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CAD/CAM : Design, Analysis and Development of Squeeze Film Dampers for High SpeedMachines
 
M. Vani Sireesha S. AparnaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (Industrial production)K.L. College of Engg. Green fields, Vaddeswaram; Guntur -522501.E-mail: y2ip227_sireesha @yahoo.co.in,
 
y2ip233_aparna@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
 Present day state of the art in the design of turbo machines has given much scope to the flexible rotor bearing  system. The most recurring problem in rotor dynamics is the excessive steady state synchronous vibration levels.Squeeze film dampers (SFD) are the essential components of high-speed turbo machines since they offer theadvantage of dissipation of vibration energy and hence prevent rotor dynamic instabilities. A squeeze filmdamper is used between the bearing and its foundation to reduce the unbalance forces transmitted to the pedestal by introducing an additional damping and there by reduce the amplitude of vibration to acceptablelimit. This work highlights the design and development of squeeze film dampers for high-speed machines in amore generic way. The first phase of the work involves the study of the effect of SFD on rotor dynamics based onthe parameters like, Damping ratio, Logarithmic decrement and Transmissibility. A theoretical model is generated incorporating the said parameters. The dynamic analysis, which is of two fold, is carried out using  ARMD software. The rotor dynamic effects are found without SFD and with SFD. The second phase of the work deals with experimental investigation on a journal-bearing test rig with SFD supports up to a speed of 1800rpm. At the end, the vibrations obtained through theoretical analysis and experimental investigations aretabulated. It is concluded that vibration levels are reduced using SFD for the specified optimum inputs.
 KEYWORDS:
Squeeze film dampers, Damping ratio, Logarithmic decrement Transmissibility, Advanced Rotor Machine Dynamics (ARMD) Software.
 NOMENCLATURE 
h = Film thickness, μ = Coefficient of friction U = Shaft surface speed C = Radial clearance ν = Kinematic viscosity, K 
 XX 
 ,
 
 K 
YY 
= Stiffness coefficientsc
 H 
= Horizontal clearance ω = Angular velocity D
 XX 
, D
YY 
= Damping coefficientsc
V 
= Vertical clearance E = Power lossє = Eccentricity ratio Q = Heat flowe = Eccentricity P = Pressure
 
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INTRODUCTION
Current trends in turbo machinery design for increased operating speeds and higher specific power levels haveled to lighter and more flexible rotor-bearing systems. Higher power levels also increase fluid pressure gradientsthat introduce more of the destabilizing forces associated with fluid cross-coupling effects. Consequently, thereis demand for new designs for the supplemental damping of squeeze film dampers mounted concentrically withoil film or rolling element bearings to help attenuate the vibration response. This is especially true inapplications such as aircraft engines that use rolling element bearings instead of fluid film bearings, where theinherently low damping of the rolling element bearings alone would not be sufficient to attenuate the vibrationresponse as critical speeds are traversed. In such systems, it would often be impossible to run without thesupplemental damping offered by squeeze film dampers.The most common recurring problems in rotor dynamics are excessive steady state synchronous vibration levelsand sub synchronous rotor instability. The first problem may be reduced by improved balancing or byintroducing modifications into the rotor-bearing system to make the system critical speeds out of the operatingrange or by introducing external damping to limit peak amplitudes at traversed critical speeds. Sub synchronousrotor instabilities may be avoided by eliminating the instability mechanism by rising the natural frequency of therotor-bearing system as high as possible or by introducing damping to raise the onset speed of instability.Squeeze film dampers are essential components of high-speed turbo machinery since they offer the uniqueadvantage of dissipation of vibration energy. They also improve the dynamic stability characteristics of inherently unstable rotor-bearing systems installed in series with tilting pad bearings.A lot of literature is available on design and development of SFDs. A.Z.Szeri, A.A. Raimondi, A.Giron Duarte[1] presents a simplified analysis of viscous squeeze film damper behavior. It makes use of the average inertiaand calculates linear velocity and inertia coefficients. This paper also presented the components required for thefunctioning of squeeze film damper using a mechanical spring supported on tilting pad bearing. This made easyfor developing the components of squeeze film damper.Rotech [2] presented the use of O-rings as a supporting element of static gravity load and to seal the damper axially against end leakage. It emphasized the theoretical analysis of squeeze film dampers to evaluate forcecomponents from Reynold’s equation.Luis A.San Andres and John M. Vance [3] have presented a paper on the effect of fluid inertia on squeeze filmdamper forces for small amplitude circular centered motions.D.C.White [4] has done extensive work in the analysis and design of squeeze film damper. He has derived thedynamic properties of squeeze films by applying Ocivirk solutions for short bearing theory and using them heanalyzed the stability of rigid rotor mounted on squeeze films by extending the theory of Cooper.
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O.Pinkus and B.Sternlicht [5] have developed pressure distribution equations for squeeze film undergoingdifferent types of dynamic loads of about 8 categories such as constant/variable loads either in unidirectional or  peripheral for rotating/non rotating shafts.Dr.L.San Andres [6] has presented a report and discussed the models for SFD force coefficients and also variousfundamental design criteria. He has given a tabular form for linearized force coefficients to distinguish betweenfull film and half film.GeorgeB.Dubois and Fred Ocivirik [7] have published a work on analytical derivation and experimentalevaluation of short bearing approximation for full journal bearing.In the experimental work taken up by O.de Santiago, L. San Andres, J.Oilveras [8], they could achieve rotor vibration attenuation and structural components isolation in jet engines with squeeze film dampers.D.W.Parkins [9] has undertaken theoretical and experimental investigations into the non-linear dynamiccoefficients, which specify the lateral flexibility of a hydrodynamic bearing and examined a range of positiveand negative displacements and velocities.L.Della pietra and G.Adileta [10] have written a paper that summarizes the main research findings, in the lastfour decades on the squeeze film dampers and its applications. In this, a survey of the construction characteristicsand operating features of SFD as a separate component is reported through a number of theoretical approachesand experimental results.J.M.Vance and Alan .J. Kirton [11] have designed an experimental test rig to measure the pressures generated insqueeze film damper for four different combinations of eccentricity, radial velocity, angular velocity and line of centers to calculate the four bearing coefficients as defined by Tondl, under a constant eccentricity and also timevarying eccentricity. J.W. Lund and B.Sternlicht [12] have done excellent work in the field of rotor dynamics. They have obtainedeight stiffness and damping coefficients for a journal bearing by analytical treatment and coupled them with theequations of motions for rotor and bearing.
THEORETICAL STUDY
Short-Bearing Damper TheoryA brief discussion of the theoretical damper pressure and force expressions is given below for understanding of their use in the rotor-dynamic analysis. The derivation is for the short bearing assumption where the pressuredrops to ambient at the edges of the damper. The coordinate system and oil film geometry are shown in Fig.1.
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