brKiw toa

brKiw toa
6.1

mKf

6.2

ehfu

6.3

rtf

6.4

izfu

6.5

rhrJu

6.6

brtf kW rJu

6.7

bghJika tlf

6
bfs (Gauss)
[1777-1855]

6.1 mKf
gHfhy vaf yfis msj, fll fLj
Mat jf gaghL mit btgLsd.
gHfhy

nuff

brKiw

totfjij

jf

fyhrhu gagLd. msnfh kW ftuha tiw

gagL bgU agfToa tiujfis brJsd.
toa vgJ gHfhy fj fS xW. mKiw
toa, brKiw toa vd U bgU gFfshf toa
fgLwJ. mKiw toayhdJ toa bfhiffis
cj glf _ykhf sFwJ. toa fUfis bfhL
glfis Jakhf vthW tiutJ vgij brKiw
toa sFwJ.
K tFf, y tot fj cUtf tiuaiw,
gf kW gu fhz cj Nufis eh fWnsh.
j maha nkY y rkjs tot fj cUtfis
tiua fngh.

207

bfs xU
b#kha
fjnkij.
mt jkJ 17M
17
ta p-nfhz
(p- gff cs
xGF gynfhz)
tiutij
Muhjh. F
p vgJ xU
gfh v. p = 3
kW p = 5 vw
gffSF
kLnk gynfhz
tiutJ ma
goUjJ.
p xU ~bgkh
gfh vzhf
2n
(p = 2 + 1)
Ujh kLnk
xGF p-nfhz
tiuaKo
vgij bfs
fLojh.

6.2 ehfu
6.2.1 mKf
VHh tF eh ehfu g,
mt gf g fwJnsh.
mtiw id Tnth.
gl. 6.1 , A, B, C, D vw ehF
f xU js csd. vj _W
fS xnu nfho mikaiy.

gl 6.1
AB, BC, CD, DA itf Kiwna xiwbahW cf
rwd. xU js ehF gffsh milgl cUt ehfu vgij
eh mnth. j ehF nfhz msf TLj 360 MF.

^ AB , ADh, ^ AB,
AB, BC
BCh, ^BC, CDh, ^CD , DAh itf mLjLj

gffshF. AC , BD vgd _iylf MF.

E A, E B, E C kW E D (myJ E DAB, E ABC, E BCD, E CDA

CDA) vgd
ehfu ABCD nfhzf MF.
E A + E B + E C + E D = 360
F: (i) ehfuF bgaLnghJ xU tl R ABCD vnwh
BCDA vnwh Ff ntL.
(ii) rJu, brtf, rhrJu, izfu, rtf vgd
vyh ehfu tiff MF.
(iii) xU ehfu ehF cf, ehF gff, ehF
nfhzf kW uL _iylf csd..
6.2.2 ehfu gugs
ABCD vw ehfu BD vgJ xU
_iylkhF.
AE, FC vgd Kiwna A, C vw
cfUJ _iyl BD F tiua
gl FJnfhLfshF.
gl 6.2 UJ
gl 6.2

208

brKiw toa

ehfu ABCD gugs

= 3 ABD gugs + 3 BCD gugs

= 1 # BD # AE + 1 # BD # CF
2
2
= 1 # BD # ^ AE + CFh
2
=

1 d (h
( 1 + h2 ) rJu myFf
2

F BD = d,, AE = h1 kW CF = h2 .

FpL Kiw:
(i) brFJ ( = ):

PQ = RS v PQ , RS vgd

xWbfhW brFjhdit.
(ii) iz ( | | ):

PQ | | RS v PQ , RS vgd

xWbfhW izahdit.

xU ehfu gugsthdJ, _iyl s kW v

cfUJ _iylF tiuagL brFJ nfhL JLf
sf TLj, itf bgUf gy ghahF.
A = 1 d (h1 + h2 ) d vgJ ehfu _iyl s, h1 kW
2
h2 vgit _iyl v cfUJ _iylF tiuagL
brFJ nfhLJLf s MF.
fhj ko Kiwia gagL, A = 1 d (h
(h1 + h2 ) vgij rgh.
2
6.2.3 ehfu mikj
tF xU ehfuij tiu Kiwia eh fngh.
xU ehfuij tiua Kj bfhLfgl tufUJ xU
Knfhzij tiua ntL. d ehfhtJ c flagLwJ.
xU Knfhz tiua xWbfhW bjhlgw _W msf njit.
ehfh cia fhz nkY uL xWbfhW bjhlgw msf
njit. vdnt xU ehfu tiua xWbfhW bjhlgw IJ msf
njit.
tU msf bfhLfglh ehfuij tiuayh.
(i) ehF gff, xU _iyl
(ii) ehF gff, xU nfhz
(iii) _W gff, xU _iyl kW xU nfhz
(iv) _W gff, uL nfhzf
(v) uL gff, _W nfhzf
209

6.2.4

ehF gffS,
ehfu mikj

xU

_iylK

bfhLfgoUF

nghJ

vLJfhL 6.1
AB = 4 br.., BC = 6 br.., CD = 5.6 br.., DA = 5 br.., kW AC = 8 br..
vw msf bfhl ABCD vw ehfu mikJ mj gugsit fhf.

AB = 4 br.., BC = 6 br.., CD = 5.6 br..,

DA = 5 br.., kW AC = 8 br..

ju:

ehfu mikj

gl 6.3

gl 6.4
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

4 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhL Jil tiua.

go 3

go 4
go 5

:
:

go 6
go 7

:
:

A I B I ikafshf bfhL Kiwna 8 br.., 6 br..

Mufis cila uL tl f tiua. mit C
btlL.
AC kW BC I tiua.
AI CI ikafshf bfhL Kiwna 5 br.., 5.6 br..,
Mufisila uL tl f tiua. mit D
btlL.
AD kW CDI tiua. ABCD njitahd ehfu MF.
B, D UJ Kiwna BE = AC kW DF = AC Matiw
tiua. BE, DF t sfis fhz. BE = h1 = 3 br..,
DF = h2 = 3.5 br.. AC = d = 8 br. MF.

210

brKiw toa

gugs fzLj:
ehfu ABCD , d = 8 br.., h1 = 3 br.. kW h2 = 3.5 br..
ehfu ABCD gugs = 1 d ^h1 + h2h
2
1
= ^8 h^3 + 3.5h
2
1
= # 8 # 6.5
2
= 26 br. 2.
6.2.5 ehF gffS, xU nfhzK bfhLfgoUF nghJ ehfu
mikj
vLJfhL 6.2
AB = 6 br.., BC = 4 br.., CD = 5 br.., DA = 4.5 br.. kW E ABC = 100
vw msf bfhl ehfu mikJ mj gugsit fhz.

ju:
AB = 6 br.., BC = 4 br.., CD = 5 br.., DA = 4.5 br.. kW E ABC = 100
ehfu mikj

gl 6.5

gl 6.6
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

4 br.., sKila BC vw xU nfhL Jil tiua.

