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Material
Fundamental of material
Substance
Element
Atom
Occurrence of electricity
What is electricity?
Material
Molecule
Atom
Atomic nucleus
Nucleus
Proton Electron
Electron
Nucleus
Electrons
Structure of Atom
Atom ion
positive ion Negative ion
Occurrence of electricity
Occurrence of electricity
Free Electron Movement = Occurrence of electricity
Fundamental question
Current flow . Electrical energy : Transfer Amount of free electron . If transfer track of free electron
Same water
level
No potential Difference No current flow
Electrical energy : Because it is no Transfer of free electron, there is no Occurrence of energy Because current does not flow There is no actuator drive .
Lamp OFF
Current represent
Current 2
The ampere is expressed using the letter I . The ampere describes the rate of flow of electrons past any given point In a circuit .
Current unit : A (Ampere) 1 Ampere : One ampere is equal to one coulomb of Charge flowing Part a point in one second . I = Q/T (Q : Coulomb, T : Second)
1 coulomb = 1/1.6012910-9 = 6.251018
Water tank B
Water Flow
No Water Flow
3 function of current.
Heat function
Current Function
Magnetism function
Ex) solenoid
Chemistry function
Ex) battery
Voltage
Voltage symbol : E Voltage unit : V
E = W (joule)/Q (coulombs) Volt W : Electric power Q : Electric charge amount 1 volt : 0.001 1 volt : 1,000 : 1 : 1,000 v
-(Negative)
+(Positive)
Lamp E
12 Volt BATTERY
Switch F
4
0.5R/L
C22 C40-1 CR02 0.5R/L R25 ROOM LAMP C40-2 R26 0.5 B G09
12 Volt Battery
Resistance
The electric resistance in a material is changed According to the following variables: - Kind of material - Sectional area of wire - Length of wire - Temperature
Resistance
Resistance relation formula
R= LS
R : Resistance of material : An invariable by kind of material ( m) L : Length of wire (m) S : Sectional area ( )
Like a water pipe, the larger the pipe the greater the capacity to carry flow .
Measured in Ohms ()
P1 P2
Pactator
Pascal
Pb
Actuator
P
Pump
Current Voltage
R1 I I1 E : 12 Volt
R2 I2
Lamp1 I
R1
R2
Lamp2
I1
E:12 Volt
I2
3 = 6 Ohm
E2
E3 6volt
4volt
+ V Volt meter
Characteristic
R1
I1 E1
R2
I2 E2
R1
I1 E1
R2
I2 E2
Calculate Current in Parallel circuit current A point current = (I 1+I 2+I 3) = B point2
Point C, D, E current : Current that each lamp consumes
I1 I E I2 I3 R1 C R2
I1 I2 I3
I
R3 E
D E
Current(I) UP UP DOWN
E
Voltage
I
Current
R
Resistance
+ _ E = 12 volt
R=6;
+ _ E = 12 volt
R = 12 ;
E = 12 volt I = 3 ampere R=? To calculate, divide 3 into 12 and the answer is 4;.
+ _ E = 12 volt
R=?;
Determining Voltage
E=IR E=43 E = 12 volts
+ _ E = ? volt
I = 3A
R=4;
12 volt
+ _ E = 12 volt
Switch
12VOLT BATT.
G2
In circuit inflow current's sum and outflow sum of done current same . Inflow current outflow current = 0 In this current flow below formula is formed in below circuit. Formula I1+I4(INPUT CURRENT) = I2+I3+I5(OUTPUT CURRENT)
I 1 = IN I 5 = OUT I 2 = OUT
I 4 = IN
I 3 = OUT
Kirchoff Law 2 (Voltage Kirchoffs (Kirchoffs second law)Law) Kirchoffs voltage law
Input source voltage Sum of voltage drop = 0
R1 I1 E1 I
R2 I2 E2
E1 = ( E2 = ( E=(
The formula for electric power is : P(watt) = E(volt) I(current) = EE/R = E2/R = E E = P/I I = P/E
B A E
C D
Check procedure
1st. Measure the voltage of battery. 2nd, 1st. Measure the voltage of between B and C. At this time, voltage must be 12 volts, and inspect following below order if is low than applied voltage. And, if voltage are 12 volts, it is motor itself defect. 3rd, Measure the voltage between A and B At this time, voltage bust be 0 volt, if higher than 0 volt, there is resistance between A and B. 4th, Measure the voltage between C and E At this time, voltage bust be 0 volt, if higher than 0 volt, there is resistance between C and E.
