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The Xlth dynasty temple at Deir el-Bahar

3 1924 015 674 371

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THE

XIth

dynasty TEMPLE
AT

DEIR EL-BAHARI
PAET
BY

II.

EDOUAED NAVILLE
Hon. D.O.L., LL.D., Ph.D., Litt.D., Hon. P.S.A.

MEMBBH OF THE INSTITUTE OF PBANCE FOREIGN MEMBEB OF THE HUNGABIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE; FELLOW OF king's COLLEGE, LONDON PBOFESSOE OF EGYPTOLOGY AT THE DNIVEESITY OF GENEVA
; ;

WITH ARCHITECTUEAL DESCRIPTION BY

SOMERS CLARKE,

F.S.A.

THIETIBTH MEMOIE OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND

PUBLISHED BY OBDEB OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDON
SOLD AT

The offices OF
AND BY
B.
56,

THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND,

AND
527,

37,

Gebat Eussbll Stbbet, W.C.

43,

Trbmont Temple, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TEUBNEK

11,

&
;

CO.,

Drydbn House,

Gerrard Street, Soho, W.

QUAEITCH,

Grafton Street,

Unter den Linden, Berlin; and

New Bond Street, W. ASHEE & CO., 14, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C, and HENEY FEOWDE, Amen Corner, E.C, and 29-35, West 32nd Street, New York, U.S.A.
1910
I.

i'K
I

'

UK' IV

U&l'iY

/\,3^5J^(p
r)

V\ov\u Vv,Q^^2,

Z.\i>

'4

M 2.

V.E.

EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND

ipresiDcnt

The Et. Hon. The EAEL OP CEOMEE,

G.C.B., O.M., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt)

IDtceslpresiDciits

The Eev. Peof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. Field Marshal Loed Geenpell, G.C.B.,
G.C.M.G.,
etc.

SiE

Gaston Maspeeo,
(Prance)

G.C.M.G.,

D.C.L.

JosiAH Mullens, Esq. (Australia)

(U.S.A.)
(U.S.A.)

Peop.

W. W. Goodwin
L.

Peop. Edouabd Naville, Hon. D.C.L.,

etc.

etc.,

The Hon. Chas.

Hutchinson

(Switzerland)

Peop. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (Germany)

Iboti.

Ztenemeve

H. A. Geuebee, Esq., P.S.A.

Eobbet Paequhae, Esq.

(U.S.A.)

Ibon. Secretaries
J.

S.

Cotton, Esq., M.A.

Dwight Latheop Elmbndoep,

Esq., A.B.,

A.M.

Ph.D. (U.S.A.)

/llbembers ot

Commtttee

C. P.

Mobeely Bell,

Esq.

Mrs. McClurb.

SoMBES Claekb,

Esq., P.S.A.

The Eev. W. MacGeegor, M.A.

M.A., D.Litt.,

Newton Crane,
P.E.S.

Esq. (U.S.A.)
Esq.,

Aethue John Evans,

Grafton Milne, Esq., M.A. Eobeet Mond, Esq., P.E.S.E. The Marquess of Northampton.
J.

Peop. Eenbst A. Gaednee, M.A.

P. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

Francis
Sir

Wm.

Pbrcival, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

De. Allen Sturge.

The Eev. Aethue Caylby Hbadlam, D.D.

,D.

Hebbeet Thompson,
Esq., P.S.A.

Bart.

G. Hogaeth, Esq., M.A.

Mrs. Tieaed.

P.

Kenyon, Esq., M.A., D.Litt. Legge, Esq., P.S.A. Peop. Alexander Macalistee, M.D.
P. G.

John Waed,
T.

Heebert Waeebn, Esq., M.A., D.C.L. E. TowEY Whyte, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

lONDON
PKINTED BT WILLIAM CLOWES ANII SOUS, LIMITKD,

DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET,

S.E.,

AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET,

PEEFACE.
oj*;o

This volume

gives

the

results of

the final campaign at Deir el-Bahari, during the winter of

1906-7; when the work was started by Mr. Currelly shortly before
joined

my

arrival,

and we were

by Mr, Dalison and Mr. Dennis.

season.
It led to the discovery

The back part of the temple was excavated during that

of the subterranean sanctuary; and, the whole building having been cleared, a complete plan of

the structure could be made.

Unlike Part

I.,

we have

here the description of a finished work.

excavations, but
it

In some respects

it

has

modified the views

we had derived from the former

is

has shown conclusively

that this curious temple

the

work of one king, and that the small

shrines bearing the

name

of another ruler are certainly later additions.

In this volume Mr. Somers

of Egyptian
architecture.

Clarke has again given us the benefit of his great experience

are indebted to

We

him

for the restorations of

the temple,

made

with the assistance of Mr.

Edmond

Fatio of Geneva, the author of the plans and of the perspective

drawings in the frontispiece.

Special

attention

has been given to the shrines, some of which have been restored by

Mme.

Naville

from a great number of fragments.

As

this

kind of

monument

is

at present

unique, several coloured plates of these fragments have been given; and this accounts for the

number

of plates not being so large as in Part

I.

Phototypes

and

coloured

plates

have

again

been executed by the

" Societe

des

Arts

Grdphiques

" in

Geneva.
all

With
hetep
II.

this

volume ends the description of

that

is'

part of the funerary temple of Mentu-

In the next Part

its

we

shall give

an account of the small objects and votive statues

times,

which were deposited in

precincts

at various

most of them much

later

than

the

construction, to which they do not properly belong.

EDOUARD NAVILLE.
Malagny, March, 1910.

CONTENTS.
o^Ko

Chapter

I.

The Western Part of the Temple.

The
Shrines.

By Edouard Naville

Chapter
Chapter

II.

By Edouard Naville
Kings.

III.

The XIth Dynasty and later

Architectural Descriptions.
Description of the Plates.

By Edouard Naville
.

10

Chapter Chapter
Index

IV.
V.

By Somers Clarke

13

By Edouard Naville

20
27

THE

XIth

dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIE EL-BAHAEI.

:

PAET

II.

CHAPTER
By Edouard
During
the winter of 1906-7 the excavation of
el-

I.

THE WESTERN PART OF THE TEMPLE.

Naville.
those
of the

like

other

colonnades,

in

sand-

the temple of the XIth Dynasty at Dei r

stone with a white coating, and with the

of Mentuhetep
II.

name

Bahari was entirely finished.

The back part

in blue.

was

cleared,

and we could

ascertain, not only

The rock was everywhere covered with a stone

facing, on

that this back part was more extensive than the

which were sculptured scenes of worship

;

pyramid with the surrounding colonnade, but

that
it

and

offerings

we found

a great

many fragments
It is evident

was the

niain part of the construction,

of them, but except for

two pieces these facing-

what we may

call

the temple

itself,

where stood

stones were entirely destroyed.

the chief sanctuary.

Nearly the whole of the

that already at a very early date the temple was

a convenient quarry.

temple was built within a rectangle cut in the mountain, so that on three sides the colonnades
stood against natural rock walls.

used in the structures

The stone material was raised by the kings of the

is

XlXth and XXth

at the

Dynasties.
interesting be-

In the spring of 1906

we had stopped

This great hypostyle hall

cause
find
it

entrance of a wide sloping passage going

into

down

shows the same disposition which we

especially

the rock.

This

starts

from the middle

later,

at

Karnak, the pronaos

hall.

of a court, lined on both sides with a single

developing into a large

It

is

the

first

colonnade.

When we

began clearing the passage

it

example of a hall
of

of eighty columns, in front

we very soon saw that

;

sank into the rock, while

what Strabo

calls

the arJKos, the sanctuary.

the temple continued above at a slightly higher and, to our great surprise, level than the court

The Egyptians gave various names to such a hall one of the most frequent being usehht ^^,
;

we discovered

parallel

rows of columns which

the " wide hall," or sometimes the " hall of the

rising."

extended from one side of the rock to the other. We found as many as ten rows of eight columns
each, so that there

Its existence here

shows also that the

the time of the
it

form of worship, the

ritual, at

was in front of the end wall

hall

XIth Dynasty was very like what

was

later on.

on the west a large hypostyle

of eighty

In this hall the great processions, one of the most

columns, built in front of a small speos cut also The columns, of most of the rock (PI. iii- )
in

important ceremonies of the Egyptian

cult,

were

formed

there they marched, the priests carry-

which we found only the

bases,

are

exactly

ing on their shoulders the sacred boat, with a

THE
shrine

XIth

dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIE EL-BAHAEI.

god or
will join for thee the

containing the

emblem

of the

two lands
.

as

was ordered
In

goddess of the temple.

by the
between the pronaos and

spirits of

."

The king stands with

We

see further that

hanging arms in the attitude of prayer.

front of

what we shall call the holy of holies, where the sacred emblem was preserved, there was a room, called, as we know from Ptolemaic inscriptions,
the "

room

of the altar " or " of offerings."

This

room
it is

exists in the shrine of

Hathor
it is

in the great

him stood another god who has disappeared. We also see him making the long stride (PL vi. a) when he makes the offering of a field, and being embraced by two gods, one of whom is Harmachis, the other who has
disappeared being probably Set (PL
vi. b).

temple.^

But

in the old

temple

not isolated
It is

cut out of the hypos tyle

hall.

formed
of

On
(PL
of

small fragments of the cornice the

name

by two limestone walls enclosing six columns, and turning at right angles, so as to make a Between the columns, in the middle of door.
the passage,
circular
iv.).
is

the

king

is

written

without a
in his

cartouche

day the custom enclosing the royal name in a cartouche was

X. f),

showing that

a cubic block of limestone, with a

not so well established as

the end of what
ings
" I

in

later times.

At
of

depression cut in the sloping top (PI.

is

have called the " room of

remains (PL

offer;

This

clearly

an

altar.

Not very

far

was a small sanctuary cut in the rock

nothing at
all

from

this hall

was found the table of

of Mentuhetep

offerings

this sanctuary
It is called

iv. a).
it

with the

name

II. (PI. x.).

Lord Dufferin's tomb, because

was

On

the limestone walls of this hall, inside and

in that place that

Lord Dufferin made

his ex-

outside,

were beautiful sculptures, of which we

of

cavations.

This sanctuary must have contained

found several fragments.

the emblems of the divinities worshipped in the

temple.

One
cause
it

them

is

particularly interesting, be-

One

of

them was

certainly the king

shows that the king was the god or one

himself; and
of

it is

just possible that the statue

collection

of the gods of the place (PI. v. d).

sitting
flail

He

is

seen

Mentuhetep
in

in

Lord Dufferin's

may
was
it,

on a throne

he holds

a, long stick
is

and the

have been the image of the king which was

placed
the
sanctuary,
since

of Osiris.

On
a

the throne

painted the

the rock

emblem

of the union of both parts of Egypt.

is

too soft to allow statues to be cut out of

as
I

Underneath

formula which

is

frequently
"life,

can be seen at

Abu

Simbel.

