
fh
gFna
iyfh
vdgL.
J
iyjhis iyao gFl
izwJ.
iyaogF
jL
myJ
isl
izfgLs iy gF
iyaogF vdgL. iyao
gF uL a gfthL
tsfis cilaJ. it iyao
br vdgL.
48

gfthL
eu
iyfh

iyaogF

gl 4.12 iy

2. th gkhw : jhtuf
xnrif
nghJ
fay
thit
c
vLJ
bfL
ctia
btLwd.
Rthj nghJ ctia c
vLJ bfhL fay thit
btLwJ. iy cs
W Jisf (iyJis) _ynk
th gkhw fwJ.
3. uh nghF : iy cs
mfgoahd
iu
iyJis
tahf
uhahf
btnaW
f uh nghF vdgL.

gl 4.13 uh nghF

jhtu wmika
bra 4.3
bjho jhtu iyia
bka gh igah _l. y
k neu fJ cW nehf.
gh ig cgF
Jf csij fhzyh. j
_y iyf uh nghF
eilbgWtij %fyh.
ky
ky
vgJ
dbgUfij
nkbfhS X dbgUf cW
MF. J ghdbgUfF
cjwJ. kfuj nrif kW
fUWj fF ky fahf
khwkilwJ. iyf csij
nghW kyfY fh csJ. ky
fh mw y kyfS csJ.
v.fh. thiH
kfujjh

m
j

Nyf

j
gl 4.14 ky ghff

gFna m j vdgL. J
ky ulh ghfkhF. m j
gy tzf, gy totf, gy
msf fhzgL.
kfuj jh tl
J ky _whtJ ghfkhF.
J ky MghfkhF. xbthU
kfuj jhY, xU fh kW ig
nghw gF fhzgL. fh gF
kfuj f vW, ig nghw gF
kfujig vd miHfgL.
kfujig kfujf vw
M nfLf cUthwd.
Nyf tl
J ky c mLF MF. J
ky bg ghfkhF. xU Nyf
_W gFf csd. Nyf
KidgF NKo vd, ika l
gF N jL vd miHfgL.
nH cs mfw gUj gF
Nig vdgL. Nf Nig
fhzgL. Nf UJ bg
nfLf cUthwd.
ky gf
1. dbgUf: dbgUf
<LgL f kW ijia
njhWwJ.
2. thrid uaf: y kyf
thrid uafis jUwd.

ky ehF ghff cL.

mitahtd, tl, m
tl, kfujjh tl kW
Nyf tl.
tl
f bghJthf iynghW
gRikahf
ky bt mL
fhzgL. ky bkhlhf UF
nghJ ghJfhwJ.
m tl
ufhrkhd

wKila

gl 4.15 F ky

ky
49

ca
nkY mJbfhnth
F vgJ f ma tif kyuhF.
J 12 tUlfSF xU Kiw kLnk
F. J jeho kLnk fhzgL
xU dkhF.
y w F kyf Ugjh jh
mj kiyF y vW bga tjJ.
2006 filahf F ky jJ.
1. mLj Kiw F ky vbghGJ
F?
2. mbghGJ cf taJ vdthf
UF?

4.5. nt, jL, iy khWUf:

gl 4.16 nfu

nt, jL kW iy aghd
gfis ghnjh. aghd gf
kLyhk y nt, jL, iyf,
TLj gfis brtjfhf mik,
tot t khWgL gyjf
mikJsd. itna khWU vnwh.
Mnt khWU
1. nr ntf: Kjik ntf czit
nrJ itgjdh gUJ rijgWl
fhzgLwd. mit mt tot
mogil _W tifgL.
(i) T tot: nt nk gF
mfW, mogFia neh gogoahf
FW T tot fhzgL.

gl 4.17 Ks.

v.fh. nfu.
(ii) f tot: nt ikagF gUJ,
U KidgF gogoahf FW f
nghw tot fhzgL.
v.fh. Ks.
(iii) ggu tot: nt nk gF f
mfW, E ObuW th nghy L
FW fhzgL.
v.fh. U, l.
gl 4.18 U
50

jhtu wmika
2. Rthr ntf

2. jhF ntf

flfiu Xu cs rJ yf
cs jhtuf c iwj
UF ijUF rhjhuz
ntf UJ brFjhd ntf
s jiuF nk tswd.
itna Rthr ntf vdgL. it
th gkhwF cjwd.
v.fh. mah (btis miyah)

m) ntf: ku is
f UJ ntf njhWwd.
ntf ia neh brF
jhf tsJ k CWwd.
J, jhf it jokdh
fis nghy kuij jhFwd.
ntfns ntf vdgL.
v.fh. Myku.

gl 4.19 btis miyah

M) KL ntf: y jhtuf,
bkj
jo
mogF
fQfUJ a jokdhd
ntf njhWwd. it rhthf
jiuia neh tsJ jhtuJF
TLj Mjhuij jUwJ. j
ntfSF KL ntf vdbga
v.fh. nrhs, fU.

ntl nt khWU

gl 4.20 rfiut HF

1. nr ntf

gl 4.22 Myku

m) ntHFf: y ntl
ntf czit nrJ itJ,
gUJ, Fl tot yhk
UF. v.fh. rfiut HF

gl 4.21 fU

nkY mJbfhnth
bfhfjh cs a
jhtua
njhl
cs
fbga Myku 900-F
nkgl ntf (GJf)
csd. ku taJ 200
ML. j l 360 .

M) bfhJ ntf: jo
mogF gUj ntHFf
bfhJ bfhjhf fhzgL.
v.fh. lhah.
51

ca
3. xL nt: y xL
jhtuf,
X
jhtu
Rf ntfis cns EiHJ
czit cRwd. ntf
xL ntf vdgL.
v.fh. fFlh.
gl 4.23

fFlh

4. bjhW ntf: y jhtuf

ntW kuf isf ts
git. it czfhf m U
lfhf kLnk rhJ UF.
jhtuf ntf fh
mirjhL. fhYs <ugiria
c c thG. tif ntf
bjhW ntf vdgL. v.fh.
thlh(M)

gl 4.24 thlh

jo khWU
jo aghd gfis
ju,
y
jhtu
jLf
wghd gfis brwd.
jhtuf,
jo
xU
gFnah myJ KGtJkhfnth
mgia brtjbfd khWghL
milJsd. mjLf khWU
milj jLf vdgL.
1. jiu jL khWU: y
jhtuf jLf jiu
jLfis cUthFwd. it
czit nrwd. it gy
tifgL.

M) kly jL: it joj

ilklkhd jiu jL. v.fh.
.

gl 4.25 cUis HF

m) HF: jiu jLf

gUj EgFna HF vdgL.
mf czit nrJ itwd.
v.fh. cUisHF
bra 4.4
cf o rikayiwF
bry. mF cs fhff
ytiw
vLJbfhs.
m nt khWU kW jL
khWU vit vd goal.

gl 4.26
52

jhtu wmika
2. jiu xoa jL khWU: cly
dbgUffhf it khWW
milJsd.
y
jhtuf
jL ejit. it jiu il
klkhf myJ jiu nkgu
ijJ fhzgL. fQf
UJ
jiubaho
isfS,
mogF
ntl
ntfS
njhWwd. itf glbfho
vdgL.
glbfhof
uL
tifgL.

gl 4.27

m) XL jL- v.fh. .
M) nlhy- v.fh. uhbg

gl 4.28 uhbg

3. jiunk khWU:
bghJthf
bkhLf
isfshfnth myJ kyfshfnth
tsail. y jhtuf
bkhLf y Fl gfis
brtjfhf khWghL milJsd.
mit
gl 4.29 fhj

m) jL gW ff: y
jhtuf,
nfhz
bkhL
gWfahf khWghL milJ
UF.
it
Mjhuij
g
bfhs
cjwd.
v.fh. ghnshuh.
M) Kf: y jhtuf, nfhz
bkhL Kfshf khWghL milJ
UF. v.fh. fhj

gl 4.30 ghnshuh

) iybjh jL: y tw
y jhtuf, iyf Kfshf
khsd. jL jilahf iy
nghy kh iy gia
brwJ. jnl iybjh
jL vdgL. v.fh. rghf.
53

ca
iy khWU
y jhtuf iyf nH
bfhLfgLsij
nghW
khWU milJsd.
1. iy gWf: y jhtu
f, iy ej RUf nghW
mikJ g Vw cj gWfahf
khWghL milJ UF. v.fh.
glh.
2. iy Kf: rgh f
iyf nkw KGik
ahf
Kfshf
khsd.
Kf
uh
nghif
FiwwJ.
fheilf
nkr
jfgLwJ.
v.fh.
rghf

gl 4.31 begj.

gl 4.32 (m)
glh

3. FLit jhtu: y jhtuf

ieu# gwhFiwia <Lbra
iy KGikahf khWghL milJ
ia of VJthf FLit
tot UF. v.fh. begj.

gl 4.32(M)
Fnyah

4. ig: Fnyah jhtu

y iy ia of VJthf ig
nghw mikghf khsd.

nkY mJbfhnth
mnkrh m jhtu
iy l 7mo. mj ky
12 Kj 16 mFy cilaJ.