I3
Switch3
I4
VOLT
- Current I4 is different according to switch ON in above circuit diagram. - And voltage V is different according to ground connection condition. If it is normally, voltage V become 0volt
With the switch open, The voltmeter will read a full 12-volt, the same as the source.
I 12 VOLT G11 +
G2
2. Measure voltage The voltmeter will now read the amount of voltage drop across R1.
I 12 VOLT + R1 R2 SW
When the switch is closed, the voltmeter will indicate zero volts across the switch.
G11
G2
Open
R1=10;
R2=10;
Caution The switch must be open or the power source disconnected when measuring resistance using by ohmmeter.
I + Switch R1 R2
The switch location of a circuit is an ideal location to connect an ammeter to the circuit.
I 12 VOLT + G11
R1 Switch Open R2 R3
R2
R3
I +
12 VOLT
Switch
R1
G11
R2
R3
Open
Indicate needle
Spring
Voltmeters are always connected in parallel with the device being measured
0~1
M
R=100
Analog Ohmmeter
Ohmmeter circuit in case
8 12 Resistance scale 4 0
Zero Adjuster
3 volt Battery
Resistor
Characteristics of Analog Voltage that important thing is measuring in resistance mode voltage Ohmmeter output through lead wire are 3volt and 12volt according to ohm mode
switch position.
025
Polarity:+
Polarity:-
Polarity:+
Polarity:-
Magnet magnetic substance and Characteristic of and Magnetic Force Magnetic line of force
Magnetic line of force comes out from N pole and enter into S pole. Direction of magnetic line of force indicates the direction of the magnetic field. Density of magnetic line of force(Density of magnetic flux) indicates strength of magnetic field Magnetic lines of force does not cross each other. If the direction of magnetic lines of force is same, those magnetic lines repel each other.
These figure show the magnetic field of attracting and repelling magnets.
If the magnetic substance ( Iron, Nickel, Tungsten ), which is not magnet, is close to magnet, the magnetic substances become a magnet . Phenomenon that material get magnetic force within magnetic field.
N
Magnet
Magnetic Substance
Magnetic Substance
Magnetic Substance
Current
wire
Lenz Lenzs law states when a change in the magnetic flux occurs, then there are induced currents that oppose the change in flux.
Solenoid
When a current carrying conductor is would into a coil, or solenoid, the magnetic fields solenoid, circling conductors seem to merge or join together. N A solenoid will appear as a magnetic field with a North Pole at one end, and s South Pole at the opposite end. Curre nt out
S
Curre nt in
Relay
The relay is a device used to control a large flow of current by means of a low voltage, low current circuit. circuit. A relay is a magnetic switch. switch. When a relays coil is magnetized, its attractive force relay pulls the lever arm, called armature, toward the coil. The coil. contact points on the armature will open or close depending on their normally at rest position. position.
Transformer
A transformer is a device used to transfer energy from one circuit to another using electromagnetic induction. A transformer consists of two or more coils of wire wound around a common laminated iron core. The first winding, which is the input winding, is called the primary. This winding receives the energy from the source. The second winding, which is output winding, is called the secondary. The output load is attached to the secondary.
Primary Secondary
Transformer
Induction Coil A produces a rising and collapsing magnetic field that cuts across the conductors in coil B. Coil B has a voltage induced by the electrical action of coil A. this is the principle behind all transformers, this principle is called mutual induction. induction. If the ac voltage source frequency is equal to 60 Hz, then the magnetic field rises and collapses 120 times a second. second.
