Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture Notes
(Cha cp nht t 8/2003)
MC LC
1 NHP MN 1.1 Phm vi cp 1.2 Ni dung chng trnh 1.3 Yu cu kin thc c s 1.4 Tng quan cc gii php iu khin 1.4.1 c trng cc lnh vc ng dng iu khin 1.4.2 Cc h thng iu khin cng nghip CU TRC CC H THNG IU KHIN V GIM ST 2.1 Cu trc v cc thnh phn c bn 2.2 M hnh phn cp 2.2.1 Cp chp hnh 2.2.2 Cp iu khin 2.2.3 Cp iu khin gim st 2.3 Cu trc iu khin 2.3.1 iu khin tp trung 2.3.2 iu khin tp trung vi vo/ra phn tn 2.3.3 iu khin phn tn 2.3.4 iu khin phn tn vi vo/ra phn tn CC THNH PHN CA MT H IU KHIN PHN TN 3.1 Cu hnh c bn 3.1.1 Trm iu khin cc b 3.1.2 Bus trng v cc trm vo/ra t xa 3.1.3 Trm vn hnh 3.1.4 Trm k thut v cc cng c pht trin 3.1.5 Bus h thng 3.2 Phn loi cc h DCS 3.2.1 Cc h DCS truyn thng 3.2.2 Cc h DCS trn nn PLC 3.2.3 Cc h DCS trn nn PC 3.3 Cc vn k thut X L THI GIAN THC V X L PHN TN 4.1 Mt s khi nim c bn 4.1.1 H thng thi gian thc 4.1.2 X l thi gian thc 4.1.3 H iu hnh thi gian thc 4.1.4 X l phn tn 4.2 Cc kin trc x l phn tn 4.3 C ch giao tip 4.4 ng b ha trong x l phn tn 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 15 15 15 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 25 26 27 27 27 27 28 29 30 31 32
4.4.1 4.4.2 5
CNG NGH I TNG TRONG IU KHIN PHN TN 5.1 Lp trnh hng i tng 5.2 Phn tch v thit k hng i tng 5.2.1 Ngn ng m hnh ha thng nht UML 5.2.2 Mu thit k 5.2.3 Phn mm khung 5.3 Phn mm thnh phn 5.4 i tng phn tn KIN TRC I TNG PHN TN 6.1 Yu cu chung 6.2 Cc mu thit k 6.3 Gii thiu chun CORBA 6.4 Gii thiu chun COM/DCOM 6.4.1 Giao din 6.4.2 i tng COM 6.4.3 Giao tip gia client v object 6.4.4 Ngn ng m t giao din 6.4.5 M hnh i tng thnh phn phn tn DCOM CC M HNH NG DNG IU KHIN PHN TN 7.1 IEC-61131 7.1.1 M hnh phn mm 7.1.2 M hnh giao tip 7.2 IEC-61499 7.2.1 M hnh h thng 7.2.2 M hnh thit b 7.2.3 M hnh ti nguyn 7.2.4 M hnh ng dng 7.2.5 M hnh khi chc nng 7.2.6 M hnh phn tn 7.2.7 M hnh qun l 7.2.8 M hnh trng thi hot ng MT S CHUN GIAO TIP CNG NGHIP 8.1 MMS 8.2 IEC-61131-5 8.2.1 M hnh giao tip mng 8.2.2 Dch v giao tip 8.2.3 Cc khi chc nng giao tip 8.3 OPC 8.3.1 Tng quan v kin trc OPC
8.3.2 OPC Custom Interfaces 8.3.3 OPC Automation Interface 8.4 Ngn ng nh du kh m XML 8.4.1 Gii thiu chung 8.4.2 ng dng XML trong phn mm khung iPC 9 M T H THNG IU KHIN PHN TN 9.1 Cc phng php m t ha 9.2 Lu P&ID 9.2.1 Chun ISA S5.1 9.2.2 Chun ISA S5.3 9.3 M hnh ha hng i tng
3 65 66 67 67 68 70 70 71 71 75 77 78 78 79 81 83 84 85 85 87 87 88 89 91 92 92 92 92 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 97 97 97 97 97
10 LP TRNH IU KHIN PHN TN 10.1 Lp trnh theo chun IEC 61131-3 10.1.1 Kiu d liu 10.1.2 T chc chng trnh 10.1.3 Ngn ng FBD 10.1.4 Ngn ng ST 10.1.5 Ngn ng SFC 10.2 Lp trnh vi ngn ng bc cao 11 CHC NNG IU KHIN GIM ST 11.1 Gii thiu chung v cc h iu khin gim st 11.1.1 Cc thnh phn chc nng c bn 11.1.2 Cng c phn mm SCADA/HMI 11.2 Xy dng cu trc h thng 11.3 Thit k giao din ngi-my 11.3.1 Yu cu chung 11.3.2 Cc phng php giao tip ngi-my 11.3.3 Thit k cu trc mn hnh 11.3.4 Cc nguyn tc thit k 12 TNH SN SNG V TIN CY CA CC H KPT 12.1 t vn 12.2 C ch d phng 12.3 C ch an ton 12.4 C ch khi ng li sau s c 12.5 Bo mt 12.6 Bo tr 13 NH GI V LA CHN GII PHP IU KHIN PHN TN 13.1 nh gi v la chn cc sn phm DCS tch hp trn vn 13.1.1 Phm vi chc nng 13.1.2 Cu trc h thng v cc thit b thnh phn 13.1.3 Tnh nng m
Pht trin h thng tin cy v tnh sn sng Gi thnh, chi ph snh gii php DCS tch hp trn vn vi cc gii php khc
14 GII THIU MT S H IU KHIN PHN TN TIU BIU 14.1 PCS7 ca Siemens 14.2 PlantScape ca Honeywell 14.3 DeltaV ca Fisher Rosermount 14.4 Centum CS1000/CS3000 ca Yokogawa 14.5 AdvantOCS ca ABB
15 MT S HNG NGHIN CU V NG DNG 101 15.1 Tr tu nhn to phn tn 101 15.2 iu khin v gim st cc h thng giao thng 102 15.2.1 t vn 102 15.2.2 M hnh h thng iu khin n tn hiu giao thng bng cng ngh Agent 102 15.3 iu khin v gim st cc h thng sn xut v cung cp in 104 TI LIU THAM KHO 105
NHP MN
1.1 Phm vi cp
Phm vi cp ca mn H thng iu khin phn tn l cc h thng t ng ho hin i c cu trc phn tn trong cng nghip cng nh trong nhiu lnh vc khc. Mn hc c xy dng trn c s ng dng cc tin b mi nht ca k thut iu khin, k thut truyn thng cng nghip, cng ngh phn mm vo trong cc h thng iu khin v gim st. Mc ch ca mn hc cho sinh vin lm quen vi cu trc v cc thit b phn cng cng nh cc thnh phn phn mm ca cc h thng iu khin v gim st hin i, nm c cc nguyn tc v phng php c bn cho hng gii quyt nhng bi ton thng c t ra trong thc t nh thit k cu trc h thng, tch hp h thng, a vo vn hnh v chn on h thng. Bn cnh , mn hc a ra cc hng nghin cu l thuyt v ng dng mi, to c s cho cc sinh vin mun tip tc hc v nghin cu cc bc sau i hc.