The other gods

and Hathor.

found on the throne of a living king:

suppose to have been

is

Amon
of a

This

duration, happiness, joy are before the feet of

this

the

first

instance

king instituting a

good god

the tuat rekhiu live every day."

life, stability,
;

The amulets

of

painted above the throne

is

and happiness are and curiously the

worship to himself during his lifetime, as was done repeatedly later on, especially by the queen

here replaced by the buckle n.

is

What shows

Hatshepsu in the large temple. There we see her alive on a throne, receiving all kinds of

that the king

alive

is

the fact that a god, whose

;

hand only is seen, is worshipping him behind him The inscription shows that are Set and Hathor. Set has been restored by Eameses II., who was
a worshipper of this god, as

from a long procession of priests and attendants.^ The funerary worship which the king received after his death was only a conofferings

tinuation of
his lifetime.

we know from many

at Bubastis.

inscriptions, especially those

On
:

hetep

II.

to him during have seen before that Mentuwas for a long time the chief divinity

what had been paid

We

another block

(PI. v. c)

Mentuhetep
is

two gods

behind him
1

is between Hathor who says " I

of this particular spot.

On

both sides of the sanctuary, in the ano-les

1

Beir el-Bahwri IV.,

PI, 104,

Deir el-Bahari IV.,

PI.

HQ.

THE WESTEEN PART OF THE TEMPLE.

of the hypostyle hall, were tombs.

One

of them,

that

it

was a wide rock-cut

form of an
arch.

corridor, with a

the northern one,

is

very small.
It

It consists of a

ceiling in the
is

The

door,

which

chamber on the
empty.

side of a pit.
it

was absolutely
been emptied

rectangular,

must have been lined and ornaentirely

is

Possibly

may have

mented with a limestone coating now

destroyed.

Mariette had worked on this spot; for between this tomb and the altar, we found a table of offerings in
red granite with the

during the former excavations.

Near the entrance on the right

a rock-cut niche about 4 feet deep, which

we

found
of the

full of

wooden
less

figures of the usual type

name

of the king, which

Xlth and Xllth Dynasties.

all

These figures
all

was already known to Mariette, and of which he

left a

were

more or

broken, and not at

art.

memorandum (PL
(PI. viii.).

x. a).

remarkable as works of
is

think they were

The tomb
important

at the other

angle

much more

the images of the servants supposed to attend

the ka worshipped in the sanctuary.

A sloping

passage leads to

a chamber containing a sarcophagus of

alabaster with very thick sides.
five pieces.
It is

common
made
of

The passage was empty, and

after the stones

in
it,

had been removed, one could walk upright

entrance

The
if

lid

has disappeared.
one,

Probably

but at a distance of about 150 feet from the

it

the name,
it.

there was

was engraved on

begins to be vaulted and the vault

the

We

could not find any trace of engraved or

goes
vault

written signs.

The

description would agree with

down to is made
of

bottom (PL

vii. c).

This
It

in a rather primitive way.

that of a sarcophagus mentioned

as

by M. Daressy

consists

two

sandstone slabs,

cut

in

the

having been found

It

in

Lord Dufferin's excava-

form of a half-arch and abutting against each

other along the middle line of the ceiling.

tions,
slabs.

and which was made of very thick alabaster

had the name of the queen Temem
-^^^ then

The

lower ends of these blocks rest on a groove in

the rock, and on the edge of a vertical slab
below.

^ "

^^

we must admit

that the

inscriptions on

both sides which were read by

In order to prevent these slabs from

M. M. Daressy had completely disappeared. Maspero describes the same sarcophagus as being
of compact white limestone with inscriptions in

coming forward, which would certainly have

caused the arch to collapse, a wall of dry stone

was built against them, along the whole

line

a greenish ink.
will

According to M. Maspero, Temem

of the passage, the middle of which remained free

and wide enough to allow a man

to

go down

have been the queen of

ro^r7n,
distance

which

easily.

Although this kind of construction seems

seems quite possible, considering the place which

this

to us rather precarious, it has not given way,

and

tomb

occupied,

at a

short

only

the whole line of the vault

is in

good

state of

from the sanctuary of which that king was the Thus we see already in the Xlth chief god. Dynasty the funerary temple of a king becoming
a cemetery.

preservation except quite at the end, where opens

a very small chamber, the ceiling of which has

been propped up in old times by timber and by

fragments of an old wooden
coffin.

We

do not know yet where the

before

king himself was buried.

In the middle of the court which
the
is

At
a

the end of the chamber were blocks of

granite

more

or less covered

by

bricks.

When
This

hypostyle

hall

opens

sloping

passage,
vii.).

these bricks had been removed, a panelled wall

disappearing very soon in

It

the

rock (PL

appeared with a small door at the

door was obstructed by a stone.

foot.

was choked at the entrance by enormous stones, and it looked very much like a tombdromos, such as are numerous in the valley of When we had opened it, we saw the kings.

was possible to pass that door we entered into a granite chamber extremely well
it

When

built,

made

of

large

blocks

of

syenite

well

THE
polislied,

XIth

dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIE EL-BAHABI.

The
ceiling is
divinity.^

and with perfect

two

joints.

On

certain occasions the king or the

made
It

of

slabs leaning against each other.

priest

opened the doors, executed some religious

pronouncing
liturgical words, after

reminds one of the chambers in the Pyramids.

greatest part of the

cel-emonies,

The

room

is

occupied by a

shrine

made

of large blocks of the finest quality

vii. e).

which he closed the doors again, and often sealed them with clay. We have reason to suppose that
this shrine

of alabaster (PI.

had another purpose, that

it

contained

The

ceiling consists of one single granite slab

lies

the statue, the image of the ka of the king.

over which

the cornice

made

of alabaster.

We

have an instance of the same kind of the

There are no inscriptions properly speaking, nor

time of the Xllth Dynasty, at Daschour.

There, at the bottom of the pit was a passage

any ornament except a thick moulding.

The

shrine had in old times a double-leaved door,

leading to two rooms.

of a

One contained the

the

coffin

probably made of wood with bronze ornaments.

king Cq

j^ 'Cl,
in

other
his

contained

Between the wall

which

of the

chamber and the shrine

have other examples

wooden shrine
which
is

which stood

very fine statue

are remains of a block granite casing, part of

is still

in situ.

We
:

of alabaster shrines being thus enveloped

by a

now in the Cairo Museum. At Deir el-Bahari we have only one half of what M. de Morgan calls the funerary apartment, we have
only the room of the shrine
;

casing of harder stone

of

for instance, in the

temple

the room with the

It

Eameses

II.

at Abydos, where the great shrine

sarcophagus has not been found.

may

have
off.

in alabaster is

surrounded by an outer case 9f

been in the neighbourhood or some distance

In the shrine
itself

sandstone.

and in the narrow space in

This granite chamber with

its

shrine has often

front of

it,

were heaps of pieces of wood, broken

been called a tomb.

to

I believe this interpretation

be erroneous.
It has

It

is

not a tomb

it

is

and bows, and two small boats with a few of their figures they probably were
sceptres, canes,
;

sanctuary.

been supposed that the shrine

This would hardly be

broken intentionally, as was the case with the

contained a sarcophagus.
possible
;

numerous objects of the same kind found at

Daschour.

its

measurements would be very small

There was not a fragment of

or wood.

coffin

for a thick alabaster coffin like those

we have
to the

either in stone

very small piece

if it

found in other tombs of

this time, or

even for a

of bone picked

up by Mr. Dennis,

be human,

wooden
them,

one.

Besides,

it

would be contrary
in

which
I

is

doubtful,

may come from

is

a late burial.
'^

religious ideas of the Egyptians, such as

we know
believe this shrine

to

put a

coffin

place

which was

the

tebt
is

of the

accessible,

and which might

easily be opened.

ka,

where
walls

it is

often said that he

living.

On

The

tradition, such as it
first

was established already

the

the

only hieroglyphic signs,

near the joints,
life,

which

under the

Dynasties, was that the body was

were written

were

T'T^I-

hidden in a hermetically closed room at the

Abundance of
gifts

duration, and happiness are

bottom of a

pit filled with rubbish

the offerings

made

to a living king, to his ka, or to a

were brought and the worships carried on in the

upper rooms, to which the members of the family
or the priests

god, but not to a

in a line

mummy.

All round the shrine

were holes for pegs or hooks, which were

had
these

access.

either for offerings or rather for garments.

For

Stone shrines contained the emblems of a god

of a temple
;

we found
cloth.

also in the shrine heaps of

mummy

emblems might be taken

out,
in

I believe

they were the garments or the

put in a wooden naos on a boat, and carried

the processions on the shoulders of the priests.

See Mahiettb, Abydos,

i.,

p.

35,

where each god has

Or the

shrines were

made

for the statue of the

Lis shrine.

THE WESTERN PAET OF THE TEMPLE.

wrappings of the
ka.
I

do not thin k that h e

was absolutely naked

is.

as the statue of
in

To

^ ^1
clothes.

g
of

Tq

^^|^^
;

^^^ valley," or rather the cave of

Neb-hepet-Ra

He was wrapped up
of this
is .to

bandages or

must have been the object great veneration, since King Usertsen III.
and
it

The proof
Ritual.

be found in scenes of the

allotted to it daily offerings

which were to be
have here at this

At Deir el-Bahari, we see the king opening the shrine in which stood the god Phtah,
in

taken from those of the temple of Amon, on the

other side of the river.
early

We

order

to

do what

is

called

removing the
is

epoch an interesting analogy with the

bandages or garments.

This ceremony

found

crypts of our cathedrals.

with the accompanying text in the Ritual, where

In the temple above, hardly anything remains

of the walls built against the rock
;

we

see that after the

removal of the clothes or

are, the

the frag-

bandages, or whatever they

wrapping

ments show that

on which were
hunting,
or

there

was much sandstone

of

up of the body
place.
^

in a

cloth

called

nems took

engraved probably scenes

pursuits
(Pi.

agricultural

ix. b).

All these facts seem to

me to show conclusively

There does not seem to have been any warfare recorded

that the shrine was a subterranean sanctuary, the

place where the ka of the king was worshipped.
I believe

among

these

sculptures.

In the

ornamentation and on the columns no other

cartouche appears than that of
f

the

name

of

it is

found in the

stele of

^3:7
|

This

the Xllth Dynasty, which was discovered not far

back part of the temple was certainly built at

the same time as the front colonnades on the

from the entrance of the passage.^

It is called

platform of the pyramid.

1

It

seems even probable

it

Maeiette, Ahydos,
I.,

i.,

pp. 42

and

43.

that the building began with this part, since

PL

xxiv., p. 58.

was necessary

to cut out the rock.

CHAPTER
By Edouard
Another
is

II.

THE SHRINES.
Naville.
of these
princesses
I

construction

which
in

is

unique

and

processions

give us other

which has not been found

number,

any other temple,

names,

(1

~^ and
title is

^\

the shrines of the princesses.

all

They

are six

Their
in in a line,

difiicult to

understand, 1
the

(\

inserted in

the wall

dividing the court in front of the bypostyle hall

^Ijn,
Hathor "
is
;

"the

favourite,

prophetess

of

from the colonnade around the pyramid.

are connected with
court,

They

these words are easy enough, but

?

what

tombs dug

in the floor of the

coflfins

the meaning of

One would be tempted

but that

and where the stone

have been

found.