Primary Coil A
Secondary Coil B
Turns Ratio Principle The ratio between the number of turns in the primary and secondary is called the turns ratio. The turns ratio is turn ratio. turn simply the number of turns in the primary divided by the number of turns in the secondary. Written as a formula: secondary. formula: Turns ratio = Np / Ns=10/1 or 10 to 1 Ns=10/
10 to 1 ratio 1,000 turns 120 V 100 turns 12 V
Transformer
Transformer the voltages of the The voltage ratio is the ratio between
primary and secondary. It is in the same proportion as the secondary. turn ratio: turns ratio: Voltage ratio = Ep / Es = Np / Ns The current ratio is the ratio between the currents in the primary and secondary. It is in inverse proportion to the secondary. turn ratio: turns ratio: Current ratio = Is / Ip = Np / Ns Combining the three ratios: ratios: Ep / Es = Np / Ns = Is / Ip
The ignition coil produces the high voltage spark in an automobile electrical system. It uses a high turns ratio to develop 30,000 volts or more across the spark plug gap.
Distributor Ignition switch
Ignition coil
ECM
12V BATT
Evaluation
V
Practice 2)
-
12V BATT
Evaluation
Evaluation
CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a device that temporarily stores an electric charge. A capacitor accepts or returns this charge in order to maintain a constant voltage. As the switch is closed, electrons from the negative terminal of the source flow to one plate of the capacitor. These electrons repel electrons from the second plate, which are then drawn to the positive terminal of the source. The capacitor is now charged and is opposing the source voltage. Schematic symbols Basic Schematic diagram for capacitor.
Conducti l t s
i l ctric
Capacitors are made in hundreds of sizes and types. types. Can type electrolytic capacitors use different methods of plate construction. The ceramic capacitor is made of a special ceramic dielectric. Mica capacitors are small capacitors. They are made by stacking tinfoil plates together with thin sheets of mica as the dielectric. Fixed paper capacitors , Rectangular oil filled capacitors, Tubular electrolytic capacitors, etc.
Types of Capacitors
Ceramic capacitor
Mica capacitor
A capacitor and a resistor are connected in series across a voltage source. A circuit that contains resistance and capacitance is called an RC circuit. When the switch is closed in this RC circuit, the maximum current will flow. The current gradually decreases until the capacitor has reached its full charge. The capacitor will charge to the level of the applied voltage.
Switc Batt r
RC Time Constant
During the charge and discharge of the series of network outlined above, a period of time elapsed. This time is indicated along the base, or x-axis, of the graphs. xThe formula to determine the time constant in RC circuit is: is: =RC
ER E R = IR
ER
Cha rg e
S te a dy s ta te
Dis c ha rg e
Time
When two or more capacitors are connected in series, the total capacitance is: is: 1/CT = 1/C1 +C1/C2 C 1/C3+1/CN + C
1 2
When capacitors are connected in parallel, the total capacitance is equal to the sum of the individual capacitances. CT = C1 + C2 + C +CN
C1
C2
GENERATORS
Magnetic Induction When conductor across the magnetic force line, electromotive force is occurred in conductor
Iron S N V
When conductor moves induced voltage is generated S in the coil by induced electromotive force.
T Iron N V
GENERATORS
The action of a coil turning in a magnetic field. In position A, the coil top moves parallel to field of magnetism. No voltage is produced. In position B, both sides of the coil are cutting the field at right angles. The highest voltage is produced at this right angle. Position C is like position A, the voltage drops to zero. In position D, the coil is again cutting the field at right angles, where the highest voltage is induced. However, in position D the voltage is in the opposite direction of that produced at position B.
A generator is a device that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy. energy. The major difference between an AC generator and DC generator is the use of slip rings in the AC generator and the use of a commutator (split ring) in the DC generator.
Construction of a Generator
Construction of a Generator
When dc is desired in the outside circuit, a set of commutator segments and a set of brushes are used. The mechanical connection between the outside circuit and the armature constantly changes because of the brush and commutator connections. The action of the commutator and brushes maintains a constant flow in one direction toward the outside circuit.
