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Cc cu trc b lc s
Ts.Ng vn S i hc Bch Khoa Nng.
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Gii thiu
Trong cc chng trc nghin cu l thuyt v cc h thng ri rc trong cc min thi gian v tn s. Chng ny bt u s dng cc c s l thuyt x l cc tn hiu s. x l cc tn hiu cn phi thit k v thi hnh cc h thng c gi l cc b lc. Vic thit k lc c phn chia tu theo cc thng s
Loi b lc: IIR hoc FIR Dng thi hnh b lc: structures Cc cu trc khc nhau dn n cc chin lc thit k
Gii thiu
Cc b lc IIR c c trng bi p ng xung v hn. C th c m hnh ho bng:
Cc hm h thng hu t. Cc phng trnh sai phn Cc b lc ARMA hoc qui
Gii thiu
Do cc b lc l cc h thng LTI , cn c 3 phn t c bn sau biu din cho b lc.
B cngr B nhn (Khuch i) B tr (dch hoc nh)
x1(n) x2(n)
x1(n)+x2(n)
x(n)
ax(n)
x(n)
1/z
x(n-1)
Cc cu trc b lc IIR
Hm h thng ca b lc IIR c vit :
B( z ) H ( z) = = A( z )
n =0
an z n
n =0 N
bn z n
b0 + b1 z 1 + L + bM z M = ; a0 = 1 1 N 1 + a1 z + L + a N z
Bc ca b lc IIR l N nu aN 0. Phng trnh sai phn biu din cho b lcIIR filter nh sau:
M N
y ( n) =
m =0
bm x(n m) am y(n m)
m =1
H z) 2(
H z) 2(
b0 - a1 - a2 1/ z b1
y( n)
1/ z b2 H z) (
1 + a1 z 1 + L + a N z N
K
= b0
1 + Bk ,1 z 1 + Bk , 2 z 2 1 + Ak ,1 z 1 + Ak , 2 z 2
k =1
Trong , K bng N/2, v Bk,1, Bk,2, Ak,1, Ak,2 l cc s thc biu din cc h s ca cc khu lc bc 2.
Khu lc bc 2
1 2 Yk +1 ( z ) 1 + Bk ,1 z + Bk , 2 z , k = 1,2, L , K H k ( z) = = 1 2 Yk ( z ) 1 + Ak ,1 z + Ak , 2 z
with Y1 ( z ) = b0 X ( z ); YK +1 ( z ) = Y ( z )
c gi l hm truyn ca khu lc bc 2 th f ( k-th biquad). Tn hiu vo ca khu lc th k l tn hiu ra ca khu lc th k-1, v tn hiu ra ca khu lc th k l tn hiu vo ca khu lc th k+1.Mi khu lc bc 2 c th c thi hnh theo cu trc dng trc tip II.
Yk( n) =XK+1( n) - Ak, 1 - Ak, 2 1/ z Bk, 1 1/ z Bk, 2 Yk+1( n)
=
k =1
Bk , 0 + Bk ,1 z 1 1 + Ak ,1 z + Ak , 2 z
1 2
M N
Ck z k k= 10 24 4 3
only if M N
Cc khu lc bc 2
Bk , 0 + Bk ,1 z 1 Yk +1 ( z ) H k ( z) = = , k = 1,2, L , K 1 2 Yk ( z ) 1 + Ak ,1 z + Ak , 2 z with Yk ( z ) = H k ( z ) X ( z ), Y ( z ) = Yk ( z ), M < N
L hm truyn ca khu lc th k. u vo l chung cho tt c cc khu lc, k c phn b lc FIR nu M>=N u ra ca cc khu lc c cng li thnh u ra ca b lc. Mi khu lc c th c thi hnh bng dng trc tip II.
Examples 6.2
Cu trc b lc FIR
Mt b lc p ng xung hu hn vi hm h thng c dng:
H ( z ) = b0 + b1 z + L + bM 1 z
1 1 M
M 1 n =0
bn z n
Cu trc b lc FIR
Dng trc tip:
Phng trnh sai phn c thc hin bi mt dy lin tip cc b tr do khng c ng phn hi. Xem hnh 6.10 Do mu thc bng n v nn ch c mt cu trc dng trc tip duy nht.
