Professional Documents
Culture Documents
■ ■ ■
Conservation of Energy
v in2 pin 2
v out pout
+ + zin + Hpumps = + + z out + Hturbine + Hloss
2g ρg 2g ρg
Notes:
■ This applies to a steady state scenario with one inlet and one exit.
■ All terms have units of length and are called ‘heads’.
■ Hloss is a term describing energy losses and must usually be
supplied by an empirical formula.
■ This is not Bernoulli’s equation – it has been derived from
completely different principals – but Bernoulli can be reduced to
this equation
■ The power associated with an energy head is given by,
Power = m
gH = ρgQH
Energy Losses
So the complete conservation of energy equation is,
v in2 pin 2
v out pout
Hin = + + zin ; Hout = + + z out
2g ρg 2g ρg
The energy loss term, Hloss can basically come from two sources
which we call:
(a) Major losses - - losses due to pipe friction, i.e. the
‘roughness’ of the pipes. This is usually
the largest energy loss in a pipeline
system.
(b) Minor losses - - energy lost at local points on the pipe
system such as pipe bends, pipe
connections, valves, etc.
Major Loss
The form of the major loss term is given by the Darcy-Weisbach equation
2
2f v L
Hf =
D g
2f LQ2 2
Hf = 2
= kQ
D gA
v is the pipe flow velocity (=Q/A)
f is called the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor and is usually
calculated from an empirical formula.
L is the length of the pipe
D is the pipe diameter
A is the pipe area of flow = (π/4)D2
v in2 p in 2
v out p out
H in = + + z in H out = + + z out
2g ρ 2g ρ
v2
2g Hf
p
ρ
z
Datum
2 2
2fL v H f 2f v H f H in − H out
Hf = = =
D g L D g L L
If pipe is of constant diameter
p in p out
PZ
H in = + z in PZ
H out = + z out
ρ ρ
v2
2g Hf
p
ρ
z
Datum
2 2
2fL v H f 2f v Hf H PZ − H PZ
Hf = = = in out
D g L D g L L
Piezometric gradient
Minor Loss
The form of the minor loss term varies according to the type of structure
causing the loss (e.g. valve, pipe bend etc.) but it usually takes a form like,
v2
H min or = K Loss
2g
Tables are available that show values for Kloss depending on the type of
structure.
Pipe flow characteristics
At low velocities a dye injected at the pipe center flowed in a thin straight line.
Reynolds observed that the water flowed in thin laminae (sheets).
Finally as the pipe flow velocity was increased beyond a critical value the dye’s
structure completely broke down.
v average
Time
Pipe flow characteristics
Reynolds demonstrated that the type of flow that occurred depended on the
interrelationship between four flow parameters:
1. Average flow velocity (V)
2. Fluid density (ρ)
3. Pipe diameter (D)
4. Fluid viscosity (µ )
In fact he showed that the following non-dimensional number was very crucial; it
was thereafter known as the Reynolds Number,
VDρ VD
Re = alternatively Re =
µ ν
where ν is called the kinematic viscosity and is equal to µ
ρ
Laminar or turbulent flow
Notes: (1) laminar flow rarely occurs in the oil industry, except by design.
Examples include pipelines operating below design capacity, in small
scale lab experiments and very close to solid boundaries; (2) these
numbers are guidelines only; (3) usually we would choose a design to be
fully turbulent or fully laminar since then we can analyze it.
Friction factor for pipe flow
dv
τ =μ
dy
By employing this relationship we can show that
16
ff =
Re
Friction factor for pipe flow
0.079
f = 0.25
Re
We will define what we mean by smooth shortly.
1 Re f
= 2log
f 2.51
Nikuradse found that if ks was “very large” then the following friction
factor equation worked. He called these rough pipes.
1 3.7D
= 2log
f ks
Smooth Rough
Colebrook and White (1937)
1 1.256 ε
= -4log +
f Re f 3.7D
Notes: (1) This is really just a generalization of Nikuradse’s results
into a equation for all pipe roughness; (2) for large Re the first term
in brackets may tend to zero; (3) for small ks the second term
vanishes; (4) in general this equation is implicit.
Problems and solutions for the implicit equation
1 1.256 ε
= -4log +
f Re f 3.7D
But the fact that it is an implicit equation has led researchers to
suggest easier ways to solve it (at least in pre-computer times).
Moody Diagram
Moody plotted f versus Re for values of ks/D to produce the Moody diagram. We use Moody’s
diagram as an alterative to solving the Colebrook and White equation.
Calculating Friction Pressure Loss
Procedure
Example 1
Given Data
Oil properties: Density 847 kg/m3, Viscosity 34.3 cP, flow velecity
2 m/s
Example 1
= 25188
Calculating Friction Pressure Loss
Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
Example 2
Given Data
Oil properties: Density 847 kg/m3, Viscosity 34.3 cP, flow velecity
0.1 m/s
Example 1
= 1259
Calculating Friction Pressure Loss
Example 1
= 0.0008
Example 1
fm = 64 / Re
= 64 / 1259
= 0. 0508
Calculating Friction Pressure Loss
Example 1
HYSYS Calculation
7000
6000
Pressure Drop (kPa)
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
-1000
Flow Rate (m3/h)