The current in the outside circuit of the dc generator always flows in one direction. The direction. output voltage of the generator rises and falls from zero to a maximum to zero, but always in the same direction. direction.
Construction of a Generator
The output is not a smooth direct current. The weakness of pulsating dc can be improved two ways. The number of rotating coils on the armature can be increased and commutator sections can be supplied for each set of coils.
Types of Generations
Generator output is determined by the strength of the magnetic field and the speed of rotation. Field strength is measured in ampere-turns. So, an ampereincrease in current in the field windings will increase the times the speed of rotation. Separately Excited Field Generator This is the separately excited field generator. generator. With the speed constant, the output may be varied by controlling the exciting voltage of the dc source. source. This is done by inserting resistance in series with the source and field windings. windings.
Self Excited Generator A self-exited generator uses no separate source selfof voltage to excite the generator field winding. The self-excited generator produces a small selfvoltage when the armature windings cut across a weak magnetic field. Shunt generator The shunt generator derives its name from the way the field pole coils are connected in parallel to the armature. armature.
Types of Generations
Compound generator The compound generator uses both series and shunt windings in the field. The series windings are often a few turns of large wire. The wire size of the series windings is usually the same size as the armature conductors.
The series generator is so named because its field windings are wired in series with the armature and the load. Because of the wide difference in output voltage, it is not a very practical generator to use if the load varies.
Alternating Current
Alternating current changes its direction of flow at times in the circuit. In dc, the source voltage does not change its polarity. In ac, the source voltage changes its polarity between positive and negative. A cycle is a sequence or chain of events occurring in a period of time. An ac cycle can be described as a complete set of positive and negative values for ac. Frequency, measured in cycles per second or hertz (Hz), is the number of complete cycles occurring per second.
When currents, vectors are used to depict the magnitude and direction of a force. force. This wave is from a single coil armature, represented by the rotating vector, making one revolution through a magnetic field. field.
Alternator
The alternator is used in the charging system of all vehicles. The output is rectified from alternating current to direct current for charging the battery and other electrical devices in the vehicle. The alternator has some advantages over the dc generator. These advantages include higher output at lower speeds.
Stator: Stator: generates electromotive force Together with the rotor core, the stator core forms the magnetic flux path. The magnetic flux lines in the stator core are affected by the passage of the rotor core field and generate electricity. Rectifier: rectifiers electromotive force so generated The rectifier mainly consists of 3 diode trios, 6 diodes and 2 heat sinks. It rectifies the AC stator output to DC power. Each heat sink has the (+) or (-) leads from 3 (diodes attached to it, performing full wave rectification for 3-phase 3AC.
Alternator
The electric motor converts electrical power into rotating mechanical power. Rotational force comes from the interaction between the magnetic field found around a current carrying conductor and a fixed magnetic field. field. A conductor carrying a current has a magnetic field around it. The direction of the field depends on the it. direction of the current. current.
A Magnetic field exists between the poles of a permanent magnet. The arrows indicate the direction of the field.
A current carrying conductor has a magnetic field; its direction depends on the direction of the current.
The single conductor is replaced by a coil of conductors wound in the slots of an armature core. Notice how the interaction of the two fields will produce rotation. Coil A moves up and coil B moves down. The rotation is clockwise.
shunt motor
series motor
Compound motor
Starter Motor
builtbuilt-in reduction gear. Its motor has been downsized with even higher speed capability.
Magnetic switch Magnetic switch section puts the pinion in mesh with the ring gear and feeds load current into the motor, the reduction gear and transmitting torque to the pinion. pinion.
Starter Motor
Overrunning clutch
The overrunning clutch is of roller type. Each roller is set in the wedge-shaped groove provided by the outer and inner races and is pressed by a spring. The roller is pressed against the narrower side of the pinion by its wedge action. On the other hand, no torque is transmitted from the pinion as the roller moves to the wider side releasing the wedge action.