4.6. jLf tiff

F jhtuf jLf y w
gfis tjfhf gy jf khWghL
milJsd. jo jikia bghWJ
jhtujLf _W bgU thf fgLsd.
1) FWfkilj jLf: y jhtuf
jL f FW jL nghW csd. fQ kW
fQil gF ilahJ.
v.fh. Ks, nfu, l, btfha.
2) jLf: gy F jhtuf j,
l fil jikila jL fhzgLwJ.
v.fh. _, Myku, ijyku, bjid.
gl 4.33 btfha
54

jhtu wmika
3) ej jL: bkj, bkikahd jLfsh
Mjhu neuhf J f ayhJ. it
UtifgL.
m) j ej jL: J D bfhoahfnth
myJ VW bfhoahfnth Ufyh.
(i) Dbfho: l, bka tis jikila,
Egkhd jil cilaJ. mU cs Mjhuij gl 4.34 iulh
g bfhL tsU. g bfhtjF wghd cW
VJ ilahJ. v.fh. mtiu.
(ii) VWbfho: jL tikaW Ugjh, jhia
g bfhs KoahJ. g bfhs cj cWfsh
jL jhia g bfhL VWwJ.
v.fh. sF, btiy
M) jiubahoa ej jL: j jLf jiu
KGtJ glJsd. glbfhof myJ E y
gljL. v.fh. iulh (btL fha L)

4.7. jhtuf mirf

gl 4.35 mtiu

yFfis nghW jhtuf

lL l efuhJ. Mdh
j ghff x, , k nghw
VnjD xU wfhu lYF
Vg ts afij VgLJ.
vdnt l irF Vg jhtu
ghff VgL af rhgir
vdgL.
nkY mJbfhnth
J.C.ngh, a jhtua
tYe. J.C.ngh fLoj
iunrhuh
fU
_y
jhtufSF cz cL
vgJ bjatjJ.
1. rhgir:
rhgir _W tifgL.
m) x rhgir:
Na l irnfg,
iria
nehnah
myJ
vuhfnth jhtuf ghff
ts miltnj xrhgir

gl 4.36 x rhgir

vdgL. x Ljyh jL
x iria neh tsU.
Mjyh jL ne x rhgir
bfhlJ. nt x irF
vuhf tsU. Mjyh nt v x
rhgir bfhlJ vnwh.
55

ca
M) rhgir:
ntf < irF VwthW
tsU. jF rhgir vW
bga. ntf ne rhgir
bfhlJ. jL v rhgir
bfhlJ.

gl 4.37 rhgir

) rhgir:
jhtu ghff jLf
nghy ntf iu neh tsU.
Mjyh nt ne rhgir bfhlJ
vW jL v rhgir
bfhlJ vW miHnwh.
2. bjhF mirf:
bjhlhQ
jhtu
bjhLjYF gid aToaJ.
jhtuij bjhll iyf _o
bfhwd. iyf _obfhtJ
tsdh my. jhtuF

gl 4.38 rhgir, bjhF mir

VgLJyf is MF. J
mF VgL JyfyhF. it
bjhF mirf vdgL.

4.8. jhtuf kW kufis cW nehf

1. jftfis g brj kW glfis tiuj
g LKiw nghJ ekJ gF f mU cs kiy unjr myJ
tdF gaz nkbfs lLnsh. mnf jhtu df gntW
tiffis d fhz Ka bra. gy tifahd iyf, kyf, ijfis
nrff. nrfj iy kW kyfis cf giHa Fngo vGa
jhfSil itJ mGjgl iy cyu bra ntL. cyjl
vLJ JQF jf (Scrapbook) xlntL. nrfj ijfis
cyjl, jna W gh ciwf L mt bgaid vGj.
2. eh brayhkh?
khztfns, iyfis bfhL yFf cUtij brayh.
murkuJ iyfis nrfJ bfhs.ika euig xo J id
cl gFahf itJbfhs. V tot iyia J Kfkhf
vLJ bfhs. cl kW Kfij nrJ id cUtij
ghfyh. ahid, kh, Mik, k nghw yF cUtfis gyj
iyfisbfhL brJ ghf.
2

1
56

jhtu wmika

kL
1. rahd ilia njbjL.
m) iu cRj ________ bjhF gahF (jL / nt).
M) Js ________ F cjhuzkhF (Wbro / jbro).
) iyia jnlhL izF cWF ________ vW bga
(iyaogF/ iyfh).
<) ky bkhlhf UF bghGJ ________ ghJfhwJ ( / m).
c) ________ neh fhzgL jhtu mirF x rhgir vW
bga ( / x).
2. nH xU ky gl bfhLfgLsJ. m tU ghffis
Ff.
m) j

M) m j

) kfujjh tl <) Nyf tl

3. jhtuf btntW mirfis fiyJs brhfisbfhL

rahd brhfis vGJf.
m) Fbjhirm

= bjhF mir

M) girrhX

) irrhg

<) irrhg

4. nH cs nff ilf tU FWF flf csd.

ilfis fL nfhol lij uf.
m) eh xU jhtu ________.
M) eh xU W bro ________.
) eh ghiytd tsUnt ________.
<) eh xU ku ________.
57

ca
c) jhtuf cz jahF gF ________.
C) f tot khWU ________.
v) eh xU HF ________.
V) eh xU VWbfho ________.
I) vdF ntf cL ________.
x) eh j eho kL fhzgL ky ________.
nj

nfh
is

J
U

ik
c
gh
y

iy

5. tUtdtiw bghUJf.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

thneah
iyJisf
KLnt
iy bjh jL
VW bfho

fU
rgh f
sF
_a jhtu
uh nghF

nkY ma
jf
1. The Royal Horticulture Society - Encyclopedia of plants and
flowers - DK Ltd., U.K
izajsf
www.aravindguptatoys.com.
www.mhhe.com/life
ma rhj fhzntoa lf
jhtua njhl - Co, bfhilfhd, VfhL

58

ca
5
myF

tifghoa

ca

ca

gl 5.1 ydf

gh, t uhk UF jf khkh oF brwd.

mt Utiu j gizF miHJ brwh. nfhgiz, Fiu
yha nghw gy lf gy tifahd yFfis ghjd. mtf
khkhl ts yFfis vthW tifgL itJf vd
dd. yFf tiff, cz cbfhS Kiw mogil
Jsjhf Tdh.
y gy tifahd cdf fhzgLwd. mit midJ
nj ngh jh tifgL itfgLsdth? M! j Kiwna
tifgLJj vdgL.
fhzgL cdfilna gy ntWghLf fhzgLwd.
mt ms, tot, thGl, cz ClKiw kW clbraa
ff Ma gy gf mitf ntWgLsd.

60

tifghoa
gntW cdf fhzgL
ntWghLfis gY jik
vnwh. cdf jkilna
gntW ntWghLfis bfhoU
jhY mogil y bghJthd
xj gfis bfhoUwd.
bthj gf mogil
gntW FGfshf f KowJ.
df
midij
Kiwahf m tif midJ
jhtufS yFfS gytif
FGfshf fgLsd.
cdf fhzgL xWik
kW ntWikf mogil
mitfis tifgLJj bjhlila
ca xU nt tifgLJj
vdgL.

5.1. tifgLJj
aikahik

bra 5.1
y bghJthd fhff
bgafis T mt ntW y
bgafis vGJ.
t.v
1.

1. cdfis vjhf d
fla
tifgLJj
gagLwJ.

fj

ntWbga
Kil
jhtu

2.
3.

5.2. IJyf tifghL Kiw

R.H.nlf
(1920-1980)
mbkf Niya tYe
Mth. t Kj Kj midJ
cdfis
mtilna
fhzgL
gzhk
bjhl
mogil IJyf tifghil
mKfgLdh.

midJ
cdfis
mj vgJ ayhJ. Mdh,
dfis
xU
Fl
trahd Kiw FGfshf J
Muhjh mtiw g mtJ
vjhwJ. gY jikia
mJ bfhSj tifgLJj
_y vjhwJ.
tifgLJj mta

bghJbga

uhg Aho nlf

(1920-1980)

1969M ML cdfis
IJ cyffshf tifgLdh.
tifghL midJ mayhs
fshY VW bfhsglJ.
nkY mJbfhnth

2. gntW jhtu, yFf

cUtnjhw,
xWik
ntWikfis mJbfhs
gagLwJ.

bkhuh cyf 9000-F

mfkhd df fla
gLsd. nuholh 59,950
cdf, irf cyf
1,00,000.
jhtuf
2,89,640.
bkhj magl yFf
vif 11,70,000.

3. va
cdflUJ
fyhd
cdf
njhWtij tifgLJj
_y mayh.
61

ca
IJ cyffshtd: bkhuh, nuholh, irf, jhtuf kW
yFf.
IJ cyff

bkhuh

nuholh

irf

yFf

1. Jislf

1. ghOah
2. randhghOah
(ygRgh)

jhtuf

1. xU br gh
2. nuhnlhnrhth

1. ir

1. gy br gh

2. Flf

2. iunahig

3. jilGf

3. blnlhig

4. cUis Gf
5.tisjir Gf

4. ndhbg

6.fQfhf

5.Mnahbg

7.bkYlf
8.Knjhf
9. KJFehQsit

IJyf tifgho Ka mogil gf

br
fyhd mik
(nuhnfah Kj
nfah)
czl
Kiw (jrh
ClKiw
kW w rh
ClKiw)

clmik
(xUbr c
myJ gy br
c)

