TRANSMISSION LINE MULTIPLE FAULT DETECTION AND INDICATION TO EB

Introduction
 Detect faults in remote transmission lines  Immediately transmit any fault
information to the Electricity board.  Monitor multiple parameters such as voltage, current and temperature simultaneously  Transfer data through a wireless medium such as Zigbee.

Features
 No wires involved  Can detect faults due to over current,
under voltage, increased temperature etc.,.  Can operate in any environment in a transmission line.  Can monitor multiple transmission lines sitting in an office.

Block Diagram
TRANSMISSION LINE Module
LEDs
Zigbee Transceiver

Voltage Conversion Circuit

Microcontroller

Level converter

Thermal Detector

Level converter

Current Sensor

5v Power supply to all components

Voltage Sensing

VOLTAGE SENSING
 Voltage (potential) transformer steps down the    
voltage in the transmission line. It is converted into a dc voltage after rectifier and filter. This rectified dc voltage gives a proportional voltage of the transmission line. It is fed into the ADC of the microcontroller. This ADC value gives the voltage present in the transmission line.

CURRENT SENSING
load in a transmission line  The interfacing circuit converts ac current into ac voltage and converts into dc voltage.  The DC voltage is then given to ADC inside microcontroller which calculates the exact current flowing through the line  Depending upon the ADC value the microcontroller finds current in the transmission line.

 Current transformer senses current taken by the

Temperature Sensing
     

LM35 is used for temperature sensing It is a linear centigrade sensor. The output voltage is given by 10mV/C Can measure temperatures upto 150C Accuracy is within 0.5C Integrated sensor in a simple 3pin package.

Block Diagram
Control Room Module

PC

PC Interfacing

Voltage Conversion Ckt

Zigbee Transceiver

5v Power supply to all components

Microcontroller
 PIC16F877A is the microcontroller used in the    
project. The controller has peripheral features like inbuilt ADC, required to get the signals from the sensors. Maximum clock frequency is 20MHz and hence faster than 8051. Based on RISC and Harvard architecture and hence even more faster. Embedded C is used for programming the microcontroller.

Zigbee Transceiver
 Used to do wireless communication between      
transmission line and control room Xbee module is used in the project Frequency of operation is in the license free ISM band 2.4GHz Distance of up to 100mts possible with the XBee module Is Zigbee compatible Maximum data rates of up to 250Kbps possible Uses DSSS and CSMA/CA technologies for reliable communication.

Voltage Conversion
 Is required because of the mismatch in the operating     
voltages for Xbee and microcontroller. Microcontroller operates at 5V and Xbee operates at 3.3V. Hence direct communication between the two is not possible. Voltage conversion reduces the voltage from 5V to 3.3V when microcontroller is transmitting. It increases the voltage from 3.3V to 5V when the Xbee is transmitting. It is also used in the control room module for the same purpose.

RS232 Interface
 The serial/Comm port of the computer is used    
for communication with the hardware. The serial port of the computer uses RS232 standard for communication. RS232 standard voltages are not compatible with conventional TTL / CMOS circuits. Hence IC MAX232 is used for voltage conversion between RS232 port and the microcontroller. MAX232 enables full duplex communications, while doing the necessary voltage conversions.

PC Application
status and the load status.  On the PC a visual basic program will be used.  VB is used because it offers a easy to use and program graphical interface.  The PC displays all the values and also indicates to the user if there is any fault or not.

 A PC is used to monitor the contactor

Hardware Components
 PIC 16F877A microcontroller  Sensors  Zigbee transceiver  Max232 for PC interface  PC

Software Tools
 MP Lab IDE for PIC programming  Orcad 16 for schematic design  Eagle layout Editor for PCB design  Visual Basic for PC programming in EB
office

Thank You