Khi xy dng mt gii php iu khin, ta phi quan tm ti qui m v c th ca lnh vc ng dng. Mt vi lnh vc ng dng tiu biu v cc gii php iu khin c th tng ng c tm tt di y. iu khin cc thit b v my mc n l (cng nghip v gia dng): Cc my mc, thit b c sn xut hng lot, v vy yu cu u t cho gii php iu khin phi tht tit kim (chng trnh nh, tn t b nh). Cc bi ton iu khin c th rt khc nhau, t iu khin logic ti iu khin phn hi, iu khin chuyn ng, iu khin m, Cc gii php iu khin tiu biu l iu khin nhng (P, C), CNC, PLC,... T ng ha cng nghip, c chia ra hai lnh vc: Cng nghip ch bin, khai thc: Cc bi ton iu khin tiu biu l iu khin qu trnh (process control), iu khin trnh t (sequence control), bn cnh iu khin logic. Cc thit b c dng ph bin l PLC, DCS, (I)PC, Compact Digital Controllers. Cng nghip ch to, lp rp: Cc bi ton iu khin tiu biu l iu khin logic, iu khin chuyn ng, iu khin s kin ri rc. Cc thit b c dng ch yu l PLC, CNC, PC. Nay cc h DCS cng tm c mt s ng dng trong lnh vc ny. iu khin cc h thng giao thng, vn ti: c th l cc bi ton iu khin logic, iu khin s kin ri rc. Cc thit b c dng l PLC, DCS, PC, P, C,... iu khin cc h thng phn phi nng lng (du kh, gas, in): Kt hp gia cc bi ton iu khin qu trnh vi iu khin s kin ri rc, iu khin logic, s dng PLC, DCS, IPC,... T ng ha ta nh: Rle, PLC, p, C,... iu khin v gim st cc h thng quc phng: IPC, P, C, DSP v cc thit b c chng khc. iu khin v gim st cc h thng thy li, mi trng: PLC, IPC, ... ...
1.4.2
Chng trnh hc t trng tm vo cc gii php iu khin cng nghip, chia lm hai lnh vc ng dng c bn: Cng nghip ch bin, khai thc (Process Industry): Du kh, ha du, ha m phm, dc phm, xi mng, giy, ... Cng nghip ch to, lp rp (Manufactoring Industry): Cng nghip t, my cng c, cng nghip in t, vi in t, thit b dn dng,...
7
T NG HA QU TRNH (Cng nghip ch bin, khai thc) Cc b iu chnh c T NG HA X NGHIP (Cng nghip ch to, lp rp) Cc thit b c kh Rle in c, (1920) Cc mch logic lp trnh cng (PLD, 1960)
Thit b iu chnh PID kh nn (1920-1930) Thit b iu chnh PID in t (1940-1950) iu khin s trc tip (DDC, 1965-1975)
PC cng nghip (IPC) PC-104, CompactPCI, SBC (PC-based Control) PC-based DCS
Hnh 1-1:
I/O
Ty theo loi cm bin, tn hiu ca chng a ra c th l tn hiu nh phn, tn hiu s hay tn hiu tng t theo cc chun in hc thng dng khc nhau (1..10V, 0..5V, 4..20mA, 0..20mA, v.v...). Trc khi c th x l trong my tnh s, cc tn hiu o cn c chuyn i, thch ng vi chun giao din vo/ra ca my tnh. Bn cnh , ta cng cn cc bin php cch ly in hc trnh s nh hng xu ln nhau gia cc thit b. chnh l cc chc nng ca cc module vo/ra (I/O). Tm li, mt h thng iu khin v gim st bao gm cc thnh phn chc nng chnh sau y: Giao din qu trnh: Cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh, ghp ni vo/ra, chuyn i tn hiu. 2005, Hong Minh Sn
9 Thit b iu khin t ng: Cc thit b iu khin nh cc b iu khin chuyn dng, b iu khin kh trnh PLC (programmable logic controller), thit b iu chnh s n l (compact digital controller) v my tnh c nhn cng vi cc phn mm iu khin tng ng. H thng iu khin gim st: Cc thit b v phn mm giao din ngi my, cc trm k thut, cc trm vn hnh, gim st v iu khin cao cp. H thng truyn thng: Ghp ni im-im, bus cm bin/chp hnh, bus trng, bus h thng. H thng bo v, c ch thc hin chc nng an ton.
