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THE
XIth
dynasty TEMPLE
AT
DEIR EL-BAHARI
PAET
BY
II.
EDOUAED NAVILLE
Hon. D.O.L., LL.D., Ph.D., Litt.D., Hon. P.S.A.
MEMBBH OF THE INSTITUTE OF PBANCE FOREIGN MEMBEB OF THE HUNGABIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE; FELLOW OF king's COLLEGE, LONDON PBOFESSOE OF EGYPTOLOGY AT THE DNIVEESITY OF GENEVA
; ;
SOMERS CLARKE,
F.S.A.
THIETIBTH MEMOIE OF
LONDON
SOLD AT
The offices OF
AND BY
B.
56,
37,
&
;
CO.,
Drydbn House,
QUAEITCH,
Grafton Street,
New Bond Street, W. ASHEE & CO., 14, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C, and HENEY FEOWDE, Amen Corner, E.C, and 29-35, West 32nd Street, New York, U.S.A.
1910
I.
i'K
I
'
UK' IV
U&l'iY
/\,3^5J^(p
r)
V\ov\u Vv,Q^^2,
Z.\i>
'4
M 2.
V.E.
IDtceslpresiDciits
The Eev. Peof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. Field Marshal Loed Geenpell, G.C.B.,
G.C.M.G.,
etc.
SiE
Gaston Maspeeo,
(Prance)
G.C.M.G.,
D.C.L.
Peop.
W. W. Goodwin
L.
etc.,
Hutchinson
(Switzerland)
Iboti.
Ztenemeve
(U.S.A.)
Ibon. Secretaries
J.
S.
Esq., A.B.,
A.M.
Ph.D. (U.S.A.)
/llbembers ot
Commtttee
C. P.
Mobeely Bell,
Esq.
Mrs. McClurb.
SoMBES Claekb,
Esq., P.S.A.
Newton Crane,
P.E.S.
Esq. (U.S.A.)
Esq.,
Grafton Milne, Esq., M.A. Eobeet Mond, Esq., P.E.S.E. The Marquess of Northampton.
J.
Francis
Sir
Wm.
Hebbeet Thompson,
Esq., P.S.A.
Bart.
Mrs. Tieaed.
P.
Kenyon, Esq., M.A., D.Litt. Legge, Esq., P.S.A. Peop. Alexander Macalistee, M.D.
P. G.
John Waed,
T.
Heebert Waeebn, Esq., M.A., D.C.L. E. TowEY Whyte, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.
lONDON
PKINTED BT WILLIAM CLOWES ANII SOUS, LIMITKD,
S.E.,
PEEFACE.
oj*;o
This volume
gives
the
results of
1906-7; when the work was started by Mr. Currelly shortly before
joined
my
arrival,
and we were
of the subterranean sanctuary; and, the whole building having been cleared, a complete plan of
Unlike Part
I.,
we have
In some respects
it
has
the
name
We
him
the temple,
made
Edmond
attention
has been given to the shrines, some of which have been restored by
Mme.
Naville
As
this
kind of
monument
is
at present
unique, several coloured plates of these fragments have been given; and this accounts for the
number
I.
Phototypes
and
coloured
plates
have
again
" Societe
des
Arts
Grdphiques
" in
Geneva.
all
With
hetep
II.
this
that
is'
we
shall give
precincts
at various
later
than
the
EDOUARD NAVILLE.
Malagny, March, 1910.
CONTENTS.
o^Ko
Chapter
I.
By Edouard Naville
Chapter
Chapter
II.
By Edouard Naville
Kings.
III.
By Edouard Naville
.
10
Chapter Chapter
Index
IV.
V.
By Somers Clarke
13
By Edouard Naville
20
27
THE
XIth
PAET
II.
CHAPTER
By Edouard
During
the winter of 1906-7 the excavation of
el-
I.
like
other
colonnades,
in
sand-
name
in blue.
was
cleared,
and we could
and
offerings
we found
a great
many fragments
It is evident
was the
what we may
call
the temple
itself,
where stood
temple was built within a rectangle cut in the mountain, so that on three sides the colonnades
stood against natural rock walls.
Dynasties.
interesting be-
we had stopped
down
the rock.
This
starts
later,
at
It
is
the
first
colonnade.
When we
example of a hall
of
what Strabo
calls
the temple continued above at a slightly higher and, to our great surprise, level than the court
The Egyptians gave various names to such a hall one of the most frequent being usehht ^^,
;
we discovered
parallel
extended from one side of the rock to the other. We found as many as ten rows of eight columns
each, so that there
ritual, at
was
later on.
of eighty
columns, built in front of a small speos cut also The columns, of most of the rock (PI. iii- )
in
cult,
were
formed
bases,
are
exactly
THE
shrine
XIth
containing the
emblem
of the
two lands
.
as
was ordered
In
by the
between the pronaos and
spirits of
."
We
what we shall call the holy of holies, where the sacred emblem was preserved, there was a room, called, as we know from Ptolemaic inscriptions,
the "
room
This
room
it is
Hathor
it is
in the great
him stood another god who has disappeared. We also see him making the long stride (PL vi. a) when he makes the offering of a field, and being embraced by two gods, one of whom is Harmachis, the other who has
disappeared being probably Set (PL
vi. b).
temple.^
But
in the old
temple
not isolated
It is
hall.
formed
of
On
(PL
of
name
by two limestone walls enclosing six columns, and turning at right angles, so as to make a Between the columns, in the middle of door.
the passage,
circular
iv.).
is
the
king
is
written
without a
in his
cartouche
showing that
in
later times.
