١٣٨٧ ﺎﻣﺮﻬﻣ ﺎﻬﭼ ﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﺪﻌﺳ گﻼﺑ

!ﻰـﻧÁﻰـﺑ Á ½Yﺮـﺤﺑ

{ ﻪﻛ ÕﺰﺘﻧYﺮﭘ ؛ﺮﻴﺧY cﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﺔﻳﺎﺳ { Õ{ﺎﺼﺘﻗY Á ﻚﻳﮋﺗYﺮﺘــﺳY ﻂﻳYﺮﺷ ﻰــﺳﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺖــﺳY ﻰﻜﭼﻮﻛ ﺰﺘﻧYﺮﭘ ﻊﻗYÁ { ÁﺮﻣY ﺐﻠﻄﻣÕﺎﻫÁﺮﻴﻧ ¥ﺮﻃ Y ﻪﻴــﺳÁ Õﺎﻫﺮﻣ { ﻪﻛ ﻰﻠﺻﺎﺣﻰﺑ cﺎﻤﺟﺎﻬﺗ Y ﺲﭘ ﻢﻴﻧY{ﻰﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ .ﻢﻴﻨﻛﻰﻣ ﺎﺑ «ﺎﻫﻢــﺴﻴﺴﻛﺎﻣ» ﺚﺤﺑ.ﻪﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ﻮﻗÁ ﻪﺑ ½ﺎﻬﺟ Õ{ﺎﺼﺘﻗY Á ﻚﻳﮋﺗYﺮﺘﺳY ﻞﺋﺎــﺴﻣ { Õﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﻈﻧ Y ﻰﻌﻴــﺳÁ cYﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ،ﺖﻓﺮﮔ cﻮﺻ ½ﻮﮔﺎﺘﻨﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘــﺴﺑYÁﻪﻛ Y ÕYÃﮋﻳÁ ﻂﻳYﺮــﺷ «ﺎﻜــﺳﻻM Á ﺖﻔﻧ» ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻰﺒﻠﻄﻣ { ،{ﺮﻴﮔ cﻮﺻ ﺎﻘﻔﻗ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ { ﻰﻣﺎﻈﻧ cﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻦﻳY ﻪﻜﻧM Y ﺶﻴﭘY ﻦﻴﻘﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳ{ﺰﻧ ﻰﻨﻴﺑﺶﻴﭘًﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﻰﻟÁ .ﻢﻳ{ﻮﺑ Ã{Y{ Yﺮﻗ ﻰﺳﺮﺑ {ﻮﻣ {ﻮﺷﻰﻣ µﻮﺤﺘﻣ ½M ﻦﻄﺑ { ﻪﻴﺳÁ Á ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY ﻂﺑYÁ.{ﻮﺑ ﻦﻜﻤﻣﺮﻴﻏ ÃÁ{ ½M { {ﺬﮔﻰﻣ ÁﺮﻣY ﻪﭽﻧM

{ ﺎﻫﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﻰﺷﺎﭘÁﺮﻓ ﻞﻴﺒﻗ Y ﻰﻠﺋﺎﺴﻣ .Ã{ﺮﻛ ½ﺎﻳﺎﻤﻧ Y Õﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ½Yﺮﺤﺑ Ç{ﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺔﻨﻣY{ ﺞﻳﺪﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻳﻮﺷﻰﻣ ÁﺮﺑÁ ﻰﻠﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ÁﺮﻣYÕﺎﻫYﺎﺑ { µﻼﺘﺧY ،ﺖﺳY ﻰﻨﻴﺑﺶﻴﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ½M ﻮﻗÁ ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY cﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧY µﻼﺧ { ﻪﻛ ﻰﻧYﺮﺤﺑ ،ﺖﻔﻧ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺗ ¹ﺪﻋ ،ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM ﺮﺗﺮﻴﮔﻢﺸﭼ Á ﺮﻫ گﺰﺑ Õﺎﻫcﺪﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘــﺴﺑYÁ Õﺎﻫﻮﺸﻛ { ﻪﻛ ﻰﻣﺎﻈﻧ Á ﻰــﺳﺎﻴﺳ Õﺎﻫﺎﺘﺧﺎــﺳ ﻰــﺷﺎﭘÁﺮﻓ ﺮﻣY ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ Á ،ﻮﺑ.{ﻮﺑ ﺪﻫYﻮﺧ ﻰﺳﺮﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﺘﺳY ﻦﻴﻤﻫ {ًﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ½YﺮﻳY ½ﺎﻣﻮﺸﻛ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻣ ½ﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳY { .{ﻮﺷﻰﻣ،ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY ﺔﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖﺌﻴﻫ .{ÁM ½ﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻪﻴﺳÁ Õﺎﻫﺮﻣ { ½ﻮﮔﺎﺘﻨﭘ ﺖﺴﻜﺷ ﻰﻨﻌﻳ ½Yﺮﺤﺑ ﻦﻳY ﻦﻳﺎﻏM ﺔﻄﻘﻧ Y ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ﺲﭘ«ÕYﻪﻧﺎــﺳ» ÕÁﺮﻴﭘ ﻚﻳ ﺎﺑ Y ﻮﻬﻤﺟ ﺲﻴﺋ ﺪﻫ{ﻰﻣ ﺢﻴﺟﺮﺗ ﻢﻳ{ﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺎــﺷ ½ﺎﮕﻳ ﺪﻟﺎﻧÁ ½ﺪﻴــﺳ cﺪﻗ ﻪﺑ ½YÁ{ { ﻪﻛ ﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫﻪﻛ Ãﺪــﺷ ﺮﻴﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY ﻰــﺳﺎﻴﺳ Õﺎﻫ{ﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ { ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳY Y ¹YﺮﺘﺣY ﻞﺑﺎﻗ «ﺖﻨــﺳ» ﻦﻳY .ﺪﻨﻛ ﺪﻴﻔــﺳwﺎﻛ ﺔﻧYÁ ﻰﺗﺎﻐﻴﻠﺒﺗ ÁﻰﻠﺧY{ {ﺎﻌﺑY { ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ،ﺪﻨﻣ{ﻰﻣ ½ﺎﺷÕﺎﻫ©ﻮﺑ { ÕÁﻪﻧﺎﺒﺷ cﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻮــﺸﻛ ﻦﻳY «ﺖﻤﻈﻋ» ﻮﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻰﺗﺎﻐﻴﻠﺒﺗ Õﺎﻫﻮﮔﺪﻨﻠﺑ؟ﻪﻤﻛﺎﺣﺖﺌﻴﻫ Õﺪﻌﺑ Õﺎﻫ{ﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ½ﺎﺳM Á ﺖﺣY «ﻰﻣﺎﻈﻧ ÕÁﺮﻴﭘ» ﻚﻳ Y ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺰﻴﭼ ﻪﭼ Á ،ﺪﻧﻮــﺷ «ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ» ﻪﺘــﺳﻮﻴﭘ{ Á ،ﺪﺷ ﻰﻓﺮﻌﻣ گﺰﺑ «ÕÁﺮﻴﭘ» ﻚﻳ ،½Yﺮﻬﺗ { ﻰﺋﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM Õﺎﻫ½ﺎﮔÁﺮﮔ Õ{YM ½ﺎﮕﻳ ﺪﻟﺎﻧÁ ½YÁ{ { ﻢﻳ{ﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫﺖﺴﻧYﻮﺗ ،{ﻮﺑ Ã{ﺮﻛ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ «ﺎﺗ{ﻮﻛ» ﻪﺑ ﺎﻛ ﺎﻏM { Y ½ﺎﮔﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺲﻠﺠﻣ Á ﺎﻨﺳ ﺎﻫﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖﺌﻴﻫ ﻚﻳ «ﻰﺋﺎﻤﻧcﺪﻗ» ﻦﻳY ﺔﻳﺎﺳ½ﺎﮕﻳ ﺖﻟÁ{ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻨﻜﻧ ﻮﻣYﺮﻓ Á .{Y{ﺮﭙﺑ ﻮﺸﻛ ÇY{Y ﻪﺑ ﻪﻴﺋﺎﻀﻗ Á ﻪﻨﻨﻘﻣ Õﺎﻫﺎﺘﺧﺎــﺳ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ Y ﻰﺘﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ ﭻﻴﻫ ½Áﺪﺑ µﺎــﺳ 8 ﻰﻃ{ﻮﻣ { ﺚﺤﺑ Y .ﺪﻧYÃ{ﺮﻛ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY ﺮﺑ «¹ﺮﻧ ﻢــﺴﻴﺷﺎﻓ» ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ½YÁ{ ½Yﺮﻈﻧﺐﺣﺎﺻ Y Õﺎﻴــﺴﺑ Y (1988 ـ 1981)،{Y{ cﻮﺻ ﻮــﺸﻛ { µﺎــﺳ 8 ﻦﻳY ﻰﻃ ½ﺎﮕﻳ ﺖﻟÁ{ ﻪﻛ ÕYÃﮋﻳÁ cﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺷY{ ½ﺎﻋ}Y ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ﻰﻟÁ ﻢﻴﻨﻛﻰﻣ [ﺎﻨﺘﺟY cﺎﻴﺋﺰﺟcﺎﻔﺳ Õﺎﻫ½ﺎﮔÁﺮﮔ Õﺮﻴﮔﺲﭘﺎﺑ {ﻮﻣ { ﺖﻟÁ{ ﺮﻴﮔﻢﺸﭼ «ÕÁﺮﻴﭘ» ﺖﺴﺨﻧ .