The roles of Public Libraries in the Educational Development of the Nation

Public Library (LSE 402) Assignment

Rasheed Omolara Rukayat Matric No: 128343

Table of Contents
Title Title Page Table of contents Introduction Library Types of Library Development of Public Library in Nigeria The Roles Of Public Libraries In Educational Development Nationally Conclusion References Page 1 2 3 3 5 6 9 18 20

INTRODUCTION
Library and education are two related institutions, depending on each other that cannot be separated, as book and pen or table and chair are interrelated. Public libraries are wonderful institutions that play an important role to acquire educational information to its clients. The IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto believes in the public library as a living force for education, culture and information, and as an essential agent for the fostering of peace and spiritual welfare through the minds of men and women (IFLA/UNECSO; 1994). Public library services are provided on the basis of equality of free access, regardless of age, race sex, religion, nationality, language, religion, or social status. All have equal opportunity to access resources provided to the entire society.

LIBRARY
At the elementary stage library is referred to as: (i) a collection of literacy documents or record kept for reference or borrowing (ii) a depository house built to contain books and other materials for reading and studying (iii) A collection of standard programmes and subroutines that are stored and available for immediate use. (iv) A building that houses a collection of books and other materials.

Advanced definitions of Library however are as follows: (i) Islam (2004) described it as a learned institution equipped with treasures of knowledge maintained, organized, and managed by trained personnel to educate the children, men and women continuously and assist in their self-improvement through an effective and prompt dissemination of information embodied in the resources.

(ii)

Omojuwa (1993) described the library as an enabling factor to obtain spiritual, inspirational, and recreational activities through reading, and therefore the opportunity of interacting with the societys wealth and accumulated knowledge.

(iii)

Another definition of Library according to Islam (2004) is an instrument of self education, a means of knowledge and factual information, a centre of intellectual recreation, and a beacon of enlightenment that provides accumulated preserved knowledge of civilization which consequently enriches ones mental vision, and dignifies his habit behaviour, character, taste, attitude, conduct, and outlook on life.

(iv)

The online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia described the library as a place in which literary and artistic materials, such as books, periodicals newspapers, pamphlets, prints, records, and tapes, are kept for reading, reference, or lending. In a digital sense, a library may be more than a building that houses a collection of books and other materials as the Internet has opened up an avalanche of online and electronic resources for accessing documents on various fields of interest.

(v)

Online Glossary defined digital library as a collection of texts, images, etc, encoded so as to be stored, retrieved, and read by computer. Furthermore, a digital library is a collection of documents in organized electronic form, available on the Internet or on CD ROM disks. It is the traditional/conventional physical library that provides a basis for the digital library. The Association of Research libraries (ASL) in a publication on 23 October, 1995, described digital collections as unlimited access to document surrogates: they extend to digital artifacts that cannot be represented or distributed in printed formats. Another further

development from the digital library is the advent of Virtual Library (VL). (vi) A web definition for virtual library is that which exists solely in electronic from or on paper. The building blocks required for such a library may not exist, and the chemical steps for such a library may not have been tested. But the materials needed like journals are barred to a location, which can be decoded through passwords. 4

TYPES OF LIBRARY
There are different types of libraries, viz: (a) Academic library (b)Public Libraries, (c) Special library (d) Virtual Library, all of which contribute to education and educational development in various different ways.

Public Library
This is often called peoples University, in a democratic society operated for the people by the people that conserves and organizes human knowledge in order to place if freely in the service of the community without any distinction of occupation, creed, class, religion, or ethnicity. It is a university of the people since it is maintained and financed by the people of the community who freely throng in this institution and acquire knowledge that they need in their day to day life. The scope or command of a public library that meets specific but general requirements of the public thus remains quite broader in its vision. It offers from the other types of libraries in that by offering opportunities of informal self-education it inculcates reading habit amongst all types of general readers and, as a result, maintains a sizeable collection of newspapers, light literature, i.e., fictions, novels, story books, e.t.c., for recreational studies, and a childrens corner equipped with juvenile literature. Among its broad based functions to perform in educating the general public as well as the children, the following ones can be quoted: (a) It facilitates informal self-education of all people in the community; (b) Enriches and further develops the subject on which individuals are undertaking formal education; (c) Meets the informational needs of all;

(d) Creates and further develops civic sense and habits of the citizens; (e) Supports educational, civic, and cultural activities of groups and organizations; (f) Encourage wholesome recreation and constructive use of leisure time. (g) Provides children, young people, men and women opportunity to: (i) educate themselves continuously, (ii) keep abreast of progress in all fields of knowledge, and (iii) maintain freedom of expression and constructively provides a critical attitude to all public issues and world affairs.