At
of
offer;
This
clearly
an
altar.
Not very
far
from
this hall
offerings
this sanctuary
It is called
iv. a).
it
with the
name
was
On
his ex-
outside,
cavations.
One
cause
it
them
is
One
of
them was
himself; and
of
it is
He
is
seen
Mentuhetep
in
in
Lord Dufferin's
may
was
it,
on a throne
he holds
a, long stick
is
and the
of Osiris.
On
a
the throne
painted the
the rock
emblem
as
I
Underneath
formula which
is
frequently
"life,
can be seen at
Abu
Simbel.
Amon
of a
This
the
first
instance
king instituting a
good god
The amulets
of
worship to himself during his lifetime, as was done repeatedly later on, especially by the queen
What shows
Hatshepsu in the large temple. There we see her alive on a throne, receiving all kinds of
alive
is
hand only is seen, is worshipping him behind him The inscription shows that are Set and Hathor. Set has been restored by Eameses II., who was
a worshipper of this god, as
from a long procession of priests and attendants.^ The funerary worship which the king received after his death was only a conofferings
tinuation of
his lifetime.
On
:
hetep
II.
to him during have seen before that Mentuwas for a long time the chief divinity
We
another block
(PI. v. c)
Mentuhetep
is
two gods
behind him
1
On
PI, 104,
PI.
HQ.
One
of them,
that
it
corridor, with a
is
very small.
It
It consists of a
ceiling in the
is
The
door,
which
chamber on the
empty.
side of a pit.
it
was absolutely
been emptied
rectangular,
Possibly
may have
Mariette had worked on this spot; for between this tomb and the altar, we found a table of offerings in
red granite with the
we
found
of the
full of
wooden
less
name
These figures
all
were
more or
memorandum (PL
(PI. viii.).
x. a).
remarkable as works of
is
The tomb
important
at the other
angle
much more
A sloping
passage leads to
common
made
of
The
if
lid
has disappeared.
one,
Probably
the name,
it.
there was
was engraved on
We
goes
vault
written signs.
The
down to is made
of
bottom (PL
vii. c).
This
It
by M. Daressy
consists
two
sandstone slabs,
cut
in
the
in
tions,
slabs.
The
^ "
^^
we must admit
that the
inscriptions on
M. M. Daressy had completely disappeared. Maspero describes the same sarcophagus as being
of compact white limestone with inscriptions in
line
a greenish ink.
will
to
go down
ro^r7n,
distance
which
easily.
and
tomb
occupied,
at a
short
only
is in
good
state of
from the sanctuary of which that king was the Thus we see already in the Xlth chief god. Dynasty the funerary temple of a king becoming
a cemetery.
We
At
a
granite
more
or less covered
by
bricks.
When
This
hypostyle
hall
opens
sloping
passage,
vii.).
the
rock (PL
foot.
was choked at the entrance by enormous stones, and it looked very much like a tombdromos, such as are numerous in the valley of When we had opened it, we saw the kings.
was possible to pass that door we entered into a granite chamber extremely well
it
When
built,
made
of
large
blocks
of
syenite
well
THE
polislied,
XIth
joints.
On
made
It
of
priest
cel-emonies,
The
room
is
occupied by a
shrine
made
which he closed the doors again, and often sealed them with clay. We have reason to suppose that
this shrine
of alabaster (PI.
it
contained
The
over which
the cornice
made
of alabaster.
We
The
coffin
king Cq
j^ 'Cl,
in
other
his
contained
of the
wooden shrine
which
is
which stood
in situ.
We
:
by a
now in the Cairo Museum. At Deir el-Bahari we have only one half of what M. de Morgan calls the funerary apartment, we have
only the room of the shrine
;
temple
Eameses
II.
may
have
off.
in alabaster is
sandstone.
its
front of
it,
be erroneous.
It has
It
is
not a tomb
it
is
and bows, and two small boats with a few of their figures they probably were
sceptres, canes,
;
sanctuary.
contained a sarcophagus.
possible
;
its
coffin
we have
to the
either in stone
this time, or
even for a
of bone picked
up by Mr. Dennis,
be human,
wooden
them,
one.
Besides,
it
would be contrary
in
which
I
is
doubtful,
a late burial.
'^
we know
believe this shrine
to
put a
coffin
place
which was
the
tebt
is
of the
accessible,
easily be opened.
ka,
where
walls
it is
living.
On
The
tradition, such as it
first
the
the
which
under the
were written
were
T'T^I-
Abundance of
gifts
bottom of a
the offerings
made
mummy.
had
these
access.
For
we found
cloth.
mummy
out,
in
I believe
i.,
p.
35,
Or the
shrines were
made
Lis shrine.
as the statue of
in
To
^ ^1
clothes.
g
of
Tq
^^|^^
;
Neb-hepet-Ra
He was wrapped up
of this
is .to
bandages or
must have been the object great veneration, since King Usertsen III.
and
it
The proof
Ritual.
which were to be
have here at this
At Deir el-Bahari, we see the king opening the shrine in which stood the god Phtah,
in
We
order
to
do what
is
called
removing the
is
bandages or garments.
