NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

Presented by:

Christian B. Caperol Jennelyn F. Lumbre

STROKE
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), Brain attack
Alternative names:

Definition
 A stroke is a medical emergency in

which the blood supply to any portion of the brain is interrupted or reduced.

Etiology
 Thrombosis  Embolism  Hemorrhage  Other causes: cerebral artery spasm,

hypercoagulable states

2 major types of stroke

Ischemic stoke
 occurs when the arteries to the brain are narrowed or blocked, causing severely reduced blood flow.
Thrombotic stroke Embolic stroke

Hemorrhagic Stoke
 occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures.

Clinical manifestations
 Generalized  Specific deficits

findings:

after stroke:

Headache Vomiting Seizures Change in mental status Fever

Hemiparesis (weakness
of one side of the body) (paralysis of one side of the body)

Hemiplegia

Aphasia Dysarthria Dysplegia Dysphagia Apraxia Unilateral neglect

The symptoms of a stroke are dependant on what portion of the brain is damage.

Management
ISCHEMIC STROKE
 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
used to dissolve the clot and unblock the artery.  Anticoagulants/antiplatelets  Angioplasty and stenting

Contd..
 HEMORRHAGIC STROKE  Surgery is often required to remove

pooled blood from the brain and to repair damaged blood vessels.

Prevention:
 An obstruction is introduced to prevent
Surgical Intervention Endovascular Procedures

rupture and bleeding of aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVM).

BELLS PALSY

DEFINITION
 Bell's palsy is a condition in which there

is paralysis of the muscles of the face, typically on one side. It is usually temporary with most people making a full recovery within 2-3 months. It comes on suddenly, and the cause is unknown.

Etiology
 Cause is unknown, but the mechanism

is presumably swelling of the 7th cranial (facial) nerve due to an immune or viral disorder. Recent evidence suggests herpes simplex virus infection. The nerve is compressed, resulting in ischemia and paresis, because the nerve passes through a narrow opening (internal acoustic meatus) in the temporal bone.

Signs and symptoms

 Distortion of face.  Numbness of face and tongue.  Overflow of tears down the cheek from

keratitis caused by drying of cornea and lack of blink reflex.  Decreased tear production that may predispose to infection.  Speech difficulty secondary to facial paralysis.

Medical management:
Administer steroid therapy, as ordered. (May

reduce inflammation and edema and restore normal blood circulation to the nerve.)  Provide for pain relief with analgesics and local application of heat.  Facial massage may be prescribed to help maintain muscle tone.  Surgical intervention may be necessary. >Decompression of facial nerve. >Surgical correction of eyelid deformities.

TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA

Definition