Development of Public Library in Nigeria (According to Salihu, U.A., Circulation Librarian, University of Ilorin Library. llorin, Nigeria).
The development of public libraries in Africa reflects the various library systems of the colonizing countries. For instance, the development in public libraries was highly influenced by the colonial masters and the level of economic viability of the countries in Africa (Olanlokun & Salisu, 1993). Nnaji (1986) observes that before 1946, the only libraries of importance were in Lagos. According to the writer, the very notable and first subscription library in Lagos was founded from the estate of Mr. Tom Jones and the oldest libraries are the present day high court library and the Federal Ministry of Justice library both of which were launched in 1900. There was the Lagos library, which was a subscription library and which had a reference collection, and the Tom Jones Library, which was donated to the Government by a Lagos citizen. In the 1946, the Lagos public library, jointly owned by the Lagos Town council and British Council, replaced the Lagos library. A travelling library scheme was also launched in Lagos the same year.

Towards the end of the 1950s, The Federal Government at the instance of West Africa Library Association (WALA) founded a federal library advisory committee "to advise the 6

Federal and Regional Governments and the Government of southern Cameroon on library and bibliographical policy and problems (Nnaji 1986). This committee, as well as successive British council librarians, had put forward different proposals for a national library service. The crash education programme which worked out with some degree of success, created a favourable climate for library development in Nigeria. This climate brightened up in 1976 with the introduction of Universal Primary Education Scheme in the country.

Public libraries are founded wholly with government grants in the developing countries in agreement with the UNESCO public library manifesto (1972), which states that:

a public library should be maintained by public funds, and no direct charge should be made to anyone for its services. To fulfill its purposes, the public library must be readily accessible, and its doors open for free and equal use by all members of the community regardless of race, colour, nationality, age, religion, language, status, sex, educational attainment, (p. 151)

Public library existed in the Western Region of Nigeria, especially Ibadan the headquarters. There were also public libraries in some major towns in the region. With creation of states within the region in 1967, many libraries were established especially in the state capitals of Oyo, Ondo, Lagos, and Ogun. Mid-Western Region (later Bendel state and now Edo and Delta states) was created out of the old Western Region in 1963. The Mid-Western Region Library Board was established in February 1971 by the Mid-Western Board edict. Since then Edo and Delta states Library Boards have been very active in the provision of library services in the two states.

The Eastern regional government established a Regional Library Board in 1955 to render library services to the people of the region. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) later became involved in a pilot project with the Eastern Regional government to establish a Library Board in the area. Some states were created out of the Eastern Region in 1967. The East central state Library Board was created in 1971 by Edict No. 17, the River State Library Board was established by Edict in 7

1971, and the South-Eastern state Library Board was created by an Edict in 1973. These Boards were charged with the responsibility of providing library services to the people. Since 1976, there has been further restructuring and changes in the names of the states in this area. New names are Anambra, Enugu, Imo, Ebonyi, Rivers, Cross-River, Akwa Abom, and Bayelsa states. All these states have library boards charged with the duty of providing library services to the citizens.

The Northern Regional government started its library services in 1952. The aim was to help the Native Authorities in the region develop the Reading Rooms established during the Second World War into public libraries. The government planned to purchase books and send them to the Reading Rooms. According to the arrangement, qualified staff would come from the headquarters in Kaduna to supervise the work that was being done in the provincial libraries. This plan was far from being adequate, and consequently the Northern Region government appointed Mr. F.A. Sharr to look into the problems of the library needs of the region. Sharr in his report recommended that, public library should be established in each of the thirteen provincial towns of the region. These libraries later formed the nucleus of library services in the various provinces. The Northern Region was broken into six states in 1967 and subsequently into nineteen states in 1996. Each state inherited from these facilities.