This ceremony
found
we
the frag-
wrapping
there
up of the body
place.
^
in a
cloth
called
nems took
agricultural
ix. b).
me to show conclusively
among
these
sculptures.
In the
the
name
of
it is
found in the
stele of
^3:7
|
This
It is called
It
Maeiette, Ahydos,
I.,
i.,
pp. 42
and
43.
PL
xxiv., p. 58.
was necessary
CHAPTER
By Edouard
Another
is
II.
THE SHRINES.
Naville.
of these
princesses
I
construction
which
in
is
unique
and
processions
give us other
names,
(1
~^ and
title is
^\
They
are six
Their
in in a line,
difiicult to
understand, 1
the
(\
inserted in
the wall
^Ijn,
Hathor "
is
;
"the
favourite,
prophetess
of
They
what
tombs dug
the meaning of
have been
found.
Every one
ruined
is
for a princess,
who
of
is
at
are
They
very
much
two
them
left,
This epithet
title,
'
is
masculine in this
lation
I
"the
and by the many fragments of sculpture which came out of the excavations.
on the
floor,
kind as the
Y
I
"the
class,
the
sufiiciently
numerous, howmade.
rank
"
;
and
would translate
of labour
might be
to be seen
We
Mme.
Naville.
The
to
know
i (^
it
for
,
certain of Aashait.
Her
title is
them and
who
loves him."
whom
first
is
they were
built.
A fragment,
it
side,
the
for
belongs, reads
(I.,
^
xviii.),
On
we read
another
unknown
was
whom
it
of Kauit
PI.
^""'^j
which
*"^
is
built.
"^iv
fiO
q) Aashait,
seems to be
we
Sadhe. the
On
have
before
the
title
of favourite,
*':=e..
and a
Besides, in
"^ ^
"-'
^> Kauit,
fl ,
^=^
^jT,
may "
to a procession of
Kemsit, and
"-'
^ Henhenit.
six.
There
AAAftAA A'WAAA
Fragments showing
ing the
name
The probability
is
THE SHRINES.
that
all
were
^^,
"royal
woman"
or "royal of It,
Amon.
the
first
It is possible that
;
Mentuhetep
he
III.
en-
wife",
title
may
have been
III.
we can
see
on the fragment
of Aashait (PI.
xviii.).
It is extraordinary that
they seem to have valued more the second title than that of " royal wife," since it is the second
On some such occasion the mummies of the princesses may have been brought
his son
to the temple.
in the shrines,
and
We
were the favourites of the same king the only king whom we find mentioned on the scanty
remains
I
is
^ ^,
to
is
whom
said to
III.
was especially
is
in-
Hathor
the inscrip-
was
it is
probable that
all
all
lived
under
reign,
that
were
his
favourites
enemies
Ant," a
is
and belonged
insists
to his harem.
finished before
in
it.
were
small
they height
to
are
never
only
for the
might be added
the
large
platform in
know
its
over
nine
feet.
simple, as
we can
see
temple.
the mountain.
Since the building of the shrines and the sink-
Aashait
(p. 8)
it
necessary to
it is
make imall
This chamber
;
probable that
;
the bust
to us
;
a fact which
come down
it
to explain.
Traces of
his favourites
were put
to death, so as to follow
him
the hole
very simple
but
at present
We
we
coffin of
Kauit
(I.,
The chamber where stood the statue must have been small, and as the shrine probXX.).
PL
possibly
anything
else,
the
side
Except in the
thick.
in
we
The door
was 75 cm.
connected with Hathor under the Xlth Dynasty. The chief worship seems to have been that of
Bissing-Beuckmann,
pi.
33 a.
THE
XIth
83 cm.
for
sculpture.
wood, and
painted on
Kauit.
^^,
as
we
the ornawhich has the usual ribbed cornice mentation consists of zigzag lines and checker-
The construction
independent of the
there
is
also
to-
natural
decoration, the
cornice
is
sup-
The
tie
mean-
rows of small
meaning than
especially
Osiris, as
as being the
symbols of Horus,
u,
wood which
bears
The column
itself is
not supposed to
Shkine of Aashait.
Shkine of Sadhe.
it is
a bearer originally
lotus fastened
was decorated by a
flowers;
around the
top.
holding two lotus two female attendants stand in front of her and behind her, they generally have
is
The princess
seated,
The
fa9ade
large
(PI.
entrance
xi.)
name given; they probably were the servants who attended her during her lifetime.
their
interpreted
as
being a representation
of
the
All
Men
which
In the centre scene she appears alone. Only once is she seen with the king, sitting behind
which
is
The whole
its
is
sur-
his shoulder.
stars.
Most of
The As
and
far as
second
title
of royal favourite
THE SHRINES.
priestess of
Hathor than
to
her
position
as
will
she will
must have been the object of great veneration and respect. Below we see Sadhe receiving a cup it contains
;
will
a drink called hiket, which is generally translated " beer " one would have thought that it was the
;
The
is
not
from the
As
far as
we can judge
line
cup
is
side are
On
the other
to be
who seem
her
all
by
their bolts
made
in
the
form of
to
who
(I.,
have to
as
offer
two
flowers.
have
and perfumes,
PI.
we
see
on the
is
;
who
Kauit
xx).
Below, there
only the
the figure
rows of
is
lost.