{ﻮﺑ ﻦﻜﻤﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺎﺳﺖﺷﻮﻧﺮﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ Á{ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ½Áﺪﺑ!½ﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓY { ﮓﻨﺟ ﺔﻨﻴﻣ ،Õﺪﻌﺑ ¹ﺎﮔ { Á ،½Yﺮﻬﺗ { ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM ﺔﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﻧYﻮﻗ ﻦﺘﺷY{ﺮﺑ ½ﺎﻴﻣ Y :ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM ½YY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ ÕﺎﻫÁM ﻦﻳﺮﺗگﺰﺑ Y ﻰﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺖــﺴﻧYﻮﺗ ½ﺎﮕﻳ ،ﻞﻣﺎﻋ Á{ ﻦﻳY ﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ﺎﺑﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻜﻳﺪﻨﺳ ﺎﺑ Ãﺎﺒﻣ ÃY { ﻰﺋﺎﻫﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ .ﺪﺷ Õﺮﮕﻳ{ Õﺎﻫﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺎﺳﻪﻨﻴﻣًﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ «ÕÁﺮﻴﭘ» ﻦﻳY Á .ﺪﻧﺎﺷﻮﭙﺑ ﻞﻤﻋﻰﻣﺎﻤﺗ ¥ﺬﺣ ﺐﻠﻄﻣ ﺔﺻﻼﺧ Á ،ﻰﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻮﻣM Á ﺖﺷYﺪﻬﺑ { ﺖﻟÁ{ ÕYﺰﮔﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ ﺮﻴﮔﻢــﺸﭼ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﺪﻨﻤﺗÁﺮﺛ cﺎﻘﺒﻃ cﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ½YÁ{ { ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ !ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻰﻣ ½ﺎﺷﻰﻘﻠﺗ «ﺪﺋY» ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM { ﺎﻫﺖﻟÁ{ ﺎﺑﺮﻳ{ Y ﻪﻛ ﻰﺋﺎﻫﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ؛ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟY Ãﺎﻓ ÕﺎﻫﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫÕﺎﻫ{Áﺎﺘﺳ{ ﻰﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳ{ﻰﻣ Y ½ﺎﻜﻣY ﻦﻳY ﻰﺳﺎﻴﺳ YﺪﻧYﻢﺸﭼ { {ﻮﺧ «ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ» ﺐﻴﻗ ﺮﺑ Õﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﺎﺴﺣY ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ ،½ﺎﮕﻳY ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM { ﺖﺳ{Áﺮﻓ cﺎﻘﺒﻃ Õﺮﻴﮔcﺪﻗ Y Õﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﺖﻬﺟ Á «{ﺮﺳ ﮓﻨﺟ» Y{Áﺮﻴﮔ {ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﻛ Y ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟY ¹Áﺮﺤﻣ cﺎﻘﺒﻃﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟY ﻰﮔﺪﻧ ﺔﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﻪﺑًﻼﻤﻋ Y ﺪﻣM{ﻢﻛ cﺎﻘﺒﻃ ،Ã{ﺮﻛ ﻰﻐﻠﻣ ﺮﮕﻳ{ Y ﺪﻌﺑ ﻰﻜﻳ ،{ﻮﺑ Ãﺪﺷ «ءYﺪﻫY» ½ﺎﻧM ﻪﺑ ﻪﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖﺌﻴﻫ ¥ﺮﻃ«ÕÁﺮﻴﭘ» ﻦﻳY ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ Á ﺪﻴﻣﺎﺠﻧY ÕÁﻮــﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY ﻰــﺷﺎﭘÁﺮﻓ ﻪﺑًﺎﺘﻳﺎﻬﻧ «ﺎﻫﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ» ﻦﻳY ﻰﻧﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ،ﻢﻴﻧY{ﻰﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ .ﺪﻧYﺮﺑﻢﻫ Á ﻞﺧY{ { ﻢﻫ ،ﻰﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺎﻜﻓY ﺮﺑYﺮﺑ { ﻰﺋﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ Y Y {ﻮﺧ ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ Y{ ½ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺳ ﻰﻃ ،ﺮﻴﮔﻢﺸﭼ؛{ﻮﺑ ©Yﺮﻋ Á ½ﺎﺘــﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓY ¹{ﺮﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻰﻣﺎﻈﻧ cﻼﻤﺣ ﺎﻫÕﺎﺗ -ﺮﺗ Á ﺎﻫﻰﺒﻠﻃ ﺎﺒﻣﻦﻣﻞﻫ ﻦﻳY kÁY !ﺪﻳ{ Yﺮﺒﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﻣ Y kﺎﺧ {!ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺑ Ã{ﺮﻛ ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ½M ﺎﺑ Y {ﻮﺧ ﺎﺒﺟﻻﺎﺑ ﻰﺳﺎﻴﺳ Á ﻰﻣﺎﻈﻧ Õﺎﻫcﺪﻗ ﻰﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺮﮕﻳ{ ﺎﺑ ،ÃﮋﻳÁ ﻂﻳYﺮﺷ ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻰﺗﻼﻤﺣﺮﻈﻧ { ﻞﺻY ﻚﻳ ÃÁ{ ﻦﻳY ½ﺪﺷ Õﺮﭙﺳ ﺎﺑ Á «.{ﻮﺑ ﻞﺠﻌﺘــﺴﻣ ﺖﻟÁ{» ،ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY ½Yﻻﺎــﺳﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ «ﻰﺘﺨﺒــﺷﻮﺧ» ½YÁ{ ﻰﻟÁﺰﻴﺘﺳ ½ﺎﺴﻧY Á ﻚﻴﺗYﺮﻜﻣ{ﺪﺿ ،ﺮﮕﺑﻮﻛﺮﺳ ،Áﺎﺠﺘﻣ ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY { ﻪﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖﺌﻴﻫ ،Ãﺪﺷ ﺢﺿYÁ Á ﻦﺷÁ ½ﺎﻬﺟ Õﺎﻫﺖﻠﻣ Y Õﺎﻴﺴﺑ½YÁYﺮﻓ ﻰﻧﺎﺴﻧY Õﺎﻫﻪﻌﺟﺎﻓ ﺖﻓﻰﻣ ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻰﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻂﺑYÁ { ÕYﻪﻳﺎﭘ Çﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻞﻤﻋ { ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY ﻪﻛ ÕﺎﮔÁ .ﺖﺳYÕﺮﺸﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﺑ ﻰﻄﻳYﺮﺷ { ﻪﻤﻫ Á ﻪﻤﻫ ... Á ،ﺎﻘﻳﺮﻓM { ﻰﺸﻛﻞﺴﻧ Õﺎﻫ½Yﺮﺤﺑ ،ﺎﻓﺞﻴﻠﺧ µÁY ﮓﻨﺟ ،ÕÁﻼــﺴﮔﻮﻳ ﮓﻨﺟ ؛ﺪــﺷ.ﺖــﺷYﺪﻧ [YﺮﻋY Y ﻰﻠﺤﻣ ﺮﮕﻳ{ ﻢــﺴﻴﻧﻮﻤﻛ ﺎﺑ ﺮﻴﮕﻴﭘ «Çﺎﺒﻣ» ﺮﺑ ﻰﻨﺒﻣ ،ﺪﻴﻔــﺳ wﺎﻛ «ﻦﻛﮓﻧﺮﺧ» cﺎﻬﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪــﺷﻰﻣ ﻞﻴﻤﺤﺗ.