In a survey of public libraries in Nigeria, Olanlokun (1993) noted that there was a substantial increase in the number of branches in some states (over the 1978 survey). For instance, over fifty per cent of the states had established library boards with Edo. Delta, Kano, Kaduna, Kwara, Imo, Anambra and Lagos maintaining a lead. Generally, public library development in Nigeria still has a long way to go before it can contribute meaningfully development. to education, information. research, economy and national

In summary, some of the historical circumstances that led to the establishment of public library services in Nigeria include: (a) efforts of some individual who donated buildings and collections which later formed the nucleus of public services in Nigeria; 8

(b) establishment of regional reading rooms by colonial master which later transformed to public libraries; (c) second world war which necessitated the establishment of libraries to disseminate (war) information; (d) establishment of regional government and subsequent creation of states; and (e) increase in number of students enrolment in schools.

THE ROLES OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NATIONALLY

Education has been defined as a complex of social processes of acquiring knowledge and experience, formally or otherwise. Ogunsheye (1981) states that it involves the total apparatus used for the development of the individual. The library enables the individual to obtain spiritual, inspirational, and recreational activity through reading, and therefore the opportunity of interacting with the societys wealth and accumulated knowledge (Omojuwa 1993). The library can be seen as an extension of education. Library services are needed to keep the skills that have been acquired through literacy classes alive by the provision of good literature. If education is to have a greater share in the moulding and building of a happier individual and a better society, the providers of education must go further than their roles as literacy facilitators to a more practical role of providing libraries for sustaining the newly acquired skills of adult learners. Library service is the service to the people of a community regardless of caste, creed, religion, age, sex, language, status of education and attainment. Library and education are sister services that cannot be taken out one from the other, but go hand in hand. Organizing a library to aid education calls for an atmosphere of friendliness and a useful collection. Education facilitators should involve librarians in planning

education programmes and learners should be given library instruction. Education and Library are two inseparable indivisible concepts, both being fundamentally and synchronically related to and co-existent with each other. One cannot be separated from the other. None of them is an end in itself; rather both of

them together are a means to an ultimate end. One dies as soon as the other perishes. One survives as long as the other exists. This inter-relation, co-existence, if you like, this dependence of one upon the other have been coming down from the birth of human civilization to the posterity through a process of evolution in accord with varied needs, changes, and circumstances of various stages of human life. From the earlier definitions, education cannot exist alone in the absence of library and library has no meaning if it cannot impart education. A Good well equipped library is a sine qua non for the intellectual, moral, and spiritual advancement and elevation of the people of a community. It is an indispensable element of the absolute well being of the citizens and that of the nation at large. People acquire education through certain institutions, schools, agencies, welfare bodies, museums and organizations, and the library is the most outstanding of such institutions. A school, a club, and enterprise of a society can never alone impart education; each of them is dependant upon a library a centre of wholesome education, and the quencher of thirst for concrete, fathomless, ultimate knowledge! The concept of education for sustainable development and its relationship with Education for All (EFA) is a new vision of sustainable development programme by UNESCO. In December 2002, resolution 57/254 on the United Nations Decade of

Education for sustainable Development (2005-2014) was adopted by the UN General Assembly and UNESCO was designated lead agency for the promotion of the Decade. Indeed, the establishment of the concept on education for sustainable development and its relationship with Education for All (EFA) the United Nations Literacy Decade (UNLD) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) clearly illustrate that quality education, a goal of the library, is a prerequisite for education for sustainable development at all levels and in all modalities of education. The Educational Policies and plans of UNESCO in the role of education and its development, poverty reduction, the promotion of universal human values and tolerance, and the challenges of new ICTs (library). A Web definition for Education Development is the process of improving the effectiveness of educational provision through an ongoing review of relevant factors at 10

all levels from teaching techniques and materials to institutional structures and policies, and the provision of mechanisms for progressive change. The primary purposes of the public library are to provide resources and services in a variety of media to meet the needs of individuals and groups for education, information and personal development including recreation and leisure. They have an important role in the development and maintenance of a democratic society by giving the individual access to a wide and varied range of knowledge, ideas and opinions (IFLA/UNESCO, 2001). And the most appropriate agency of continuing education for people of all ages is a public library. (Khanna,1994). An important institutional relationship for a public library is that with the local schools and the educational system in the service area. Types of linkages and/or forms of cooperation include: (IFLA/UNESCO, 2001). Sharing resources Sharing staff training Cooperative collection development Co-operative programming Co-ordination of electronic services and networks Co-operation in the development of learning tools Class visits to the public library Joint reading and literary promotion Programme of web-awareness for children Sharing of telecommunications and network infrastructures Jointly arranged authors visits

The reason for the foundation of public library is to act as an agent, which provides access to knowledge in printed and other formats to support formal and informal or non-formal education as a whole. As long as the world exists, there will be an enormous development in various fields of education due to the ongoing research and development.