As on the sarcophagus,
life
;
u, the dad,
which
they
It is curious that
Isis or
we do not
cannot be called
religious.
Hathor, unless
show
the case
may be
The
and
them
See vignettes,
p. 8,
a.
10
CHAPTEE
THE
XIth
III.
The end of our excavations has not brought new information as to the series of the kings
;
many generations
afterwards,
at the
fact has
been brought
to light which
consider
where
his
statue
was discovered.
be called Antef
wooden box which came from this not give any title or epithet, merely the name of
Mentuhetep, and where for what has been read
^^
Horus.
Their succession
is
given by a stele
I
in the British
on the
the
first
list
Museum, and they all three appear of Karnak. The third of these is
For
this
J)
n
is
^'^
^^~^
There
this
name
Mentuhetep.
king there
is
rests only
list
at
'-'
the
list
reads
viv T
stele
Mentuhetep
cartouche only;
was the
all his
last
while
JpillllBI
we
see
on
the
'^
-r-
^ a o ^
w.
the same king.
The
f
first,
whom
is
Kr:7
n,
in considering these
two names
stele is
name
I
as referring to
is
to be read
Neb hepet
Ea.
The sign
is
two
inscriptions.
life
certainly an oar.
we
with the
of Mentuhetep
who had
two eyes
^^
(PL
vi. c)
Karnak
Mentu-
oars, so
of the time of
afterwards,
no doubt as to the reading of the cartouche. He was the first to take two
his sanctuary at the
all.
In the
list
Mentuhetep
is
called
^,
"the ancestor,"
as
It is obvious that
we should a name of
say,
"the
first."
He
T
p. 9.
'"
samtaui,
"he
ancestor
See Part
I.,
THE
XIth
11
who
joins the
two lands
first
"
;
il
II.
the two parts of Egypt, and to reign over the whole country. This is confirmed by
(2^S\
^
i I i
D'],
Mentuhetep IIL
an inscription mentioning a war against the Aamu, the Semites of the Delta, whom he could
not reach unless he had the
Delta.
/VVVV\A
"=^
\ Mentuhetep IV.
,
Q
who was
r fnniun^
^
command
of the
II.
Mentuhetep V.
We
cannot find with absolute certainty the order of the next two Mentuheteps, whose first cartouches have some similarity to that of the first. I should place after him the king of the princesses,
f
by the Xllth Dynasty. Thus the XIth Dynasty, as far as we know it at present,
followed
consists of eight princes
:
the
first
Antef,
who
^CZ7
A J, a
Mentuhetep whose
first
cartouche
I
and
A having
an
oar.
Upper Egypt then four kings country with two cartouches, the
of the whole
of
whom
This Mentuhetep
all
who had
as his
wives or favourites
A sculpture coming
One king only of the Xllth Dynasty seems to have left monuments in the temple, Usertsen (Senusrit) IIL, who erected a gallery of his own
statues, three of
and of the
them has been reproduced on a large scale in this volume (PI. ii.) as a fine specimen of the art of the Theban school at the time of the Xllth Dynasty. The same king
Museum.
One
of
He
is
rebel,
behind
whom
is
an
Anu Khent,
a Nubian,
to the
"cave of Mentuhetep
II.,"
meaning the
and two Africans, one from the land around the cataracts, the other a Thehennu or white Libyan.
His successor, To
queror, since he
is
whom
We
was
also a con-
said to have
drawn a
;
large
number
of troops
he would
cartouche only,
known from
be Mentuhetep IV.
The
last
one,
Sdnkhkard
name
(PI. X.
h) (q
^^ =^=1'
^'^ Sehekhotep, to
whom
he
expedition to the
his
Lieblein
suc-
A very
fine piece of a
Thus the
ing
Mentuheteps
door
lintel in
I.,
name
of Sebek-
who was found at Bubastis, and who seems to have been a powerful king and a builder.
hotep
or
These
cartouches
(PL
x.
b)
are
extremely
well cut,
ra
2
l.
Mentuhetep
The second contains an important variant. king calls himself Amenemlia Sehehhotep,
pi.
(ilSI^CEE^MSIThe
as if
Bissing-Bruckmann,
33
a.
12
THE
The fragments
where we read
I.,
I
XlTH
Dynasty.
style hall,
also
Senebmaiu
in the list
who
'o
vn
^^J
a
f
be either
little slate
rofl1%1.
(q ||^ j, Sebekemsaf
of
I believe
of
whom
to the
same family,
before
or to the
same group.
find
'"
f
J.
After
Dudumes we do not
Amenophis
I.
any royal
whom
there
is
Museum,
Con-
name
unknown.
Dynasty.
kings of the
Sebekemsaf
I.,
monuments which
A
first
basement of
is
whom we had
found
side,
which
the
We
but
(^f^^} (MSS}'
we have found
in the temple.
It belongs
XXth
Dynasty,
series
Menephtah Siphtah.
only
is
of the lines
of kings mentioned
Dynasty.
by the Turin Papyrus who XlVth He may have the name which was in
preserved, so that
not possible to
make
hook
whom we
The king with the atef diadem, holding the and flail, is kneeling probably before
;
identify.
Amon, whose name does not appear we have only epithets referring to him the king,
;
"the
before
elect of
Turn himself,"
an
is
said
"to bow
Ka
2
shrine (PI. x.
