Mobile Operating System

Presented by: YOGENDRA KUMAR SAHU (2010IT071089)

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What is Android?
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an OS, middleware and key applications. User applications can be developed using Android SDK which supplies a host of API s needed for development using Java programming language.
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A slice of history
Google acquired Android Inc.,USA in 2005 with establishing OHA. Announced Android in 2007 and released source code. reached version 2.1 releasing Google s Nexus.

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The architecture
consists of five software layers: 1) Linux; 2) Libraries; 3) Runtime; 4) Application Framework; and 5) Applications.
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The architecture
Linux the bottom layer is the Linux OS itself version 2.6.3x .This provides process and memory management, security, networking and an array of relevant device drivers. Libraries
 reside on top of the OS.  includes Google s version of standard C system library (libc), called bionic, and tuned for embedded Linuxbased devices.  media and graphics libraries and  SQLite (~500kb)
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The architecture
Runtime
 on top of the OS, is the Android runtime the Dalvik VM.  designed specifically for Android and is register based to conserve memory and maximize performance.  separate instance of the Dalvik VM is used to execute each Android application.  The underlying OS is used for memory management and multi-threading.

Application framework
 provides a number of services to apps implemented as Java classes.  Any application can publish its capabilities for use by other applications.
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The architecture
Applications
 email, SMS, calendar, contacts and Web browser.  Applications are written in Java.  processed with the standard Java tools with a converter being used to translate to the Dalvik VM byte codes.

SQLite:
 powerful and lightweight (approx.225kb) relational database engine (RDBMS).  SQLite library is linked in an application program.  The library can be called dynamically.  The app program uses SQLite s functionality through simple function calls which are more efficient than IPC.  The entire database is stored as a single cross-platform IT VI SEM. file on the device. JABALPUR ENGG. COLLEGE

Application development
An Eclipse-based development environment is available from Google. An Android application consists of a number of resources that are bundled into an archive, an Android package. There is no single entry point to a program (like main()).
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Application development
There are four types of components which are instantiated and run as required :
 Activities: an executable unit that performs a specific function and has a user interface.  Services: no user interface and runs in the background.  Broadcast receivers: respond to system wide messages issued by other applications or the OS.  Content providers: make data available to other applications
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Advantages of Dalvik Virtual Machine

simple Java interpreter machine, developed to run on low-end memory mobile devices. capability to run along an application compilation enhancing the runtime performance of the applications. DRAWBACKS:
none-compatibility with Java SE libraries, Java ME class libraries and Swing Java libraries.

MERITS:
minimal-electrical power consumption. vast library resources.
assures the open source status of Android since Android uses a Java Virtual execution environment developed by Google.
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Advantages of Dalvik Virtual Machine

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Security and permissions

Android is a multi-process system, in which each application runs in its own process. Most security at the process level through standard Linux facilities. Additional securities through permission mechanism that enforces restrictions on the specific operations that a particular process can perform. In Android security architecture no application, by default, has permission to perform any operations that would adversely impact other applications, the OS, or the user. This includes reading or writing the user s private data,reading or writing another application s files, performing network access.
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Interesting Android links:

From Gizmodo's http://gizmodo.com/5395801/android-20-review-almost-human Learn Android http://developer.android.com/guide/basics/what-isandroid.html Introduction to Android by Jason Chen who is developer advocate at Google http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1ZZ-R3p_w8

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About OHA:
OHA - Open Handset Alliance a consortium of several companies including HTC,Intel,LG,Motorola,NVIDIA,Samsung,T-Mobile, Google and so on. Established by Google after acquiring Android Inc.,California,USA. Declared Android open source.

IT VI SEM. JABALPUR ENGG. COLLEGE

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