Cu trc b lc FIR
Dng ghp tng:
H ( z ) = b0 + b1 z 1 + L + bM 1 z1 M b1 1 bM 1 1 M = b0 1 + z + L + z b b0 0 = b0 (1 + Bk ,1 z 1 + Bk , 2 z 2 ); K = M / 2 k =1
K
Cu trc b lc FIR
Dng pha tuyn tuyn tnh
i vi cc b lc chn tn, ngi ta mong mun c p ng pha l hm tuyn tnh theo tn s. Ngha l
H (e jw ) = w, < w , = 0 or 2
Dng ly mu tn s
Trong dng ny chng ta s dng s kin l hm h thng H(z) ca b lc FIR filter c th c khi phc t cc mu ca n trn ng trn n M 1 M v
1 z H ( z) = M
k
H (k ) 1 W k z 1 k =0 M
WM
Dng ly mu tn s
Hm h thng dn n cu trc song song nh Hnh 6.15 vi M=4. Vn t ra vi cu trc hnh 6.15 l phi thc hin cc php tnh s hc phc. S dng tnh cht i xng ca DFT v cc h s (WMk) .
1 z M L H (0) H ( M / 2) + H ( z) = 2 | H ( k ) | H k ( z ) + 1 1 z 1 z 1 M k =1 L = M21 for M odd ; L = M 1 for M even 2
Figure 6.16
Cc hm MATLAB v v d
Ch kiu cu trc [C,B,A]=dir2fs(h) nh textbook Vn thc t: khng n nh, trnh vn ny cn ly mu H(z) trn ng trn |z|=r. Ex6.6 tm dng ly mu tn s Ex6.7 Trong v d ny, dng ly mu tn s c phc tp tnh ton b hn dng trc tip.
Cu trc b lc mt co
Cc b lc lattice thng c s dng trong x l ting ni v thc hin cc b lc thch nghi. l mt dng tin nh thc thi cc cu trc lc FIR hoc IIR bi trong phn tch ting ni v tng hp ting ni mt s t cc h s cho php m hnh ho thi gian thc mt s ln cc formant.
All-zeros lattice l biu din lc FIR ca b lc lattice. B lattice ladder l th hin b lcIIR .
Cc b lc All-zero Lattice
Mt b lc FIR c chiu di M (hoc bc M-1) c cu trc lattice vi M-1 tng.
f0(n) K0 1/z g0(n) f1(n) K1 K1 1/z g1(n) f2(n) fM-1(n) K2 K2 1/z g2(n) gM-1(n) gM(n) fM(n) KM KM y(n)
x(n)
bm z
M 1 bm m = b0 1 + z m =1 b 0
Then the lattice filter coefficients {Km} can be obtained by the following recursive algorithm
B lc All-pole Lattice
Cu trc lattice i vi lc IIR bt buc l mt h thng allpole . C th c pht trin t mt cu trc FIR lattice .
H ( z) = 1 1 + a N ( m) z m
m =1 N
1 AN ( z )
B lc IIR c bc N c mt cu trc lattice vi N tng nh Hnh 6.20. Mi tng ca b lc c mt u vo v mt u ra lin h vi nhau theo cc phng trnh qui tun t (order-recursive equations).
B lc All-pole Lattice
x(n)=fN(n) -KN KN gN(n) 1/z K2 gN-1(n) g2(n) fN-1(n) f2(n) -K2 1/z f1(n) -K1 K1 1/z g0(n) f0(n)
y(n)
g1(n)
Cc b lc Lattice ladder
B lc IIR ni chung c c cc im cc v im khng c th c thc thi bng cu trc kiu-lattice bng cch s dng all-pole lattice nh cc khi c bn. Xt mt b lc IIR vi hm truyn h thng
H ( z) =
k =0 N
bM (k ) z k
k =0
1 + a N (k ) z k
BM ( z ) AN ( z )
Cc b lc Lattice ladder
Cu trc kiu lattice c th c xy dng bng cch thc thi mt all-poles lattice trc vi h s {Km} i vi mu thc sau cng thm mt phn ladder bng cch ly u ra l t hp tuyn tnh trng s ca {gm(n)} nh hnh.6.22 vi M=N.
Cc b lc Lattice ladder
u ra ca cu trc lattice-ladder l:
y ( n) =
m =0
C m g m ( n)
Cm J m ( z ) Ci i (i m); m = M , M 1,L,0
M
Bm ( z ) = Bm 1 ( z ) + Cm J m ( z ); m = 0,2, L , M Cm = bm +
i = m +1
c thm v cc bi tp
Textbook : pp182~217 Bi tp :
1. 6.2, 6.3 both except (e) 2. 6.2e, 6.3e, 6.8, 6.10