'^^^
c),
(o
\[
^^J
^] "^ ^
in the British
god."
officer standing,
'^
:
^^
^'
^^^-
He
I
utters the
now
following prayer
. . .
Museum.^
Another blank
in the list in the Turin
thy beautiful
may
be prosperous
Papyrus
a king
me ...
my
end of hundred and ten years." This number was for the Egyptians the limit of
life
which
all
hoped to
reach.
It
occurs
in
We
many
inscriptions.
Qj]
the
(gjfp).
284.
p.
Th^re
'
Legrain, Annales,
vi,, p.
2 ^ *
498.
Budge, Booh of
employment, and he ends as usual with his own eulogy. Nothing later than the XXth Dynasty occurs in tjie temple, which probably at that time was already used as
thirties,"
judicial
a quarry.
18
CHAPTER
By Somers
To give a more
and
for
IV.
ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTIONS.
Clarke.
valley in which
it
is
was
to
No
two
reasons.
so
We may
very much
less to
guide us
side.
we
picture to ourselves
it
the
floor
of the
site
account,
as
he has done
it,
of the
valley as
chosen,
was
bit.
He
we must
that
considerable
comparatively
little
to be said
beyond
The
it
most recessed
site selected
by Men-
We
It
consider-
tuhetep.
able caution.
and
in
the middle of
its floor
the descending
two bearing
;
in
many
is,
and ending
in
but there
in
the
Ka
sanctuary.
thousand years
Materials.
between them.
parts
clean,
And,
of
the
structure
left
are perfectly
and new in appearance, though sadly broken, we must bear in mind their great age, and that we have hardly a fragment of any structures of the same period with which to comsharp,
made
all places,
used
almost
everywhere
for
The
and the
slabs.
The
It
is
Position.
is
when
it
was
large
blocks, things
decided to
nor
is it
subject
14
THE
XlTH
to strain.
Evidence
is
left
to
us sufiicient to
show
beams gave
who designed
is
the temple of
sculptor,
way, or threatened to do
history of the
buildings.
Hatshepsu.
limestone,
beautiful
a
receiving
so
for
surface,
Mentuhetep a better sandstone was chosen, that which comes from the neighbourhood of Aswan,
and
is
marked by
tints
of violet
and warm
grey
histories.
is
only at
the
prevailing
Temple
I.,
p.
35) that
we
of
in section, are
made
as
Here, in the
They
are
very superior
masonry
use of
to
the
extraordinary
method
made
pavement
is
of limestone.
wall which encloses the base of
The limestone
the pyramid
is
by the builder of the adjoining temple, where small fragments are stood on end one
over the other.
some
size.
way
manship
adjoining.
is
found in any
Ka
sanctuary
to
other part
of their
4)
and
it
remains as the
sill
the
In examining the walls generally, although they are far from solid pieces of construction,
the insides being filled up with chips and shapeless
The Plan,
etc.
we
find
rubble,
whilst
little
if
any bond
exists
We
backward from
workmanship
is,
We may
between
It
land ourselves in
in
many
errors if
is
we make comso,
The pavement
limestone
;
parisons,
this
tempting as
it
to
do
for,
very neatly,
experience of
fact that
Xlth Dynasty?
to
may
be well,
as
first,
he rejected limestone
at
hand
temple
we may
believe
plete.
slabs,
It covered a
selection is
shown
small in
its
parts.
may
well be realized
At Gibel
Silsileh vast
quantities
of sandstone
when we
ing as
it
doorway, form-
may
in
may
be, the
material
its
or resisting
itself (as
qualities.
It is fairly resistant to
comthe
afi"orded
opposed to the colonnades round about), an opening of but three feet wide,
to
pass
it
when used
and roof
like a horizontal
through abreast.
beam
for architraves
roofless
slabs.
The
condition
we
observe
the
through
AECHITECTURAL DESCEIPTIONS.
studied, the
ritual,
15
more keen
is
metre high.
temple
larger.
Those
we know
nothing.
of
Queen
Hatshepsu
were somewhat
We
them
diflfered
somewhat
;
in their plans, as
we observe
to a terrace on the
A.t a little
to do because, with them, as with the mediaeval churches, the building was laid out in view of what was to take place within. The
ritual
was the
was
doorway of
of the
granite,
line
ramp and
of the temple
The
first
is
us,
with
its
fagade
was not, as
it
usually
and has
us
that the
it
terrace
As we approached this temple from the east we must first have observed the enclosing wall,
the
eastern
north than
part
of
The temple
wall,
of limestone
and covered
How
and
far it stood
this wall,
it
would be unreasonable
to suppose that
was the
There
us
to
is
left for
see
high.
The
have
colonnades
and
central
it,
must
far
ofi".
base of which
we suppose
to
visible in
shown
well above
On
by colonnades.
Here we
num-
we have
we
are
them octagonal
in plan,
and standing
above the
not accustomed to associate with the architecture We expect to find an of Egyptian temples.
little
pavement, and, in
fact,
formed a
august and severe symmetry, rigorously maintained on either side of the axis.
part of
it.
But here
it
itself to
was not
so.
