Leonardo da Vinci programme
European Commission
Writing in English
A Practical Handbook for Scientific and TechnicalWritersA Pilot ProjectProject Partners
Zuzana Svobodova,
Technical University Brno, Czech Republic
Heidrun Katzorke
and
Ursula Jaekel,
Technische Universität, Chemnitz, Germany
Stefania Dugovicova
and
Mike Scoggin,
Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
Peter Treacher,
ELT Centre, University of Essex, England
Writing in English
A Practical Handbook for Scientific and Technical WritersCONTENTS
Page No. Page No.Foreword
1 Types of Writing
1.1 Scientific Articles 11.2 Research Papers 21.3 Proposals 3
2 Composition
2.1 Titles 52.2 Planning your Writing 62.3 Paragraph Writing 72.4 Introductions 92.5 Writing the Main Body 122.6 Conclusions 142.7 Sections of a ResearchPaper 172.8 Describing Tables andGraphs 182.9 Referencing 192.10 Plagiarism 212.11 Abstracts 212.12 Summary Writing 24
3 Style
3.1 Objectivity 273.2 Clarity 283.3 Formality 293.4 Hedging 293.5 Signposting 31
4 Language functions
4.1 Agreeing and Disagreeing 354.2 Classifying 364.3 Comparing and Contrasting 374.4 Defining 394.5 Emphasising 414.6 Generalising 434.7 Paraphrasing 454.8 Quoting 47
5 Grammar
5.1 Adverbs 515.2 Articles 535.3 Numbers 565.4 Passive Voice 565.5 Punctuation 585.6 Verb Tenses 625.7 Word Order 65
6 Words
6.1 Abbreviations 676.2 Prefixes 686.3 Suffixes 70
Foreword
No science stands alone. If research done, findings found, conclusions drawn arenot presented to the world then it is arguable whether they are of any real use atall. The reason for the research paper is to present the findings to the world, toshare the information learned for others to do with it what they will. Why theresearch was originally conducted is of interest, but the researcher’s intentions,goals and conclusions are not the end.For example, a zoologist’s published observations of the chemical means of trailmarking by ants may be read by a biochemist, who in turn researches the make-upof the chemical. These findings are then read by a chemist who synthesises thechemical and through that research finds a means of bonding that is both durable,but removable. Meanwhile a scientist in robotics reads the zoologist’s work andother possibilities arise. This roboticist creates a robot that can detect and respondto chemicals applied like paint to the floor, solving the problem of how to guideand instruct robots on their mail-delivery rounds through an often-changing mazein an assembly plant. No research stands alone. No researcher can foresee all of the consequences and ramifications of their work. All science is interdisciplinary.This is why research results and findings are published.Since no one knows what impact the research might have, and on whom, the work must be published in a way that is easily accessible not only for fellow researchersin the particular field, but to everyone. The work must be presented in an ordered,conventionally agreed upon way. A research, technical or scientific paper is notthe place for creative or artistic writing, but for the organised, logical, deliberatedissemination of knowledge. The researcher did the research; the reader shouldnot have to.This handbook has been designed to be a reference book and guide for researcherswho have to write up their scientific work in English and who may need help tocompose and write more clearly and accurately in the language. At present it isonly a pilot version and the final edition will be ready during 2001. Yourcomments on the usefulness of this draft will be invaluable to the compilers, whoare:Zuzana Svobodova, Technical University Brno, Czech RepublicHeidrun Katzorke and Ursula Jaekel, Technische Universität, Chemnitz, GermanyStefania Dugovicova and Mike Scoggin, Comenius University, Bratislava, SlovakiaPeter Treacher, ELT Centre, University of Essex, EnglandThis project is sponsored and funded bythe European Commission Leonardo da Vinci programme
©
2000 Writing in English Project Group
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