FGk gzhk
myJ gzhk
bjhl

bra 5.2
vtwh gh juhf khWwJ? kh gjF fhuzkhd
EQ vJ? kjDF clhF thng, fhrneh, ilghLfhr
kW bjhGneh nghw nehf njhw fhuz vJ vd cfSF
bjkh? M! mJ ghOah vw EQna!
62

tifghoa
5.2.1. bkhuh cyf
bghJgf
bkhuh cyf midJ
ghOah
kW
randh
ghOaf mlF
ghOaf midJ
xU
br cfshF.
cikahd cfU iy
(nuhnfnah)
it jrh myJ wrh
ClKiw cilait.
oah, nkhah, fhrneh kW
bjhGneh nghw nehfis k
jDF VgLJwd.
gynehfis
FzgLj
Toa v EQkUJf
ghOafUnj
bgw
gLwd.
ghOah fLo
1675M ML Mlth
tA& vw lRehL ma
mP ghOahit fLojh.
t ghOahit EQf
vwiHjh. vdnt, Ml th
tA& vgt ghOaha
jij vwiHfglh. ghOahnt
cy njha Kj c vW
fUjgLwJ.
nfh tot

ghOaf totf
bghJthf ghOaf gytot
f csd. mit
1. nfh tot
2. nfhs tot
3. fh tot
4. RU tot
bra 5.3
bjthd fzho iy
xU J j l. mij TL
Enzh _y
ghf.
gy nfh tot nynlhngy
ghOahfis fhzyh.
nkY mJbfhnth
xU
kj
Fl
ruhrahf xU nyh ghOahf
csd. kj cl aghd
MnuhaF ghOaf
mtakhdit.
ghOah eikf
ifiy
kW
njiy
gjgLj

bghUf
kWRH

njh
gjgLj

eik
br
ghOah

nfhs tot

trha
gF

bjh
rhiy
gF

kUJt
gF

ghOah ikf
fh
tot

RU tot

gl 5.2 ghOaf totf

ghOahf
jhtufSF,
kjDF gy nehfis clhF
wd.
63

ca
fHiy neh
(vYir)

jhtu
nehf

tisa mGf neh

(cUis)
bt neh (M)
thl neh ( jfh)

ns

bjhG
neh

th
ng

kj nehf

fhr neh

5.2.2. nuholh cyf

bghJ gf
nuholh
cyf
xU
bryh Md nfnahLf
mlF.
jhtu kW yF nuholh
f fl kW e
fhzgL.
y nuhoL xLf
cl xU bryhf Uj
nghY, midJ clbra
fis
iwntw
Toa
jik bfhLsd.
cfU
rdh
NHgl
cfU fhzgL (nfnah)
y
cf
giraij
bfhLsjh, xnrif
_y czit jahwd.
v.fh. dh.
nuholh U tiff
cL.
1. jhtu
nuhoLf
xnrif
aToait.
64

bghJthf mit Ea gh
vdgL. ghf jrh Cl
cf MF. itfis E
nzh _ynk fhz Ko.
itf
jbryhfnth,
iHfshfnth myJ FGk
fshfnth
fhzgL.
v.fh.
sh nlhnkhd, thth.
2. yF nuholhf bghJ
thf
nuhnlhnrhtf
vdgL. nuhnlhnrhtf
mgh,
ghua
nghw
yFf mlF. nalh
vw
tFig
rhj
ghua
FWiHf
fhzgLwd.
rhnfhodh
vw tFig rhj mgh
bghfhf csd.
midJ xU br jhtufS
jhtu jit cf vd, xU br
yFf, yF jit cf
vd miHfgLwd.
dh vw nuhnlhnrhth
giraij bfhLsjh x
nrif _y cz jahwJ. J
uL tifahd ClKiwia
bfhLsJ. Na x ilF
neuf jrh Cl Kiwia
Na x yhj neuf w rh
Cl Kiwia bfhLsJ.
jF fy ClKiw vW
bga. vdnt dh jhtu kW
yFfSilnaahd xU viy
nfho csJ.
FWiH

cfU
gira
RUF E
F
gl 5.3 dh

tifghoa
5.2.3. irf cyf
bghJgf

<Lf,
nkhLf,
fhshf,
ehFilf,
g~
gJf,
bga
Mait
mlF.
ir gy brfsh Md
nfnah br mikig
bfhlit.
it
w
ClKiwia
rhjit.
gira
mw
fhuzjh w cfl
UJ czit bgWwd.
t br Rt fodkhd
TL
rfiuah
Md
ifo vw bghUsh MdJ.
irf aif kF
fshf (ijF cf)
myJ
xLfshf
(w cia rhJ thGj)
fhzgLwd.
giHa buho, ghyhilfo,
gH kW cz J nkhL
irf tsU.

gl 5.4 bga

bg vw v EQ
kUJ
bjLfgLwJ.
bg kUJf uh vd
miHfgLwJ.
< Kil tot bfhl
xU br c. J xU rhW
ir. J behj _ykhf
MfAh jahf cjwJ.
behj Kiw rfiu fiur
MfAhyhf khWnghJ <L
fay thit btnaWwJ.
J buho jahY cjwJ.
bra 5.4
<
Jfis
rfiu
fiur
nrf
ntL.
y ehf fJ c nghw
btis w got rfiu
fiur nk goUgij
fhzyh. Enzh _y
< csij ghfyh.
nkY mJbfhnth
y
ir
fLikahd
bgatfl
M n y h r i d
bgwhk Wtf
jhdhf
tsU
fhshfis
bjhlnth myJ
cbfhsnth
TlhJ.

gl 5.4. fhsh

bga XU ir.
gira fhzgLtiy. J
rhWahf thwJ. J wj
ka bghUf J thwJ.
j cl iHfsh MdJ.
bga vw irUJ
65

fhshf
bfhlit.

ca
5.2.4. jhtu cyf

kh

bguf
gl 5.6.

bghJgf
gy brfsh Md midJ
yth
jhtufS
th
jhtufS y mlF.
tUgit
jhtu
cyif
rhjit.
1. ghf (gy br c) v.fh.
yhndah, ignuhifuh, nfuh
2. y thtd
(iunah~igLf)
v.fh. ah, kh
3. ijfsw
jhtuf
(blnlh~igLf) v.fh.
bguf
4. wj
ij
jhtuf
(ndhbgf)
v.fh.
irf, igd
5. _oa
ij
jhtuf
(Mnahbgf) - v.fh.
, bjid, kh, nt
jhtuf gy brfsh Md
nfahLf MF.
brf brYnyhdh Md
brRtiu bfhLsd.

igd

Nafh

gy tifahd ClKiw cilad.

gira wia bgUgjh
bgUghyhdit
jrh
ClKiwia bfhLsd. y
jhtuf w rh ClKiwia
cilad. v.fh. fFlh X
xL.
begj
kW
ouhuh
Q jhtuf MF.
nkY mJbfhnth
jhtu cyf
y thtd iunah~igLf
- 24,000 df
ijfsw jhtuf blnlh
~igLf -10,000 df
wj ij jhtuf ndh
bgf - 640 df
_oa
ij
jhtuf
M n a h b g f
- 2,55,000 df
Matiw cslaJ MF.
66

tifghoa
5.2.5. yF cyf
bghJ gf
t gy brfsh Md
nfahLf mlF.
midJ yFfS w Cl
Kiwia rhjit. czfhf
neilahfnth
myJ
kiwKfkhfnth jhtufis
rhJsd.
Niya
it
xU
Efnth MF.
t brf brRt
fhzgLtiy.
t jirbrf RUF

jikilad.
eF tsailj fLgL
jgl xUiz bfhlit.
itf
eu
brf
fhzgLtjh czfis
flJ w bgWsd.
y ydf xL
fshf thG. v.fh. ehlhG
kW cUisG.
yFyf cs yFf
l
L
l
efUwd.
Kj flgRf kW gtsf
ujukhf thl nk gF
xo fhzgLwd.

yFyf tU bjhFfis gfis bfhLsJ.

t.v

bjhFf

gf

vLJfhL

Jislf

Jisf bfhl
cl mik

flgRf

Flf

clF cL

iAuh, b#

jilGf

jiltot Gf

ehlhG

cUis
Gf

cUis tot
Gf

mfh
(cUisG)

tisjir
Gf

xj
clflf
fhzgL

,
kG

fQfhf

fhf fQf
fhzgL

uh, fugh ,
nj

bkYlf

XLila
bkikahd
clyik

eij, Mnlhg,
brah

Knjhf

njhgF
Kf bfhlit

eru,
fl bts

KJF
ehQsit

KJFeh
fhzgL

, jtis, kj

nkY mJbfhnth
xU Fl l kL gus yFf vW fzlh
a khyfnyna Kjyhtjhf cs khy jehL.
67

ca

5.3. U brh bgaLKiw

tifghoa tuyhW
mlho
cdfis
jhtuf, yFf vd ulhf
jjh.
kUJt jij vd miH
fgl nghbul kUJt
KaJt mogil
cdfis goalh.
fnuhy nda
mlho,
nahuhl
FHgij
jgjfhf
Mnah cdf tot
ma bgaLKiw njh,
kW thl mogil
it cyfs gwgLwJ.
jhtufis yFfis
vdnt nda jhtu kW yF
tifgLd.
fSF uL bga cila Kiwia
#hnu vgt d vw
mKfgLdh. J Ubrh
brhiy mKfgLdh.
bgaL Kiw vwiHfgLwJ.
fnuhy
nda
va
Ubrh bgaLtjfhdmogil
Kiw jhtuf bgaL
f
Kiwia cUthdh. vdnt,
1. ma bga y bkh
t tifghoa jij
nyh myJ y bkh
vd miHfgLwh. t
bkh bgangh bragoUf
cUtha Ubrh bgaL
ntL.
Kiwna jnghJ eilKiw
2. ngd bga Kj vGij
csJ.
bga vG vGj ntL.
Ubrh bgaL Kiw mta
3. d bga Kj vGij
flj fhyf cdf
a vG vGj ntL.
bghJ bgafis bfhL ma
4. U brhbgafis mL
gld. j bghJ bgaf gntW
nghJ rhthf ml ntL.
lf
gntW
FHgfis
5. ifdh vGJ nghJ, mo
VgLd. it cyf ms VW
nfhoL fhl ntL.
bfhs Koahk nghdJ.
bra 5.5
cfSila gF cs kufis jhtufis cW nehf.
mt U brh bgafis fLof.
ya bga

jhtuf bga

fugh

- bgshndlh mbkfhdh

brgU

- iAf nuh[h ird

L <

- kfh blhkofh

jfh

- iynfhbgfh vFyl

jtis

- uhdh bA[hlhilyh

cUis

- brhyhd ognuhr

wh

- bfhygh ah

kh

- kh~bguh ofh

kj

- nAhnkh bra

- xiurh rilth

68

tifghoa

kL
i) rahdtiw njbjLf.
1. IJ cyf tifghL Kiwia tifgLat _________
(R. H nlf / fhu nda).
2. bkhuh
cyf
(gybr / xUbr).