211

go 3

go 4

go 5

go 6

go 7

BC vw nfhLJo nk B E CBX = 100 csthW

BXI mikf.
B I ikakhf bfhL 6 br.., MuKila xU tl
tiua. J BXI A btlL.
CA vw nfhL Jil tiua. C, A tiw ikafshf
bfhL Kiwna 5 br.., 4.5 br.., Mufisila uL
tl f tiuf. it D btlL.
CD kW AD I tiua.
ABCD njitahd ehfu MF.
B, D UJ Kiwna BF = AC kW DE = AC Matiw
tiua. BF, DE t sfis fhz. BF = h1 = 3 br..,
DE = h2 = 2.7 br.. AC = d = 7.8 br. MF.

gugs fzLj:
ehfu ABCD , d = 7.8 br.., h1 = 3 br.. kW h2 = 2.7 br..
ehfu ABCD gugs = 1 d ^h1 + h2h
2
1
7.8 # 5.7
= ^7.8h ^3 + 2..7h = 1 # 7.8
2
2
= 22.23 br. 2.
6.2.6 _W
gff, xU _iyl kW xU nfhz bfhLf
goUFnghJ ehfu mikj
vLJfhL 6.3
PQ = 4 br.., QR = 6 br.., PR = 7 br.., PS = 5 br.. kW E PQS = 40 vw
msf bfhl PQRS vw ehfu mikJ mj gugsit fzl.

PQ = 4 br.., QR = 6 br.., PR = 7 br..,

PS = 5 br.. kW E PQS = 40

ju:

ehfu mikj
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m

bfhLfgl msfis Ff.

go 2

go 3

4 br.., sKs PQ vw nfhL Jil

tiua.
P, Q Matiw ikafshf bfhL
Kiwna 7 br.., 6 br.. Mufisila
uL tl f tiua. mit R
btlL.

212

gl 6.7

brKiw toa

gl. 6.8
go 4

PR kW QR I tiua.

go 5

PQ vw nfhLJo nk Q lJ PQT = 40 csthW

QT I mikf

go 6

P ia ikakhf bfhL 5 br.., MuKila tl xW

tiua. J QT I S btLwJ.

go 7

PS I tiua.
PQRS njitahd ehfu MF.

go 8

Q, S UJ Kiwna QX = PR kW SY = PR Matiw
tiua. QX, SY t sfis fhz.
QX = h1 = 3.1 br.., SY = h2 = 3.9 br.., PR = d = 7 br.. MF.

gugs fzLj:
PQRS vw ehfu, h1 = 3.1 br.., h2 = 3.9 br.. kW d = 7 br..
ehfu PQRS gugs

= 1 d ^h1 + h2h
2
= 1 ^7 h ^3.1 + 3..9h

2
1
= #7#7
2
= 24.5 br. 2.

6.2.7 _W gffS kW uL nfhzfS bfhLfgoUF nghJ

ehfu mikj
vLJfhL 6.4
AB = 6.5 br.., AD = 5 br.., CD = 5 br.., E BAC = 40 kW E ABC = 50
vw msf bfhl ABCD vw ehfu mikJ mj gugsit fhz.
213


ju:
AB = 6.5 br.., AD = 5 br.., CD = 5 br..,
E BAC = 40 kW E ABC = 50
ehfu mikj

gl. 6.9

gl 6.10
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

6.5 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhL Jil tiua.

go 3

AB vw nfhLJo nk A E BAX = 40 csthW,

B E ABY = 50 csthW AX, BYfis tiuf. AX, BYit
C btlL.

go 4

A kW C fis ikafshf bfhL 5 br.., MuF

U tl f tiua. mit D btlL.

go 5

AD kW CD I tiua.
ABCD njitahd ehfu MF.

go 6

B, D UJ Kiwna BC = AC kW DE = AC Matiw
tiua.
BC, DE t sfis fhz. BC = h1 = 4.2 br..,
DE = h2 = 4.3 br.., kW AC = d = 5 br.. MF.

214

brKiw toa

gugs fzLj
ABCD vw ehfu, d = 5 br.., h1 = 4.2 br.. kW h2 = 4.3 br..
ehfu ABCD gugs

= 1 d ^h1 + h2h
2

= 1 ^5 h ^4.2 + 4..3h
2
= 1 # 5 # 8.5 = 21.25 br. 2.
2
6.2.8

uL gff kW _W nfhzf bfhLfgoUF nghJ

ehfu mikj

vLJfhL 6.5
AB = 6 br.., AD = 6 br.., E ABD = 45, E BDC = 40 kW E DBC = 40 vw
msf bfhl ABCD vw ehfu mikJ mj gugsit fzl.

ju: AB = 6 br.., AD = 6 br..,

E ABD = 45, E BDC = 40 kW E DBC = 40
ehfu mikj

gl 6.11

gl 6.12
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

go 2
go 3

:
:

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.
6 br.. sKila AB vw nfhLJil tiua.
AB vw nfhLJo nk B lJ E ABX = 45 csthW
BX I mikf.
0

215

go 4

go 5
go 6
go 7
go 8

:
:
:
:

go 9

A I ikakhf bfhL 6 br.., MuKila tl tiua.

mJ BX I D btlL.
AD I tiua.
B BD J E DBY = 40 csthW BYI mikf.
D BD J E BDZ = 40 csthW DZ I mikf.
BY , DZ vgd C btlL.
ABCD njitahd ehfu MF.
A, C UJ Kiwna AE = BD kW CF = BD Matiw
tiua.
AE kW CF sfis fhz.
AE = h1 = 4.2 br..,, CF = h2 = 3.8 br.., kW BD = d = 8.5 br..

gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw ehfu, d = 8.5 br.., h1 = 4.2 br.. kW h2 = 3.8 br..
ehfu ABCD gugs

= 1 d ^h1 + h2h
2
= 1 ^8.5h ^4.2 + 3.8h

2
= 1 # 8.5 # 8 = 34 br. 2.
2
g 6.1
bfhLfgl msfis bfhL ABCD vw ehfu tiuJ mj
gugsit fzl.

1. AB = 5 br., BC = 6 br., CD = 4 br., DA= 5.5 br. kW AC = 7 br..

2. AB =7 br., BC = 6.5 br., AC = 8 br., CD = 6 br. kW DA = 4.5 br..
3. AB = 8 br., BC = 6.8 br., CD = 6 br., AD = 6.4 br. kW E B = 50.
4. AB = 6 br., BC = 7 br., AD = 6 br., CD = 5 br. kW E BAC = 45.
5. AB = 5.5 br., BC = 6.5 br., BD = 7 br., AD = 5 br. kW E BAC = 50.
6. AB = 7 br., BC = 5 br., AC = 6 br., CD = 4 br. kW E ACD = 45.
7. AB = 5.5 br., BC = 4.5 br., AC = 6.5 br., E CAD = 80 kW
E ACD = 40.
8. AB = 5 br., BD = 7 br., BC = 4 br., E BAD = 100 kW E DBC = 60.
9. AB = 4 br., AC = 8 br., E ABC = 100, E ABD = 50 kW E CAD = 40.
10. AB = 6 br., BC = 6 br., E BAC = 50, E ACD = 30 kW E CAD = 100.

216

brKiw toa

6.3 rtf
6.3.1 mKf
VHh tF rtf, Urkgf rtf vw w ehfufis
g, mt gfis fwJnsh. bghGJ rtf
tiuaiwia id Tf.
xU ehfu xU nrho vgff kL izahf U
mj ehfu rtf MF.
6.3.2 rtf gugs
EASY vw rtfij vLJbfhnth.

gl 6.13
bfhLfgl rtf
Knfhzfshf fyh.

YA vw _iylij tiuJ U

3 EAY mogf = EA ( EA = a myFf)

3 YAS mogf = YS ( YS = b myFf)
EA || YS vW eh mnth.
nkY YF = HA = h myFf
3 EAY gugs = 1 ah. J nghynt, 3 YAS gugs = 1 bh.
2
2
vdnt,
rtf EASY gugs = 3 EAY gugs + 3 YAS gugs

= 1 ah + 1 bh
2
2
= 1 h ((aa + bb)) rJu myFf.
2
1
= cau(izgf msf TLj) rJu myFf.
2

rtf gugs

A = 1 h (a + b) r.m. a kW b vgit izgff sf,

nkY h vgJ izgffSF ilnas brFJ bjhiy MF.

217

6.3.3 rtf mikj

bghJthf, eh rtfij tiu bghGJ, mf sKs iz
gfij mogfkhf vLJ bfhnwh. j mogf J
bfhLfgl msfSF xU Knfhz tiua ntL. Knfhz
izgffSF il mikkhW tiua ntL.
bghGJ, Knfhz mogfF vuhf mik c,
rtf mogfF vuhf cs iz nfho mikwJ. j
c tahf mogfF izahf xU nfhL tiunwh.
rtf ehfhtJ c nfho mikwJ. bfhLfgl
msf vs ms cjah j ehfhtJ c FfgLwJ.
d jf cfis nfhL JLf _y Kiwahf nrgjh
rtf ekF ilwJ.
xU rtfij tiua xWbfhW bjhlgw ehF msf
bfhLfgl ntL.
tU msf bfhLfgoUjh eh rtfij tiua aY:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

_W gff, xU _iyl
_W gff, xU nfhz
uL gff, uL nfhzf
ehF gff

6.3.4 _W gffS, xU _iylK bfhLfgoUF nghJ rtf

mikj
vLJfhL 6.6

AB || DC . AB = 10 br.., BC = 5 br.., AC = 8 br.. kW

CD = 6 br.. msf bfhl ABCD vw rtf mikJ mj gugsit
fhf.

ju : AB || DC .
AB = 10 br.., BC = 5 br.., AC = 8 br..
kW CD = 6 br..
rtf mikj

tiujYfhd gof

gl 6.14

go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ

m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.

go 2

10 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

218

brKiw toa

gl 6.15
go 3

A ia, B ia ikafshf bfhL Kiwna 8 br..,

5 br.., Mu msfisila uL tl f tiua.
mit C btlL.

go 4

AC kW BC I tiua.

go 5

BA F izahf CX I tiua.

go 6

C I ikakhfbfhL 6 br.., MuKila xU tl CX I

D btLkhW tiua.

go 7

AD I tiua.
ABCD njitahd rtf MF.

go 8

C UJ AB F CE = AB Mf tiua.
CE ms fhz.
CE = h = 4 br.. AB = a = 10 br.., DC = b = 6 br.. MF.

gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw rtf, a = 10 br.., b = 6 br.. kW h = 4 br..
rtf ABCD gugs = 1 h^a + bh
2

= 1 ^ 4h ^1100 + 6h
2
= 1 # 4 # 16 = 32 br. 2.
2
6.3.5

_W gffS, xU nfhzK bfhLfgoUF nghJ rtf

mikj

vLJfhL 6.7

PQ || SR . PQ = 8 br.., +PQR = 70, QR = 6 br.. kW PS = 6 br.. Ma

msf bfhl PQRS vw rtf mikJ mj gugsit fhf.
219


ju: PQ || SR
PQ = 8 br.., +PQR = 70, QR = 6 br.. kW PS = 6 br..
rtf mikj

gl 6.16

gl 6.17
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

8 br.. sKila PQ vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

PQ vw nfhLJo nk Q E PQX = 70 csthW

QX I tiua.

go 4

Q I ikakhf bfhL 6 br.. MuKila tl xW

tiua. J QX I R btlL.

go 5

QP F izahf RY I tiua.

go 6

P I ikakhf bfhL 6 br.. MuKila tl xW

RY I S btLkhW tiua.
go 7

nfhLJL PS I tiua.
PQRS njitahd rtf MF.

go 8

S UJ PQ F, ST = PQ Mf tiua. ST ms
fhz. ST = h = 5.6 br..,
PQ = a = 8 br.., RS = b = 3.9 br.. MF.

220

brKiw toa

gugs fzLj
PQRS vw rtf, a = 8 br.., b = 3.9 br.. kW h = 5.6 br..
rtf PQRS gugs = 1 h ^a + bh

2
= 1 ^5.6h ^8 + 3..9h
2
5.6 # 11.9
.
= 1 # 5.6
2
= 33.32 br. 2.

6.3.6

uL gffS, uL nfhzfS bfhLfgoUF nghJ

rtf mikj

vLJfhL 6.8

AB || DC . AB = 7 br.., BC = 6 br.., E BAD = 80 kW

E ABC = 70 Ma msf bfhl ABCD vw rtf mikJ mj
gugsit fhf.

ju: AB || DC AB = 7 br.., BC = 6 br..,

E BAD = 80 kW E ABC = 70
rtf mikj

gl 6.18

gl 6.19
221

tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

7 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

AB vw nfhLJo nk A lJ E BAX = 80 csthW

AXI mikf.

go 4

AB vw nfhLJo nk B lJ E ABY = 70 csthW

BYI mikf.

go 5

B I ikakhf bfhL 6 br.. MuKila tl xW

tiua. j BY I C btlL.

go 6

AB F izahf C tahf CZ I tiua.

J AXI D btlL. ABCD njitahd rtf MF.

go 7

C UJ AB F CE = AB Mf tiua. CE ms
fhz.
CE = h = 5.6 br.. kW CD = b = 4 br.. MF.
AB = a = 7 br..

gugs fzl:
rtf ABCD , a = 7 br.., b = 4 br.., kW h = 5.6 br..
rtf ABCD gugs = 1 h ^a + bh

2
= 1 ^5.6h ^7 + 4h
2
5.6 # 11
= 1 # 5.6
2
= 30.8 br. 2.

6.3.7 ehF gff bfhLfgoUF nghJ rtf mikj

vLJfhL 6.9

AB || DC . AB = 7 br.., BC = 5 br.., CD = 4 br.. kW

AD = 5 br.., Ma msf bfhl ABCD vw rtf mikJ mj
gugsit fhf.

ju: AB || DC .
AB = 7 br.., BC = 5 br..,
CD = 4 br.. kW AD = 5 br..

222

brKiw toa

rtf mikj

gl 6.20

gl 6.21
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

CE || DA Mf tiua. AECD X izfu MF.

EC = 5 br.., AE = DC = 4 br..,
go 2

7 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

DC = 4 br.. vgjh AB AE = 4 br.. csthW E vw

ia Ff.

go 4

B kW E I ikafshf bfhL 5 br.., Mu msfSila

uL tl f tiua. mit btL ia C vd
Ff.

go 5

BC kW EC I tiua.

go 6

C kW A I ikafshf bfhL Kiwna 4 br.., kW

5 br.., Mufisila uL tl f tiua. mit
D btlL.

go 7

AD kW CD I tiua.
ABCD vgJ njitahd rtf MF.

go 8

D UJ ABF DF = AB Mf tiua. DF ms
fhz. DF = h = 4.8 br..
AB = a = 7 br.., CD = b = 4 br.. MF.
223

gugs fzLj
rtf ABCD , a = 7 br.., b = 4 br.., kW h = 4.8 br..

rtf ABCD gugs = 1 h ^a + bh

= 1 ^4.8h ^7 + 4h
2
1
= # 4.8 # 11
2
= 2.4 # 11 = 26.4 br. 2.

6.3.8 Urkgf rtf

gl 6.22 ABCD xU Urkgf rtf.

gl 6.22
(i)

izyh gff AD kW BC msf rk.

mjhtJ, AD = BC.

(ii)

E A = E B.
kW E ADC = E BCD

(iii) _iylf msf rk.

mjhtJ, AC = BD
(iv)

AE = BF
BF, (DE = AB, CF = BA)
xU Urkgf rtf
(i) xU nrho v gff iz
(ii) izyh gff rk
vgjh Urkgf rtf mikl xWbfhW
bjhlyhj _W msf kLnk ekF njitgLwJ.

gHfhy af ehfuf gy gfis mUjd vgJ

FljfJ. bgsjahd Nuh vD bjthf
Flgl uL toa njwf nH bfhLfgLsd.
i) brtf U _iylf xiwbahW U rk TL.
mit brtfid ehF rk gFfshf F.
ii) rhrJu _iylf xiwbahW brFjhf
U rk TL.

224

brKiw toa

6.3.9 U rkgf rtf mikj

vLJfhL 6.10

AB || DC . AB = 11 br.., DC = 7 br.. kW AD = BC = 6 br..

msf bfhl ABCD vw Urkgf rtf mikJ mj gugsit
fhf.

ju: AB || DC .
AB = 11 br.., DC = 7 br.. kW
AD = BC = 6 br..
Urkgf rtf mikj
gl 6.23

gl 6.24
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

go 2
go 3

:
:

go 4

go 5

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.
11 br sKila AB vw xU nfhLJil tiua.
DC = 7 br.., vgjh AB AE = 7 br.., csthW E vw
ia Ff.
E, B tiw ikafshf bfhL (AD = EC = 6 br..)
6 br.. Mu msila U tl f tiua. mit
btLl C vd Ff.
BC kW EC I tiua.

225

go 6

go 7

go 8

C, A tiw ikafshf bfhL Kiwna 7 br.. kW

6 br.. Mu msfisila U tl f tiua. mit
btLl D vd Ff.
AD kW CD I tiua.
ABCD njitahd Urkgf rtf MF.
D UJ AB F DF = AB Mf tiua. DF ms
fhz.
DF = h = 5.6 br.. AB = a = 11 br.. kW CD = b = 7 br.. MF.

gugs fzLj
ABCD vw Urkgf rtf, a = 11 br.., b = 7 br.., kW
h = 5.6 br..
Urkgf rtf ABCD gugs = 1 h ^a + bh

2
= 1 ^5.6h ^11 + 7h
2
= 1 # 5.6 # 18 = 50.4 br. 2.
2

g 6.2
I. bfhLfgl msfis bfhL PQRS vw rtf mikJ mj
gugsit fhz.
1. PQ || SR . PQ = 6.8 br.., QR = 7.2 br.., PR = 8.4 br.. kW RS = 8 br..
2. PQ || SR . PQ = 8 br.., QR = 5 br.., PR = 6 br.. kW RS = 4.5 br..

3. PQ || SR . PQ = 7 br.., E Q = 60, QR = 5 br.., kW RS = 4 br..

4. PQ || SR . PQ = 6.5 br.., QR = 7 br.., E PQR = 85 kW PS = 9 br..
5. PQ || SR . PQ = 7.5 br.., PS = 6.5 br.., E QPS = 100 kW E PQR = 45.
6. PQ || SR . PQ = 6 br.., PS = 5 br.., E QPS = 60 kW E PQR = 100.
7. PQ || SR . PQ = 8 br.., QR = 5 br.., RS = 6 br.. kW SP = 4 br...
8. PQ || SR . PQ = 4.5 br.., QR = 2.5 br.., RS = 3 br.. kW SP = 2 br...
II. bfhLfgl msfis bfhL Urkgf rtf ABCD
tiuJ mj gugsit fzl.
1. AB || DC , AB = 9 br.., DC = 6 br.. kW AD = BC = 5 br..
2. AB || DC , AB = 10 br.., DC = 6 br.. kW AD = BC = 7 br..
226

brKiw toa

6.4 izfu
6.4.1 mKf
VHh tF izfu ga fUJfis fWf. izfuij
tUkhW tiuaWfyh.
v gff izahf cs xU ehfu, izfu MF.
gl 6.25 fhlgLs izfu BASE
tU gfis g eh mnth.
(i)

BA || ES ; BE || AS

(ii)

v gff msf rk.

mjhtJ BA = ES ; BE = AS

(iii)

gl 6.25

vnfhzf msf rk.

mjhtJ E BES = E BAS; E EBA = E ESA

(iv)

_iylf xiwbahW U rkghffshf

(v)

btobfhwd.
OB = OS ; OE = OA, Mdh BS ! AE .
U mLJs nfhzf TLj 180 MF.

bghGJ eh izfufis tiu Kiw kW mj gugs fhQ

Kiwia g fhngh.
6.4.2 izfu gugs
t
gFia
FAME
vw
izfuUJ
bto
vLngh.
(brnfhz Knfhz EFS).
ij
tyw FAME cl izngh, Ko
ilj cUt xU brtf MF.
s ms b myFf, cau ms
h myFf v brtf gu

gl 6.26

A = bh rJu myFf.
F eh FAME vw izfuij
ESSl M vw brtfkhf khnsh.
vdnt izfu gu A = bh rJu
myFf MF.
b vgJ izfu
mogf. nkY h vgJ iz
gffSF ilnas brFJ
bjhiy MF.
227

gl 6.27

6.4.3 izfu mikj

bghUjkhd UKnfhzfshf gj_y izfuf tiua
gLwd. bfhLfgl msfUJ xU Knfhz tiuj d
ehfhtJ cia fhnwh. vdnt, izfu mikgjF xWbfhW
bjhlyhj _W msf njitgLwd.
tUtdt msfis bfhLjh eh izfuij tiuayh.
(i) uL mLJs gff, xU nfhz
(ii) uL mLJs gff, xU _iyl
(iii) uL _iylf, mtF ilgl xU nfhz
(iv) xU gf, xU _iyl kW xU nfhz
6.4.4 uL mLJs gffS, xU nfhzK bfhLfgoUF nghJ
izfu mikj
vLJfhL 6.11
AB = 6 br.., BC = 5.5 br.. kW E ABC = 80 msf bfhl ABCD
vw izfu mikJ mj gugs fhf.

ju: AB = 6 br.., BC = 5.5 br.. kW E ABC = 80

izfu mikj

gl 6.28

gl 6.29

228

brKiw toa

tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.
go 2 : 6 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhLJil tiua.
go 3 : AB vw nfhLJo nk B E ABX = 80 csthW
BX I tiua.
go 4 : B I ikakhf bfhL 5.5 br.. MuKila tl xW
tiuf. J BX I C btLwJ.
go 5 : C I, A I ikafshf bfhL Kiwna 6 br..,
5.5 br.. Mufisila uL tl f tiua. mit
D btlL.
go 6 : AD kW CD I tiua
ABCD njitahd izfu MF.
go 7 : C UJ AB F CE = AB Mf tiua. CE ms
fhz. CE = h = 5.4 br.. AB = b = 6 br.. MF.
gugs fzLj
izfu ABCD, b = 6 br.., h = 5.4 br..
izfu ABCD gugs = b h = 6 5.4 = 32.4 br. 2.
6.4.5 uL mLJs gffS, xU _iylK bfhLfgoUF
nghJ izfu mikj
vLJfhL 6.12
AB = 8 br.., AD = 7 br.. kW BD = 9 br.. msf bfhl ABCD vw
izfu mikJ mj gugsit fhf.

ju: AB = 8 br.., AD = 7 br.. kW BD = 9 br.

izfu mikj

gl 6.30

gl 6.31
229

tiujYfhd gof
go 1

go 2
go 3

:
:

go 4
go 5

:
:

go 6

go 7

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.
8 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhL Jil tiua.
A I, B I ikafshf bfhL Kiwna 7 br..,
9 br.. Mu msfisila uL tl f tiua.
mit D btlL.

AD kW BD I tiua.
B I, D I ikafshf bfhL Kiwna 7 br..,
8 br.. Mu msfisila uL tl f tiua.
mit C btlL.
CD kW BC I tiua.
ABCD njitahd izfu MF.
D UJ AB F DE = AB Mf tiua. DE ms
fhz. DE = h = 6.7 br.., AB = DC = b = 8 br.. MF.

gugs fzLj:
izfu ABCD , b = 8 br.. kW h = 6.7 br..
izfu ABCD gugs = b h
= 8 6.7 = 53.6 br. 2.
6.4.6 uL _iylfS, mtF ilgl xU nfhzK bfhLf
goUFnghJ izfu mikj
vLJfhL 6.13
AC = 9 br., BD = 7 br.. kW E AOB = 120, AC , BD vgd O
btobfhwd. j msf bfhl ABCD vw izfu mikJ
mj gugsit fhf.

ju: AC = 9 br., BD = 7 br.. kW E AOB = 120,

AC , BD vgd O btobfhwd.
izfu mikj
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

go 2
go 3

:
:

gl 6.32
cjgl xid tiuJ m
bfhLfgl msfis Ff.
9 br.. sKila AC vw xU nfhLJil tiua.
AC ikaia O vd Ff.

230

brKiw toa

gl 6.33
go 4

go 5

go 6

E AOY = 120 vd UFkhW O tahf XY I tiua.

O it ikakhf bfhL AC UwfY XY
3.5 br.. Mu msila uL tl f tiua.
f OX I D Y OY I B Y btlL.

AB, BC, CD kW DA I tiua.

ABCD njitahd izfu MF.

go 7

D UJ AB F DE = AB Mf tiua. DE ms
fhz.
DE = h = 4 br.. AB = b = 7 br.. MF.

gugs fzLj:
izfu ABCD , b = 7 br.. kW h = 4 br..
izfu ABCD gugs = b h = 7 4 = 28 br. 2.
6.4.7 xU gf, xU _iyl kW xU nfhz bfhLfgoUFnghJ
izfu mikj
vLJfhL 6.14
AB = 6 br.., E ABC = 80 kW AC = 8 br.. msf bfhl ABCD
vw izfu mikJ mj gugsit fhf.

ju:
AB = 6 br.., E ABC = 80 kW AC = 8 br..

231

izfu mikj

gl 6.34

gl 6.35
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

6 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

AB vw nfhLJo nk B E ABX = 80 csthW

BX I mikf.

go 4

A I ikakhfbfhzL 8 br.. MuKila xU tl tiua.

mJ BX I C btlL.

go 5

AC I tiua.

go 6

C I ikakhf bfhL 6 br.. Mu msila tl xW

tiua.

go 7

A I ikakhf bfhL, BC msF rkkhd MuKila

kbwhU tiua. uL fS D btlL.

go 8

AD kW CD I tiua.
ABCD njitahd izfu MF.

go 9

C UJ AB F CE = AB Mf tiua. CE ms
fhz.
CE = h = 6.4 br.., AB = b = 6 br.. MF.

