Introduction to Immunology

Mr. Faisal Minshawi

Bachelor of Science degree in Laboratory Medicine Teaching assistant in Immunology 2009

An introduction to immunology
Aim: A very general introduction to immunology. Explain how molecular interactions are essential for the immune system. Why: Several articles in this seminar deals with interaction between molecules in the immune system. Some extra motivation why studies of biomolecular interactions are important.

Outline of the talk

Definition of Immunology Innate and adaptive immunity Humoral and cellular responses cells (specific interactions) Cancer HIV/AIDS Serology test

B and T

Immunology
Immunology is the study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to them. Host e.g. me!!!! Foreign macromolecule, antigen e.g. virus protein, worm, parasite (Everything that should not be in my body)

The immune system

Immune system
Innate (non-specific) immunity
Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucous membranes) Physological barriers (temperature, pH) Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat invaders) Inflammatory barriers (redness, swelling, heat and pain)

Adaptive (specific) immunity

Antigen specificity Diversity Immunological memory Self/nonself recognition

Humoral and cellular immunity

(antibody mediated or cellular)

B cells
Surface bound antibody Antibody secreting B cell Antigen B-cell

Soluble antibodies, circculate in the body

Antibody secreting B cell B-cell

Virus killed

T cells
Two types:
Helper T cells (Th): activates other cells Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): can kill other cells

T cells can only recognize antigens associated with certain molecules (MHC)

Cells of the Immune system

Many cells of the immune system derived from the bone marrow Hematopoetic stem cell differentiation

Cancer
The second ranking cause of death after heart disease in the Western world. most organs and tissues in an organism are in balance (death and renewal) cancer cells have no control in growth mechanisms, can expand to a large size producing a tumor

HIV and AIDS

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HIV virus binds to Th cells and causes the number of Th cells to decrease. When the number of Th cells is too low, you have AIDS.

Laboratory test in Immunology

Immunology is also called serology in the lab. Serology is the scientific study of blood serum. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given microorganism), against other foreign proteins (in response, for example, to a mismatched blood transfusion), or to one's own proteins (in instances of autoimmune disease). ELISA Immunodiffusion Agglutination Flowcytometry Immunoflorence

ELISA
HIV HBV HCV HAV Toxoplasma TB and so,

Components of blood
Serum vs. Plasma Serum: cell-free liquid, minus the clotting factors Plasma: cell-free liquid with clotting factors in solution (must use an anticoagulant)

Composition of blood
The composition of blood is actually quite complex, it consists of aqueous plasma and formed elements (cells).

Blood

Plasma

Formed Elements
(corpuscles)

What is blood bank?

In medicine institution in which blood medicine, products are prepared, tested, and stored prior to transfusion into patients is called Blood Bank Blood is prepared by Bank. appropriate collection and separation into different component. Blood is screened for infections such as hepatitis and HIV and sorted by blood group. Whole blood may be stored for three weeks when refrigerated. It can also be used to obtain blood products, such as platelets and blood cells.

1. Preparation Of Blood Donation Center:

Donor Registration. Donor Physical Examination. Donation of whole Blood Unite or Single Blood Unite (Aphaeresis; one Type of blood component)

1. Preparation Of Blood Components Processing Lab

Refrigerated Centrifuged, to separate the blood Components. Manual and Automated Components extractors.

Screening and Test of Blood Unite

ABO and Rh grouping, Abs screning. HBs Ag Anti-HCV Anit- HIV I/II Anti HTLV I/II Syphilis Sickle Cell Screen Malaria G6PD screen

 Blood Bank do many several test on blood unite to be ensure that the unite is safe to transfusion.

Platelets

RBC

Plasma

Did We Finish Up To Here?

Sure Not

PrePre-Transfusion Test
Is to provide safe, compatible blood fot transfusion to each individual patients. The steps necessary for safe transfusion are

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

Accurate ABO & Rh Typing of the patients and donor too. Screening tests for antibodies in donors and patients serum. In the presence of patient antinbodies, selection of appropriate unite for each patient. Compatibility Testing. Accurate Comletion of paperwork and labels.

Transfusion
After ensure of the unite and its compatability with patients. We sould be monitering patient during transfuion to be sure is no problem and there no any trasfusion reaction.

Trip in Blood Bank Course

What you will learn in blood bank course?
1. Blood Goups and antibodies. 2. Types of Donation. 3. Blood Components and storge (types of blood bags and antigoagulants). 4. Types of Transfusion Reaction. 5. Disease coused by transfusion. 6. Prophesional of blood banking

Thanks for being with me in these trip