On
ramp was
;
on
The the south was a colonnade of but eleven. temple did not even stand centrally within its
enclosing walls.
it
lay at about
33-0 metre from the north angle of the lower colonnade, the south at a distance of some 13"0
We know
tlie
interior
of an
light of
case
of
The
we
16
THE
it
XIth
through
at
infrequent
slits,
intervals,
small
existence
of the
pyramid
as a central object,
windows, mere
and
the
temple of
Seti
at
Gurna
amongst
is
abundant light
wonder why the wall enclosing the columns was on one side of him covered with sculpture, and rose straight from the pavement, whilst on the other side it
left to
found.
was raised on a
step.
We
gloomy and
we now
see
in
pyramid
to stand
;
on a plinth
the form of a
many a
high step
itself.
it
by
Mr. Hall
p.
calls attention to
I.,
The
flat ceiling,
filth
was painted
;
blue,
the
knowing
adorned with
many
figures
on a light ground
tint.
small
Upper Egypt, built a dry wall which really does the work of keeping in its place the rubble As a that formed the mass of the pyramid.
covering to this was built the wall of finished
enough
still
remains at
As
far
the necessary
amount
of light
concerned,
The
builders of the
at the
many
the
hundred
years
later
when
constructing
On
middle platform
of
whom
has fallen to
now
describing.
and
its
we
to
among
the western
and we, of
course,
know
it
and
here, not
it,
on the
axis,
he found a
The pyramids
flank.
at Gizeh,
Dahshour and
else-
as
that by
further to the
The reader
of
stood
in
courtyard.
By
this
must be
curious
method of reasoning we
tion.
and
to
the
description
We
are
further
them
in the present
from the
elevation of
up by Mme. Naville.
AECHITECTUEAL DESCBIPTIONS.
shrines
17
may
lead
easy.
we examine
technical
we suppose the six shrines to have stood where we now see them before the temple was
If
the
point
of view,
is
altogether in
designed,
we may enquire
to
what building
it
relationship.
Remains
shrines.
after.
The
also
them have
wall
came
first
first in position.
and independent
and
wall,
glance at
is
had been
and
it
seems to
me
cut
when
in
we may
why
might be
t6 these structures
?^
It
would
line a little
is,
masonry
it is
more
to
it
actually
and to
not in
all
parts,
have passed
the
absolutely finished,
number
with
of inter-
The
it
This arrangethe
classic
ruined that
either
ment
is
not
in
accordance
much we cannot get much evidence out of way. One thing is, however, to be
is
so
methods of laying out a building, nor are many other features in an Egyptian plan, but there is
not anything clumsy and
scheme.
undigested in the
observed.
We
usually
doorway to be surrounded by a
flat archi-
That certain columns stand over tomb shafts seems in no way unreasonable. What better way could be found to secure secrecy ? Let us suppose the west court and its colonnades to have
been
absolutely
trave, projecting
beyond the
No
remains of such an
that in
we presume
it is
piercing the
completed
shrines
before
the
evident
face
inserted.
is
The
small
beyond the
not great.
The
structure
in scale.
Passing
1
through
the
doorway the
visitor
the point of view of the architect it is difficult suppose that anything so clumsy as the arrangement we
From
see
This consisted of
now
round
it.
On
its
was of
18
THE
XIth
position,
and south
columns stood
unusual
at
any
rate, I
not
temples of this remote period in similar positions are known, indeed there are but few remains of
of
this
mass of columns,
as
the
any of the XIth Dynasty. It cannot be doubted that the general design
of the building has been very
its
spectator
striking.
position.
it
The
terrace
to
Ka
sanctuary.
If this
was open to
of this
to
possible, the
effect
We have not, at present, any means of know ing what was the typal plan of a temple of the
XIth Dynasty
;
plane
leading
gently
downward
and even
if
we knew
it,
the
mysterious
depths,
use.
May we
it
probable that
this
sequently
opinion as to the
prominent in
set in the
shadowy
its
of
mon ?
entrance
to the
of which, though
masked by screen walls which advanced fourth column from the end.
So
far as
we can
all
tell,
the temple
thus de-
and agree
After the
scribed
was built
at one time.
It does
not
We
mentioned.
XVIIIth Dynasty
polygonal column.
Not only
The retaining
Wadi
Haifa,
Amada, el-Kab, and extending on into the earlier days of the XlXth Dynasty at Gurna, Beit elWali, &c. The difference, such as there is,
between the columns of the XIth and Xllth Dynasties and of the XVIIIth lies in the fact
that whilst the earlier columns are octagons, the
later
We
have
not,
however, sufficient
It
was
built of
have sixteen
facets, or
even more.
Silsileh
So much
for a
II.,
description
From
may we draw
the
of the temple of
it
Mentuhetep
as
we
believe
to have been.
I
would venture to make a few further marks on the plan of the building.
by what was
still
ARCHITECTUKAL DESCRIPTIONS.
architecture he
19
made
in
use
his
of,
following a fashion
that
of
it
it
make a plan
much
prevailing
day,
as it
and another
is
as it was.
way
to
the
XlXth Dynasty,
the
culminating in
pyramid
is
strong.
The
difficulty
of
Eameses
III. in
XXth Dynasty ?
MenEd. Fatio of Geneva.
The drawings
tuhetep were
it
made by M.
pyramid
We
have, therefore, in
The restoration is our joint work. The temple as it now exists is so broken down
pyramid
20
CHAPTBE
By
Pl.
I.
V.
This
is
a perspective drawing,
by M. Ed.