_________

cdf

mlsd

3. kUJf uh vd miHfgLtJ _________ (<L / bg).

4. _________
jhtu brf fhzgL,
fhzgLtiy ( cfU / brRt ).

yF

5. xiurh rilth
( be / nfhJik)

vgJ

_________

brf

brhbgauhF.

ii) bfhLfgLs yFfis mj bjhFF itf.

ehlhG,
flgR,
eru , kG
1. ehlhG

iAuh,
-

cUisG,

nj,

kj,

eij,

jilGf

2. _______________ - __________________
3. _______________ - __________________
4. _______________ - __________________
5. _______________ - __________________
6. _______________ - __________________
7. _______________ - __________________
8. _______________ - __________________
9. _______________ - __________________
iii) ghOah eikfS, ikfS nH bfhLfgLsd. eik
vW , ik vW Ff.
1.

bjhGneh

eik

2.

cUis tisa mGf neh

3.

bghUf kWRH

4.

vYU

5.

njh gjgLJj

6.

jfh thl neh

7.

njiyia gjgLJj
69

ik

ca
iv) ghOah gy totfis tiua.
v)
 dh gira csJ. Na x yhj neuf wrh Cl
Kiwia bfhlJ. jid vj cy tifgLJth? jhtu
cyfkh? yF cyfkh?
vi) b
 fhLfgLs glf bgafis cf Ma kW bgnwh
cjl vGJf.
1. f

t.v
1.

2. kh

3. eh

jbga
f

4. cUis 5. brgU

Mybga
LION

6. ntfliy

Ubrhbga
ghuh nah

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
nkY ma
jff
Life and Living - John Sears and Sue Taylor. British Library Cataloguing,
London.
Frame Work of Science - P
 addy Gannon Oxford University Press,
New Delhi
izajsf
www.rhs.org.uk
www.mhhe.com

70

ca
6
myF

jhtuf kW yFf
- Rthj

ca

ca

rJU KUfD egfSl isaho bfhoUjd.

J neu isahoa nrhJ ljh mtfSF _R
thaJ. mtfSF _R thf fhuz vd? fLikahd
ntiyF wF ekF _R thFtJ V?

6.1. Rthj mta

cdf
cthtjF
bragLtjF
Mw
njit.
Mw
yhj
nghJ
ekh
ntiy bra ayhJ. ekJ cl
midJ brafSF
Mw
mta. eh XUF bghGJ
ekJ cWfshd ja, _is,
Wuf kW Eiupuf a
bfhoUF. vdnt, 24k neuK
ekJ clYF Mw njitgLwJ.
vUJ
eh
Mwiy
bgWnwh?
eh
cbfhS
cz jh Mw csJ. eh
72

czit thL gfsh bkW

GaJ
czghij
tahf iuigDns brY
czthdJ
WW
Jffshf
ijfgLwJ.

WFl
_y crgL cl gntW
ghffSF uj FHhf _y
vLJ brygLwJ. cz
cs Mw Lfglhj tiu
ekF vj gaD iy.
fhy
jtwhk
xGfhf
cz
cbfhs
ntLbkd
cf
bgnwhf
tWj

jhtuf kW yFf Rthj

fhuz vd? eh czUJ
Mwiy bgWnwh. eh cbfhl
cz RthjnghJ ct
l(M#Dl)
izJ
nta khwkilJ Mwyhf bt
gLwJ.
vdnt Rthj vgJ
cdf Ka fthF.
RthjnghJ
ct,
EiupuYF fljgL ujJl
fyfgLwJ.
ct
fyj uj cl midJ
gFfSF brW midJ
brfSF brwilwJ.
ct,
brf
cns
brW mil bghGJ, r

bghU
vfgLwJ. mjid
M#ndwkilj vnwh. j
fnghJ, kW fay th
f bghUshf brD btna,
ctah Mw btbfhL
tugLwJ. j f Rthj
myJ br Rthj vdgL.
bra 6.1
mikahf
cfhJ
xU
lF vjid Kiw _R
Lnwh vd fzLf.
ruhrahf
xU
lF
kj 16 Kj 18 Kiw _R
Lwh.

Rthj tiff
Rthj U tifgL. (i) fhW Rthr (ii) fhyh Rthr
(i) fhW Rthr
bgUghyhd cdf ct cjah cz bghUf
vfgL Mwiy btbfhzwd. vdnt ct Kiy
eilbgW RthrF fhW Rthr vW bga.
j rkghL tUkhW
FSnfh + ct

fay th + + Mw

(ii) fhyh Rthr

y EQf, <, ghOah nghwit ct mw iy
czUJ Mwiy bgWwd. vdnt, ct mw iy
eilbgW RthrF fhyh Rthr vWbga. e vY jirf
fhyh Rthr eilbgWwJ.
FSnfh

ct mw iy

v MfAh + fay th + Mw

nkY mJbfhnth
ghOah kW irf fhyh
Kiw
Rthgjh
rfiuia
MfAhyhf khWwd. xU w j
MfAh rKjhaF nfL isgjhf
UjhY, kWw nj MfAh vbghU
rhjdkhf gagLwJ.
73

< vgJ xU br
ir MF. fhyh
Niy
Rthr
eilbgW
MfAhiy
cg brwd. Mfnt
kJghd jah it
gagLwd.

ca
bra 6.2
xU l eh _RL vifia fzLf.
t.v eg bga

aghd
iy

ntf eil

XLj

Xiy

1.
2.
3.
_RLjYF RthjYF ilnaahd ntWghL.
t. v.

_RLj

Rthj

1.

J X aa f. V J X nta f. V
v F fhW X l v F cz bghU gy
UJ knwh lF l nt idfSF cgLwJ.
bgawJ.

2.

f
nghJ
btlgLtiy.

3.

Rthr
gnfwd.

Mw f
nghJ
btlgLwJ.
cWf cUs brf
eilbgWwd.

Mw
f

Rthj vgJ cz bghU ct cjah vfgL

Mwiy bgWtjhF. mgoba, brf cz bghU vtjF,
kufil vtjF cs ntWghL vd?.
t. v.
1.

Rthj
cUs brf eilbgW.

kufil vj
btw eilbgW.

2.

btg Mw btgLwJ.

x Mw kW btg Mw
btgLwJ.

3.

Mw gogoahf a ms
btnaWwJ.

bkhjkhf mf ms Mw
btgLwJ.

xnrifia g ghl 2 Kng goJnsh xnrif,

Rthjiy ntWgLJnth.
t. v.
1.

Rthj
u gf vd bjhlJ eilbgW
fahF.

xnrif
gf
bghG
kLnk
eilbgW fahF.

2.

midJ cdfY eilbgW

f.

gRjhtuf
eilbgW f.

3.

cz vLJ bfhsgLwJ.

cz jahfgLwJ.

4.

f nghJ ct
cGfgL fayth
btnawgLwJ.

f nghJ fay
th cGfgL ct
btnawgLwJ.

74

kLnk

jhtuf kW yFf Rthj

6.2. kj Rthr
kj Rthr kly,
ehaiw,
_RFH,

_F,
_R

s
g

eh

ekJ _ uL Jthuf
csd. mtF eh Jthuf
vW bga. ehJthu ehgs
wJ
L
_RFH
wwJ.
_RFH
J
uL _Ris FHfshf
wJ. xbthU _Ris
FHY EiupuYF brW mF
nkY gy isfshf J _R
isW FHyh fhW Eziw
Kowd.

Eziw Rtf uj
jJf vdgL gy bka
R
_
uj FHhf NJ ujij
H
R
mwd. EiupuYF cs

_ F
s
ct uj fywd.
i is
H uj cs fhg il Mi[L
R
EiupuYF cs Eziw
F
_ W
tJ nrwJ.

E fh
z W
i
w

H
F

gl 6.1. kj Rthr

isFHh
kW
Eiupuiy
cslaJ. khgiw cns
X iz Eiuu Uwd.
e khgiw
khjirf
csd. it _ykhfnt eh
Rthf KowJ. y jirf
e yh vY izJsd.
jirfns yh vY Til
cwkhf
btwkhf
af gagLwd. EiupuYF
nH tikahd jilahd jir
bjhF
fhzgLwJ.
jF
cjujhd vW bga.

eh vthW _R Lnwh?
fhW
cGj
kW
btnaw
cgl
fna
_R Lj vdgL. J xU
bjhlahd
fahF.
X
cd
theh
KGtJ,
midJ neufY eilbgW
f MF. xU kj xU
lF
vjid
Kiw
_RLwhndh mJnt _R Lj
j vdgL.
eh
_ir
cGfgL
nghJ, cjujhd w yh
vYf nkw neh caJ
myJ wJ. j brayh
khgiw ms bgjhF. jdh
ct iwj fhW btUJ
EiupuYF
ntfkhf fl
t EiHwJ.

