Biology Chapter 5

Mitosis and Meiosis

MEIOSIS
INTERPHASE

MITOSIS

Cell Cycle

CELL CYCLE

Mitosis
What? Significance Where?
Process of nuclear division which results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter nuclei

Replace dead cells & repair damage cells Growth & development in organism

At somatic cells 2n at first, 2n at last of this process

STAGE
Prophase
Chromosomes condense & become tightly coiled In the cytoplasm, spindle fibres begin to form & each pair of centrioles migrates to opposite poles At the end of prophase, nucleolus disappears & nuclear membrane disintegrates.

Metaphase
Centromeres are lined up on the equator Spindle fibres fully form. Chromosomes are arranged randomly At the end centromeres divide

Anaphase
Two sister chromatids of each chromosomes separate at the centromere Anaphase ends when the chromosomes reach the pole of the cell

Telophase
It begins when both sets of chromosomes reach the pole. Chromosomes start to uncoil & revert again to their extended state Spindle fibres disappear, the nucleolus reforms.

Application of knowledge of Mitosis

Cloning
Tissue Culture

Others

Meiosis

Process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in daughter cell to half of the parent cell

First : Interphase Second : Meiosis 1 Third : Meiosis 2

At reproductive cells Produce haploid gametes At first 2n, at the end only n

What?

Stage

Where?

Meiosis I

Prophase I

Synapsis occurs at bivalents homologous chromosomes Crossing over occurs points at crossover are called chiasmata

Metaphase I

Pairs of H. C. Lined up at the equator as tetrads Centromere does not divide

 Spindle fibres pull H.C. At the end of anaphase I each pole has only 23 chromosome

Telophase I

Anaphase I

Each pole has haploid daughter nucleus

Meiosis II
Metaphase II
Same as prophase in mitosis Same as metaphase in mitosis Same as anaphase in mitosis

Telophase II

Anaphase II

Prophase II

Same as telophase in mitosis

Importance of Meiosis
Crossing over

Genetic Variation
Independent assortment

ENDS
Any Questions?