Fatio, of the
ing
The reason why the oldest temple was built on the south side and not in the middle seems to be that on this side only was there sufficient open
space to
The four heads are not quite similar in type, as if the king had been sculptured at different ages, or what seems more likely, because they We have reproare not all by the same hand.
duced one of them on a larger scale than in
Part
I.,
as being a
make an approach
to the
temple
the
school,
slope of the
may
as that
much
Memphis.
en-
The end
Dynasty had
we
see
on
the
Ka
On
a short distance
from
this.
are bare
of stone
has been
On
the
little
more
destroyed.
B.
The
side.
In
is
still
seen in the
Kemsit
in
and Aashait
c.
of
the
middle
south.
The cave
it
IV. A.
The rock-cut
found quite
temple
PI. II.
It is
empty, but where probably was the statue of Mentuhetep discovered by Lord Dufferin. In
front of
it is
now
in the British
ojfFerinsrs
Museum.
They
all
the
foot
of the
The
altar,
when
the
Of
of
shrine
c.
was emptied of the rubbish it contained, The altar seen from the shrine.
V.
all
PI.
A and
B.
Hall of the
altar,
while
it
21
its fine
colour,
now
at the
museum
in
New
York.
It
War
Aamu.
D.
Mentuhetep
sitting,
officers,
E.
hall of the
shipping a god.
p.
shrines, giving
A.
and
is
offer-
ing a
The long
stride
prob-
two plumes
"
seems to be part of
" in
ably the
B.
way
of measuring the
field.
The
king
being
embraced
by
god,
H.
city."
Beautiful
hieroglyphs
the
eternal
perhaps Amon.
c.
Part of the
first
cartouche of Mentuhetep
last sign is
PI.
A.
X.
monuments.
II.,
an
oar,
with
The
On
first
cartouche
Other examples of
and
in the
Two
VII.
fragments
showing
the
style
of
Egypt, who
is
sculpture.
PL
A.
sign V^.
This
it
was
not
table of ofi'erings
B.
lintel
I. (p.
of
quite cleared.
B. it is
Sebekhotep
c.
vaulted.
D.
c.
two-thirds of
D.
its
length.
E.
Sehhaem-a Mentuhetep
12).
F.
alabaster shrine.
tuhetep
his
G.
not in a cartouche.
PI. VIII. A.
to the
tomb
c.
'^ name n
Fragments of the cartouche of Sebekem(p. 12).
hypostyle
hall.
B and
The
large
alabaster
sarcophagus
sa/Z
H.
^^
Now
First
(p. 3).
temple.
A.
7),
Head
belonging
most
probably
to
the
shrine
of
princesses,
chambers
of the shrines.
B.
museum
in Geneva.
officer
Bai
22
THE
Pll.
XIth
XI.-XX.
show
As we
see
xiv.),
shrines,
out.
and
had
to be
found
princess.
PI.
all
the drawings,
XIV.
Mme.
xi.
Naville.
xiv.)
In these re-
Each
side
and
nothing
has
left
doors
(p. 9).
The
inscriptions
show what
if
it
was.
No
figure
has been
it
introduced
there
which
would show
these
clues
its
position
its gestures.
From
what
XV.
A.
they
be
completed,
We
and
All
always represent
wood
of various
tints.
more than
re-
One
of
The
we
been done.
to the shrine of Sadhe.
The entrance
The emblems
stones,
blue, as
For
this
monument
the
They imitate
inlaid
all
The entrance
as
is
rubrics of the
Book
of the Dead,
75 cm.
The
XII.
representations,
on the sar-
life.
[I
The
is
consider as
whom
is
(PI.
had to be reconstituted from that of Aashait B is also from the same scene and xvii.).
side,
forward so
is
much
list
that
it is
horizontal.
:
The text
part of a
of festivals
and the scene where the king is with the princess, c shows the last of the four attendants,
whose name
flowers.
PI. XIII.
is
XVI.
xiv.
A.
what we saw
light
on
PI.
green
dress held
She has in
her
left
hand a
lotus flower.
is
B.
xii.
Among
the inscriptions
A,
reproduced here
' '
and belongs
of the door.
we
see the
f^,
The top
of Mentuhetep.
name
of the
temple, which
elsewhere.
at the
museum
showing her
calf has also
seat,
The other
names
PI.
of Aashait or Mentuhetep.
is
XVII.
If
we turn
we
23
where was the entrance and a representation very like that of the shrine of Sadhe (PI. xL).
side
B.
The colour
is
is
different
painted red.
The
in-
door.
We
see here
Part of this
side, as also
on other shrines,
stituted (PI.
A.
we
see
called Antef.
calf.
XX.
The
red-spotted, which
means brown.
The princess wears a dress of green feathers and She holds a red ostrich feathers as head-dress.
vase,
and
in front of
her
is
man
pouring a
Cow and
c).
liquid
into
cup.
The
inscription
above
is
merely a promise of
offerings.
From
hetep
we
see that
Kemsit was
III.
,
The top
block,
now at
it
the
whose name
written here
^.
museum in
is
Cairo, is
gives
Plans
showing what
The king
Ka
sanctuary.
of
called here
^*
A.
Restoration
the
Plate
XIX.
temple.
INDEX
INDEX TO PAET
Aanra, or Semites of the Delta, 11, 21.
Aashait, shrine
of, 6, 7, 8, 22, 23.
II.
II. at, 4.
office, 12.
21.
4, 21.
temple, 13-19
his
Amenemha
Amenophis
Amon,
7
;
Colonnades,
1,
15.
;
spots on cows
Upper Egypt,
11.
7, 22.
Xlth
Cow
Crypt
suckling
22, 23.
of
calf,
on panel
in
shrine of princess,
9,
Dynasty, 10,
ka shrine
Anu Khent,
13-19.
a Nubian, 11.
with,
Dad,
14.
the,
symbol
of Osiris, 8, 9.
Daressy,
10.
tions, 3.
Bab
I.,
pyramid
12, 21.
Mentuhetep dynasty,
bone picked up by,
13
;
11.
4.
Bissing-Bruckmann referred
Boats with
figures, in
Doorways,
of granite, of
Dudumes, king
the
XlVth Dynasty,
ka
shrine, 4.
2, 3, 20.
Book
Bond,
of the
Dead, 22.
if
Uttle
of wall, 14.
Bricks,
British
3, 13.
Museum,
Bubastis, inscriptions of
Fatio,
M.
Budge, Dr.,
list of
pyramid base,
9, 22.
16.
on shrine
of princess, 8, 9, 22.
Bust
Cairo
of
one
Museum,
Gebelein, inscription
2
;
of,
7;
Cartouche, royal
name
enclosed
in,
cartouches, 10, cartouche, 10, 11; kings with two of various kings, 21. 11 of Mentuhetep II., 21
;
Frazer, 12,
5,11.
28
INDEX.
of princesses, 22, 23. of Seti at, 16.
Green dress
Mentuhetep
V., or
Sankhkara, 11.
4.
Mummy
Naville,
cloth,
found in ka shrine,
Hall, Mr.
H.
E., his
pyramid base,
Harmachis, figure
Hatshepsu, temple
'
Neb-hetep-Ea, or Mentuhetep
II., 5, 10. 5.
16.
of,
of,
Mentuhetep
;
Nubian,
a,
no symbols
of, 18,
on shrines
of the princesses, 9
cow
20
Oar, hieroglyph
Hawks
of
Horus, rows
of, 8, 9.
dad, symbol
of, 8, 9.
Henhenit, shrine
of, 6, 7.
Hepet, sign of the sacred oar, with eyes on the blade, 10, 21.
Hiket, or beer, 9.
8, 9, 22, 23.
Pavements,
10, 11.
of
Xlth Dynasty,
Hypostyle Hall,
the, 1, 18.
Plan
no symbols
of, 9.
of,
Ka
shrine, the, at
18, 21.
end
of
underground passage,
1, 14.
"
Prophetess of Hathor,"
of,
title of
;
the princesses,
expedition
6.
at, 1
list
of kings at,
Punt, land
perfumes from, 9
;
to, 11.
monument
at, 16.
of
Sebekemsaf
at,
12
clerestory in
Pyramid
base, 15, 16
temple
development
of
temples
Kauit, shrine
of, 6, 7, 8, 9. of, 6,
Kemsit, shrine
23.
Ea
Lapis
lazuli,
Eameses
stone used for inscriptions, 22.
Lieblein,
list of
restorations
by,
2,
21
temple
of,
at
Abydos,
4.
Eameses
the walls, 13, 14.
III.,
of, 18.
all
Lotus
capitals,
on columns
in shrines of princesses, 8.
M. Ed.
Mariette, his excavations, 3, 21.
Eoof
Eoom
12, 21.
Menephtah Siphtah, king of the XXth Dynasty, Mentuhetep dynasty, 10, 11.
Mentuhetep
I.,
last
king with
Sadhe,
shrine
of,
6-9,
22,
23;
reconstitution
of
her
figure, 22.
;
Mentuhetep
Mentuhetep
Mentuhetep
II.,
;
sculpture
of,
Samtaui, Horus
name
of of
Mentuhetep
as god, 2
first
III.,
favourites
of,
worshipper
of
Hathor,
IV., 11.
INDEX.
Sebekemsaf, king of the Xlllth Dynasty, 12, 21. Sebekhotep, king of the Xlllth Dynasty, 11, 21. Semites of the Delta, war against, by Mentuhetep
29
11.
22.
7.
Thothmes
Tombs,
III.,
of the
XlVth Dynasty,
12, 21.
in Hypostyle Hall,
behind king,
2, 21.
Tomb
shafts,
columns standing
over, 17.
1, 3, 18.
Shrines of the princesses, 6-9, 16, 17, 22, 23; temple constructed before shrines were inserted, 7, 17.
Sky with
stars,
on shrines
of princesses,
on
ceilings of
temples, 16. Speos, or " holy of holies," cut out of the Hypostyle
Hall, 2, 18.
to
empty
of,
wide
Usertsen (Senusrit)
offerings to the
5.
statues
5.
11,
20;
his
daily
ka shrine,
Xllth Dynasty,
of, in
"Valley
of
Symmetry, want
5,11.
3.
2, 3, 21.
Walls, construction
of, 14.
Temem, name
Theban
of a
queen
in
3, 21.
War
scene, 21.
figures, 3.
Wooden Wooden
shrine of a king,
4.
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, B.E., AND QEBAT WINDMILL STREET, W.
PLATES.
Plate
I.
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Plate
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