_F
ehgs
_RFH
fhW Eziw
isWFH
75

_R isFH

_R

ca
eh fhiw btnaW bghGJ, cjujhd nk neh caJ aghd
iyia milwJ. yh vYf neh wFwJ. j brayh
khgiw ms FiwwJ. jdh Eiupu UJ _R isFHf,
_R FH kW eh tahf fhW btnawgLwJ.
fhW
Eiupu
khgiw

cjujhd

cjujhd

gl 6.2 cRthr - btRthr

th gkhw
ct iwj fhW EziwD brwl, uj jJfYs
uj ctia cRwJ. F nkhFnshDl fyJ, M
- nkhFnshdhf kh cl midJ brfis brwilwJ.
brfD, cz bghUf M#ndw mila ct gagLjgL,
MwyhdJ kW faythl btgLwJ. j fayth ujjh
vLJ bfhsgL EiupuYF brW mUJ btnawgLwJ.
fhW
Eziw

jJ
gl 6.3 fhW Eziw mik

nkY mJbfhnth
ekF V Jk tUwJ vdbjJ bfhnthkh? y xthikF
fhuzkhd bghUfshd R, kfuj Mait ekJ ehgs
EiHJ, bjhju VgLJtjh tUtnj JkyhF. Jk f
_y xthik bghUf btnawgL ehgs RjkhwJ.
76

jhtuf kW yFf Rthj

bra 6.3
xU mfw be FLitia vLJ bfhs mj mowij
mfw. X Y-tot fzho FHh U ftil KidfY
gl fhosthW gid fl. jid FLit th
gF tahf cns bghUj. FLit mogF uguh Md
ciwid fl fl.
fia Gf. FLitYs g cwJ. V cwJ?
ug ciwia Ggjh, #ho cs bfhss mfkhwJ.
vdnt btUJ fhW gDF ghJ brW mjid cg
brwJ. bghGJ fia Lf. ug ciw giHa iyF
brwil. FLit cns bfhss Fiwtjh, g cs
fhW t klyF ntfkhf btnaWwJ. vdnt g RUFwJ.
j braKiw Rthr braKiwia sFwJ.
fhW
cGj

fhW
btnaWj
fzho FHh
(_RFH, _
isWFH)
be FLit
(khgiw)

g
(Eiupu)
bfhss FiwwJ
mGj TLwJ

bfhss TLwJ
mGj FiwwJ

ug ciw
(cjujhd)

nkY mJbfhnth
fhW khRgLjyh gy Rthr nehf VgLwd.
ifojyh Eiupu Wneh VgLwJ.
Fu vgJ Rthr kly Ka isthF.

77

ca

6.3. yFf Rthr

brf
fhW Jisf

_R FHh

brf _y
j btnaWj
gl 6.4 - fiugh

kjid nghnw, jhtufS,

yFfS, _RL Rthr br
wd. Rthr mogil f
midJ
cdfY
xnu
khahfnt UF. eh bghGJ
y yFf RthrKiw g
fhngh.
m) xU br kW W gybr
yFf
midJ
brfS,
RWwYs
fhW
myJ
UJ
ctia
vLJbfhL
faythit gut Kiw
btnaWwd.
v.fh. mgh, ghua
M) kG kW mil Gf,
<ugj
kW
tHtHghd
jik bfhl
njh
_ykhf Rthr brwd.

gl 6.5 kG

78

) jtis
nghw
yFf,
njh kW Eiupu
_y
Rthwd.
Eiupu

gl 6.6 jtis

<) f brf vwiHf

gL w cWf _y
fiuJs ctia c
Rthwd.
c) Ctd, gwgd kW ghof
Eiupu _y Rthwd.
C) yFfshd f
gy
WJisf
fhzgL.
mtF
fhWJisf
vW bga. j fhW
Jisf
_R FHh
Kotilwd. thgkhw
j fhWJisf
_y
eilbgWwJ.

jhtuf kW yFf Rthj

6.4. jhtuf Rthr

kw
cdfis
nghW,
jhtufS czUJ Rth
j
_ynk
Mwiy
bgW
wd.
bghJthf
jhtuf
RthrbfW jahf wghd
cWf
VJiy.
kW
yFf csij nghW Rthr
afkhd _RLj f
eilbgWtiy. jhtuf iy
cs W Jisf _ykhfnt
Rthwd.
JisfSF
iyJisf vW bga. fh
cs ct gut _y iyF
brW, iy cs fayth
gut
_ykhf
btnaWtJ
iyJisf _ykhfnt eil
bgWwd.
jLfY
W
Jisf csd. JisfS
th gkhwF cjwd.
ntfS jna Rthwd.
k JffSil cs fh
wiwf cs fhiw ntf
Rthwd. Mfnt, nt, jL,
iy Ma jhtu midJ
ghffS jjna Rthr
<LgLwd. thjhtuf
mj nt, jL, iy _y
neilahf
th
gkhw
<LgLwd.
gfbghG
jhtuf
xnrif eilbgWwJ.
f
nghJ
fayth
gagLjgL ctia bt
LwJ.
xnrif
nghJ
btlgL
ct
xU
gF jhtuf jkJ RthrF
vLJbfhL, ia iyJis
tnabtjSwd.Rthrj
nghJ btlgL fayth
jhtuf jkJ xnrif idF
vLJbfhwd.

fhbr

wj iy Jis
gl 6.7 iy Jis

Mdh
u
xnrif
eilbgwhjjh Rthr nghJ
bttU fayth iyJis
_ykhf
tklyF
br
wd.
tkly
UJ
ctia
vLJ bfhL
Rthwd.
Rthr Utiff
ct
ilgJ
bghWJ
Rthr U tifgL 1. fhyh
Rthr 2. fhW Rthr
y EQf vLJfhlhf
<L kW ghOah fhyh
Kiw Rthr brwd.
ca jhtuf fhW Rthr
Kiw Rthr brwd.
nkY mJbfhnth
jhtuf
Rthj
nghJ ctia c vLJ
bfhL faythit bt
Lwd.
xnrif
nghJ faythit
c
vLJbfhL ctia bt
Lwd.
it uL xWbfhW
ntWgL
kW
<Lbr
ffshF.
79

ca

kL
I. yFfis mj Rthr cWfis bghUJf.
t.v

yFf

Rthr cWf

1.

fugh

br

2.

jtis

Eiupu

3.

Eiupu kW njh

4.

kG

fhW Jisf

5.

eh

njh

II. Rthr kly gFbgW Rthr cWfis rahd Kiw

tirgLJf.
_RFH, _F, fhW Eziw, _R isFH. ehgs,
_Ris W FH,
III.  bfhLfgLs gl kj Rthr kly ghffis
Ff.
_F, _RFH, _RisFH, Eiupu, _Ris W FH.
IV. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
m) eh
RthF
fh
(ct/ fayth).

mf

fhzgLtJ

________

M) fhww RthrKiwF ________ vW bga (fhWs Rthr /

fhyh Rthr).
) jhtuf ________ _ykhf Rthr eilbgWwJ (_RFH/
iy Jis).
V. tU id Lgl thijfis uf
m) ________ + ct
________
M) FSnfh

________ + ________ + Mw
________ + fay th + ________
nkY ma

jff
1. Biology understanding life (3rd edition) - Jones and Bartlett.
Bartlett publishers U.K
2. Biology - Sylvia.S Mader - Brown Publishers U.S.A
izajsf
www.health.howstuffworks.com,
www.biotopics.co.uk
80

ca
7
myF

Niy kly

ca

ca

FHijfns! nkny bfhLfgLsJ xU mHfhd

njhlJl Toa o gl. m gJ yFf
kiwJsd
vgJ
aghdJ.
mitfis
eh
fLonghkh?
gl jhtuf kW yFfilna cs R_fkhd
cwid fhLwJ.

82

Niy kly

7.1. Niy kly

XN mUnf kj tlF
ahidf EiHjd.

UZz kh 24, 2010. XN mUnf cs FKog uhkF

EiHj ahidfis L rdkh fhoF Juld. _W
Mahidf kj tlkhd uhkF EiHjd.
td mYty TWgo 15-UJ 20-taJ cila ahidf fhiy
ntis FKog uhkF EiHjd. khtl td mYty
.fnzr, cj td ghJfh mYty nf.un#u kW XN td
viy mYty M. khnjtu Mnah, uhk kf cjl
glhRf btoJ uhkF EiHj _W tdahidfis rdkh
fhoF Juld.
td ahidf kj tlF EiHtJ vgJ flj _W,
IJ khjfshf dnjhW eilbgW
thoifahd fahf
csJ. fnghJ ahidfsh xUtUF F neuiy.
uhkF EiHj _W ahidf xW 15 taJ cila M ahid
kw uL 20 taJ cilaJ. vd td mYtyf bjjd.
nkny bfhLfgLs jft xU gif br. fhLfis L
ahidf V btna tUwd vgij f jJlh? jF
fhuz vd? ahidf fhLf twd. fhLf xU Niy kly.
ahid aifahd Ul fhlhF. kf fhLfYs kufis
btLtjhY, fhLgFfis ntshikF kw njitfSF
gagLJtjhY ahidf Ulkhd fhLf ms FiwwJ.
mjdh ahidf mjDila lhd fhil L flhakhf btnaW
NiyF jsgL, kj UlF EiHwd.
83

ca

Niy
kly

cuw fhuf

cUs fhuf

jhtuf

yFf

fhW

cdf mtiw NJs

cfhuf kW cuw
fhufSilna cs xU bjhl
idna Niya vnwh.
Niy
kly
vgJ
aifahfnth
myJ
braifahfnth Ufyh. Fs,
bt, fhL, V, ghiytd
itah aifahf mikJs
Niy
kly.
bjho,
fh, beta it braifahf
mikJs Niy klykhF.
Niy kly mik
xU
Niy
kly
uL Kakhd fhufis
bfhoUF. mit c fhuf
kW cuw fhufshF.
cfhuf _W tiffshf
tifgLjgLsd.
84

Na x

1. c g a h s f : xnrif _y jkF
ntoa czbghUfis
jhnk jahJbfhS gR
jhtuf.
2. Efnthf:- it jhtuf
kW ydfis czthf
cbfhS cdf.
3. ijgit:it
wj
bghUfis cL Mwiy
bgWwd.
ijgj
_y
L
fkf
kF
brwilwJ.
v.fh. ghOah, ir.
cuw fhuf
it k, , fhW kW
RWNH fhufshd btg,
Nax,
<ugj
Matiw
cslaJ.

Niy kly
bra 7.1
glij cW nehf. cs cfhuf, cuw fhufis
vGj.