Chp hnh
Cp trng
Qu trnh k thut Hnh 2-2: M hnh phn cp chc nng ca mt h thng iu khin v gim st
10
2.2.1
Cp chp hnh
Cc chc nng chnh ca cp chp hnh l o lng, truyn ng v chuyn i tn hiu trong trng hp cn thit. Thc t, a s cc thit b cm bin (sensor) hay c cu chp hnh (actuator) cng c phn iu khin ring cho vic thc hin o lng/truyn ng c chnh xc v nhanh nhy. Cc thit b thng minh1 cng c th m nhn vic x l th thng tin, trc khi a ln cp iu khin.
2.2.2
Cp iu khin
Nhim v chnh ca cp iu khin l nhn thng tin t cc cm bin, x l cc thng tin theo mt thut ton nht nh v truyn t li kt qu xung cc c cu chp hnh. Khi cn iu khin th cng, nhim v c ngi ng my trc tip m nhim qua vic theo di cc cng c o lng, s dng kin thc v kinh nghim thc hin nhng thao tc cn thit nh n nt ng/m van, iu chnh cn gt, nm xoay v.v... Trong mt h thng iu khin t ng hin i, vic thc hin th cng nhng nhim v c thay th bng my tnh.
2.2.3
Cp iu khin gim st
Cp iu khin gim st c chc nng gim st v vn hnh mt qu trnh k thut. Khi a s cc chc nng nh o lng, iu khin, iu chnh, bo ton h thng c cc cp c s thc hin, th nhim v ca cp iu khin gim st l h tr ngi s dng trong vic ci t ng dng, thao tc, theo di, gim st vn hnh v x l nhng tnh hung bt thng. Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp, cp ny cn thc hin cc bi ton iu khin cao cp nh iu khin phi hp, iu khin trnh t v iu khin theo cng thc (v d trong ch bin dc phm, ho cht). Khc vi cc cp di, vic thc hin cc chc nng cp iu khin gim st thng khng i hi phng tin, thit b phn cng c bit ngoi cc my tnh thng thng (my tnh c nhn, my trm, my ch, termimal,...). Nh ta s thy, phn cp chc nng nh trn s tin li cho vic thit k h thng v la chn thit b. Trong thc t ng dng, s phn cp chc nng c th khc mt cht so vi trnh by y, ty thuc vo mc t ng ho v cu trc h thng c th. Trong nhng trng hp ng dng n gin nh iu khin trang thit b dn dng (my git, my lnh, iu ha m,...), s phn chia nhiu cp c th hon ton khng cn thit. Ngc li, trong t ng ha mt nh my ln hin i nh in nguyn t, sn xut xi mng, lc du, ta c th chia nh hn na cc cp chc nng tin theo di.
Mt thit b c gi l thng minh, khi n c kh nng x l thng tin. Thc t, mi thit b thng minh phi c t nht mt b vi x l ring.
11
2.3.1
iu khin tp trung
Cu trc tiu biu ca mt h iu khin tp trung (centralized control system) c minh ha trn Hnh 2-3. Mt my tnh duy nht c dng iu khin ton b qu trnh k thut. My tnh iu khin y (MTK) c th l cc b iu khin s trc tip (DDC), my tnh ln, my tnh c nhn hoc cc thit b iu khin kh trnh. Trong iu khin cng nghip, my tnh iu khin tp trung thng thng c t ti phng iu khin trung tm, cch xa hin trng. Cc thit b cm bin v c cu chp hnh c ni trc tip, im-im vi my tnh iu khin trung tm qua cc cng vo/ra ca n. Cch b tr vo/ra ti my tnh iu khin nh vy cng c gi l vo/ra tp trung (central I/O).
Phng iu khin trung tm MTK I/O
Hin trng
Phn on 1
Phn on n S: sensor
y l cu trc iu khin tiu biu trong nhng nm 1965-1975. Ngy nay, cu trc tp trung trn y thng thch hp cho cc ng dng t ng ha qui m va v nh, iu khin cc loi my mc v thit b bi s n gin, d thc hin v gi thnh mt ln cho my tnh iu khin. im ng ch y l s tp trung ton b tr tu, tc chc nng x l thng tin trong mt thit b iu khin duy nht. Tuy nhin, cu trc ny bc l nhng hn ch sau: Cng vic ni dy phc tp, gi thnh cao Vic m rng h thng gp kh khn tin cy km. 2005, Hong Minh Sn
12
2.3.2
Cu trc vo/ra tp trung vi cch ghp ni im-im th hin mt nhc im c bn l s lng ln cc cp ni, dn n gi thnh cao cho dy dn v cng thit k, lp t. Mt hn ch khc na l phng php truyn dn tn hiu thng thng gia cc thit b trng v thit b iu khin d chu nh hng ca nhiu, gy ra sai s ln. Vn ny c khc phc bng phng php dng bus trng nh nu trong phn trc. Hnh 2-4 minh ha mt cu hnh mng n gin. y cc module vo/ra c y xung cp trng gn k vi cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh, v vy c gi l cc vo/ra phn tn (Distributed I/O) hoc vo/ra t xa (Remote I/O). Mt cch ghp ni khc l s dng cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh thng minh (mu xm trn hnh v), c kh nng ni mng trc tip khng cn thng qua cc module vo/ra. Bn cnh kh nng x l giao thc truyn thng, cc thit b ny cn m nhim mt s chc nng x l ti ch nh lc nhiu, chnh nh thang o, t t ch , im lm vic, chn on trng thi,v.v... Trong nhiu trng hp, cc thit b c th m nhim c nhim v iu khin n gin.
MTK Phng K trung tm bus trng I/O I/O I/O S Hin trng A S A
A
Hnh 2-4:
S dng bus trng v cu trc vo/ra phn tn mang li cc u im sau: Tit kim dy dn v cng i dy, ni dy Gim kch thc hp iu khin Tng linh hot h thng nh s dng cc thit b c giao din chun v kh nng ghp ni n gin Thit k v bo tr d dng nh cu trc n gin Kh nng chn on tt hn (cc thit b hng c pht hin d dng) Tng tin cy ca ton h thng.
2.3.3
iu khin phn tn
Trong a s cc ng dng c qui m va v ln, phn tn l tnh cht c ha ca h thng. Mt dy chuyn sn xut thng c phn chia thnh nhiu phn on, c th c phn b ti nhiu v tr cch xa nhau. khc 2005, Hong Minh Sn
13 phc s ph thuc vo mt my tnh trung tm trong cu trc tp trung v tng tnh linh hot ca h thng, ta c th iu khin mi phn on bng mt hoc mt s my tnh cc b, nh Hnh 2-5 minh ha.
PHNG IU KHIN TRUNG TM
MTGS
MTGS
bus h thng
MTK 1
MTK 2
PHNG IU KHIN CC B
MTK n
S HIN TRNG
Phn on 1
Phn on 2
Phn on n
Cc my tnh iu khin cc b thng c t ri rc ti cc phng iu khin/phng in ca tng phn on, phn xng, v tr khng xa vi qu trnh k thut. Cc phn on c lin h tng tc vi nhau, v vy iu khin qu trnh tng hp cn c s iu khin phi hp gia cc my tnh iu khin. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, cc my tnh iu khin c ni mng vi nhau v vi mt hoc nhiu my tnh gim st (MTGS) trung tm qua bus h thng. Gii php ny dn n cc h thng c cu trc iu khin phn tn, hay c gi l cc h iu khin phn tn (HKPT). u th ca cu trc iu khin phn tn khng ch dng li linh hot cao hn so vi cu trc tp trung. Hiu nng cng nh tin cy tng th ca h thng c nng cao nh s phn tn chc nng xung cc cp di. Vic phn tn chc nng x l thng tin v phi hp iu khin c s gim st t cc trm vn hnh trung tm m ra cc kh nng ng dng mi, tch hp trn vn trong h thng nh lp trnh cao cp, iu khin trnh t, iu khin theo cng thc v ghp ni vi cp iu hnh sn xut.