ﺖﺧYﺪﻧYﻰﻣ گﺮﮔ ½ﺎﻫ{ { ﻢﻳ{ﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺎــﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻰﺗﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ Y ½ﺎﻬﺟ Õﺎﻫﺖﻠﻣ ،ﻪﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖﺌﻴﻫ ﻚﻳ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ [ﻮــﭼﺎﭼ { ﻂﻘﻓ ﺎﻜــﻳﺮﻣM .ﺪﻴﻣﺎﺠﻧY ½ﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓY Á ©Yﺮﻋ ﺔﻌﺟﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻮﺑ ﺮﻜﻟYÁ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ Ãﻮﻜﺷﺮﭘ ½YÁ{ {ًYﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻠﻤﻋﻰﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻊﻤﺠﻣ ﺮﺑYﺮﺑ { {YﮋﻧÕﺪﻤﺣY {ﻮﻤﺤﻣ ½ﺎﻨﺨﺳ ﺪﻴﺋﺄﺗ { ﻪﻧ YﺮﻨﻳY .Ãﺪﻴﺳ {ﻮﺧ ﻰﻧﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﻳ{ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM ÕﺎﻫÕﺎﺗ-ﺮﺗ ﻰﻟÁ½M µﺎﺒﻧ{ ﻪﺑ Á ½ﺎﻨﺒﻟ ÇÁ 33 ﮓﻨﺟ { ﺖــﺴﻜﺷ .ﻢﻴﻨﻛﻰﻣ ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﻰــﺳﺎﻴﺳ Á ﺮﻴﮔYﺮﻓ ﺮﮕﻧ ﻚﻳ [ﻮﭼﺎﭼ { ﻪﻛ ،ﻞﻠﻣ ½ﺎﻣﺎــﺳ

ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ﻰﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻳY Y ﺲﭘ Á .ﺖﺳY ﻰﺨﻳ Ãﻮﻛ ﻦﻳY ﺖﻳQ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺎﻘﻔﻗ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ { ½ﻮﮔﺎﺘﻨﭘ ﺶﺗY ﻰﺷﺎﭘÁﺮﻓ.ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫYﻮﺧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ Y ﻰﺷﺎﭘÁﺮﻓ ﻦﻳY ﻪﻛ ﺖﺧY{ﺮﭘ Õ{ﺎﻌﺑY ﻰﺳﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ{ﻮﺟÁ Y{ ½ﺎﻴﻟﺎــﺳ ﻰﻃ «ﻮﻴﺗﺎﻧﺮﺘﻟM ﺖﻟÁ{» ﺎــﻳ ،«ﻪﻳﺎــﺳ ﺖﻟÁ{» ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ÕYÃﺪﻳﺪﭘ ،[ﺮﻏ Õﺎﻫﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻦــﻄﺑ { ﻪــﻛ ﻢــﻴﻧY{ﻰﻣﻢﻴﺋﻮﮕﺑ ﺖﺣYﺮﺻ ﻪﺑ ؛ﺖﺴﻴﻧ Yﺪﺟ ﻮﻤﺠﻣ Á ﻞﻛ { ﻪﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖﺌﻴﻫ Õﺎﻫﻰﻟﻮﻐﺸﻣµ{ Á ﺎﻫﻰﮕﺘﺴﺑYÁ Yًﺎﻤﻠــﺴﻣ ،«ﺖﻟÁ{» ﻦﻳY .ﻪﺘــﺷY{ﻦﻴﺘﺴﺨﻧ Y ﻪﻛ ﻰﻧﻻﻮﻃ ÕYÃÁ{ ﻰﻃ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ { ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ cﺎﻧﺎــﺳﻮﻧ ﻰﻟÁ .ﺖــﺳY ﻪﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖﺌﻴﻫ ½ﺎﻤﻫ Y ﻰﺘﻤــﺴﻗ {ﻮﺧﻢﺠﺴﻨﻣ ﺔﭽﺨﻳﺎﺗ ﻚﻳ ﺔﺋYY ﻪﭼ ﺮﮔY .{ﺮﻛ ﻰﻣYﺰﻟY Y ﻰﺳﺎﻴﺳ «ﻮﻴﺗﺎﻧﺮﺘﻟM» ﻚﻳ {ﻮﺟÁ ﺞﻳﺪﺗ ﻪﺑ ،Ãﺪﺷ ﺎﻏM ﻰﺘﻌﻨﺻ [ﻼﻘﻧY Õﺎﻫﻪﻗﺮﺟ،ﺪﺤﺘﻣ cﻻﺎﻳY { 1930 ﺔﻫ{ { Á ،½ﺎﺘﺴﻠﮕﻧY { ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ½ﺮﻗ ﺎﻏM { ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻧY{ﻰﻣ ،ﺪﻧﺎﺸﻛ ﺪﻫYﻮﺧ Y{ ﻪﺑ Y ﺎﻛ «ﻮﻴﺗﺎﻧﺮﺘﻟM» ﻦﻳY Y«ﺮﮔﺎﻛ [ﺰﺣ» Õﺰﻳﻪﻳﺎﭘ Õﺎﻤﺸﻴﺑ ½ﺎﺧﻮﻣ .