7.2. cz r
Nand midJ cdfSF Kjikahd kW Kakhd
Mw _ykhF. gRjhtuf Na Mwiy ftJ fay th (fhgil-Mi[L) Matiw xnrif _y czthf khWwJ.
j Mw, jhtufis cQ Kj iy EfnthF khwgLwJ.
thwhf xU ulh iy Efnth, Kj iy Efnth ciajh
c thtjfhf czthf cbfhwJ. J _wh iy Efnth
cah czgLwJ. Mjyh X Niy kly, cdf
cQjY, czgLjY nrj fia cz r vdyh.
thwhf cYs cz Mw, ntbwhU cF mjid cgj
_ykhf xnu ir khwgLw bjhl Xl, cz r vdgL.
1) bt cz r

be
(cgahs)

v
(jhtu c)

gh
(Kjyh C
c)
85

fGF
(ulh C
c)

ca
2) fhLf cz r

(cgahs)

kh
(jhtu c)

(C c)

3) Fs czr

jhtu
jit c

kj

cz
r
xbthU
cdfS Fl kl
l twd. cz r
j iyia Cl iy vnwh.

ulh C
cf (fGF)

ehfh Cliy

Kjyh C
cf (gh)

_wh Cliy

jhtu cf
(v)

ulh Cliy

cgahsf
(jhtuf)

bga

cgahsf Mw khw
Kj
Cl
iyahF.
jhtu
cf jhtufis cbfhtJ
ulh
Cl
iyahF.
Kjiy C cf jhtu
cfis cbfhtJ _wh
Cl iyahF. Kjiy C
cfis ulh iy C
cf cbfhtJ ehfhtJ
Cl iyahF.
nkY mJbfhnth
cz rf xU cw
ciljhY, mj Ko X
cd mnt MF.

Kjyh Cliy

86

Niy kly

7.3. cztiy
bra 7.2
f fhf kW iw cQbghGJ vj Mw go
Uf vgij fLof. kj gyj cz
ria nfhoL fhLf.
fGF

kj

gh

ML

nfh

Ka

jtis

bto

tL

cz tiy

xU Fl Niy kly xnu xU cz r bjhl kL

jna Ugiy. xU yfhdJ xnu jkhd czit cbfhtiy.
gytifahd czit cbfhwd. v.fh. xU fGF, Ka, v myJ gh
Matiw czthf bfhS. xU gh, v myJ jtisia czthf
bfhS. vdnt cz r bjhluhdJ gy izfis bfhLsJ.
Mw khwfhf fG vzw czr bjhlf tiy
nghw mikng cz tiy vdgL.

7.4. Mw khw
midJ cdfSF Nand Kjikahd kW Kakhd Mw
_ykhF. Na MwyhdJ NaUJ Kj tklyij
tjilwJ.
gRjhtuf xahwiy ftGJ ntahwyhf khWwd
(cz). j nt Mw ms xU Cl iy UJ mLj
CliyF khWnghJ FiwwJ. j Mw khw xnu ir
kLnk eilbgW.
87

ca

7.5. cnfhsf
midJ cdfS NalUnj Mwiy neilahfnth
kiwKfkhfnth bgWwd vgij mnth. Nadh ntW VnjD
khw ekFsdth vd bjkh? Naid R tUtjh eKila
Ul jgbtg iy Naid rhnj csJ.
Niy klyij g goJnsh. Niy kly ajhfnth
myJ bgajhfnth Ufyh. a Niy klyf xwhf
nrUnghJ J xU mfw guig VgLJwJ. J gy tifgl
jhtu kW yF tiffis cslaJ. mnj rka j mfw
gu xnu khahd jgbtgiy fhzgL. J nghw mfw
guig bfhl gFna cnfhs vnwh.
7.5.1. fhLfS mj tiffS
(gy tifahd cnfhsf)
jgbtgiy
fhuf
kW a mik t
mogil
e

gytifahd
cnfhsf
cL. Fs jhtu kW
yF tiffis bfhL,
c nfhsf gy tifgL.

uh
Ciy fhL
iyfhL
jbtgkly bt

1. btgkly kiHfhLf

ghiytd
btg kly kiHfhL
bt
kiHfhL

tiffhLf
bj
mbkfh, Mfh kW njh-knyah nghw kanuifF
mU cs gFf fhzgLwd. F btgiy jkhf UF
(200C 250C) MoF 190 br.. msF kiHbgh FJ fhzgL.
ah mjkh nfhg f, nkF bjhl kiyf, m[h,
nkF tfhs Ma gFf tif fhLf fhzgLwd.
2. bt unjrf
bj
mbkfh,
nkF
Mnuah, tl nkF ah
kW
HF
ghjh
fhzgLwJ. twl jgbtg
iy, <u jgbtg iy
kh kh F fhzgLwd.
MoF 25 br.. kiHbgh
fhzgL. nfhil fhy mofo
fhL VgL. ah bt
gFf yY, fh kiyY,
ehfkiyY fhzgLwd.
88

gl 7.1 btgkly kiHfhLf

Niy kly
3. ghiytdf

6. CiyfhLf

Mfh,
mbkfh
mnrhdh khy, ka Mah
cs ghiytd kW bk
nfhY fhzgLwJ. gf
bghGJ btgkhf, u bghGJ
Fuhf
fhzgLwd.
MoF 25 br..F Fiwthd
kiH bghnt UF. ah
uh#jh khy jh ghiytd
csJ.

fdlh, Inuhgh kW uZah

fhzgLwJ.
jF
ngha
fhLf vd kWbgaU cL. F
FWa F nfhilfhyK, l
FfhyK, mfkhd gbgh
fhzgL. MoF 20 br Kj
60 br tiu kiHbgh UF.
fhLf
KGtJ
g
kW
gfoah
_o
fhzgL.
tif
fhLf
ah
khryunjr,
grh
kW
fhZ gFf fhzgLwd.
7. uunjr fhLf

gl 7.2. ghiytd
4. jbtg kly bt gF
tlF
kW
bjF
mbkfhY, Inuhgh xU
gFY fhzgLwJ. F
MoF 25 br.. Kj 100 br.. tiu
kiHbgh UF. F U
jlit f twl njhZziy
fhzgLwJ. F btg fhW
R nfhilfhy kW mf
F bfhl Ffhy ywJ.
gF ah cuunjr
fhzgLwJ.

KGtJ
gah
NHgl
tlJUt
gFF
Hnf
fhzgLwd. 25 br ms
kiHbghjh
UjhY,
F ujukhf k ciwnj
fhzgL. F jgbtgiy
mf Fahf, Fj fhW
bfhlJ.
btgiy
10CF
Fiwthfnt fhzgL. fhLf
ah kakiy gFf
kLnk fhzgLwJ.
7.5.2. fhLf KaJt
1. MWf cgF _y
Mjhukhf fhLf csd.
2. kiH bghit mfwd.
3. k
mig
jJ
btsfLghLF
cjwd.

5. iy fhLf
tlmbkfh,
HF
Mah
kW Inuhgh fhzgLwJ.
75 br Kj 100 br tiu
kiHbgh
UF.
F
jgbtgiy jkhf fhzgL.
jkhd Ffhyij bfhlJ.
ah
grh,
jehL,
cuunjr, fh, x[h kW
ka unjr fhzgLwd.

4. gwitf kW yFf
thlkhf csd.
5. aif fay th kW
ct rkiyahf Uf
cjwd.
fhLf fl Kjnfhyhf
fUjgLwd. e mwhl th
fhLf Ka gfhWwd.
89

ca
nkY mJbfhnth
td kfh crt- ah tUlnjhW #&iy khj ku eL
Hhthf bfhlhlgLwJ. fhLf kufis ghJfhgij g
kfilna zit VgLJtnj Hh nehfkhF.
7.5.3. gntW tifahd jhtu ydf
cnfhs gy tifahd jhtu ydf csd. xU
cnfhs cs jhtu ydf kbwhU cnfhs cs
Niynfg thH Toad my. btntW tifahd cnfhsf
thG jhtu ydf nH bfhLfgLsd. cy cs mf
jhtu kW ydfis bfhl guL tifahd c gtif
ikaf ah xwhf csJ.
t.v c nfhs
1.

2.

jhtuf

btg kly njF, ug,

kiHfhLf bgUbfhof, bjhW
jhtu, MLf,
bguf
bt
btf
unjrf

3.

ghiy
tdf

4.

5.

rijgWs f
tiff, mnfah,
vUF, ngr, kW gy.
gyhL thG
tiff

j btg
kly
bt gF
iy
X, kh, khf,
fhLf
mnfah, ig, ~

6.

Ciy
fhLf

7.

uunjr
fhLf

%, ~, ig,
Mbg, nyh,
khf, iyff,
fhshf
mfw iyila
brof, iyff

90

ydf
jhtu cf, f,
bfhF yFf,
FuFf, btsthf,
bga idf, ghf
gwitf, ffhU,
f, tFiuf,
xlf, Wij,
ahid, fiuahf.
fhuh kh, gh, nj,
xlf, g
Xehf, e,
fhblUikf, khf,
f kW gy
kh, m, fU fuo,
tLf, gwitf, a
ghof
Ksg, t
m, Ka, rhgw
brehf, f kW
gy
bu khf, Mij,
e, Xeh, lbgaU
gwitf, gfuo,
bgFf

Niy kly
bra 7.3
bghUSl mj cgnahfij bghUJf
1. fLkhd bghU - bg
2. ciwl

- ntiy

3. ir

- kufil

4. cgfuz

- fh

5. kUJ

- iz

6. Foghd

- gid Xiy

kL
I. rahd ilia njbjL.
m) mf mls fhLf fhzgLtJ ________ (kuf / f).
M) ________ J xU aif Niy klyF vLJfhlhF
(beta / ghiytd).
) cz r _whtJ
(jhtu c / C cf).

iyF

________

vW

bga

<) gy cz rf izJ fhzgLtjF ________ vW bga

(cz tiy / cz RH).
c) tdkfh crt goif bfhlhL khj ________ (#& /#&iy).
II. tU thijfis khaikJ cz ria mikf.
m) gh, v, be, fGF, btLf
________________________________________
M) kj, bga , jhtu jit c, a , f
________________________________________
III. tU Ka gf mogil fhLfis tifgLJf.
kiHfhL, bt unjrf, ghiytd, btfhLf, Ciy
fhLf, u unjr fhLf.
t.v

Ka gf

1.

fhLf bjhlJ

2.

F fhW

3.

ciwg, gfo

4.

btg ehf, F ehf

5.

_oa ciwg

6.

mf kiH bgh
91

fhLf

ca
IV. fhQ goa cs yFfis mJ thG cnfhsnjhL
bghUJf.
gh

bt unjrf

Wij

uunjr fhLf

xlf

btgkly kiH fhLf

kh

Ciy fhLf

fU fuo

ghiytd

breh

iy fhLf

bgF

bt fhLf
nkY ma

jff
1. Ecology - Shukla and Chandel, S.Chand & Company, New Delhi.
2. Environmental Science (9th edition) - Enger and Smith, McGraw
Hill, New York
izajsf
www.national geographic.com.
www.mongabay.com.
ma rhj fhzntoa lf
1. gtsghiwf - klg, uhnktu.
2. rJyfhLf-rhtu, fl khtl.

92

ca
8
myF

- X ma ts

ca

ca

gl 8.1 nk^ miz

t, gh kW brth midtU nk^ mizF RWyh

brwd. j msF guUJ, eh V D
gwhFiw Unwh vd t ajh. brth mjF
70% uh usJ. vD mj 3% kL jh e
vwh. vdnt, kj gaghobfd fFiwj msnt csJ.

khztfns xbthU ML
kh 22 nj V cyf dij
bfhlhLnwh vgij bjJ
bfhnth.
j nehf ................................. MF.

94

 - X ma ts

8.1. gut

nkY mJbfhnth
Ka df

X aif ts. J
jhtufSF kW yFfSF
aikahjJ.
UJ
bgwgL bghUf FahdJ
nu MF. m
jsnt kj
d njitF Vwgo csJ.

cyf ygu d - ut 2
cyf fhLf d - kh 21
d - Vu 22
cyf RWNH d - #& 5

cs f mfs
fl kW bgUflf csJ.
fl kW bgUflf cs
f mf ms ctghf Ugjh
mit FogjF Vwjy. bgUgF
e JUtgFf gfoahf
ciwJsjh
mit
v
ilfToa uhf Ugiy.
xU eh xU kj Fof,
Jitf, rikf cl ey guhkf
vd
FiwjJ
50l
iu
gagLJwh vd Ia ehLf
rig bjwJ. j ms
vgJ VwFiwa uliu th
UF rkkhF.

aif Mjhu d - mnlhg 5

aif ghJfh d - etg 25
bra 8.1
gwhFiwia FJ
brjh, thuj, f
jf
tU
brfis,
glf
kW
fLiufis
nrff.
mjid
cf
br FngLf xl.
ij g cf Ma kW
egfSl gJ bfhs.
kwit 0.9%
nkgu 0.3%

e 3%

yjo
30.1%

e MW 2%

rJy 11%
gkiy kW
gfo
69%
fl 97%
V 87%
e

gl 8.2

95

nkgu

ca

8.2. Mjhuf

4. fl

1. kiH

bgUfl vgJ f mf ms
iu bfhLsJ. gy a
l fl UjhY mf
ctghf Ugjh ntshikF
myJ
L
gaghoF
cfjjy.

kiH nu a uhF.
fl
kW MWf cs uhdJ Na
btgjh uhahf khWwJ.
uhahdJ midJ frLfis
L brwd. Kj Kj
kiH bghnghJ
go
eilbgW. mbghGJ, fh cs
y thf fiuJ mjDl
y fiuahj frLfS nrJ
tUwd. bjhlJ tU kiH
bgh a kLnk UF.

5. Vf kW Fsf
ML
KGtJ
jiu
bfhoUF
ynk
fhzgL
bgU
gsf
Vf MF. Fsf vgit
jfhfkhfnth,
ujukhfnth
jiu nrJ itUF
MHkw gFfshF. cyfsha
j njitF it fa
jh.
nkY mJbfhnth

gl 8.3 kiH

2. gkiy, gfo, btg

ilF _W rjj ,
eh xUgF gkiy, gfo
kW btgahf csd. it,
mf caukhd lfY myJ
yeLnfhL gFfY jh
fhzgLwd.
3. MW
kiyf cs gfoahdJ
cUFtjhY,
kiHbghtjhY
M tUwJ.

8.4 gkiy

96

midJ fl kW bgUfl
ciu bfhlit. f mf
c jikia bfhl fl
rhfl j fl cuwJ.
Vbd cs mf
cjik fhuzkhf vj xU
dnkh myJ fQF
bjaToa th cdnkh
c thH KoahjthW csJ. xU
l j 300 uh c
fiuJsjhf fgid brJ
ghf. xU kjDF j
bjaiy vwhY Tl, j
rhfl Gjh mt
_f khlh. gyhf nk
jgh vw br aghf
csJ.

 - X ma ts

8.3. iyf
vgJ l, ut kW th vW _W iyfY csJ vgJ eh
Vfdnt mj brahF. _W iyfS xW kbwhwhf khW
jikilad myJ khwToaJ.
j _W iyfS eik Rs RWw fhzgLgitna.
l iy

ut iy

gl 8.5a 0 br-
gl 8.5b 0 br- UJ
gfoahf ciwwJ. 100 br tiuF utkhf
csJ.

th iy

gl8.5c 100 br-F

nk uhahf khWwJ.

1. l iy : gfo vgJ l iyahF. tkly g fo,

ciwg, gghiw kW Myfo vd gy iyf csd. it
JUt gFfY, mf caukhd kiy fufY fhzgL.
2. ut iy : kiH J, gJnk ut iy cs uhF. gu
flf, Vf, MWf nghw lf ut iy NJsJ.
3. th iy : uhna th iy MF. it nkffshf,
_Lgahf, uhfshf th iy fhzgLwd.

Mutkhj

gothj

nkf cUthj

uh nghF
tnjhLj

Mahj

nrfukhj
aif bjhlahd
XlF a RH vW bga.
gl 8.6 a RH

97

ca

8.4. yjo

nkff
jhtuf uh nghF
gLif

Xil yjo

kl

gl 8.7 yjo kl

gLif vd miHfgLwJ.
eh cs gF mU
y xU JisL njhL
nghJ mFs k <ugir
bfhL Ugij fhzyh.

euhdJ kiH bghdhY,

gbghdhY,

yguid tjilwJ.
bgUghikahd
MWf
_y
brwilwd.

e,
fliy

kJf <ujik mF
yjo Ugij FwJ.

f
Fiwj
ms
nu
kF fJ, yjo
uhf nrfgLwJ.

eh f MHkhf njhl
njhl xU mL k
JffSF ilY, ghiw
fSF ilY cs guf
KGtJ uh uUF.
j mL nkguF
gLif vW bga.

k
mLFfSF
nH
fhzgL yjo iu yjo
kl vW TWnwh.
yjo nkgu cs ,

gLif
vgJ lF
l ntWgL. nkY J xnu
gFY ntWgL fhzgL.

nkY mJbfhnth
cyf
t
fUJ
cynyna yjo iu mfkhf
gagLJ ehL ah. jdh
e eho mghafukhd iy
FiwJ bfhL tUwJ vW
TWwJ.

bghJthf
z
FHh
_ykhfnth, if aF nu
_ykhfnth yjo iwf
gagLwJ.
98

 - X ma ts

8.5. Fiwj
1. aif fhuzf
Fiwj ms kiHbgh,
btg fhW yjo iu
Fiwg
f
Ka
gF
twd.
2. kj fhuzf
fhLfis mj, kf bjhif
bgUf, iuthd efukakhf,
fheilf mf nkr, yjo
iu mf ms gagLJj
nghwitf.
3. fl cFj
cy gy ehLfY fl
cFtjh e _yf FiwJ
tUwd. f mfgoahf y
joiu
gagLJt
_y
yjo gLif FiwJ Ltjh

gl 8.8 fhLfis mj

mjD fl cFJ LwJ.

mjdh
yjo
klK
ghgilwd.
4. tfkakhF ts
y
jah
Wtdf
mfgoahd iu MWf UJ
cRtjh yjo FiwwJ.
5. M kz bfhis
y MWf kz bfhisdh
bgUks
ghfgLsd.
v.fh. ghyhW.

8.6. gut
ah ilF ms bgUks gUt kiHia bghWnj
mik. Kj mnlhg tiuyhd ehf ah KGtJ gutyhf
mf kiH bgh. Mdh jehL yfhf mnlhg kW etg
khjf kiHia bgW. kiH ilfhj jh ghiytdK, mf kiH
bghit bgW tlHF khyfS ah csd. bghJthf
ah tl gF mf ms kiH bgh fhzgL. ah
mfkhd ef cL. _W Ka efshd J, fif kW ukuh
kakiy njh _ uL
gF ygu ghwd.

nkY mJbfhnth
cy
iwJs

ms 4% ah csJ. X
MoF xU kjDF ilF
ms ah 133tJ
l csJ. ah L
Jf Toa ts Xuho
1897 rJu. ms csjhf
fzlgLsJ.

gUtfhykiHnghJ MWf
tuJ f mfkhtjh bts
VgLwJ. khwhf, nfhilfhy
f bga MWfY kl
js Fiwant brwJ. bghJthf
W W is efS nuhilfS
KGtJ twL Lwd.
bga
mizf
fLtjh
MWf cs iu xGFgLjyh,
ML KGtJ iu rkkhf
gjfyh.

2025- fLikahd gwhFiw

ah bgUgF VgL
vd vrfgLwJ.
99

ca
bra 8.2
ah kiH bgh ga tiugl
bfhLfgLsJ. e eho ruhrahd
ML kiH bgh tu jugLsJ.

ah ML
kiHbgh

1. cf tlij tiugl Ff.

2. cf tl nghJkhd kiHbgh
csjh?
3. ML
KGtjF
njitahd
cfSF ilwjh?