232

brKiw toa

gugs fzLj:
izfu ABCD , b = 6 br.. kW h = 6.4 br..
izfu ABCD gugs = b h
= 6 6.4
= 38.4 br. 2.

g 6.3
bfhLfgl msfis bfhL ABCD vw izfu tiuJ mj
gugsit fzl.
1. AB = 7 br.., BC = 5 br.. kW E ABC = 60.
2. AB = 8.5 br.., AD = 6.5 br.. kW E DAB = 100.
3. AB = 6 br.., BD = 8 br.. kW AD = 5 br..
4. AB = 5 br.., BC = 4 br.. kW AC = 7 br..
5. AC = 10 br.., BD = 8 br.. kW E AOB = 100.

AC BD O btLwd.
6. AC = 8 br.., BD = 6 br.. kW E COD = 90.

AC BD O btLwd.
7. AB = 8 br.., AC = 10 br.. kW E ABC = 100.
8. AB = 5.5 br.., E DAB = 50 kW BD = 7 br..

6.5 rhrJu
6.5.1. mKf
mLJs gff
izfu rhrJukhF.

rkkhf

cs

ABCD vw rhrJu
(gl 6.36 ghf)
(i) midJ gffS rk.
mjhtJ, AB = BC = CD = DE
(ii) v nfhz msf rk.
mjhtJ, E A = E C kW E B = E D
233

gl 6.36

(iii) _iylf xiwbahW brFjhf Urk TLwd.

mjhtJ, AO = OC ; BO = OD,
O AC BD xWbfhW brFjhF.
(iv) vitnaD U mLJs nfhz msf TLj 180 MF.
(v) xbthU _iylK rhrJuij
uL rtrk Knfhzfshf wd.
(vi) _iylf ms rkkwit.
6.5.2 rhrJu gugs
JOKE vw xU brtfjhis vLJ bfhnth.

gl 6.37
j gff eLfis Ff. ika fis fhj
kof _y brJ fhz. JO eL F; OK eL A;
KE eL I kW EJ eL R. RA , IF fis izngh. it
C btlL. FAIR vgJ rhrJu.
ekF 8 rtrk brnfhz Knfhzf ilJsd.
njitahd rhrJu FAIRFAIR gu 4 brnfhz Knfhzf
gughF. (mjhtJ ICR, ICA, FCA, FCR)
FCR
vdnt, rhrJu FAIRFAIR gu vgJ brtf JOKE- gu
ghahF.
brtf s JO MdJ rhrJu xU _iy l ^RAhMF.
brtf mfy JE MdJ rhrJu kbwhU _iy l ^IFh MF.
rhrJu FAIRFAIR gu = 1 # JO # JE

2
= 1 # RA # IF
2
rhrJu gu A = 1 # d1 # d2 rJu myFf
2

d1 , d2 vgd rhrJu _iy lf sf MF.

234

brKiw toa

6.5.3 rhrJu mikj

rhrJuij uL bghUjkhd Knfhzfshf gj _y
tiuayh. bfhLfgl msfUJ xU Knfhz tiuj d
ehfhtJ cia fhnwh. vdnt rhrJu mikgjF xWbfhW
bjhlyhj uL msf njitgLwd.
tUkhW msf mikjh eh rhrJuij tiua aY.
(i)

xU gf, xU _iyl

(ii)

xU gf, xU nfhz

(iii)

uL _iylf

(iv)

xU _iyl, xU nfhz

6.5.4 xU gfK, xU _iylK bfhLfgoUF nghJ rhrJu

mikj
vLJfhL 6.15
PQ = 6 br.. kW PR = 9 br.. msf bfhl PQRS vw rhrJu
tiuJ mj gugsit fLof.

ju: PQ = 6 br.. kW PR = 9 br..

rhrJu mikj

gl 6.38

gl 6.39

235

tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

6 br sKila PQ vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

P kW Q fis ikafshf bfhL Kiwna 9 br.., 6 br..

Mu msfisila uL tl f tiua. mit
R btlL.

go 4

PR kW QR I tiua.

go 5

P kW R I ikafshf bfhL 6 br.. Mu msila

uL tl f tiua. mit S btlL.

go 6

PS kW RS I tiua.
PQRS njitahd rhrJu MF.

go 7

QS ms fhz.
QS = d2 = 8 br.. PR = d1 = 9 br.. MF.

gugs fzLj:
PQRS vw rhrJu, d1 = 9 br.. kW d2 = 8 br..

rhrJu PQRS gugs = 1 # d1 # d2 = 1 # 9 # 8 = 36 br. 2.

6.5.4 xU gfK, xU nfhzK bfhLfgoUF nghJ rhrJu mikj

vLJfhL 6.16
AB = 7 br.. kW E A = 60 msf bfl ABCD vw rhrJu
mikJ mj gugsit fhz.

ju: AB = 7 br.. kW E A = 60
rhrJu mikj
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

go 2

go 3

go 4

cjgl xid tiuJ m

bfhLfgl msfis Ff.
7 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhL
Jil tiua.
gl 6.40
AB vw nfhLJo nk A lJ
E BAX = 60 csthW AX I mikf.
A I ikakhf bfhL 7 br Mu msila tl xW
tiua. J AX I D btlL.

236

brKiw toa

gl 6.41
go 5

B I, D I ikafshf bfhL 7 br Mu msila

tlf tiua. mit C btlL.

go 6

BC kW DC I tiua.
ABCD njitahd rhrJu MF.

go 7

AC kW BD f msfis fhz.
AC = d1 = 12.2 br.. kW BD = d2 = 7 br.. MF.

gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw rhrJu, d1 = 12.2 br.. kW d2 = 7 br..
rhrJu ABCD gugs = 1 # d1 # d2

2
12.2 # 7
= 1 # 12.2
2
= 42.7 br. 2.

6.5.5 uL _iylf bfhLfgoUF nghJ rhrJu mikj

vLJfhL 6.17
PR = 8 br.. kW QS = 6 br.. msf bfhl PQRS rhrJu mikJ
mj gugsit fhf.

ju: PR = 8 br.. kW QS = 6 br..

237

rhrJu mikj

gl 6.42

tiujYfhd gof

gl 6.43

go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

8 br sKila PR vw xU nfhL Jil tiua.

go 3

PR F ikaFJnfhlha XY I tiua. mJ PR I
O btlL.

go 4

O I ikakhfbfhL 3 br.. ((QS ghas) Mu msila

f XY nk O UwfY XY I (gl 6.43
fhosJ ngh) Q kW S btLkhW tiua.

go 5

PQ, QR, RS kW SP I tiua.

