ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strengthand health to do this project work.

Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such asmoney, to buy anything that are related to this project work and theiradvice, which is the most needed for this project. Internet, books,computers and all that. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank my teacher, Mrs.KiewHwee Bin for guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us patiently until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to dowith the project work.

Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with meand sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we combined anddiscussed together, we had this task done.

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OBJECTIVE
The aims of carrying out this project work are: to apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies tosolve problems to improve thinking skills to promote effective mathematical communication to develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increases students interest and confidence to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhanceseffective learning to develop positive attitude towards mathematics

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Part One

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INTRODUCTION
Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavors and are among favorite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and others. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating Baking a cake offers a tasty way to practice math skills, such as fractions and ratios, in a real-world context. Many steps of baking a cake, such as counting ingredients and setting the oven timer, provide basic math practice for young children. Older children and teenagers can use more sophisticated math to solve baking dilemmas, such as how to make a cake recipe larger or smaller or how to determine what size slices you should cut. Practicing math while baking not only improves your math skills, it helps you become a more flexible and resourceful baker.

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MATHEMATICS IN CAKE BAKING AND CAKE DECORATING

GEOMETRY
To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced When making a batch of cake batter, you end up with a certain volume, determined by the recipe. The baker must then choose the appropriate size and shape of pan to achieve the desired result. If the pan is too big, the cake becomes too short. If the pan is too small, the cake becomes too tall. This leads into the next situation. The ratio of the surface area to the volume determines how much crust a baked good will have. The more surface area there is, compared to the volume, the faster the item will bake, and the less "inside" there will be. For a very large, thick item, it will take a long time for the heat to penetrate to the center. To avoid having a rock-hard outside in this case, the baker will have to lower the temperature a little bit and bake for a longer time.

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We mix ingredients in round bowls because cubes would have corners where unmixed ingredients would accumulate, and we would have a hard time scraping them into the batter.

CALCULUS (DIFFERENTIATION)
To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate min. or max.amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. Size of cake produced.

PROGRESSION
To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration. For example when we make a cake with many layers, we must fix the difference of diameter of the two layers. So we can say that it used arithmetic progression. When the diameter of the first layer of the cake is 8 and the diameter of second layer of the cake is 6, then the diameter of the third layer should be 4. In this case, we use arithmetic progression where the difference of the diameter is constant that is 2. When the diameter decreases, the weight also decreases. That is the way how the cake is balance to prevent it from smooch. We can also use ratio, because when we prepare the ingredient for each layer of the cake, we need to decrease its ratio from lower layer to

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upper layer. When we cut the cake, we can use fraction to devide the cake according to the total people that will eat the cake.

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Part Two

Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration.

Diagram 1 1) If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 38000cm3, and the height of the cake is to be 7.0 cm, the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school 3800 is Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake 3800 x 5 = (3.142)(d2) x 7

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190007(3.142) = (d2)

863.872 = (d2)
d2 = 29.392

d = 58.784 cm

2) The inner dimensions of oven: 80cm length, 60cm width, 45cm height a)The formula that formedfor d in terms of h by using the formula for volume

of cake, V = 19000 is: 19000 = (3.142)(d2)h

19000(3.142)h 24188.415h

d4

= d

d=

155.53h

Height,h 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

Diameter,d 155.53 109.98 89.79 77.76 69.55 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18 Table 1

b) i) h < 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive.

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b) ii) The most suitable dimensions (h and d) for the cake is h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling. c) i) The same formula in 2(a) is used, that is 19000 = (3.142)(d2)h. The same process is also used, that is, make d the subject. An equation which is suitable and relevant for the graph: 19000 = (3.142)(d2)h
19000(3.142)h = d4 24188.415h = d

d = 155.53h d = 155.53h-12 log d = log 155.53h-12 log d = -12 log h + log 155.53 Table of log d = -12 log h + log 155.53

Height,h 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

Diameter,d 155.53 109.98 89.79 77.76 69.55 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18

Log h 0.00 0.30 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.78 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0

Log d 2.19 2.04 1.95 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.69

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Table 2

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Graph of log d against log h

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ii) Based on the graph: a) d when h = 10.5cm h = 10.5cm, log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d = 47.86cm b) h when d = 42cm d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140, h = 13.80cm

3)The cake with fresh cream, with uniform thickness 1cm is decorated a) The amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake, using the dimensions I've suggested in 2(b)(ii) My answer in 2(b)(ii) ==> h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm Amount of fresh cream = volume of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = volume of cream at the top surface + volume of cream at the side surface The bottom surface area of cake is not counted, because we're decorating the visible part of the cake only (top and sides). Obviously, we don't decorate the bottom part of the cake Volume of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream = (3.142)(54.992) x 1 = 2375 cm Volume of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3.142)(54.992)(8) x 1 = 1382.23 cm Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm

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b) Three other shapes (the shape of the base of the cake) for the cake with same height which is depends on the 2(b)(ii) and volume 19000cm. The volume of top surface is always the same for all shapes (since height is same), My answer (with h = 8cm, and volume of cream on top surface = 19008 = 2375 cm): 1 Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid)

height width length 19000 = base area x height base area = 19008 length x width = 2375 By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50, width = 47.5, height = 8) Therefore, volume of cream = 2(Area of left and right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front and back side surface)(Height of cream) + volume of top surface = 2(50 x 8)(1) + 2(47.5 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 3935 cm

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2 Triangle-shaped base

width

slant height

19000 = base area x height base area = 19008 base area = 2375
12x length x width = 2375

length x width = 4750 By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50) Slant length of triangle = (95 + 25)= 98.23 Therefore, amount of cream = Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Volume of top surface = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346.68 cm

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3 Pentagon-shaped base

width 19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon therefore: 2375 = 5(length x width) 475 = length x width By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19) Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface = 5(19 x 8) + 2375 = 3135 cm

c) Based on the values above, the shape that require the least amount of fresh cream to be used is: Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used.

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Part Three

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When there's minimum or maximum, well, there's differentiation and quadratic functions. The minimum height, h and its corresponding minimum diameter, d is calculated by using the differentiation and function. Method 1: Differentiation Two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in 2(a)), and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in 3(a)). 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)rh (2) From (1): h = 19000(3.142)r (3) Sub. (3) into (2): V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)r(19000(3.142)r) V = (3.142)r + (38000r) V = (3.142)r + 38000r-1 (dVdr) = 2(3.142)r (38000r) 0 = 2(3.142)r (38000r) -->> minimum value, thereforedVdr = 0
38000r = 2(3.142)r 380002(3.142)= r

6047.104 = r r = 18.22 Sub. r = 18.22 into (3): h = 19000(3.142)(18.22) h = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44cm

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Method 2: Quadratic Functions Two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function. Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) f(r) = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)hr (2) From (2): f(r) = (3.142)(r + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142) = (3.142)[ (r + 2h2) (2h2) ] -->> completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h and c = 0 = (3.142)[ (r + h) h ] = (3.142)(r + h) (3.142)h (a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = (3.142)h, corresponding value of x = r = --h) Sub. r = --h into (1): 19000 = (3.142)(--h)h h = 6047.104 h = 18.22 Sub. h = 18.22 into (1): 19000 = (3.142)r(18.22) r = 331.894 r = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm

I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily.

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Further Exploration

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Diagram 2 Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. Given: height, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm radius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake 31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599, a = 31, r = 910 V = (3.142)rh,
a) By using the formula for volume V = (3.142)rh, with h = 6 to get the

volume of cakes. Volume of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th cakes: Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31)(6) = 18116.772 Radius of 2nd cake = 27.9, volume of 2nd cake =(3.142) (27.9)(6) 14674.585 Radius of 3rd cake = 25.11, volume of 3rd cake = (3.142) (25.11)(6) 11886.414

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Radius of 4th cake = 22.599, volume of 4th cake = (3.142) (22.599)(6) 9627.995 The volumes form number pattern: 18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995, (it is a geometric progression with first term, a = 18116.772 and ratio, r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = = 0.81)
a)The total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg ( total mass

< 15 kg, change to volume: total volume < 57000 cm), so the maximum number of cakes that needs to be baked is Sn =(a(1 - rn)) (1 - r) Sn = 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81 57000 =(18116.772(1 (0.81)n))(1 - 0.81) 1 0.81n = 0.59779 0.40221 = 0.81n og0.81 0.40221 = n n = log 0.40221 log 0.81 n = 4.322 therefore, n 4 Verifying the answer: When n = 5: S5 = (18116.772(1 (0.81)5)) / (1 0.81) = 62104.443 > 57000 (Sn > 57000, n = 5 is not suitable) When n = 4: S4 = (18116.772(1 (0.81)4)) / (1 0.81) = 54305.767 < 57000 (Sn < 57000, n = 4 is suitable)

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Reflection

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TEAM WORK IS IMPORTANT

BE HELPFUL

ALWAYS READY TO LEARN NEW THINGS

BE A HARDWORKING STUDENT

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BE PATIENT

ALWAYS CONFIDENT

Conclusion
Geometry is the study of angles and triangles, perimeter, area and volume. It differs from algebra in that one develops a logical structure where mathematical relationships are proved and applied. An arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant A geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio Differentiation is essentially the process of finding an equation which will give you the gradient (slope, "rise over run", etc.) at any point along the curve. Say you have y = x^2. The equation y' = 2x will give you the gradient of y at any point along that curve.

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Reference
Wikipedia www.one-school net additional mathematics textbook form 4 and form 5

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