ﺪﻳ{ «ﻮﻴﺗﺎﻧﺮﺘﻟM» ﻦﻳY ﺖﺳ{ ﻪﺑ ﻰﺳﺎﻴﺳ cﺪﻗ ½{ﺮﭙﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻮﺒﺠﻣ Y {ﻮﺧًﻼﻤﻋ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻞﻤﻋ cﺪﻗ ½{ﺮﻛ {Áﺪﺤﻣ { ﺎــﺳﺖﺷﻮﻧﺮﺳ ﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻰﻣﺎﮔ ،ﻢﺘــﺴﻴﺑ Çﺪــﺳ ﻦﻳﺎﻏM Õﺎﻫµﺎــﺳ ﻰﻃ Y ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺘﻳﺮﺑ {Õﺎﻫﺖــﺳﺎﻴﺳ { Ãﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ Õﺎﻫ¹ﺮﻫY Y ﻰﻜﻳ {ﻮﺧ ﺎﺑﺮﻳ{ Y ﺮﮔﺎﻛ[ﺰﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻰﻣ ﻮﻣYﺮﻓًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ½ﺎﻨﻳY ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ ؛ﺪﻧYÃ{ﺮﻛ Õﺎﻫ¹ﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺮﮕﺑﻮﻛﺮــﺳ Y ﻰﻜﻳ ﻦﻄﺑ { Y Yﺬﻛ «ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ» ﻦﻳY ﻮﻀﺣ ﺪﻴــﺳﺮﭘ ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ µﺎﺣ .ﺖﺳY ½ﺎﺘــﺴﻠﮕﻧY ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ؟{Y{ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ½Yﻮﺗﻰﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ½ﺎﻬﺟ ﻰﺘﺴﻴﻟﺎﻳﺮﭙﻣYﻞﺧY{ { ÕYÃﮋﻳÁ ﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺞﻳﺪﺗ ﻪﺑ ،ﺮﺗﻒﻴﻌﺿ ﻞﻠﻣ cÁﺮﺛ µÁﺎﭙﭼ Á kﺎﺧ { ﺎﻫﺖﻠﻣ [ﻮﻛﺮﺳ ،ﻰﺘﻌﻨﺻ Õﺎﻴﻧ{ { ،ﻢﻴﺋﻮﮔﻰﻣ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ.ﺪﻳ{ﻰﻣ «ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻴﻬﺴﺗ» ﻰﻋﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻮﺒﺠﻣ Y {ﻮﺧ ،ﺖﻳ{ﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ،ﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﻳY { .{ﻮﺑ Ã{ÁM {ﻮﺟÁ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺮﻣÕﺎﻫÕﺎﻧ ½ﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﻳ «ﺎﻫﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﻧﻮﻴﺳﺎﻧ µﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ» ،ﺖﻓ Á{ ÃY ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻤﻧ ÃﮋﻳÁ «ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ» ﻮﻧ ﻦﻳY Y cÁﺎﻔﺘﻣ ÕﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟY ﺔﺋYY ﺖﻬﺟÁ ½ﺎﺘﺴﻠﮕﻧY { Õ{ﺎﺼﺘﻗY Õﺎﻫ¹ﺎﻈﻧ :ﻢﻬﻣ ﺎﻴﺴﺑ cÁﺎﻔﺗ ﻚﻳ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻨﺘﺷY{ﻰﻣ ﺮﺑ ¹ﺎﮔ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ { ﺖﺳ{ 1930 ﺔﻫ{ { ﺰﻴﻧ ½ﺎﻤﻟM «ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ» ﺎﻫÃ{ﻮﺗ ½ﺎﻴﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻳÁﺎﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ «ﻰﺋﺎﻫﻪﻧYﺎﻳ» ½ﺎﺸﻳﺎﻫﺮﻣ { ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ ﺖﻳ{ﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺑ {ﺎﻗ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM ½ﺎﻤﻟM ﺔﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖﺌﻴﻫ ،½Yﺎﻛﺖﻌﻨﺻ Á ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ Õﺮﻴﮔﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻃ ﻪﻛ Yﺮﭼ ،{ﻮﺑ ¹Áﺮﺤﻣ Õﺎﺑµ{Áﺖﺳ{ ﻦﻳY Y ½ﺎﻤﻟM ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ؛ﺪﻨﻨﻛ Çﺮﺨﺴﻣ «ÕژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﻳY» Á .ﺪﻨﻛ Õﺰﻳﻪﻳﺎﭘ {ﻮﺧ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﺳY ﺮﺑ ﻰﻧﺎﻬﺟ µÁﺎﭙﭼ ﺰﻛYﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ Y [ﻮﻠﻄﻣ ÕﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳY cﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗY {ﻮﺑ ﻪﺘــﺴﻧYﻮﺘﻧ.{ﻮﺑ ﺎﻴﻧ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ÇﺪﻴﺋY ﻞﻤﻋ { ،ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻧﻮﻴﺳﺎﻧ µﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ{ ﻰﺋﺎﻫﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ﻢﺴﻴﺷﺎﻓ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻚﻨﻳY ،ﻢﺴﻴﺷﺎﻓ ÕÁﺮﻴﭘ Á Õﺰﻛﺮﻣ ÕﺎﭘÁY { ﻰﺘﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ Õﺎﻫﺶﺒﻨﺟ ﺖﺴﻜﺷ Y ﺪﻌﺑ،{ﻮﻤﻧﻰﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺎﻜﻨﻳY ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧM Y Á !{ﻮﺑ Ãﺪﺷ ÕYﺰﮕﻧﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﺎﻫﺎﻴﻧ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻰﺿﺮﻓ ءﺎﺿY ﺔﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ؛ﺪﻫ{ [Yﻮﺟ ﺎﻫﺮﻣ ﻞﺧY{ﺪﻨﻫ Õﺎﻫﺖﻠﻣ {ﻮﺧ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻆﻔﺣ ÕYﺮﺑ ½ﺎﺘﺴﻠﮕﻧY ﺮﮔY .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﻳﺎﺴﻤﻫ Õﺎﻫﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﺑ ÕYﺪﻧYﺖﺳ{ ﺮﻴﮔ{ ﺎﻫﺖﺴﻴﺷﺎﻓÁ ﻰﻨﻴﻣ ،ﻰﺋﺎﻳ{ ﻰﻃﺎﺒﺗY cﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣY {ﻮﺒﻧ ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ ½ﺎﻤﻟM ،{ﺮﻛﻰﻣ ¹ﺎــﻋﻞﺘﻗ Á µÁﺎﭙﭼ ﺎﻫﺮﻣ Y ﺮﺗÁ{ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ½YYﺰــﻫ { Y ﻦــﻴﭼ ÁÃﺪﻨﻳYﺰﻓ ﻰﻧYﺮﺤﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺴﻧYﻮﺗﻰﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻟﺎﻤﻋY !{ﻮﺑ Ãﺪﺷ ﺎﻫÁﻼﺴﮔﻮﻳ Á ﺎﻫÁﻼﺳY ،ﺎﻫﻰﻧﺎﺘﺴﻬﻟ ،ﺎﻫÕﻮﺴﻧYﺮﻓ µÁﺎﭙﭼ ﻪﺑ ﻮﺒﺠﻣ ،ﻰﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ.{ﻮﺷ ÕÁﻮﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗYًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ Á ﻰﺘﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ Õﺎﻫﺶﺒﻨﺟ ÇﺎﺑÁ{ Õﺮﻴﮔcﺪﻗ ﺎﺳ ﻪﻨﻴﻣ ،Ã{ ﻦﻣY{ Õﺰﻛﺮﻣ ÕﺎﭘÁY ﺐﻠﻗ {Yﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ {ﻮﻣ Y ﺐﻠﻄﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻰﻟÁ ،ﺪﻣM ﺪﻫYﻮﺧ «ﺎﻫﻢﺴﻴﺴﻛﺎﻣ» ﺚﺤﺑ ﺔﻣY{Y { ﺪﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻰﻧﺎﻬﺟ ¹Á{ ﮓﻨﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻧYﺮﺤﺑ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻣcﺎﻘﺒﻃ ÕﺎﻫÃﺰﻴﮕﻧY Á cﻼﻳﺎﻤﺗ ءﺎﺿY :{ﻮــﺑ ÁﺮﺑÁ ﻪﻨﻳﺮﻳ{ «cﻼﻀﻌﻣ» ½ﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﻳ{ ﺎﺑ ﺎﭘÁY ،¹Á{ ﮓﻨﺟ ½ﺎﻳﺎﭘ Y ﺲﭘ ﻪــﻛ ﻢــﻴﻫ{{ Y ﺎﻫ½M «ﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ Á ﻮﻀﺣ» ﻰﺘﺣ Á {ﻮﺟÁ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺪــﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻰﺗﺎﻘﺒﻃ ؛ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ ¹ﺎﻈﻧ ﻚﻳ ﻦﻄﺑ { ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟY ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣcﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺮﺑ ،{ﺮﻛ ﻞﺣ Y cﻼﻜﺸﻣ Y ﻰﺘﻤــﺴﻗ «Ãﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ» ﻚﻳ ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﮔY «ﮓﻨﺟ» !{ﻮﺑ Ã{ﺮﻛ «ﻰﻣYﺰﻟY» ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺢﻄــﺳﻦﻄﺑ { «ﻮﻴﺗﺎﻧﺮﺘﻟM» ﺮﺗÃ{ﺮﺘــﺴﮔ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ Õﺮﻴﮔﻞﻜﺷ ﺪﻫﺎــﺷ Á ﻦﻴﻤﻫ Y .{ﻮﺑ ﻪﺘــﺷYﺬﮕﻧ ½ﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮــﺳ ¹ﺎﻈﻧ { ÕYﻪﻳﺎﭘÕﺎﻫﻪﻳ{ﺎﺤﺗY ،ﮓﻧﺎﮕﻧ [YﺰﺣY .ﻢﻴﺘﺴﻫ cﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻰﺋﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﺖﻬﺟ ،ÕY{ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ Õﺎﻫﻮﺸﻛ { ﻰــﺳﺎﻴﺳ Õﺎﻫﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ½ﺎﻤﻫ Y ﻰﺋﺎﻫﻚﺧﺎﺷ ﻰﮕﻤﻫ ... Á ،ﺎﻫﻰﻧÁﺎﻌﺗ ،ﻰﻣﻮﻤﻋ Á ﻰﺻﻮﺼﺧ Õﺎﻫپﻮﻠﻛ ،ﻰﻧﻮــﺳﺎﻣ Õﺎﻫﮋﻟ ،½ﺎﻬﻨﭘ Á ﺎﻜــﺷM ﻞﻓﺎﺤﻣ ،cÁﺎﻔﺘﻣ!ﺪﻧY{ Y ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ¹ﺎﻈﻧ Y ½ﺎﻧM ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺮﻣY ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ Á ½YﺪﻧÁﺮﻬﺷ ﺎﻨﻗY { ﻰﻌﺳ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖﺌﻴﻫ