Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and afterward obtained a papal dispensation from his vows. He then studied
law, and received the degree of licentiate in 1830.
X 392)
PRESIDENT DUENAS. 393
2
Slowness and procrastination ruled supreme. A citizen of Salvador said
of Duefias to describe his policy: El mejor caballo para Duenas es el que no
anda.
3
In Jan. 1866 he married a wealthy widow, who had been educated in
the U. S. That same year the university conferred on him the degree of doc
tor of laws. Nic., Gaceta, Feb. 3, March 3, 1836.
394 DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN SALVADOR.
Am., 3.
7
It was said that Medina was enticed into
assisting the liberals, under the
delusion that they would call him to rule over the united states of G-uat.,
Salv ami Hond.
8
San Salvador, the capital, had been several days fortified awaiting an
assault, but the invaders, not knowing how much force there might be a*
hand for its defence, preferred to march ou to Santa Alia,
396 DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN SALVADOR.
"The
governments of Guat., Nic., and Hand, tendered aid. The rebels
were eventually pardoned after some months imprisonment. Pan. Star and
Herald, July G 28, 1875; Salv., Diario Ofic., June L3 to July 21, 1875
k
25
This intervention was apparently on the ground of humanity, to stop
the civil war raging there. But the main reason recognized was that the sit
uation in Hond. was a menace to Salv., and might lead to an interruption of
friendly relations between the latter and Guat. Salv., on being accused of
violating the compact, alleged that by strict rights it had become obsolete
after the action of Naranjo, when Leiva s administration demolished its foes
and recovered its full authority. However, Salv. was disposed to fulfil her
agreement. Salv., Diario Ofic., March 23, 1876.
THE WRATH OF BARRIOS. 403
26
temala. The government of Salvador on the 26th
of March decreed the treaty of amity and alliance
concluded with Guatemala January 24, 1872, to be no
27
longer in force.
Barrios plan for the campaign was to assail Salva
dor on the west direct from Guatemala with an army
under his personal command, and at the same time
by a movement from Honduras under General Grego-
rio Solares on the eastern departments of San Miguel
and La Union.
The Mexican general, Lopez Uraga, adjutant-gen
eral of Barrios, was stationed with a garrison at
Jutiapa to guard the army supplies. At this time
the Salvadorans unsuccessfully attacked an isolated
position on the frontier, which roused the ire of Bar
rios. He then directed Uraga to move the supplies
to Chingo, whence he started, himself to the invasion
of Salvador. Solares had not yet been heard from.
He had first of all to get Medina and Leiva out of
the way in Honduras. The Guatemalan president
then marched to the Coco hacienda, and hearing that
Chalchuapa was abandoned, occupied it at once.
The Salvadorans had their headquarters at Santa
Ana. The armies which were to encounter each
other on the field of battle were the most numerous
Central America had ever seen. Barrios with 8,000
or 9,000 men laid siege of Ahuacnapan. Uraga sta
tioned himself at Chalchuapa with about 1,500, and
28
Chingo was left with a handful of men.
The Guatemalans who had occupied Apaneca were
driven away, and on returning thereto encountered
the Salvadorans on the 15th of April, and after a
26
These decrees were countersigned by the qther ministers, J. Barberena,
F. Lainfiesta, and Joaquin Macal. Guat., Recap. Ley., Gob. Democ., 202-6;
Pan. Star and Herald, Apr. 17, 1876.
27
It denies all the charges of Barrios and his govt as unfounded in fact
and slanderous, and imputes to Barrios the intent to conquer Cent. Am., be
ginning with Salv. and Hond. This decree is countersigned by the ministers
Manuel Caceres, Dositeo Fiallos, Julian Escoto, and Carlos Bonilla. Salv. t
Diario Ofic., March 29, 1876; Pan. Star and Herald, Apr. 8, 1876.
28
Uraga acted under orders, and wonders why the Salvadorans did not
fall upon Chingo and
capture all the supplies there. Rtplica, 12-16.
404 DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN SALVADOR.
evacuated by 12 M. of the 27th inst. War material that could not be removed
in time was to be delivered to Uraga under inventory. 4th. Santa Ana, and
territory within two leagues of the town, were to be occupied by the Guate
malans, the civil authorities being allowed to exercise their functions therein,
but expected to furnish supplies; Barrios guaranteeing security of persons and
property to the inhabitants. The Guat. forces in the east were to occupy
San Miguel, and territory within one league, under the same guaranties
allowed the civil authorities and people of Santa Ana. 5th. Presid. Valle
was to convoke a junta of notables, within four days from the ratification of
this convention, to meet at Santa Ana, and choose in accord with Barrios the
person in whose hands Valle must resign his offices. 6th. The acting execu
tive must, within ten days, convoke the people of Salv. to freely choose, a
month later, the president of the republic. 7th. The person designated by
the notables shall have organized his government and issued the convocation,
the forces of Guat. will leave the Salv. territory. 8th. Barrios and the pro
visional executive of Salv. will make a treaty of peace between the two
republics. 9th. This convention must be ratified
by Barrios at once, and by
telegram within twenty -four hours by Valle, the ratifications to be exchanged
within six hours after. An additional article made free the transit between
the two countries. The convention was duly ratified. Upwards of 200 per
sons at Santa Ana sent Barrios, after the occupation of the town by his troops,
April 30th, an address of thanks for his magnanimity and generosity, adding
that no Salvadoran could justly complain of the behavior of the Guat. army.
Guat., Boletin de Noticias, no. 8; Barrios, Mensaje, Sept. 11, 1876, 7-11; Sale.,
Diario, Ofic., May 4, 7, 1876; Id., Gaceta, Ofic., May 26, 30, 1876; Costa /?.,
InformeSec. Rel, 1876, 11-12; Pan. Star and Herald, May 16, 1876.
403 DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN SALVADOR.
By Cruz Ulloa and Marco Aurelio Soto. The treaty provided also for
36
the surrender of common criminals, the concentration away from the frontier
of political refugees; fostering legitimate and checking illicit trade; exclud
ing Jesuits. In the event of misunderstandings, the parties must resort to
arbitration. The treaty of Jan. 24, 1872, and the Rivas-Carazo with Nic.,
were repealed. Honduras and Costa Rica were to be invited to join it. Ralv.,
Gaceta Ofic., 11, 1876; La Regeneration, May 16, 18713
May , Salv., Diario
Ojic., April 1879; Pan. Star and Herald, June 1, 1876.
1,
8tt
CWa
-ft., Pap. Sueltos, no. 17. Gen. Indalecio Miranda, who had been
proclaimed president in some parts, recognized Zaldivar.
37
A
native of Salv. he studied medicine in Cent. Am. and completed his
,
36
He effected his escape from the capital disguised as an Indian with a
load of grass on his head.
d9
In Feb. 1879 congress thanked the
emperor of Germany for the honor
of knighthood conferred on Zaldivar. In France he was given the title of
officer of pub. instruction. The same month and year congress gave him a
vote of thanks for his services.
Ualv., Diario 0/?c., March C, 8, 1879.
408 DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN SALVADOR.
40
He therefore saw good reason to tender congratulations to the repre
sentatives of the people on the promising condition of Salvador and the other
Cent. Am. republics. Zaldivar, Mensaje, Jan. 5. 1883; Pan. Star and Herald,
Jan. 17, 1888; Pan. ElCronista, Jan. 20, 1883.
41
Among the persons taken as leaders of the movement were Gen. Fran
cisco Menendez, l)r Manuel Gallardo, Marcial Estevez, and Manuel A. Louccl.
Salv., Diario Ofic., Apr. 16, 17, 1883; Pan. Star and Herald, May 5, 7, 1883.
42
June 1st. This decree caused much satisfaction among all classes.
43
The grounds for the convocation as stated were that the people had
almost unanimously declared that some of the clauses of the constitution of
1880 were not suited to the national requirements. The Diario Ofitial ex
pressed the hope that the revision would give a more judicious application of
the principles of a republican government, thus strengthening the public
liberties without weakening the principle of authority.
CHRONIC REVOLUTION. 409
where.
51
With Honduras 52 a treaty was concluded,
with the assent of the three allies, which restored
friendly relations. Zaldivar called congress to hold
an extra session, and laid before it, May 4th, an ac
count of the campaign and its results, and concluded,
asking that body to accept his resignation. This was
unanimously refused nor was his subsequent request
;
61
The gov. of Salv. proclaimed peace on the loth of April, and granted a
all who took part in the war
full amnesty to against Salv.> and generally to
all in exile for political offences.
52
Though the gov, had made common cause with Barrios, it manifested a
disposition to cut loose from the alliance after the late events.
53
Costa R., Gaceta, May 19, June 24, 1885. Zaldivar well knew that there
was a powerful opposition to him.
04
Menendez was a man of energy and courage. He possessed good com*
mon sense and natural shrewdness. His habits were simple. Polite and
unassuming, he always made a favorable impression.
55
Costa R., Gaceta, July 1, 1885; Pan. Star and Herald, July 18, 1885;
La Estralla de Pan., July 25, 1885.
412 DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN SALVADOR.
56
martial law. Zaldivar was charged with improper
uses of the public funds, and the government refused
to recognize a certain indebtedness incurred in his ad
ministration. His property in Salvador was seized,
and an attempt was made by certain persons to lay
hands on some real estate of his in Costa Rica, but
57
they were not permitted to do so. Shortly after
there was a rupture with Nicaragua, which did not
last long, a treaty of peace being signed at Amapala
in January 1886.
56
Nov. 26 and 27, 1885. Pan. Star and Herald, Sept. 9, Dec. 7, 1885.
This state of things still existed in March 1886. Correspondence of March
1st, to 8. F. Pout, April 2, 1886.
67
The supreme court would not recognize the right of the Salv. courts to
demand it. Costa R., Gaceta, Nov. 1, 1885; Pan. Star and Herald, Sept. 18,
1885.