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Unit 7 Electricity
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7.1
ELECTROSTATICS
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Electrostatics
Electrostatics is the study of static electrical charges. Electrical charges are produced in material through friction.
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Types of electrical charges and their properties All substances are made up of atoms. An atom contains a. protons that are positively charged b. neutrons that are neutral (do not have charges) c. electrons that are negatively charged and orbit around the nucleus of an atom.
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Types of electrical charges and their properties There are two types of electrical charges a. positive charges and b. negative charges A neutral material has the same number of protons and electrons.
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Rub the plastic rod with fur to negatively charge the rod. Rub the glass rod with silk to positively charge the rod.
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Electrostatic Force
The effects of electrostatic force: a. Object with same type of charges repel (push part) each other. b. Object with different type of charges attract each other The strength of the electrostatic force depends on the quantity of charges that are present in the object.
Objects will repel each other if they have the same charge
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Electroscope
An electroscope is a device that is used to detect the electrical charges. An electroscope consists of a metal cap and a gold leaf. The gold leaf is attached to the end of the metal rod. When a charged substance is brought close to the metal cap, the gold leaf repels from the metal plate.
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c. Negative charges build up at the bottom of the cloud. d. The top of the cloud becomes positively charged. e. The Earth's surface and the buildings underneath the clouds are positively charged. f. Lightning occurs i. when the electrons that collect at the bottom of the cloud move to the positively charged areas of the cloud. ii. when sparks jump between clouds and the surface of the Earth.
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7.2
ELECTRICITY
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7.3
Current
There are two forms of electricity i. electrical charges (electrostatic) ii. electric current. Electrostatic charges are stationary and have limited use. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a circuit and it can defined as the rate of flow of charges.
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Voltage
The voltage ( potential difference ) between two points is the energy needed for the electrical charges to flow between the two points
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Measuring voltage
The potential difference (voltage) is measured with a voltmeter. The S.I. unit for voltage is volts (V). A voltmeter is always connected in parallel across the electrical components in a circuit. The positive and negative terminals of the voltmeter are connected to the positive and negative terminals of the electrical component respectively.
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Resistance
Resistance is the property of a substance that opposes the flow of electric current through it. Resistance influences the size of the electric current that flows in a circuit. The S.I. unit for resistance is ohms (), named after Georg Simon Ohm (1787- 1854), a German physicist.
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7.4
Ohms Law
Ohm's law states that the current ( I ) that flows through a metal conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference or voltage (V) across it, if the temperature remains constant.
7.5
Electric Circuits
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An electric circuit is a complete pathway formed from connecting wires and other electrical components that allow the flow of electric current. A complete electric circuit consists of : a. an electrical source such as dry cells, b. connecting wires such as copper wires, c. a switch that controls current flow, d. other electrical components such as ammeters, voltmeters, resistors or bulb
Electrical components in a series circuit are connected one after another in one path
7.6
Series circuits
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7.7
Parallel circuits
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7.8
Magnetism
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Magnetic Fields
The area surrounding a magnet where magnetic forces act is known as a magnetic field. The pattern of a magnetic field consists of curved lines of forces called magnetic field lines
The compass
The compass is useful: a. in finding directions as it always points towards the magnetic north pole , b. for navigation by sailors and pilots, c. In finding and mapping magnetic fields. d. To detect metal pipes hidden underground. The compass has a magnetised needle that fixed at its centre of gravity
7.9
ELECTROMAGNETISM
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Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is the combination of an electric field and a magnetic field and their interaction to produce a force. force The magnet produced when current flows through a conductor is known as an electromagnet. An electromagnet is a temporary magnet magnet. The direction of the magnetic field is determined by the direction of the flow of the current.
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