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GLOSSARYOFTERMSUSEDINTHEOILANDGASWELLDRILLINGINDUSTRY
acidfractureacidizea
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drillingannularblowoutannularspaceartificialliftautomaticslipsAcombinationofoilandacidorwaterandacidunderhighpressureusedtoseparateorfracturehardlimestoneformations.Totreatoil-bearinglimestoneorotherformations,usingachemicalreactionwithacid,toincreaseproduction.Hydrochloricacidorotheracid1Sinjectedintotheformationunderpressure.Theacidetchestherock,enlargingtheporespacesandpassagesthroughwhichthereservoirfluidsflow.Theacidisthenpumpedoutandthewellswabbedandputbackintoproduction.Amethodofrotarydrillingthatusescompressedairasitscirculationmedium.Thismethodofremovingcuttingsfromthewellboreisasefficientormoreefficientthanthetraditionalmethodsusingwaterordrillingmud;inaddition,therateofpenetrationisincreasedconsiderablywhenairdrillingisused.However,aprincipalprobleminairdrillingisthepenetrationofformationscontainingwater,S1ncetheentryofwaterintothesystemreducesitsefficiency.Alargevalve,usuallyinstalledabovetherampreventers,thatformsasealintheannularspacebetweenthepipeandwellboreor,ifnopipeispresent,onthewellboreitself.Thespacearoundapipeinawellbore,theouterwallofwhichmaybethewallofeithertheboreholeorthecas-ing;sometimestermedtheannulus.Anymethodusedtoraiseoiltothesurfacethroughawellafterreservoirpressurehasdeclinedtothepointatwhichthewellnolongerproducesbymeansofnaturalenergy.Themostcommonmethodsofartificialliftaresuckerrodpumps,hydraulicpumps,submersiblepumps,andgaslifts.Anairorhydraulicfluidoperateddevicethatfitsintotheopeningintherotarytablewhenthedrillstemmustbesuspendedinthewellbore(aswhenaconnection,ortrip,isbeingmade).Automaticslips,alsocalledpower
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backoffjointbackuppostbailbailerbailingbariteorbarytebellybusterbeltbentoniteslips,eliminatetheneedforroughneckstosetandtakeoutslipsmanually.Asectionofpipewithleft-handthreadsononeendandconventionalright-handthreadsontheother.Apost,columnorstanchionsecuredtothederrick,derrickfloor,orderrickfoundation,thepurposeofwhichistomakesecurethedeadendofthesafetyline.Acylindricalsteelbar(similartothehandleorbailofabucket,onlymuchlarger)thatsupportstheswivelandconnectsittothehook.Thetwocylindricalbarsthatsupporttheelevatorsandattachthemtothehookaresometimescalledbails.Alongcylindricalcontainer,fittedwithavalveatitslowerend,usedtoremovewater,sand,mud,oroilfromawell.Torecoverbottomholefluids,samples,ordrillcuttingsbyloweringacylindricalvesselcalledabailertothebottomofawell,fillingit,andretrievingit.Bariumsulfate,BaS04;amineralusedtot.ncreasetheweightofdrillingmud.Arope/beltretainingdeviceusedonstabbingboards.
It
allowsthederrickmantoleanpasthisoverbalancepointtohandlepipe.Nottobeconfusedwithfallprotectionequipment.Aflexiblebandorcordconnectingandpassingabouteachoftwoormorepulleystotransmitpowerorimpartmotion.Acolloidalclay,composedofmontmorillonite,whichswellswhenwet.Becauseofitsgel-formingproperties,bentoniteisamajorcomponentofdrillingmuds.bitThecuttingorboringelementused1.ndrillingoilandgaswells.Mostbitsused1nrotarydrillingareroller-conebits.Thebitconsistsofthecuttingelementsandthecirculatingelement.Thecirculatingelementpermitsthepassageofdrillingfluidandutilizesthehydraulicforceofthefluidstreamtoimprovedrillingrates.bitbreakerAheavyplatethatfitsintherotarytableandholdsthedrillbitwhileitisbeingmadeupinorbrokenoutofthedrillstem.
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blindramAnintegralpartofablowoutpreventer,servingastheclosingelement.Itsendsdonotfitaroundthedrillpipebutsealagainsteachotherandshutoffthespacebelowcompletely.blockAnyassemblyofpulleysonacommonframework;inmechan-ics,oneormorepulleys,orsheaves,mountedtorotateonacommonaX1S.Thecrownblockisanassemblyofsheavesmountedonbeamsatthetopofthederrick.Thedrillinglineisreevedoverthesheavesofthecrownblockalternatelywiththesheavesofthetravelingblock,whichishoistedandloweredinthederrickbythedrillingline.Whenelevatorsareattachedtoahookonthetravelingblockandwhendrillpipeislatchedintheelevators,thepipecanberaisedorlowered1nthederrickormast.blooeylineThedischargepipefromawellbeingdr
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lledbyairdrilling,whichconductsthea1rorgasusedforcirculationawayfromtherigtoreducethedangeroffireandtotransportthecuttingsasuitabledistancefromthewell.blowoutAnuncontrolledflowofgas,oil,orotherwellfluidsoccurringwhenformationpressureexceedsthepressureappliedtoitbythecolumnofdrillingfluid.blowoutpreventer(BOP)Oneofseveralvalvesinstalledatthewellheadtopre-venttheescapeofpressureeitheriii.theannularspacebetweenthecasinganddrillpipeorinopenhole(i.e.,holewithnodrillpipe)duringdrillingorcompletionoperations.boreholeThewellbore;theholemadebydrillingorboring.breakoutTounscrewonesectionofpipefromanothersection,especiallydrillpipewhileitisbeingwithdrawnfromthewellbore.Duringthisoperation,thebreakouttongsareusedtostarttheunscrewingoperation.breakoutcatheadAdeviceattachedtotheshaftofthedrawworksthat1Susedasapowersourceforunscrewingdrillpipe;usuallylocatedoppositethedriller'ssideofthedrawworks.breakouttongsTongsthatareusedtostartunscrewingonesectionofpipefromanothersection,especiallydrillpipecorningoutofthehole;alsocalledleadtongs.bulletperforatorAtubulardevicethat,whenloweredtoaselecteddepthwithinawell,firesbulletsthroughthecasingtoprovideholesthroughwhichthewellfluidsmayenter.
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