8.7. gwhFiw
mogil
njitfSF
jLghL
VgL
iy
gwhFiw vgjhF.

vgJ L JfToa
ts
vwhY,
kjfsha
eh gagLJ ms f
mfkhf Ugjh, yjo kl
FiwwJ.
kl Fiwtjfhd
fhuf

gntW

br..
300F nk

trhf jfsJ yf
ghrdF
kiHiana
esd. Mdh gUtkiH
jtWtj fhuzkhf yjo
iu eh mfgoahf ga
gLJtjh, yjo kl
FiwwJ.
yjoiu if aF nu
_ykhf fLghoyhk ga
gLJtjhY
gwhFiw
VgLwJ.

iu nrf rahd tKiwf

ifahsgLtiy.

kfbjhif
bgUf
fhuzkhf bjhrhiyf
vif mfkh ld.
eh gagLJ bghUf
jah xbthU iyY
gagLwJ.
xU
eh

a
bgUfl

br..
50

e
khRgLjYF
f
Kakhd
fhuzf,
oUJ
btnaW
ff,
bjhrhiy
UJ
btnaW
eR
bghUf, trhf ga
gLJ
bfhf
nghwitfshF. itah
iyf
fyJ
iu
khRgLJwd.

kfbjhif
bgUf
fhuzkhf FoUf Lf,
mYtyff, filf, rhiyf
nghw njitf o eh
cnsh. njitfSnfg
fh lfshd, isahL
ikjhd, fhf nghw
gy
lf
fllf
flgLwd.
jdh
yF brY yjo
ms FiwwJ.

ah
vdgij

mu
fl

tfhs
Flh

ntshehL
efnth.

gl 8.9 c thtjfhd
Ka Mjhu nu MF

100

 - X ma ts

8.8. nkyhik
nrfj

kiH

kiHiu neilahfnth myJ

F
brYnah
yjo
tsij bgUFjiy kiH
nr vnwh. Kiw _y
yjo ms ghJfhfgLwJ.
yjoklms
FiwtJ
jLfgLwJ.
yjo
msit
mff
fllf
Tiuf
J
G
kiHiu
nrffyh.
fllfis Rs y
G iu nrffyh. TiuJ
G iu Vfdnt cs wj

kiH nrf Kiwf

1. neuoahf bga bjhof
kiHiu nrfJ itJ
njitF cgnahfyh.
2. kiHiu
F brY
yjoiu mffyh.
kiH nrf KaJt
ekJ
njitfSF
gwhFiw VgLnghJ eh
yjoiu rhJ cnsh.
iuthd efukakhf, fh
lf brY kiH
ms mfkhf FiwtjhY
yjo ts FiwwJ.

nrfF l

nrfF bjho

gl 8.10 kiH nrf

znyh myJ MFHhfnyh

neilahf brYjyh. wj
btf fhzgL iu nrf
va, wj tf csd.
jHf muR ehonyna K
ndhoahf kiH nrf lij
mKgLsJ.
xbthU
oY flhakhf kiH nrf
mikfntL vw cjuit
wJsJ.

kiH nrf _y efu

bjUf VgL bts
bgUid jfyh.
flfiunahu
gFf
fl cFjiy jLfyh.
yjo
ghJfhfgLwJ.

ts

kmig jLfyh.
jhtuf
nkgLjyh.
101

tsid

ca
bra 8.3
vj tKiwf eh iu
nrffyh vgij fyjh
bfhSnth.
1. xU J nrfngh.
twia uLnth.
2. kiHJf - cJf.
3.__________________________

8.9. iwa ma
8.9.1. gghiw mUJj
gkiyf
JLfns
gghiwf MF. it J
cU bgUfl fywd.
gghiw btik w a
fhW EFfSl fhzgL.
Ff gu btik w
xia uggjh gghiw
KGtJ
btik
wkhf
njhWwJ. gfo F
yhUF
nghJ
ywkhf
bj. jF fhuz thd
y wij ggnj MF.
iwa cy mfF e
njitF gghiw _y ilF
iu Fouhf gagLJtnj xU
wj thF. tlah cs

nkY mJbfhnth
kGit
bfhL
kj fid RjgLJ
aftiwKiw
ah
totikfgLsJ.
kj
f f Fiwjs nrF
Egnk JthF. j Kiw
ftiwia
gagLJtJ,
ifahStJ
vaJ
kW
RfhjhukhdJ.
kjff
KGtJkhf
ktsF
njitgLw vUthf (btnf)
khwgLwd.
midJ MWfS akiy
cs
ggiwf
Unj
njhWwd.
gghiw
iu
Fouhf
gagLJt
cs
uL
nekiwahd Niy isf.
(m) kj d iyfis
(MW, Vf) rhUj btF
thf FiwwJ. jdh
N
iykly kj jhfK
FiwwJ.
(M) gghiw iu Fouhf
gagLJt
_y
JUt
gFf
cs
gkiyf
cUFtjh VgL
flkl
ms mfig
Fiwfyh. gyh
u MLfshf
tkly
cs uh, ciw
gah

ggiwfshf
k h W w J .
vdnt
jh
gghiwf
cs

a
euhf cs J.

gl 8.11 gkiy cUFj

102

 - X ma ts
8.9.2. fl jU Fo
(c iu FouhFj)
fl cjikia
euhf khWtJ x braifahd
KiwahF.
c
jiikia
bghJthd Kiwf.

mfW

(m) tofl: fl iu uhah

Fj fna tofl
Kiw vdgL
(M) jiy rL gut: xU
flJ r tna fliu
ntfkhf brYJnghJ mr
EJisf iu kL btnaW.
bgUghyhd cfis, jhJ
fis jLJ W L.
jehL muR jiy rL gut
Kiw _y fliu FouhF
lij JtsJ. j _y
gwhFiwia vjhf rkhf
Ko.

euhf
khWwd.
N
l ehbshWF bridF 100
a l e jUwJ. ij
1000 l 48.66 %ghF brid
khefu Fo JiwF nahf
brwJ. brid cs Rkh 5
yr kfSF njitahd Foiu
mgnj j Ka nehfkhF.
be c FouhF l
N lij mLJ brid
Fo tHf kW f mfW
thafhf be ciu
FouhF
lij
908.28
nfho
%gh
bjhlsd.
l _y ehbshWF 100
a l eiu fl
UJ J vLf aY.
brid
kf
e
njitia brtjfhf be
l UJ Fo 40 .. u
bfhLtugLwJ.

N fliu FouhF l
J ah cs fbga
ciu
FouhF
l
MF.
tlbrid
UJ
35 .. bjhiy cs N
mUnfs fhLg uhk
mikfgLsJ.
j
l
600 nfho %gh bry 60 Vf
gugs
WtgLsJ.
8600 jiy rLgut
glyfis, fliu Fouhf khw
gagLJwd.
l
_y 273 a l fl iu
ehbshWF 100 a l

gl 8.12 N fliu FouhF

l - Utq khtl

103

ca
nkY mJbfhnth
gFJ toj _y ilj
atouhF. j ato
ikahf
Ugjh
g
ma MtffY, kUJt
MtffY gagLwJ.

8.9.3.
1. 2006- Kig kh vw
gF fl Obud ghf
khajhf mF tF kf
Td. kh tisFlh vgJ
f khRgl tisFlhthF.
Vbd
F
xU
eh
Mufzfhd lf _y
ffS bjhrhiy ffS
tJ nrwd.
2. Kig f
elj y k neufny F#uh
cs
kf
jfsJ
j
flfiuY
fl
ghf
khaij bjjd.
Kig cs a bjhEg
ika cs a tYef,
fl ghf khWtJ
X

gl 8.13 j flfiu - F#uh

aifahd f vd sf
mjd.
bjhlahf y ehf kiH
bgjh e X bga Fs nghy
nj flfiu XugF
yfo
ghiwfshf
khWwd. wF j cs
ghiwf tiltjh cs
flYF tJ nrwd.
ml ntWgLtjh, tJ
nrj e tiyf fl
nk kl jwd.
flfiunahufY guwd.
y ehfSF d uL U
fyJ kWgo rhjhuz fl uhf
khL.

braKiw 8.4
eh dK cgnahF msit fhQj.
bra

gagLa ms l

Foj
rikj
Fj
Jitj

X ma ts. kj d Rfhjhukhd thifF

aikahjJ . iu msthf gagLj ntL.

104

 - X ma ts

kL
I. rahd ilia njbjL.
m) ___________ UJ bgwgL bghUf FahdJ
( / brthuf).

nu MF.

M) ___________ f mf ms iu bfhLsJ (bgUfl / Fs).

) ___________ vgJ th iyahF (kiH / uh).
<. ___________ iu Fouhf khWtjF braifKiw c iu
FouhF l gagLwJ (fl / MW).
II. nH bfhLfgLs Mjhuf, fiyJs vGJfis rahd
Kiw vGJf.
iHk, g, WM, fl, V, Fs
__________, __________, __________, __________, __________, __________.
III. RH gl bfhLfgLsJ. rahd l thijfis vGJ.
fl, nkf, Mahj, kiH

IV. cfsJ g egDF iu nrgjfhd nahridia TW.

m) iu gagLa FHhia _l.

c)

M)

C)

v)

<)

V)
105

ca
V. xbthU ehfS eh iu gagLJnwh. tU mltiz
f ftjij uf.
t.v

_yhjhu

FHhf vif

fa Toa FHh

vyh ehfS f
uh zhF ms
l

VI. jehL khy muR fliu Fo uhF l rhjid JsJ.

fl iu FouhF l cs VnjD uL lfis TWf.
m)
M)
nkY ma
jff
1. Frame Work of Science - P
 addy Gannon, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi
2. Environmental Science - Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
izajsf
www.rainwaterharvesting.org
http;//www.worldwaterday.org
ma rhj fhzntoa lf
1. N fliu FouhF l - Utq khtl
2. be fliu FouhF l - fhu khtl
3. rhj} miz - Utzhkiy khtl

106