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The roles of public libraries in the educational development of the country can be summarized as follows:

1. Self-education Center Education has no limits. It is a universal nature, being expanded its area in different fields of studies due to the progress of research and developments. Nobody has

enough resources for his/her formal education but needs to have free access to the resources of a library for improvement and expansion of his/her acquired education at all levels. Formal education alone is not sufficient for an overall development of ones educational pursuits. Informal education or self-education is a lifelong process and public public library should supports the continuous self-education program by providing services to the people free of charge. As an educational center, the

public library has to support and promote all types of education, formal, non-formal, adult and life-long, by keeping adequate stock of documents and other information materials, print or electronics, hard or soft, and makes them available to all sections of the community. The IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto 1994 (IFLA/UNESCO,1994) stated in its missions as, supporting both individual and self conducted education as well as formal education at all levels. Some of the facets relevant to the educational impact of public libraries are Book reviews/Book talks, Concerts (live or recorded), Craft demonstrations, Cultural exhibits, Field trips, Film showing, Formal courses,

Lectures, Literacy tutorials, Reading improvement classes, Story hours, Training of volunteers. (Rath, 1996). It should also provide opportunity for personal creative development being the social institution for lifelong learning and independent decisionmaking.

2. Supporting Literacy Activities and Continuing Education Public libraries, State or District Libraries, plays a vital role in literacy activities and movements. Public libraries are best suited for post-literacy and continuing education programmes (Kumar, 1992). The most appropriate agency of continuing education for people of all ages is the public library. Such libraries help literates and neoliterates to prosper their literacy developments by providing reading materials. The IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto 1994 (IFLA/UNESCO, 1994) also stated in its 12

missions as, supporting and participating in literary activities and programmes for all age groups, and initiating such activities if necessary. The positive roles that should be played by public libraries in post-literacy programmes are: A good collection of reading and audio-visual materials related to the life and living of neo-literates; A separate reading room for neo-literates, wherever possible, with good and attractive collection of reading and audio-visual materials; Regular provision in the library budget for procurement of reading and audiovisual materials for neo-literates; Competent staff with proper orientation to attend the needs of neo-literates; Close line with nearby literacy centers, supplying reading materials to the neo-literates through these literacy centers at the initial stage. This will help to attract the neoliterates to the regular library service; Group discussions and reading with neo-literates to develop reading habits among them; Information services to the neo-literates related to their live and living; Oral services to the neo-literates and illiterates to attract them to literacy and library activities.

3. Developing Reading Habits The IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto 1994 (IFLA/UNESCO, 1994) stated in one of the missions of public library services as, creating and strengthening reading habits in children from an early age. Adolescence is in a phase of building their personality and their interests are very varied and changeable, and need to give them to achieve their full development as individuals and citizens. Adolescence needs special attention as many of them voluntarily stop reading at this stage of their lives. The recognition that children are the future of public library services and form the adult audience of the next generation has placed a greater emphasis on public library services to children in recent times (Stone, 1999). Librarians and professionals who understand the psychological and emotional growth of adolescents need to introduce them to reading through a wide range of books that are compatible with their changing interests. Library must encourage reading at all levels and for different purpose. It must 13

inculcate in the minds of individuals that reading is of far greater significance for the creation of intellectual, moral, aesthetic, social and political values, and in the context of reading, a book represents a social relationship between writer and reader, and the library has the clearest view of this relationship being a social agency. Reading and writing are the two best means of communication techniques that can be carried out in promotion of reading habits and literacy programmes. It is a prerequisite to being an integrated and active member in the society. The public library may support such activities to promote literacy activities by making the best use of modern technology. This can be achieved by: (IFLA/UNESCO, 2001) Promoting reading Providing appropriate materials for those with poor literacy skills Working with other agencies in the community involved in combating illiteracy Participating in campaigns to combat illiteracy and improve numeracy Organizing events to promote an interest in reading, literature and media culture Promoting and providing training in the use of computer technology Promoting awareness of new developments in the media market Helping people to find the information they need in the appropriate format Co-operating with teachers, parents and other contact persons to help new citizens acquire the necessary educational skills that will help them to manage their loves in the new context. Public libraries may serve with different priorities and qualities with special

collections to the community to provide best reading materials to its clients, particularly to the young groups by serving them to have reading habits of their interests. Services for adolescents should: 1) Facilitate the transition from childrens to adults service; 2) Stimulate lifelong learning through reading and libraries; 3) Encourage the habit of reading for information and pleasure; 4) Provide instruments and skills for using information; 5) Provide collections and services for all the young adults in the community with the aim of addressing their educational, information, cultural, and leisure need.