PQRS vgJ njitahd rhrJu MF.

go 6

PR = d1 = 8 br.., QS = d2 = 6 br. Mad bfhLfgl msf.

238

brKiw toa

gugs fzLj:
PQRS vw rhrJu d1 = 8 br.. kW d2 = 6 br..
rhrJu PQRS gugs

= 1 #d #d
2
1
= #8#6
2
1

= 24 br. 2.
6.5.6 xU _iylK, xU nfhzK bfhLfgoUF nghJ rhrJu
mikj
vLJfhL 6.18
AC = 7.5 br.. kW E A = 100 msf bfhl ABCD vw rhrJu
tiuJ mj gugsit fhf.

ju: AC = 7.5 br.. kW E A = 100

rhrJu mikj

gl 6.44

gl 6.45
239

tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

7.5 br.. sKila AC vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

AC UgffY A lJ 50 nfhz clhFkhW

AX kW AY fis tiua.

go 4

CA UgffY C lJ 50 nfhz clhFkhW

CM kW CN fis tiua.

go 5

AX kW CM vgd D btlL.
AY kW CN vgd B btlL.
ABCD njitahd rhrJu MF.

go 6

BD msit fhz.
BD = d2 = 9 br.. AC = d1 = 7.5 br.. MF.

gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw rhrJu, d1 = 7.5 br.. kW d2 = 9 br..

= 1 #d #d
2
= 1 # 7.5 # 9
2

rhrJu ABCD gugs

= 7.5 4.5
= 33.75 br. 2.

g 6.4
bfhLfgl msfis bfhL BEST vw rhrJu tiuJ mj
gugsit fzl.
1. BE = 5 br.. kW BS = 8 br..
2. BE = 6 br.. kW ET = 8.2 br..
3. BE = 6 br.. kW + B = 45.
4. BE = 7.5 br.. kW + E = 65.
5. BS = 10 br.. kW ET = 8 br..
6. BS = 6.8 br.. kW ET = 8.4 br..
7. BS = 10 br.. kW + B = 60.
8. ET = 9 br.. kW + E = 70.

240

brKiw toa

6.6 brtf kW rJu

6.6.1 brtf
izfu xU nfhzms 90 v mJ
brtfkhF.
j gfshtd:
(i) v gff rk.
(ii) vyh nfhz msfS rk.
(iii) xbthU nfhz ms 90.

gl 6.46

(iv) _iylf msf rk.

(v) _iylf xiwbahW Urk TLwd.
brtf gu
ABCD vw brtf gu = s mfy rJu myFf
A = l b rJu myFf.
6.6.2 brtf mikj
tU msf bfhLfglh brtffis tiuayh.
(i) s kW mfy.
(ii) xU gf kW xU _iyl
6.6.3 s kW mfy bfhLfgoUFnghJ brtf mikj
vLJfhL 6.19
mLJs gff msf 6 br.. kW 4 br.. vw msfis
bfhl brtf tiuJ, mj gugsit fhf.

ju : brtf mLJs gff msf 6 br.. kW 4 br..

brtf mikj
tiujYfhd gof
go 1
: cjgl
go 2

go 3

go 4

xid tiuJ m
bfhLfgl msfis Ff
6 br.. sKila AB vw xU
nfhLJil tiua.
gl 6.47
A

ftuhaij
gagL
AX = AB Mf tiua.
A I ikakhf, 4 br.. Mu bfhl xU tl iy AX I
D btLgo tiua.
241

gl 6.48
go 5

go 6

go 7

D I ikakhf 6 br.. Mu ms bfhL xU tliy AB

nkw tiua.
B I ikakhf, 4 br.. Mu ms bfhL K tiuj
tliy C btLgo tiuf. BC kW CD I tiua.
ABCD njitahd brtf MF.
AB = l = 6 br.. kW
BC = b = 4 br.. Mad bfhLfgl msf MF.

gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw brtf, l = 6 br.. kW b = 4 br..
brtABCD gugs = l b
=64
= 24 br. 2.
6.6.4 xU _iylK, xU gf ms bfhLfgoUF nghJ
brtf mikj
vLJfhL 6.20
_iyl ms 7 br.., xU gf ms 4 br.., cs
brtfij mikJ, mj gugsit fhf.

ju :brtf _iyl 7 br.., kW xU gf ms 4 br..

242

brKiw toa

brtf mikj

gl 6.49

gl 6.50
tiujYfhd gof
go 1

: cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

: 4 br.. sKila AB vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

: BX = AB Mf tiua.

go 4

: A I ikakhf, 7 br.. Mu mss xU tliy BX I

C btLgo tiua.

go 5

: BC ms Mukhf, A I ikakhf cila tliy

AB nkw tiua.
go 6

: C I ikakhf 4 br.. Mu mss tl K tiuj

tliy D btLgo tiua.

go 7

: AD kW CD I tiua.
ABCD njitahd brtf MF.

go 8

: BC ms fhz. BC = l = 5.8 br.. MF

gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw brtf, l = 5.8 br.. kW b = 4 br..
brtf ABCD gugs = l b = 5.8 4
= 23.2 br. 2 .
243

6.6.5 rJu mikj

rJu
mLJs gff rkkhf cs brtf rJukhF.
rJu gf
(i) vyh nfhz msfS rk.
(ii) vyh gf msfS rk.
(iii) xbthU nfhzK brnfhz.
gl 6.51

(iv) _iylf rkmsilad.

(v) _iylf xiwbahW brnfhz
Urk TLwd.
rJu gugs = gf gf
A = a#a
A = a2 rJu myFf.

F : _iyl ms
bfhLfglh rJu
gugs A = d2
2

rJu tiua xnu xU ms njitgLwJ.

xU rJu
(i) xU gf ms myJ (ii) xU _iyl ms
bfhLfglh eh rJuij tiuayh.
6.6.6 xU gf ms bfhLfgoUF nghJ rJuij mikj
vLJfhL 6.21
5 br.. gf msila rJu tiuJ, mj gugsit fhf.

ju: rJu gf ms = 5 br..

rJu mikj

gl 6.52

gl 6.53

244

brKiw toa

tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msit

Ff.

go 2

5 br.. sKila PQ vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

P ftuha bfhL PX = PQ Mf tiua.

go 4

P I ikakhf, 5 br.. ms Mu msthf bfhl xU

tliy PX I S btLgo tiua.

go 5

S I ikakhf bfhL 5 br.. msila Mu PQ F

nkwkhf xU tl tiua.

go 6

Q I ikakhf 5 br.. Mu msthf bfhL Kd tiuj

tliy R btLgo tl tiua.

go 7

QR kW RS I tiua.
PQRS njitahd rJukhF.

gugs fzl:
PQRS vw rJu gf ms a = 5 br..
rJu PQRS gugs = a a = 5 5 = 25 br. 2.
6.6.7 xU _iyl bfhLfgoUFnghJ rJu mikj
vLJfhL 6.22
6 br.. mss _iylij bfhL rJu tiuf. mj gugsit
fhf.

ju: rJu xU _iyl = 6 br..

rJu mikj

gl 6.54

gl 6.55
245

tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msit

Ff.

go 2

6 br.. sKila AC vw xU nfhLJil tiua.

go 3

AC F ika FJnfhL XY I tiua.

go 4

XY , AC btL O vf. vdnt OC = AO = 3 br.. MF.

go 5

O I ikakhf bfhL 3 br.. Mu msid bfhL U

tl f XY vw nfhil B, D f btLgo tiua.

go 6

AB, BC, CD kW DA I tiua.

ABCD njitahd rJu MF.

gugs fzLj:
ABCD vw rJu _iyl d
rJu ABCD gugs

= 6 br..
2
= d = 6 # 6 = 18 br. 2.
2
2

g 6.5
1. bfhLfgLs msfis bfhL JUMP vw brtf tiuJ
mj gugsit fzl.
(i)
JU = 5.4 br.. kW UM = 4.7 br..
(ii)
JU = 6 br.. kW JP = 5 br..
(iii)
JP = 4.2 br.. kW MP= 2.8 br..
(iv)
UM = 3.6 br.. kW MP = 4.6 br..
2. bfhLfgLs msfis bfhL MORE vw brtf tiuJ
mj gugsit fzl.
(i)
MO = 5 br.. kW _iyl MR = 6.5 br..
(ii)
MO = 4.6 br.. kW _iyl OE = 5.4 br..
(iii)
OR = 3 br.. kW _iyl MR = 5 br..
(iv)
ME = 4 br.. kW _iyl OE = 6 br..
3. bfhLfgLs gf msit bfhL EASY vw rJu tiuJ
mj gugsit fzl.
(i)

5.1 br..

(ii)

3.8 br..

(iii)

6 br..

(iv)

4.5 br..

4. bfhLfgLs _iyl msfis bfhL GOLD vw rJu

tiuJ mj gugsit fzl.
(i)

4.8 br..

(ii)

3.7 br..

(iii)

5 br..

(iv)

7 br..

246

brKiw toa

6.7 bghJika tlf

gF eh bghJika tlfis g fngh. cfSF
tlfis g Kdnu bj.
6.7.1 fw l
mirtw gu xU W fiy nghlJ tl tlkhf miyf
clhtij ghUf. mtlfSbfyh bghJthd ika vJ?
mW f vF Gjnjh mj l jhnd! M.
bghJthd ikaij bfhL ntWgl Mu msfSl xU
js tiuagL tlf bghJika tlf vdgL. mj ika
bghJikakhF.
bghJika tlf
xU js bghJ ikaij bfhL btntwhd Muf
tiuagL tlf bghJika tlf vwiHfgLwd.
glf 6.56 kW 6.57 bghJika tlfis Fwd.

gl 6.56

gl 6.57

tU uL glfis ghf.

gl 6.58

gl 6.59

gl 6.58 uL bghJika tlf csd.

247

gl 6.59 U tlfSF ilnas gFia tz o

fhlgLsJ. j tzl gFia tl tya (Circular ring) vg.
tl tya - t
gl 6.60 , C1 kW C2 vgit O vw
ia bghJ ikakhf, r1 kW r2 vw
ntWgl Mu msfis bfhl U tlf
C1 kW C2 vgit bghJika tlf MF.
U tlfSF ilna milgL gugs
tl tya vwiHfgLwJ.
tltya mfy = OB OA = r2 - r1 (r
( 2 > r1)

gl 6.60

6.7.2 Muf bfhLfgoUF nghJ bghJika tlf tiuj

vLJfhL 6.23
3 br. kW 5 br. Ma Mu msfSila bghJika tlf tiuJ
tl tyaij HL fhLf. mj mfyij fhf.

ju: bghJika tlf Muf3 br.. kW 5 br..

bghJika tlf tiuj

gl 6.61

gl 6.62

248

brKiw toa

tiujYfhd gof
go 1

cjgl xid tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis

Ff.

go 2

O vw ia Ff.

go 3

O I ikakhf bfhL Mu ms ((OA) = 3 br.. csthW xU

tl tiua.

go 4

O I ikakhf bfhL Mu ms ((OB) = 5 br.. csthW

kbwhU tl tiua.

thW bghJika tlf C1 kW C2 tiuagLwd.

tl tya mfy = OB OA
= 53
= 2 br..

g 6.6
1. bfhLfgLs Mu msfisila bghJika tlf tiuJ
tl tya mfyij fLof.
(i)

4 br.. kW 6 br..

(ii)

3.5 br.. kW 5.5 br..

(iii)

4.2 br.. kW 6.8 br..

(iv)

5 br.. kW 6.5 br..

(v)

6.2 br.. kW 8.1 br..

(vi)

5.3 br.. kW 7 br..

249

brKiw toa

uL bghJ ika tlfSF ilgl gugs tl tya

MF.
xU ehfu gugs A = 1 d (h1 + h2) rJu myFf. d vgJ
2
_iyl ms h1 kW h2 vgit v cfUJ
_iylF tiuagL brFJ bjhiyf.
xU rtf gugs A = 1 h (a
( + b)
b rJu myFf. a kW
2
b vgd izgff msf kW h vgJ iz
gffSF ilnas brFJ bjhiy.
xU izfu gugs A = b h rJu myFf. b vgJ
izfu mogf ms kW h vgJ iz
gffSF ilnas brFJ bjhiy.
xU rhrJu gugs A = 1 d1 # d2 rJu myFf. d1 kW
2
d2 vgd _iylf msf.

Mt_L jftf

jf brtf vgJ gbdL fhykhf fiy kW fllfiy

fhzgL xUj brtfkhF. jf brtf gff njhuhakhf
1 : 1.6 vw j mikJ UF. j j jf j vW
miHfgLwJ. jf brtf fQF UjhF. jf j .K.
5M who k nuffsh fLofglJ.

1855 fhykhd fjnkij bfs, 17 gffis bfhl xU

gynfhzij jDila fyiw J tiuagl ntL vd
Udh. Mdh mij brJF nghJ mJ xU tlij nghW
mikJlJ.

mWnfhz: vyh _iylfS tiuagl xU

xGF mWnfhz mWnfhz MF.

251