Every one
ruined

is

for a princess,

who
of

is

at
are

to translate " the unique, the only one,"

the same time a priestess of Hathor.

They

would not agree with the fact of their being at

least
six.

very

much

there are only

two

them
left,

This epithet
title,
'

is

found also in the

.,

of which small parts of the walls have been

masculine in this
lation
I

where the trans-

which are recognizable by the plan engraved

"the

sole friend" is equally incongruous.

it

and by the many fragments of sculpture which came out of the excavations.
on the
floor,

should think that

has a meaning of the same

kind as the

Y
I

for the priests, viz.,

"the

class,

the

The fragments were

This work

sufiiciently

numerous, howmade.

ever, to allow several restorations to be

rank

"
;

and

would translate

" a royal favourite

of labour

and patience, of which

on
Pll. xi., xiv.,

of the first rank," implying that they

raised to the position of
I

might be

two specimens are

to be seen

v^, " royal wife."

We

has been performed by

Mme.

Naville.

The
to

know
i (^

it

for
,

certain of Aashait.

Her

title is

result has been to identify five of

them and

the " wife of the king,

of which

who

loves him."

give us the names

of the princesses for

whom
first
is

they were

built.

A fragment,
it

we have not found to whom

Beginning on the North

side,

the
for

belongs, reads
(I.,

^
xviii.),

On
we read

another

unknown
was

we have not discovered

The next
,

whom

it

of Kauit

PI.

^""'^j

which

*"^
is

built.

"^iv

fiO

q) Aashait,

seems to be

^; and on another of Sadhe,

we

the third ''^

Sadhe. the

On

the other side of

have

before

the

title

of favourite,
*':=e..

and a

the door, connecting

court, are '^^^

colonnades with the

stroke which looks like part of

front of a figure belonging
princesses,

Besides, in

"^ ^
"-'

^> Kauit,
fl ,

^=^

^jT,
may "

to a procession of

Kemsit, and

"-'

^ Henhenit.
six.

There

we read again i^'^pp^, not know(I.,

AAAftAA A'WAAA

have been more than

Fragments showing

ing the

name

PI. xvii. b).

The probability

is

THE SHRINES.
that
all

were

^^,

"royal

woman"

or "royal of It,

Amon.
the
first

It is possible that
;

Mentuhetep
he

III.

en-

wife",

which does not exclude the

title

larged the cult of Hathor

may

have been
III.

" royal favourite," as

^

we can

author of the chapel which Thothmes

see

on the fragment

of Aashait (PI.

afterwards renewed and decorated, and where

xviii.).

It is extraordinary that

they seem to have valued more the second title than that of " royal wife," since it is the second

On some such occasion the mummies of the princesses may have been brought
his son

put the cow.

which occurs more frequently

always on the
coffins

to the temple.

Then tombs were cut for them, and

was necessary to remove the
useful preser-

in the shrines,

and

for this purpose it

which have been preserved.

all

We

columns, some of which were raised afterwards

over the tombs.
vatives, since the
intact, those of

cannot say with certainty whether

;

were the favourites of the same king the only king whom we find mentioned on the scanty
remains
I
is

They have been

two
coffins

which were found

Henhenit and Kauit, both came

the Mentuhetep called

^ ^,

to
is

whom

from tombs over which columns were standing.

have given the number III, and who

built; so that
his

said to

proof that Mentuhetep

III.

was especially
is

in-

be dead at the time when the shrine of Aashait

terested in the worship of

Hathor

the inscrip-

was

it is

probable that
all

all

lived

tion of Gebelein,^ where the king striking his

under

reign,

that

were

his

favourites

enemies
Ant," a

is

called " the son of Hathor, the lady of

this case I should take as

and belonged
insists

to his harem.

Mr. Somers Clarke

on the fact that the temple was absolutely

name which in meaning Upper Egypt.

These
shrines

finished before
in
it.

tombs and shrines were inserted

this

were

small

To the weighty arguments of the expert

:

above nine or ten feet in

one of which we
a cube
;

they height
to

are

never
only

for the

might be added

the

large

platform in

know

the exact dimensions was

little

which the tombs have been sunk, and on which

the shrines have been built, did not exist before
it

its

three dimensions were a

over

nine

feet.

The plan seems

have been very

had been cut out of the rock

for raising the

simple, as

we can

see

from the two vignettes

temple.

Before that, there was only the slope of

giving the plans of the shrines of Sadhe and

the mountain.
Since the building of the shrines and the sink-

Aashait

(p. 8)

there was on the eastern side a

like the

chamber closed by a single-leaved door,

ebony shrine of the great temple.
of one of those statues has
is

ing of the tomb rendered

it

necessary to
it is

make imall

This chamber
;

portant repairs in the temple,

probable that
;

contained the statue of the princess

the bust
to us
;

the work was done at the same time

is difficult

a fact which

come down

it

to explain.

It has been suggested that

all

in limestone, painted (PI. ix. a).

Traces of

when the king died,

This explanation,
is

his favourites

were put

the door are left on

the pavement of one of

is

to death, so as to follow

him

in the other world.

those shrines, and in one of the blocks

the hole

very simple

but

at present

where the hinge turned.

of these shrines from the

We

we

have no ascertained example of such a barAnother exthat the bodies of these

details as to the construction

can gather some and the decoration

barous custom in ancient Egypt.

planation would be
princesses were brought together

coffin of

Kauit

(I.,

and buried when

in reference to
inscrip-

The chamber where stood the statue must have been small, and as the shrine probXX.).

PL

possibly

some change was made

ably did not contain

walls of the

anything

else,

the

side

the worship of Hathor.

tions on these shrines

Except in the

chamber must have been very

thick.
in

we

find hardly anything

The door

of the shrine of Sadhe

was 75 cm.

connected with Hathor under the Xlth Dynasty. The chief worship seems to have been that of

Bissing-Beuckmann,

pi.

33 a.

THE

XIth

dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIE EL-BAHABI.

which
is

width, and on both sides there was a space of

nearly complete. the

In the central part

princess in a hall,
;

83 cm.

for

sculpture.

The door was made of

the two eyes,

over the door we see

wood, and
painted on
Kauit.

may have had

it

^^,

as

we

see on the sarcophagus of

the ornawhich has the usual ribbed cornice mentation consists of zigzag lines and checker-

work, evidently derived from textiles, supposed

itself is

The construction

independent of the

to represent draperies or carpets

there

is

also
to-

subjects which were sculptured on the four faces.

natural

decoration, the

two flowers joined

a symbolical
also

The roof with the usual ribbed

lotus figured there

cornice

is

sup-

ported by four columns with lotus capitals.

is

The
tie

must have had ing not yet explained, and

gether, which

mean-

rows of small

the blue lotus, and under-

heads of hawks, to which we cannot give any other

neath are five bands which are supposed to

the flower around the piece of the roof.

meaning than
especially
Osiris, as

as being the

symbols of Horus,
u,

wood which

bears

The column

itself is

not supposed to

when they are in connection with we see on the sides.

Shkine of Aashait.

Shkine of Sadhe.

be the stalk of the flower

of wood, which

it is

a bearer originally
lotus fastened

was decorated by a

flowers;

around the

top.

holding two lotus two female attendants stand in front of her and behind her, they generally have
is

The princess

seated,

The
fa9ade

large
(PI.

panel which forms the

entrance

xi.)

of the shrine of Sadhe can be

name given; they probably were the servants who attended her during her lifetime.
their

interpreted

as

being a representation

of

the
All

Men

also are seen butchering a bull, of

which

abode of the princess in the other world.

the haunches are brought to her.

the difi'erent parts of the decoration go together

they are one single picture, the central part of

In the centre scene she appears alone. Only once is she seen with the king, sitting behind

which

is

the middle scene.

The whole
its

is

sur-

him and putting her hand on

king
is

his shoulder.

mounted by the sky with

ments,
except
the

stars.

Most of

holding a small vase to his mouth.

The As
and

these scenes have been restored from small frag-

far as

we can judge, the

princess seems to give a

second

one on the right,

higher value to her

title

of royal favourite

THE SHRINES.
priestess of

Hathor than

to

her

position

as

will

be the means of procuring to the princess

life
;

queen, as the king's wife.

of priestesses

Evidently the college

the enjoyments of a rich and easy

she will

must have been the object of great veneration and respect. Below we see Sadhe receiving a cup it contains
;

have plenty of food and drink, bulls will be

butchered for her, she will be anointed with
choicest perfumes of Punt,
offer

and her maids

will

a drink called hiket, which is generally translated " beer " one would have thought that it was the
;

her sweet-smelling flowers.

sides of the shrines
face.

The

were very different

(PI. xiv.),

milk given by the cow underneath, but this

the case
;

is

not

from the

As

far as

we can judge

behind the attendant who presents the

a lotus.
sticks
;

each side had two panels separated by a

of vertical hieroglyphs.^

line

cup

is

side are

woman holding three men with

will

On

the other
to be

The panel was again

who seem
her
all

divided into two, figuring real or false doors,

indicated

coming towards the princess

those
scents

they are probably

kinds of
coffin of

by

their bolts

made

in

the

form of
to

who
(I.,

have to
as

offer

two

flowers.

The princess seems here

have

and perfumes,
PI.

we

see

on the
is
;

precedence over the king

who

stands behind her.

consists of

Kauit

xx).

Below, there

only the
the figure

The ornamentation above

Horus hawks, and rows of
symbol of
find
Osiris.

rows of
is

female servant bringing lotus flowers

of the princess
is

lost.

As on the sarcophagus,
life
;

u, the dad,

which

these representations refer to ordinary

they

It is curious that
Isis or

we do not

cannot be called

religious.

Since they do not

is

any symbol of either

Hathor, unless

show

a worship of the princesses, as

the case

the two flowers which are in the middle

may be

for the kings, they have a magical purpose.

The
and

considered as the emblems of a female deity.

fact of these scenes being sculptured on the wall

will cause

them

to exist in the other world,

See vignettes,

p. 8,

where they are marked

a.

10

CHAPTEE
THE
XIth

III.

dynasty AND LATER KINGS.

By Edouard
Naville.
it is

The end of our excavations has not brought new information as to the series of the kings
;

during his lifetime, while

quite natural that

many generations

afterwards,

when he was known

at the

same time, no fresh

fact has

been brought

to have been the head of a long series of kings of

to light which

would compel us to make any

which
I

the same name, he should have been called the

ancestor, or the
I.

alterations in the order

proposed for the

kings of the XIth Dynastj.

consider

He is therefore Mentuhetep him as being the king for whom

first.

The dynasty begins with an Antef who was

only

was dug the large tomb called the Bab el-Hoc4n,

and governor of Thebes, and who may

I.

where

his

statue

was discovered.

be called Antef

After him come three kings

having only one cartouche and who are called

wooden box which came from this not give any title or epithet, merely the name of
Mentuhetep, and where for what has been read

The little tomb^ does

^^

Horus.

Their succession

is

given by a stele
I

in the British

on the
the
first

list

Museum, and they all three appear of Karnak. The third of these is
For
this

J)

n
is

^'^

^^~^

there really stands

j

There

no king Mentuhetep =3=;

on mis-readings.
I.

this

name

Mentuhetep.

king there

is

rests only

divergence between the

stele
;

list

at
'-'

the

list

reads

viv T
stele

Karnak and the '~^ s=

(

Mentuhetep
cartouche only;

was the
all his

last

king with one

while
JpillllBI

we

see

on

the

'^

-r-

^ a o ^

successors to the end of

the dynasty were likewise called Mentuhetep.

w.
the same king.

The
f

first,

However, we have no hesitation

whom

suppose to be his son,

This

is

Kr:7

n,

the builder of the temple.

in considering these

two names
stele is

name
I

as referring to
is

We must consider the date of the

The
contemporaneous
the owner

to be read

Neb hepet

Ea.

The sign

is

two

inscriptions.
life

certainly an oar.

In the large inscriptions

we

with the

of Mentuhetep

who had

see on the blade the

two eyes

^^

(PL

vi. c)

of the stele in his service, while the list of

is

Karnak
Mentu-

which are characteristic of the sacred

that there
first
is

oars, so

of the time of

Thothmes III, several centuries

series of the

afterwards,

when the whole

no doubt as to the reading of the cartouche. He was the first to take two
his sanctuary at the
all.

heteps was a thing of the past, and the family

extinct.

though in the inscription of

In the

list

Mentuhetep

is

called

^,

end of the temple he has no cartouche at

"the ancestor,"

as

It is obvious that

we should a name of

say,

"the

first."

He

took as his Horus name,

T
p. 9.

'"

samtaui,

"he

that kind, " the

1

ancestor

" or " the first," is

not given to a king

See Part

I.,

THE

XIth

dynasty AND LATEB KINGS.

pc^ ^ gj, Mentuhetep
-^^

11

who

joins the

two lands
first

"
;

which seems to show

that he was the

sceptre

to unite again under his

il

II.

the two parts of Egypt, and to reign over the whole country. This is confirmed by

(2^S\
^
i I i

D'],

Mentuhetep IIL

an inscription mentioning a war against the Aamu, the Semites of the Delta, whom he could
not reach unless he had the
Delta.

/VVVV\A

"=^

\ Mentuhetep IV.
,

Q
who was

r fnniun^
^

command

of the
II.

Mentuhetep V.

This king would thus be Mentuhetep

We

cannot find with absolute certainty the order of the next two Mentuheteps, whose first cartouches have some similarity to that of the first. I should place after him the king of the princesses,
f

by the Xllth Dynasty. Thus the XIth Dynasty, as far as we know it at present,
followed
consists of eight princes
:

the

first

Antef,

who

was only governor of Thebes, was followed by

three Horus kings, two Antefs,

and one Mentuin

^CZ7

A J, a

Mentuhetep whose

first

cartouche
I

hetep with one cartouche,

;

who reigned only

first

reads exactly like that of his predecessor,

and

A having
an
oar.

Upper Egypt then four kings country with two cartouches, the

of the whole

of

whom

the same reading, and both meaning

III.,

was Samtaui and the last Sankhkara.

This Mentuhetep
all

who had

as his

wives or favourites

the princesses, seems to

have been a powerful king.

A sculpture coming

from a ruined construction at Gebelein,^ south of

Thebes, speaks of him as chastising the chiefs of
the two lands (Egypt), taking possession of the

One king only of the Xllth Dynasty seems to have left monuments in the temple, Usertsen (Senusrit) IIL, who erected a gallery of his own
statues, three of

which are now in the British

land of the South and of the North, of foreign

countries,

and of the

territories of the strangers.

them has been reproduced on a large scale in this volume (PI. ii.) as a fine specimen of the art of the Theban school at the time of the Xllth Dynasty. The same king

Museum.

One

of

He

is

seen striking with his mace an Egyptian

also left a large granite stele allotting offerings

rebel,

behind

whom

is

an

Anu Khent,

a Nubian,

to the

"cave of Mentuhetep

II.,"

meaning the

and two Africans, one from the land around the cataracts, the other a Thehennu or white Libyan.
His successor, To
queror, since he
is

subterranean sanctuary of this king, for

whom

he seems to have had a special veneration.

We

was

also a con-

have a few remains of the Xlllth Dynasty, at

the beginning of which are a few princes with one

said to have

drawn a
;

large

number

of troops

from the Delta

he would

cartouche only,

known from

the Turin Papyrus.

be Mentuhetep IV.

The

last

one,

Sdnkhkard

stone from the hypostyle hall bears the

name

CoP-?-Ljl, Mentuhetep v., has not been found

in the temple
;

(PI. X.

h) (q

^^ =^=1'

^'^ Sehekhotep, to

whom

he

expedition to the

known chiefly through Land of Punt.

is

his

no. 11 has been given in the lists of kings of

Lieblein
suc-

and Dr. Budge.

A very

fine piece of a

Thus the
ing

series of the five

Mentuheteps

door

lintel in
I.,

limestone gives the

name

of Sebek-

ceeding to three Antefs would be the follow-

who was found at Bubastis, and who seems to have been a powerful king and a builder.
hotep

or

These

cartouches

(PL

x.

b)

are

extremely

well cut,

ra
2

l.

Mentuhetep

The second contains an important variant. king calls himself Amenemlia Sehehhotep,
pi.

(ilSI^CEE^MSIThe
as if

Bissing-Bruckmann,

33

a.

he wished to show his connection with the Xllth

12

THE
The fragments
where we read
I.,
I

XlTH

DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHABI.

is

Dynasty.
style hall,

also

from the hypo

)>

a king very near to

Senebmaiu

in the list

who

'o

vn

^^J
a
f

be either
little slate

has a cartouche similar to that of Dudumes,

rofl1%1.
(q ||^ j, Sebekemsaf
of

I believe

both sovereigns belonged

of

whom

to the

same family,
before

or to the

same group.
find

obelisk has been found at Karnak,^ or

'"
f

J.

After

Dudumes we do not
Amenophis
I.

any royal

whom

there

is

a statue in the British

is

Museum,
Con-

name

and the XVIIIth

are engraved on are not

and whose second name

sidering that there
of
is

unknown.

Dynasty.

Leaving aside for the present the

monument from Karnak

el-Bahari.

kings of the

New Empire who

we have

Sebekemsaf

I.,

should rather attribute to

votive stones or other

monuments which

him the stone from Deir

part of the temple,

to notice the remains

A
first

fragment has allowed us to complete the

cartouche of a king

of an inscription engraved on the

basement of
is

whom we had

found

the pyramid on the west

latest

side,

which

the

before (PI. x. e),

We
but

do not know exactly where to locate him,

it

(^f^^} (MSS}'

we have found

in the temple.

It belongs

to one of the first kings of the

XXth

Dynasty,

seems probable that he belongs to the

series

Menephtah Siphtah.
only
is

The lower part

it
is

of the lines

of kings mentioned

are generally considered as forming the

Dynasty.

by the Turin Papyrus who XlVth He may have the name which was in

preserved, so that

not possible to

make
hook

a running translation (PI. x. k).

the blank preceding the following king

whom we

The king with the atef diadem, holding the and flail, is kneeling probably before
;

have been able to

identify.

His two cartouches

are on one of the sides of a small naos in limestone, to the

( P

Amon, whose name does not appear we have only epithets referring to him the king,
;

from the entrance of the passage leading

"the
before

elect of

Turn himself,"
an

is

said

"to bow

Ka
2

shrine (PI. x.
'^^^

c),

(o

\[

^^J

^] "^ ^
in the British

god."

him whose face is At the other end

beautiful, the beloved

is

officer standing,

second cartouche of this

the chancellor

'^
:

king Senebmaiu had been found at Gebelein by

Mr. Frazer^ on a fragment

^^

^'

^^^-

He
I

utters the

now

following prayer
. . .

" Hail to thee. Lord of mine

face,

Museum.^
Another blank
in the list in the Turin

thy beautiful

may

be prosperous

Papyrus
a king

every day, give

old age, at the

me ...

a good burial after

my

was perhaps occupied by the name of

found also at Gebelein by Mr. Frazer,* and who,

I

end of hundred and ten years." This number was for the Egyptians the limit of
life

have no doubt, belongs to the same dynasty.

discovered only fragments of his two car(PI. X. B),

which

all

hoped to

reach.

It

occurs

in

We

many

inscriptions.

Further, Bai says that he

of

was raised to the dignity of "chief

touches

Qj]

the

(gjfp).
284.
p.

Th^re

'

Legrain, Annales,

vi,, p.

2 ^ *

Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., vol. xv.,

498.

Budge, Booh of

the Kings, p. 97.

employment, and he ends as usual with his own eulogy. Nothing later than the XXth Dynasty occurs in tjie temple, which probably at that time was already used as
thirties,"

judicial

Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., vol. xv., p. 497.

a quarry.

18

CHAPTER
By Somers
To give a more
and
for

IV.

ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTIONS.
Clarke.
valley in which
it

a technical description of this temple

diflScult

is

was

to

be placed was unsize.

undertaking than was the case

Queen, Hatshepsu,
is

occupied by any building of important

No

in describing the temple of

remains of such a building have been found.

two

reasons.

One, that there

;

so

We may

speculate on the reasons for building

very much

less to

guide us

and the other that

the temple not central at the head of the valley,

Mr. H. R. Hall has, to a great extent, cut away

the ground from under our feet in giving the
excellent

but quite to one

If

side.

we

picture to ourselves
it

the

floor

of the
site

account,

as

he has done

it,

of the

valley as
chosen,

probably was when the

realize

was

gradual uncovering of the ruins bit by

has
left

bit.

He

we must

that

considerable

comparatively

little

to be said

beyond

shoulder of rock and debris stood forward where

gathering together the fragments which relate

to the building, as apart

Hatshepsu's temple was afterwards built.

The

from the other informa-

head of the valley, the part of

towards the west, was the

it

most recessed

tion which he gives.

site selected

by Men-

We
It

must approach the subject with

consider-

tuhetep.

able caution.

In this recess a rectangular sinking was cut,

seems natural that we should make comof Hatshepsu, the

and

in

the middle of

its floor

the descending

parisons between the temple of Mentuhetep and that

passage was driven, passing westward beneath

the high
clifi's

two bearing
;

in

many
is,

for a great distance,

and ending

in

parts considerable resemblance

fact, an interval of perhaps

but there

in

the

Ka

sanctuary.

thousand years
Materials.

between them.
parts
clean,

And,

in addition, whilst those

still

of

the

structure

left

are perfectly

and new in appearance, though sadly broken, we must bear in mind their great age, and that we have hardly a fragment of any structures of the same period with which to comsharp,

The structure is granite, and crude

Limestone
nearly
is

built of limestone, sandstone,

brick.

made

use of for the walls in

all places,

except a few retaining walls,

brick.

which are of crude

Sandstone
is

pare this temple.

used

almost

everywhere

for

The

position, the materials, the plan,

and the

pavements, columns, architraves, and roof

Granite
is

slabs.

temple as a whole must now come under review.

used only for the doorways.

The limestone, which no doubt comes from

The
It
is

Position.

quarries near at hand,

is

not made use of in

reasonable to suppose that

when

it

was

large

blocks, things

not very easy to obtain,

it
is

decided to

build the temple, the head of the

nor

is it

placed in positions where

subject

14

THE

XlTH

DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.

violence.

to strain.

In this matter the architect of the

Evidence

is

left

to

us sufiicient to

temple showed himself to be better instructed

than his successor

show

that in sundry cases the stone

so,

beams gave

who designed
is

the temple of
sculptor,

way, or threatened to do
history of the
buildings.

quite early in the

Hatshepsu.
limestone,
beautiful
a

For the purposes of the

which
capable
of

For the temple of

receiving

so
for

surface,

was wisely employed

It

Mentuhetep a better sandstone was chosen, that which comes from the neighbourhood of Aswan,
and
is

building the walls, which were to be covered

marked by

tints

of violet

and warm
grey

with carved and painted

histories.

is

only at

brown, intermixed with

colour.

the

prevailing

the western end of the temple (see Xlth Dynasty

Temple

at Deir el-Bahari, Part

I.,

p.

35) that

we
of

The columns, octagonal

long
pieces.

in section, are

made
as

find the order of things reversed.

Here, in the

They

are

very superior

Hypostyle Hall, the walls are of sandstone, the

masonry
use of

to

the

extraordinary

method

made

pavement

is

of limestone.
wall which encloses the base of

The limestone
the pyramid
is

by the builder of the adjoining temple, where small fragments are stood on end one
over the other.

built with blocks of

some

size.

These are admirably wrought, their joints and

beds being very accurate
;

Granite was used only for the entrance door-

indeed, their work-

way

to the Pillar Hall surrounding the base of

manship
adjoining.

is

far superior to that

found in any

the pyramid, and as a lining to the

(see p.

Ka

sanctuary
to

other part

of their

temple, or in the temple

4)

and

it

remains as the

sill

the

doorway leading from the

Pillar Hall westward.

In examining the walls generally, although they are far from solid pieces of construction,
the insides being filled up with chips and shapeless

The Plan,

etc.

In examining the plan of this temple

we

find

rubble,

whilst

little

if

any bond

exists

ourselves face to face with unusual difficulties.

between the facing and the

interior, still the

We

are compelled to take a leap

backward from

workmanship

is,

on the whole, superior to that

the Hypostyle Hall was of

the XVIIIth to the Xlth Dynasty.

We may
between
It

of the later date.

land ourselves in
in

many

errors if
is

we make comso,

The pavement
limestone
;

parisons,
this

tempting as

it

to

do

irregularly shaped slabs fitted, not

together.

temple and others,

for,

where can we find

very neatly,
experience of
fact that

The forethought and the architect is shown from the

other temples of the

Xlth Dynasty?
to

may

be well,
as

first,

to figure to ourselves the

it

he rejected limestone

at

hand

which lay near

and roof

temple

we may

believe

have stood when com-

for the columns, architraves,

plete.

slabs,

and made use of sandstone, and further

It covered a

good deal of ground, but was

This

selection is

shown

in the choice of this material.

small in

its

parts.

may

well be realized

At Gibel

Silsileh vast

quantities

of sandstone

when we
ing as
it

state that the granite

doorway, form-

may
in

be had, but large as the blocks

is

may

be, the

did the only entrance to the temple

material
its

by no means very hard

or resisting

itself (as

qualities.

It is fairly resistant to

comthe

afi"orded

opposed to the colonnades round about), an opening of but three feet wide,
to

pression, but very ill-suited to' withstand

inconveniently narrow for two people

pass

tension put upon

it

when used
and roof

like a horizontal

through abreast.

Is it possible that processions,

beam

for architraves
roofless

slabs.

bearing arks and other symbols, had to squeeze

in

The

condition

we

observe

the

through

this little hole

ancient temples was not necessarily caused by

The more the plans of ancient temples are

AECHITECTURAL DESCEIPTIONS.
studied, the
ritual,

15

more keen

is

the regret that, of the

metre high.
temple
larger.

Those

in a similar position in the

we know

nothing.

of

Queen

Hatshepsu

were somewhat

We
them

cannot doubt that the ancient temples

diflfered

somewhat
;

in their plans, as

we observe

The wide ramp leads up

to a terrace on the
A.t a little

to do because, with them, as with the mediaeval churches, the building was laid out in view of what was to take place within. The
ritual

roof of the colonnade just described.

distance back there rose right and left a second

colonnade of nine intercolumniations, flanking a

was the

kernel, the temple or church

was

doorway of
of the

granite,

which rose on the axial

itself.

line

the shell, built with more or less of magnificence,

to enshrine
it.

ramp and

of the temple

The

first
is

object of the architect

in these days,

The temple was now before

quite centre of the colonnade below.

us,

with

its

fagade

was not, as

it

usually

and has

symmetrical, but not standing over the

been ever since the Renaissance, to make a show

The plan shows

Nothing that
this.

and leave the

ritual to fit itself in as it can.

us

that the
it

terrace

extended further to the

As we approached this temple from the east we must first have observed the enclosing wall,
the
eastern

north than

did to the south.

has been found indicates a reason for

part

of

which has entirely gone.

say.

The temple

wall,

of limestone

and covered

How
and

far it stood

from the ramp we cannot

with sculpture, was enclosed on the north and

south faces by a colonnade of two intercolumniations deep, ranging with the eastern colonnade.

There must have been a gateway in

it

this wall,
it

would be unreasonable

to suppose that

did not stand on the axis, therefore in line with

the ramp.

The narrow doorway,

by the temple
of the
walls.

of three feet wide,

was the

only entrance to the considerable area enclosed

There
us
to

is

enough of the enclosing wall

that
it

left for

Seen over the terrace roof have been

see

was not very

pyramid
from
especially

high.

The
have

colonnade there rose the pyramid, the

colonnades

and

central
it,

must
far
ofi".

base of which

we suppose

to

visible in

shown

well above

part above this roof.

Passing through the gateway we should have

On

entering the temple through the granite

in a

found ourselves near the foot of a wide ramp,

flanked right and
left

doorway we should have found ourselves

perfect

by colonnades.

Here we

grove of small columns, called on the

should stop to observe a peculiarity which, until

plan the Pillar Hall, not less than 150 in

ber, all of

num-

we have

diligently studied their plans,

we

are

them octagonal

in plan,

and standing
above the

not accustomed to associate with the architecture We expect to find an of Egyptian temples.

on circular bases which rose but

level of the

little

pavement, and, in

fact,

formed a

august and severe symmetry, rigorously maintained on either side of the axis.

part of

it.

But here

it

The following problem now presents

the notice of the restorer
:

itself to

was not

so.

On

the north side of the

ramp was
;

did the roof resting on

a colonnade of thirteen intercolumniations

on

the grove of columns extend to the base on which

The the south was a colonnade of but eleven. temple did not even stand centrally within its
enclosing walls.

stood the pyramid, or did

it

stop over the inner-

most range of columns, thus leaving a narrow

space between the columns and the pyramid base
?

The north wall

lay at about

33-0 metre from the north angle of the lower colonnade, the south at a distance of some 13"0

We know

very well that

tlie

interior

of an

Egyptian temple was not condemned to perpetual

darkness, as

metre from the south angle of the same colonnade.

some have supposed, the

In the

light of

day being entirely excluded.

columns, square on plan, were about 4'0
nearly every roof that
is left

case

of

The

we

find small holes

16

THE
it

XIth

dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIE EL-BAHARI.

or

through

at

infrequent
slits,

intervals,

small

existence

of the

pyramid

as a central object,

windows, mere

near the top of the walls.

but he would have been

In several cases, as at Karnak, the Eamesseum,

and

the

temple of

Seti

at

Gurna

amongst
is

others, a clerestory admitting

abundant light

wonder why the wall enclosing the columns was on one side of him covered with sculpture, and rose straight from the pavement, whilst on the other side it
left to

found.

"We must not forget that an apartment,

squalid, such
as

was raised on a

step.

We

find the base of the

in

gloomy and

we now

see

in

pyramid

to stand
;

on a plinth

the form of a

many a

temple, a ray of light struggling through

high step
itself.

it

forms part of a design complete in

a small opening in the roof slabs, did not

by

any means present

this appearance in old time.

Mr. Hall
p.

calls attention to

the fact (Part

I.,

The

flat ceiling,

instead of being stained and

of bats,

28) that the interior of the pyramid base was

black with the

thickly covered

filth

was painted
;

blue,

formed with a rough wall of heavy nodules of

flint.

with light yellow stars

the

It is evident that the builders,

knowing

walls were quite light in their general colour,

what they might venture upon in the climate of

adorned with

many

figures

on a light ground

the floors were covered with a flne hard plaster,

white or very light in general

tint.

small

Upper Egypt, built a dry wall which really does the work of keeping in its place the rubble As a that formed the mass of the pyramid.
covering to this was built the wall of finished

ray of light from the glorious sky of Egypt was

enough

to illuminate such an apartment.

as
it

masonry, a small part of which

is

still

remains at

As

far

the necessary

amount

of light

the north-west angle of the base.

concerned,

could be had in the Pillar Hall

it

The

builders of the

temple of Queen Hat-

without leaving a narrow space for

base of the pyramid.

at the

shepsu adopted exactly the same course

many
the

hundred

years

later

when

constructing

On

the other hand, in the opinion of us on

it

middle platform

of

her temple, and raising

whom

has fallen to

tion of the temple,

make a tentative restorawe considered as the most

Following

againsb the southern side the stately wall which

looks

towards the venerable structure we are

reasonable course to assume that the pyramid

now

describing.

and

its

base stood in a courtyard.

Passing round the pyramid base, the visitor

to the temple found himself

the probable sequence of growth of the type,

we
to

among

the western

should find that the pyramid was really the

central
object,

range of columns, three intercolumniations in

and we, of

course,

know

it

width instead of four

and

here, not
it,

on the

axis,

have been a method of commemorating the

dead of the highest antiquity.

but one bay to the north of

granite doorway of the

he found a

same meagre dimensions

The pyramids
flank.

at Gizeh,

Dahshour and

else-

as

that by

which he had entered.

where had temples attached to their eastern

In the course of time the pyramid decreased in size, whilst the attached temple grew.

further to the

To add want of symmetry he not only

had been
in-

found that the doorway was not in the middle,

but that a
series of little shrines

Ultimately the pyramid was surrounded by the

temple.
It

truded in a most irregular manner.

The reader
of

stood

in

courtyard.

By

this

must be
curious

referred to the plan for a study of these

structures,

method of reasoning we
tion.

arrive at our restora-

and

to

the

description

We

are

further

supported in this view

roof of the

them

in the present

volume, illustrated by the

built

from the

fact that, did the stone

elevation of

two of them, most ingeniously

temple actually touch the pyramid base, the

spectator would

up by Mme. Naville.

not only be unaware of the

The curious want of relationship between the

AECHITECTUEAL DESCBIPTIONS.
shrines

17

and the temple within which they stand

us
to ask whether the shrines were

column or columns, sink the tomb shaft and then

replace the masonry,
If

may

lead

would have been

easy.

already in position before the temple was built,

or whether they are an intrusion.

we examine
technical

the floor slabs on which the

walls of the Pillar Hall rest, the evidence, from

we suppose the six shrines to have stood where we now see them before the temple was
If

the

point

of view,

is

altogether in

favour of the wall having been completed and

afterwards cut into by the insertion of the floor
slabs

designed,

we may enquire

to

what building

it

was to which they had

not been found

relationship.

Remains

and the structures of the

shrines.
after.

The
also

of such a building connected with

;

them have

wall

came

first

and the shrines came

indeed, an examination of their

it

The base stones of the columns, which

form part of the pavement, were
In
all

base stones makes

of them, separate
If

evident that they are, each

structures.

first in position.

and independent

cases the stones to receive the shrine are

they had relationship merely to the tombs

placed against the base stones of the columns

west of them we might expect to find a tomb

shaft behind or under each shrine.

and

wall,

and not the reverse way, which must

first in

glance at

have been the case had the shrines been

position.

the plan shows that this

If

is

not the case.

In some cases the bases of the columns

cut,

the shrines are antecedent to the temple

well ask,

had been

and

it

seems to

me

cut

when

in

we may

why

did not the architect of a

position, so that the shrine base stones

inserted.

might be

building so symmetrical and carefully disposed

pay some regard

t6 these structures

?^

It

would

Judging by the evidence given us by a study

of the

have been easy to place the axial

line a little
is,

masonry

it is

hardly open to doubt that

if

more

to

the north than

it

it

actually

and to

the temple was practically,

not in

all

parts,

have passed
the

centrally between the shrines.

absolutely finished,

and that then, by orders

In the temple of Queen Hatshepsu we find in

from above, the tombs had to be made and

shrines inserted.

west wall of the Upper Court that the

niches do not agree with the

number
with

of inter-

The
it

east wall of the Pillar Hall

columniations in front of them.

This arrangethe
classic

ruined that
either

ment

is

not

in

accordance

much we cannot get much evidence out of way. One thing is, however, to be
is

so

methods of laying out a building, nor are many other features in an Egyptian plan, but there is
not anything clumsy and
scheme.
undigested in the

observed.

very small piece remains of the

This consists of

north jamb of the doorway.

the bottom stone on the east face.

find a

We

usually

doorway to be surrounded by a

flat archi-

That certain columns stand over tomb shafts seems in no way unreasonable. What better way could be found to secure secrecy ? Let us suppose the west court and its colonnades to have
been
absolutely

trave, projecting

beyond the

face of the wall but

a very few centimetres.

architrave
are
seen.
If

No

remains of such an
that in

we presume
it is

piercing the

new doorway north

of the old the

completed
shrines

before

the

fewest possible stones were removed,

there would not be, projecting

evident
face

tombs were made and

difficulties are

inserted.
is

The
small

beyond the

not great.

The

structure

of the wall, material

architrave could be cut.

from which a projecting

in scale.

To support the roof and remove the

Passing
1

through

the

doorway the

visitor

entered the westernmost part of the temple.

to

the point of view of the architect it is difficult suppose that anything so clumsy as the arrangement we

From
see

This consisted of

courtyard with columns

now

was deliberately designed.

round

it.

On

its

east side the colonnade

was of

18

THE

XIth

dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHAKI.

Its

two intercolumniations in depth, on the north

position,

pushed up against and indeed

cliff, is

and south

side a single range of

columns stood

recessed into the side of a perpendicular

in advance of the enclosing walls, but in front,

i.e.,

unusual

at

any

rate, I

do not think that other

towards the west, was a Hypostyle Hall

less

not

than ten intercolumniations in depth.

temples of this remote period in similar positions are known, indeed there are but few remains of

Notwithstanding the small scale of the parts,

the
effect

of

this

mass of columns,

as

the

any of the XIth Dynasty. It cannot be doubted that the general design
of the building has been very
its

spectator
striking.

moved amongst them, must have been

position.
it

The

terrace

much affected by and the ramp leading

In the line of the axis of the courtyard there

to

seem to have been forced upon the architect

site.

opened the descent to the long tunnel which

leads to the

by the conditions of the

Ka

sanctuary.

If this

was open to
of this
to

view, which seems

inclined

possible, the

effect

We have not, at present, any means of know ing what was the typal plan of a temple of the
XIth Dynasty
;

plane

leading

gently

downward

and even

if

we knew

it,

the

mysterious

depths,

and closed by a doorway

building we are now considering need not of

necessity be in accordance with that type, as it
is

which was seen just below the front of the

Hypostyle Hall, must have been very impressive.
Unfortunately
all

a funerary temple and not one for ordinary

the pavement on the line of

use.

the front of the Hypostyle Hall has gone, con-

May we

not, however, think

it

probable that
this

sequently

we cannot form any

Deeply
the
hall

opinion as to the

at this period a feature very

prominent in

design of this facade.

recesses

set in the

shadowy
its

temple, namely, polygonal

columns, was com-

of

and pierced through

its

mon ?

In the tombs at Beni Hassan, at Eifa,

details

western wall was a small speos,

entrance
to the

&c., the architectural

of which, though

masked by screen walls which advanced fourth column from the end.
So
far as

rock-hewn, are evidently copied from structures,

and which belong to the succeeding dynasty, the

columns are polygonal
(octagons),

we can
all

tell,

the temple

thus de-

and agree
After the

scribed

was built

at one time.

It does

not

very well with those in our temple.

appear to have undergone any change of scheme

excepting the insertion of the six shrines above

expulsion of the Hyksos architecture revived, so

the historians
of the
tell us.

We

find in the temples

mentioned.

In the XVIIIth Dynasty, however,

XVIIIth Dynasty

a frequent use of the

in the temple of

at the north-west angle of the temple platform a

polygonal column.

Not only

considerable alteration was made.

The retaining

Hatshepsu, but at Abydos, Karnak,

Wadi

Haifa,

wall was broken through, the rock face was cut

back, and a small speos shrine, dedicated to the

goddess Hathor and containing her image in

the form of a cow, was erected with a hall of
approach.

Amada, el-Kab, and extending on into the earlier days of the XlXth Dynasty at Gurna, Beit elWali, &c. The difference, such as there is,
between the columns of the XIth and Xllth Dynasties and of the XVIIIth lies in the fact
that whilst the earlier columns are octagons, the
later

We

have

not,

however, sufficient

fragments of this structure to form an idea of

its

appearance when perfect.

sandstone.

It

was

built of

have sixteen

facets, or

even more.

Silsileh

So much

for a
II.,

description

From

the above statements

may we draw

the

of the temple of
it

Mentuhetep

as

we

believe

conclusion that the architect of the temple of

to have been.
I

Hatshepsu not only inspired himself considerably

re-

would venture to make a few further marks on the plan of the building.

by what was

still

standing of the temple of

Mentuhetep, but that he was, in the type of

ARCHITECTUKAL DESCRIPTIONS.
architecture he

19

made
in

use
his

of,

following a fashion

that
of
it

it

did not seem worth while to

is,

make a plan

much

prevailing

day,

but which, for

as it

and another
is

as it was.

reasons I do not propose to fathom, gave

way

to

The general plan

nearly everything
lies

not open to question,

the clumsy and ill-conceived forms which prevailed

in

before us on the ground.

in favour of this

the

XlXth Dynasty,
the

culminating in

The documentary evidence

central

such monstrosities as the columns in the temple

of

pyramid

is

strong.

The

difficulty

of

Eameses

III. in

XXth Dynasty ?
MenEd. Fatio of Geneva.

accounting for the square mass in the centre of

the temple
to be the
is

The drawings
tuhetep were

illustrating the temple of

very great, unless we suppose

base.

it

made by M.

pyramid

We

have, therefore, in

The restoration is our joint work. The temple as it now exists is so broken down

the scheme of restoration, ventured to adopt the

pyramid

as the central feature.

20

CHAPTBE
By
Pl.
I.

V.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

Edotjard Naville.

This

is

a perspective drawing,

by M. Ed.

Fatio, of the

two temples at Deir el-Bahari, showat the end of the valley.

ing

how they were placed

The reason why the oldest temple was built on the south side and not in the middle seems to be that on this side only was there sufficient open
space to

The four heads are not quite similar in type, as if the king had been sculptured at different ages, or what seems more likely, because they We have reproare not all by the same hand.
duced one of them on a larger scale than in
Part
I.,

as being a

good specimen of the art of

make an approach

to the

temple

the

the Xllth Dynasty,

and of the Theban

not be the same

school,

slope of the

mountain on the north extended

from the
is

the style of which

may

as that

much

farther towards the south, judging

of the artists of other cities such as

PI. III. A.

Memphis.

middle platform of the great temple, which

tirely cut in the rock.

en-

The end

of the temple, showing

The temple of the Xlth

the rock-cut shrine, the remains of the hypostyle

hall,

Dynasty had

a double enclosure, which

we

see

on

and the entrance

sanctuary.

to the passage leading to

the south side, a brick wall against the mountain,

the

Ka

On

the three sides the walls

and a limestone wall at

a short distance

from

this.

are bare

rock, the coating

of stone

has been

On

the

north the enclosure was a

little

more

destroyed.
B.

distant from the temple than on the south.

The

The same taken from the north

(Pll. xi.-xx.).

side.

In

brick wall, part of which

is

still

seen in the

front are the remains of the shrines of

Kemsit
in

passage of the great temple, has disappeared in

the panelled supporting wall
terrace in the great temple.

and Aashait
c.

of

the

middle

The same from the

is

south.

The cave

The limestone wall

belongs to the older

the right corner

PI.

the sanctuary of the cow.

shrine,

alone remained, and as

it

IV. A.

The rock-cut

found quite

temple

it is not parallel with the new.

PI. II.

This statue was found in 1905.

It is

empty, but where probably was the statue of Mentuhetep discovered by Lord Dufferin. In
front of
it is

one of the three which are

now

in the British

the altar in the room of

ojfFerinsrs

Museum.

They

all

belong to the gallery of

cut out of the hypostyle hall

closing six columns
east side.
B.

by the wall en-

statues of Usertsen (Senusrit) III., the remains

and forming a door on the

discovered, before

of which were discovered in the southern court

at

the

foot

of the

platform of the pyramid.

The

altar,

when

the

There were at least six of these statues.

four of

Of
of

shrine
c.

them we found the heads and the bust

;

was emptied of the rubbish it contained, The altar seen from the shrine.
V.

two are headless torsos

thrown from above

the lower part of

all

PI.

A and

B.

Hall of the

altar,

while

it

them has disappeared.

(I., PI.

They probably were

xix., p. 57).

was being excavated,

the enclosing wall.

b shows the outside of

DESCRIPTION OP THE PLATES.

c.

21

Block of sculpture remarkable for

its fine

the walls in the back part of the temple, off'ering

of a bird.
c.

colour,

now

at the

museum

in

New

York.

It

shows Mentuhetep between Hathor and another

god.
D.

War

scene, enemies, probably

Aamu.

D.

Fragments giving the names of various

Nekht, Maket, Kheti, Masi.
;

Mentuhetep

sitting,

behind bim Set and

11.

officers,
E.

Hathor, restored by Rameses

PI. VI.
altar.

Piece from a stele

king Mentuhetep wor-

Other sculptures from the

a long stride

hall of the

shipping a god.
p.

Fragment from one of the

" His

shrines, giving

A.

The king making

field to the god.

and
is

offer-

the title of queen to the princess.

G.

ing a

The long

stride

prob-

two plumes

"

seems to be part of
" in

ably the
B.

way

of measuring the

field.

the royal name.

The

king

being

embraced

by

god,

H.
city."

Beautiful

hieroglyphs

the

eternal

perhaps Amon.
c.

Part of the

first

cartouche of Mentuhetep
last sign is

PI.
A.

X.

Inscriptions from various

monuments.

II.,

showing that the

This proves

an

oar,

with

The

great granite table of ofi'erings found

the usual representation of the two eyes on the

blade.
sign.
tlie

near the entrance to the rock-cut shrine.

On

reading hepet of this

this well-sculptured

both sides are two rr^^ with the

of the king,

first

cartouche

Other examples of

and

in the

middle are Nile gods

oar have been found.

D.

bringing offerings to the sovereign of both parts of

Two
VII.

fragments

showing

the

style

of

Egypt, who

is

represented only by the symbolical

sculpture.

group generally engraved on his throne, the two

This plate shows various views of
plants of

PL
A.

Egypt joined by the

sign V^.

This

the passage and the subterranean sanctuary.

Entrance of the passage before

First part of the passage where

it

was
not

table of ofi'erings
B.

had been seen by Mariette.

giving the two cartouches
11).
(p. 12).

lintel
I. (p.

of

quite cleared.
B. it is

Sebekhotep
c.

The cartouches of Senebmaiu

vaulted.
D.
c.

Fragments of the cartouches of Dudumes

First cartouche of

The vault covering the passage during

(p. 12).

two-thirds of
D.

its

length.
E.

Sehhaem-a Mentuhetep

The granite wall The

of the chamber of the

(p.
it.

12).
F.

shrine with the door leading into

E.

Three fragments where the name of Menis

alabaster shrine.

tuhetep
his
G.

not in a cartouche.

The fourth gives

PI. VIII. A.

Entrance to the passage leading

to the

tomb
c.

in the south-western corner of the

'^ name n
Fragments of the cartouche of Sebekem(p. 12).

hypostyle

hall.

B and

The

large

alabaster

sarcophagus

sa/Z
H.

supposed to be that on which was read the name

of the queen,
PI. IX.

Sculptures from various parts of the

^^
Now

First

cartouche of a " Sebekhotep," pro-

(p. 3).

bably at the beginning of the dynasty.

I.

Inscription of the " chief of the hunting

p.

temple.
A.

country," with contiguous fragments (L,

7),

Head

and bust of one of the statues of

in the

belonging

most

probably

to

the

shrine

of

princesses,

which probably stood

at the

chambers

Aashait, west side.

K.

of the shrines.
B.

museum

in Geneva.

King Menephtah Siphtah and the

(p. 12).

officer

Frao^ment of the sculptures which covered

Bai

22

THE
Pll.

XIth

dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIK EL-BAHAEI.

plates

XI.-XX.

The ten following

show

As we

see

from the shrine of Aashait (PL

xiv.),

the fragments of the shrines from which they

each side was divided into two panels, each of

have been reconstituted.

to

These fragments had

which again was in two parts. on

the

The king stood

be sorted, since they belong to six different

back part and in front of him the

Eeconstitution of the south side of

shrines,
out.

and

their original place

had

to be

found

princess.
PI.

This work, as well as

all

the drawings,

XIV.

has been done by

constitutions
(Pll.

Mme.
xi.

Naville.
xiv.)

In these re-

the shrine of Aashait.

Each

side

was divided into

and

nothing

has
left

two panels, each having two doors, which may

have been
false

been added of which there was not enough

to

doors

(p. 9).

The

inscriptions

show what
if

it

was.

No

figure

has been
it

on the cornice are merely promises of offerings to

the princess.
PI.

introduced

there

was not a part of

and
could

which

would show
these
clues

its

position

its gestures.

From
what

XV.

A.

These fragments belong to the

they

be

completed,

upper part of one of the south side-panels from

the shrine of Aashait.

was found on one shrine often explaining what was on another.

of which there

We

have to notice here,

But nothing has been drawn

was not at
least a trace.

and

in the other shrines, that the colours nearly

false

All

always represent

wood

of various

tints.

the fragments, of which there are

more than
re-

One

of

them may have represented ebony.

wooden shrine
like

The

one thousand, have not been published, only

those which could
constifcution has
PI. XI.

whole construction seems thus to have been an

imitation of a
similar to that

show how the work of

we

been done.
to the shrine of Sadhe.

found in the great temple.

The entrance

The emblems
stones,

Horus heads are

blue, as

For

this

monument

the

three dimensions are 2 m. 70, so that the

are also the hieroglyphs.

They imitate

inlaid

exactly known, they are

shrine

all

mostly lapis lazuli, which according to the

was a perfect cube.

The entrance
as

is

rubrics of the

Book

of the Dead,

was the stone

75 cm.

The
XII.

representations,

on the sar-

used for inscriptions.

cophagi, are taken from ordinary

PI.
is

life.

The word Ant,

A

[I

in the horizontal line, I

Fragments from the entrance.

from the vertical scene on the door.

The
is

consider as

meaning Upper Egypt.

figure of the princess, of

left,

whom

the head only

is

the top of the ribbed cornice, projecting

(PI.

had to be reconstituted from that of Aashait B is also from the same scene and xvii.).
side,

forward so
is

much
list

that

it is

horizontal.
:

The text

part of a

of festivals

"the &r&t pert, the

of

from the right

the butchering of a bull,

great pert, the festival of Thoth."

PI.

and the scene where the king is with the princess, c shows the last of the four attendants,
whose name
flowers.
PI. XIII.
is

XVI.
xiv.

A.

The lower part

a girdle

what we saw
light

on

PI.

The princess with a

by
and
braces.

green

Hori, and below the maid offering

dress held

She has in

her

left

hand a

lotus flower.

is

the continuation of PI.

B.
xii.

Among

the inscriptions

A,

reproduced here
' '

and belongs
of the door.

to the lower part of the right side

we

see the

mention of the holy house,

It is probably the

f^,

The top

block, very well preserved,

of Mentuhetep.

name

of the

where the princess receives drink from an attendant,

is

temple, which

we have not found

elsewhere.

at the

museum

showing her
calf has also

seat,

The block the head of the cow and the

in Cairo.

The other
names
PI.

inscriptions are fragments of the

of Aashait or Mentuhetep.

been brought to the museum,

is

XVII.

If

we turn

the angle on the right

the same corner, but seen from the north side.

of Aashait's panel (PI. xvi. a),

we

reach the east

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

23

where was the entrance and a representation very like that of the shrine of Sadhe (PI. xL).
side
B.

of the shrine of Aashait.

The colour
is

is

different

part of the ornaments

painted red.

The

in-

The scene above the

door.

We

see here

scriptions are only promises of offerings.

B.

the princess sitting and the feet of her attendant.

It is

Part of this

side, as also

on other shrines,

from that figure that Sadhe has been reconxi.).

was not painted, showing that the monuments

had not been
finished,

stituted (PI.
A.

and that they had been

had been completed.

Instead of a maid bringing a lotus,

is

we

see

inserted after the temple

PI.

one of the attendants who

is

called Antef.

cow suckling her

calf.

Below The two animals are

Those we have

XX.

The

east side of the shrine of Kemsit.

red-spotted, which

means brown.

The princess wears a dress of green feathers and She holds a red ostrich feathers as head-dress.
vase,

seen on Sadhe's shrine are blue-spotted, which

is

and

in front of

her

is

man

pouring a

the conventional colour for black.

iii.

Cow and
c).

liquid

into

cup.

The

inscription

above

is

attendant were found in situ (PL

Plate XVIII. A.

merely a promise of

offerings.

Here we have the scene of

From
hetep

the inscription in the corner

also

we

see that

the princess with the king, which stood on the

right of the entrance.

Kemsit was
III.
,

one of the favourites of Mentuis

The top

block,

now at
it

the

whose name

written here

^.

museum in
is

Cairo, is

very important, since

gives

PU. XXI. and XXII.

Plans

showing what

the names of the king and princess.

"

The king

remains of the temple and of the

Ka

sanctuary.
of

called here

^*
A.

PH. XXIII. and XXIV.

side

Restoration

the

Plate

XIX.

Fragments of the north

temple.

INDEX

INDEX TO PAET
Aanra, or Semites of the Delta, 11, 21.
Aashait, shrine
of, 6, 7, 8, 22, 23.

II.

Ceiling of temple, sky with stars, 16.

" Chief of the hunting country," 21.

Abydos, temple of Eameses

Alabaster sarcophagus,
3,

II. at, 4.

" Chief of the thirties," a judicial

office, 12.

21.
4, 21.

Clarke, Mr. Somers, his architectural description of the

Alabaster shrine, or sanctuary,

Altar of limestone,
2.

temple, 13-19

his

argument that the temple was

were

finished before the shrines of the princesses

inserted, 7, 17.

Amenemha
Amenophis

Sebekhotep, king of the Xlllth Dynasty, 11.

I.,

king of the XVIIIth Dynasty, 12.

Clerestory, admitting light to the temple, 16.

Coffin of Kauit,
7, 8, 9.

Amon,
7
;

chief object of worship

under the Xlth Dynasty,

king kneeling before, 12.

2.

Colonnades,

1,

15.
;

Amulets, painted above the king's throne,

Ant, or
Antef,

Colours, representing different woods, 22

spots on cows

Upper Egypt,
11.

7, 22.

representing colours, 23.

governor of Thebes and founder of the

Xlth

Cow
Crypt

suckling
22, 23.
of

calf,

on panel

in

shrine of princess,

9,

Dynasty, 10,

Antef, an attendant, 23.

cathedral, analogy of underground

5.

ka shrine

Anu Khent,
13-19.

a Nubian, 11.

with,

Architectural description of temple, by Mr. Somers Clarke,

Dad,
14.

the,

symbol

of Osiris, 8, 9.

Aswan, sandstone from,

Daressy,
10.

M., his account of

Lord Dufferin's excavaat,

tions, 3.

Bab

el-H09an, the, tomb of Mentuhetep

of,

I.,

Daschour, comparison with objects found

at, 16.

pyramid

Bai, the chancellor, inscription

12, 21.

Beni Hassan, polygonal columns in rock-hewn tombs

at, 18.

Delta, the, subject to

Mentuhetep dynasty,
bone picked up by,
13
;

11.

Dennis, Mr., piece of

to, 7, 11.
1, 4.

4.

Bissing-Bruckmann referred
Boats with
figures, in

Doorways,

of granite, of

very narrow, 14, 15, 16.

12, 21.

Boat, sacred, carried in processions,

Dudumes, king

the

XlVth Dynasty,

ka

shrine, 4.

Dufferin, Lord, his excavations,

2, 3, 20.

Book
Bond,

of the

Dead, 22.
if

Uttle

any between rubble and facing

stele in,

of wall, 14.

Eyes, on sacred oar, 10, 21.

Bricks,
British

3, 13.

Museum,

Bubastis, inscriptions of

10 objects in, 11, 12, 20. Sebekhotep found at, 11.

;

Fatio,

M.

Ed., his joint restoration of the temple, 19.

Budge, Dr.,

list of

kings by, 11.

Flint, nodules of, in interior of

pyramid base,
9, 22.

16.

Bull, butchering of,

on shrine

of princess, 8, 9, 22.

Flowers, offered to princesses,

Bust
Cairo

of

one

of the princesses, 7, 20.

Frazer, Mr., his discovery of inscriptions at Gebelein, 12.

Museum,

objects in, 4, 22, 23.

Gebelein, inscription
2
;

of,

7;

inscriptions of kings of the

Cartouche, royal

name

enclosed

in,

kings with single

cartouches, 10, cartouche, 10, 11; kings with two of various kings, 21. 11 of Mentuhetep II., 21
;

XlVth Dynasty found by Mr. Geneva Museum, objects in, 21.

Gizeh, pyramids
at, 16.

Frazer, 12,

Gibel Silsileh, sandstone from, 14, 18.

" Cave of Mentuhetep II.," or underground ka shrine,

5,11.

Granite, used only for doorways, 13, 14.

28

INDEX.
of princesses, 22, 23. of Seti at, 16.

Green dress

Mentuhetep

V., or

Sankhkara, 11.
4.

Gurna, clerestory in temple

Mummy
Naville,

cloth,

found in ka shrine,

Hall, Mr.

H.

E., his

account of the gradual uncovering of

Mme., her reconstruction

of the shrines of the

the ruins, 13; his description of the interior of the

princesses, 6, 16, 22.

pyramid base,
Harmachis, figure
Hatshepsu, temple
'

Neb-hetep-Ea, or Mentuhetep

II., 5, 10. 5.

16.
of,
of,

embracing the king,

comparison with,
of,

Nems, or cloth in which the body was wrapped,

2.

2, 13, 16, 17.

New York Museum,

III.

objects in, 21.

Hathor, the princesses priestesses

Mentuhetep
;

Nubian,

a,

sculpture of Mentuhetep III. chastising, 11.

specially devoted to the worship of, 7

of,

no symbols
of, 18,

on shrines

of the princesses, 9

cow

20

Oar, hieroglyph

for, 10, 11, 21.

figures of, with king Mentuhetep, 21.

Octagonal columns, 14, 18.

Osiris, flail of, 2
;

Hawks

of

Horus, rows

of, 8, 9.

dad, symbol

of, 8, 9.

Henhenit, shrine

of, 6, 7.

Ostrich feathers, as head-dress of princess Kemsit, 23.

Hepet, sign of the sacred oar, with eyes on the blade, 10, 21.
Hiket, or beer, 9.

Panels, on shrines of the princesses,

of, 8, 9.

8, 9, 22, 23.

Horus hawks, rows

Horus kings
of the

Pavements,
10, 11.

of

sandstone and limestone, 13, 14.

Xlth Dynasty,

Perspective drawing of the two temples, 20.

Pillar Hall, the, 15, 16, 17.

Hyksos, the, revival

of architecture after expulsion of, 18.

Hypostyle Hall,

the, 1, 18.

Plan

of the temple, 15-19.

Polygonal columns, a feature of this period, 18.

Isis,

no symbols

of, 9.

Priestesses, or princesses, shrines of, 6-9, 16, 17, 22, 23.

Princesses, or priestesses, shrines

of,

6-9, 16, 17, 22, 23.

Ka

shrine, the, at
18, 21.

end

of

underground passage,

Processions, in the great hall,

4, 5,

1, 14.

"

Prophetess of Hathor,"
of,

title of
;

the princesses,
expedition

6.

Karnak, comparison with temple

10
;

at, 1

list

of kings at,

Punt, land

perfumes from, 9
;

to, 11.

monument
at, 16.

of

Sebekemsaf

at,

12

clerestory in

Pyramid

base, 15, 16

central feature in restoration, 19.

in,

temple

Pyramids, the, chamber

from, 16.

development

of

temples

Kauit, shrine

of, 6, 7, 8, 9. of, 6,

Kemsit, shrine

23.

Ea
Lapis
lazuli,

Sebekhotep, king of the Xlllth Dynasty, 11.

II.,

Eameses
stone used for inscriptions, 22.
Lieblein,
list of

restorations

by,

2,

21

temple

of,

at

Abydos,

4.

kings by, 11.

Eameses
the walls, 13, 14.

III.,

columns in the temple

in, 16.

of, 18.

Lighting of temples in ancient Egypt, 16.

Limestone, used for almost

all

Eamesseum, the, clerestory Eamp, the, 15.

Lotus

capitals,

on columns

in shrines of princesses, 8.

Eestoration of the temple, by Mr. Somers Clarke and

M. Ed.
Mariette, his excavations, 3, 21.

Patio, 19, 20.

Eitual, 11, 15.

Maspero, M., his account of Lord Dufferin's excavations, 3.

Eoof

of the temple, 14, 15, 16.

of offerings, 2.

Eoom
12, 21.

Materials of the temple, 13, 14.

Bubble, in interior of walls, 14; in interior of pyramid

base, 16.

Menephtah Siphtah, king of the XXth Dynasty, Mentuhetep dynasty, 10, 11.
Mentuhetep
I.,

founder of dynasty, 10, 11

last

king with

Sadhe,

shrine

of,

6-9,

22,

23;

reconstitution

of

her

single cartouche, 10.

figure, 22.
;

Mentuhetep
Mentuhetep
Mentuhetep

II.,
;

inscriptions of, 1, 2, 10, 11

sculpture

of,

Samtaui, Horus

name

of of

Mentuhetep

II., 10, 11.

as god, 2

first

king to take two cartouches, 11.

the
princesses
7.

Sanctuary of the cow

7; a

Hathor, 18, 20.

III.,

favourites

of,

Sandstone, used in the temple, 13, 14.

worshipper

of

Hathor,

IV., 11.

Sankhkhara, or Mentuhetep V., 11, 21. Sarcophagus of queen Temem, 3, 21.

INDEX.
Sebekemsaf, king of the Xlllth Dynasty, 12, 21. Sebekhotep, king of the Xlllth Dynasty, 11, 21. Semites of the Delta, war against, by Mentuhetep

29

Thehennu, or white Libyan,

Thoth, festival
II., 11.
of,

11.

22.
7.

Thothmes
Tombs,

III.,

chapel renewed by,

3.

Senebmaui, king (probably)

Set, figure of,

of the

XlVth Dynasty,

12, 21.

in Hypostyle Hall,

behind king,

2, 21.

Tomb

shafts,

columns standing

over, 17.
1, 3, 18.

Shrines of the princesses, 6-9, 16, 17, 22, 23; temple constructed before shrines were inserted, 7, 17.

Tunnel, leading to empty shrine,

Turin Papyrus, the, princes known only from, 11, 12.

Sky with

stars,

on shrines

of princesses,

on

ceilings of

temples, 16. Speos, or " holy of holies," cut out of the Hypostyle
Hall, 2, 18.

Underground passage, leading

Usekht, the "

to

empty
of,

shrine, 1, 3-5, 18.

1.

wide

hall," or " hall of the rising,"

III.,

Usertsen (Senusrit)
offerings to the
5.

statues
5.

11,

20;

his

daily

Spots, conventional for colour of cows, 23.

Stele of

ka shrine,

Xllth Dynasty,
of, in

Syenite, used in underground shrine, 4.

"Valley

of

Neb-hetep-Ea," or underground ka shrine,

Symmetry, want

architecture of temples, 15.

5,11.

Vaulted underground passage,

3.

Table of offerings, the,

2, 3, 21.

Teht, or sTirine of the ha, 4.

Walls, construction

of, 14.

Temem, name
Theban

of a

queen

in

an inscription now lost,

3, 21.

War

scene, 21.
figures, 3.

school, art of the, 11, 20.

of, 10, 11.

Thebes, Antef governor

Wooden Wooden

shrine of a king,

4.

DUKE STBEET, STAMFOED STREET,

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, B.E., AND QEBAT WINDMILL STREET, W.

PLATES.

Plate

I.

THE TWO TEMPLES AT DEIR-EL-BAHARI

Perspective drawing by Ed.

FATIO,

architect

Plate

II.

STATUE OF USERTSEN

III

IN

THE BRITISH MUSEUM

Plate

III.

THE END OF THE TEMPLE

Plate IV.

ROCK-CUT SHRINE AND ALTAR

Plate V.

pi

';-_-

'

JSi=

i\

l't-SiT!'

HALL OF THE ALTAR

Plate VI.

.-"tf-

1^

Plate VII.

PASSAGE AND SUBTERRANEAN SANCTUARY

Plate VII]

TOMB OF A PRINCESS

Plate IX.

SCULPTURES FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THE TEMPLE

Plate X.

Plate XI.

r-

PJate Xri.

s
I'll

^m

l-ii-fjf !'I-|,

vL
^:t.

^dMMM
SHRINE OF SADHE. EAST SIDE

Gtavure

el

[mpression

SADAG,

Secliero>i-( ',e,

Plate XIII,

iidi'^M-l^^^-^'^i^^n,-::-';:.!
Gravurc
el

fmyressioii

SADAd,

Sccherrm-deneve

SHRINE OF SADHE.

A EAST SIDE.

NORTH

SIDE

Plate

XIV.

o
1/3

:2

< r < < O to z S E to

t/3

Plate

XV.

mmM'""[m:mMm^

SHRINE OF AASHAIT. SOUTH SIDE

J /) J r:

^,;,-h,,nn

r,

Plate XVI.

.J>i j_^'

a.
lAUJIiJ

'5?

\/

.'iSl

Plate XVII.

/n. ?'Uy//lt

(n^.ure

el

Impression

SADAG,

Sichcron-Genhe

SHRINE OF AASHAIT. EAST SIDE

Plate XVIII.

>^-(

'

''' ''^/'-^

111,

1
.

'

*,s^-

Plate

XIX.

"1/1

-^ C

1
v-=

(p.^^_Fi:iiP57
!$

.1
772.

72a ^^/le

SHRINE OF AASHAIT. NORTH SIDE

PJate

XX.

Q
<
LU

LU

THE

XlTH

DYNASTY TEMPLE, DEIR EL BAHARI.

PLATE

XXII.

DROMOS OF KA SANCTUARY

SECTION OF

DOORWAY OF
KA SANCTUARY ON LINE CD.

KA SANCTUARY

METR ES
SCALE

METRES
SCALE

THE KA-SANCTUARY

PLATE

XXIII.

< <
CD

o Iw
LU q:

LU a:

_l LU

lU _i
a.

LU

Q
HI _i a. UJ I>I-

LU ILU

I
IU.

o
LU

< z >o
I
(-

>
LU

>

o
W
LU Q.

LU

a: LU Q.

THE

XlTH

DYNASTY TEMPLE

EAST ELEVATION.

'C

pii>)

,^--""

-sii;^2"'-'

ii

E.

DEIR EL BAHARL

PLATE

XXIV.

TORED.