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There is a need to implement reading habits to the young adults for their educational and future livelihood. To encourage them, library services can take different steps, like collection of specialized reading materials, organizing readers club, literary club, symposia, etc.

4. Personal Creativity Development Men are born free but in a limited way. All men need to develop his own personal creativity and pursue new interests for his survival. A library is to providing opportunities for personal creative development (IFLA/UNESCO, 1994). This goes a long way in contributing positively to the educational development of a nation. To achieve this, people need access to knowledge and work of the imagination. Nobody can access his information needs from his own resources but the public library can provide access, in a variety of different media, to a rich and varied store of knowledge and creative achievement, which individual cannot acquire on their own behalf (IFLA/UNESCO, 2001). The contributions of a public library by collecting and disseminating information, including the communitys own literature, has been a unique and still a vital function rendered for the personal development of an information seekers. The public library services can make fundamental contribution to daily survival and educational development by being directly involved in providing information to people in developing communities; for example, environment awareness programmes, AIDS awareness programmes, adult education programmes, etc. The local libraries can act as a center of personal creativity development to the local communities by giving education on different topics of their interests and local needs.

5. Research Activities Research is an endeavor, to discover, and verify knowledge. Research is the basic principle of development expanding the horizons of knowledge that is carried out generally in educational institutions. The primary basic information for a research

activity is information that can be mostly accessed in a library. The public library networks must be designed in relation to national, regional, research and special libraries as well as libraries in schools, colleges and universities (IFLA/UNESCO, 1994). The

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public library supports lifelong learning, working with schools and other educational institutions to help students of all ages with their formal education (IFLA/UNESCO, 2001). Research activities needs basic as well as correct information from various sources that may be in primary, secondary, and tertiary to the scholars. Such information may be available in various forms; namely, books, journals, geographical sources, microfilms, Internet, etc. An individual scholar due to high cost or the other way may not acquire such documents, but library serves the user to access their information needs in various forms. A public library that serves the general public in various information materials added support to the research actions in various fields by providing their required information data. The library offers many types of specialized services to help in the advancement of research in society, such as: 1) identifying, accumulating, processing for use needed and pertinent materials speedily; 2) preparing and circulating list of latest additions; 3) evaluating and interpreting new documents and providing to the right users requisite information contained in them in the form of reviews, abstracts, tables of contents, and photocopies of excerpts; 4) maintaining highly specialized reference files and indexes; 5) conducting literature searches; 6) providing accurate, factual and relevant information to inquirers; 7) preparing bibliographies; 8) translating publications wholly or in part; 9) providing cheap and rapid means of photocopying; 10) providing quick reference and referral services; and 11) extending the limitations of its own resources by interlibrary loan, co-operative acquisitions and through such methods of bibliographical cooperation as union lists, and catalogues and the exchanging of catalogues and bibliographies.(Gates;1987;13).

6. Computer Literacy Skill and Electronic Networks The rapid development of information technology brought huge amount of information playing a key role for the promotion of library services in an electronic environment. One of the missions of the Public Library Manifesto reads that, facilitating the 16

development of information and computer skills (IFLA/UNESCO,1994). The notion of library has been growing very fast, automated library, Electronic library, digital library, and virtual library. Library has no limit for its growth and services, being known today as library without walls. IFLA/UNESCO Guideline for Development stated that, Public libraries are instruments of equal opportunity and must provide a safely-net against alienation and social exclusion from technological advance by becoming the electronic doorway to information in the digital age (IFLA/UNESCO, 2001). The library should provide access to the resources of the library and other information centers through effective electronic networks at all levels from local to international. Access to the internet/world wide web should be free to the public regardless of economic means to have access to information available in an electronic form. The world is facing a digital divide, who have and have-nots or the information rich and the information poor, but library serves as a bridge by providing digital forms of information in its services to the community. The worlds facing problems of an information age, such as, information explosion, price escalation of library documents, and increased cost of library documents (Sridevi, 2005) can be overcome through the library

services. Library co-operation, Resource sharing or Internet resource sharing in the field of an education can be provided by libraries at local, regional, national or

international level to access required information by the users. Libraries, therefore, by giving electronic resources and computer literacy skills can greatly enhanced

services to their users by providing them with access to the collection of other libraries or information centers. Besides, a public library service to the cause of education is extended to the special user groups. Since education has no end or limit, all men need to acquire education by one kind of educational means. Those people, who are potential users may not use library services regularly but have right to access information through its services in one or the other. They may not come to the library to access their required information, but the library services may be

extended to reach those persons so that they can avail equal opportunity with others. The library should, therefore, establish ways of making library materials and

services accessible to these users.

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Those services may include: (IFLA/UNESCO, 2001). Special transport, e.g., mobile libraries, book-boats and other forms of transport to serve those living in isolated areas Services taken to the home of those people who are housebound Services taken to the factories and industrial premises for employees Services for those confined in institutions, e.g., prisons and hospitals Special equipment and reading materials for those with physical and sensory disabilities, e.g., hearing impaired and visually impaired people Special materials for people with learning difficulties, e.g., easy-to-read material and cassettes Services for immigrants and new citizens to help them to find their way within a different society and to provide access to media of their native culture Electronic communication, e.g., Internet catalogues.

Other roles of public libraries in national Support for Education include: y An outreach programme provides rotating collections of books in daycare centers. y Public libraries should regularly host school visits and provide ongoing support for homeschoolers. y A holiday reading programme helps children maintain reading skills over the holidays in public libraries. y y Public libraries should provide practice SAT, ACT, and PSAT testing semi-annually. The librarys online Learning Express database should provides practice tests and tutorial courses

CONCLUSION It is evident from the aforementioned that the public libraries play a significant role in educating the citizenry of a nation subsequently leading to a sustainable national development. The utility of a public library in educational development can at once be felt and generalized particularly when we look into the educational revival programmes such as the U.B.E. The inability of parents to purchase valuable books for

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their children can be checked with establishment of libraries school libraries for primary and secondary education to wage a war or campaign this great lack for which education has remained handicapped and limited. Apart from this, the public libraries render a yeoman service in the adult education through extension services and audio-visual aids, viz; story hours, lectures, book exhibitions, displays, book weeks, and motion pictures, newsreels, film strips, music stores, phonorecords, and the like. These aid mass education libraries also strengthen communication and collaboration between and among the research, business, government and educational

communities in the society and contribute to the lifelong learning opportunities of all Nigerians. Undoubtedly, the goals of the library are to promote literacy, provide

services, materials, and opportunities for citizens to become a part of the educational system and to give support to government educational policies and programmes such as the U.B.E. The establishment of more schools, training of teachers and curricula

improvements, although, worthy efforts, may not just be all without a commensurate programme to establish and upgrade libraries which are not merely conservers of past events, experiences and knowledge, but have essential roles and close bearing on advancement of education and nationhood.

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REFERENCES IFLA/UNESCO (1994). Public Library Manifesto 1994.

(http://www.ifla.org/VII/s8/unesco/eng.htm) accessed on 30.04.2011. IFLA/UNESCO (2001). The Public Library Service: IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines for

Development. Munchen: K G Saur. Islam, S.K.M. (2004). The Role of Libraries and Education. Information society Today Vol. 1 (1) 2004. Khanna, J.K. (1994). Library and Society. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publications. Kumar, Krishan.(1992). Role of Public Libraries in the Promotion of Literacy. Library Herald, 30(2-4), Jul.1991 Jan.1992. Ogunseye, F. A. (2003). Prospect for knowledge and information transfers manager in Nigeria in the new Millennium Education, Macmillar Nigeria. Publication, Ibadan. Omojuwa, R. A. (1993). Directions I Adult Literacy programming in Nigeria, Literacy and Reading in Nigeria. Reading Association of Nigeria, (7) pa. 2007 214. Rath, Pravakar (1996). Public Library Finance. Delhi: Pratibha Prakashan. Sridevi, J and Vyas, Shalini (2005). Library and Society. New Delhi: ShreePublishers and Distributors. Stone, E. (1999). The Impact of public library use on the educational attainment of primary school children. MA (Librarianship) Dissertation. Unpublished.

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