2.3.4
Lu rng Hnh 2-5 ch minh ha cch ghp ni im-im gia mt my tnh iu khin vi cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh, s dng vo/ra tp trung. Tuy nhin, ta cng c th s dng bus trng thc hin cu trc vo/ra phn tn nh trn Hnh 2-6. Khi , my tnh iu khin c th t ti 2005, Hong Minh Sn
14 phng iu khin trung tm hoc ti cc phng iu khin cc b, ty theo qui m ca h thng v kh nng ko di ca bus trng. Gii php s dng cc h iu khin phn tn vi cu trc vo/ra phn tn v cc thit b trng thng minh chnh l xu hng trong xy dng cc h thng iu khin v gim st hin i. Bn cnh tin cy cao, tnh nng m v linh hot cao th yu t kinh t cng ng vai tr quan trng. Vic phn tn chc nng x l thng tin, chc nng iu khin theo b rng cng nh theo chiu su l tin cho kin trc tr tu phn tn (distributed intelligence) trong tng lai.
MTGS
MTK n
S
HIN TRNG
Phn on 1
Phn on 2
Phn on n
Hnh 2-6:
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3.1 Cu hnh c bn
Cu hnh c bn mt h iu khin phn tn c minh ha trn Hnh 3-1, bao gm cc thnh phn sau: Cc trm iu khin cc b (local control station, LCS), i khi cn c gi l cc khi iu khin cc b (local control unit, LCU) hoc cc trm qu trnh (process station, PS). Cc trm vn hnh (operator station, OS) Trm k thut (engineering station, ES) v cc cng c pht trin H thng truyn thng (field bus, system bus).
Operator Station
Operator Station
Engineering Station System bus Local Control Station Remote I/O Station
PROCESS
Hnh 3-1: Cu hnh c bn mt h iu khin phn tn
y l cu hnh ti thiu, cc cu hnh c th c th cha cc thnh phn khc nh trm vo/ra t xa (remote I/O station), cc b iu khin chuyn dng,...
3.1.1
Trm iu khin cc b
Thng thng, cc trm iu khin cc b c xy dng theo cu trc module. Cc thnh phn chnh bao gm: B cung cp ngun, thng thng c d phng Khi x l trung tm (CPU), c th la chn loi c d phng 2005, Hong Minh Sn
16 Giao din vi bus h thng, thng thng cng c d phng Giao din vi bus trng nu s dng cu trc vo/ra phn tn Cc module vo/ra s cng nh tng t, c bit l cc module vo/ra an ton chy n Trong cu trc vo/ra tp trung, cc module vo/ra c ni vi CPU thng qua bus ni b ng sau gi (backplane-bus). Chnh v vy, cc module ny cng phi do nh sn xut cung cp km theo CPU. Trong cc h thng iu khin qu trnh, mt trm iu khin cc b cng thng c ci t giao din HART v cc module ghp ni ph kin khc. Cc thit b ny c lp t trong t iu khin cng vi cc linh kin h tr khc nh hng kp u dy, cc b chuyn i tn hiu (transducers), cc khi u cui (terminal blocka),... Cc t iu khin thng c t trong phng iu khin/phng in bn cnh phng iu khin trung tm hoc ri rc gn khu vc hin trng. Cc chc nng do trm iu khin cc b m nhim bao gm: iu khin qu trnh (process control): iu khin cc mch vng kn (nhit , p sut, lu lng, pH, m c,...). Hu ht cc mch vng n c iu khin trn c s lut PID, gii quyt bi ton iu khin iu chnh, iu khin t l, iu khin tng. Cc h thng hin i cho php iu khin m, iu khin da m hnh (model-based control), iu khin thch nghi, ... iu khin trnh t (sequential control, sequence control) iu khin logic Thc hin cc cng thc (recipe control). t cc tn hiu u ra v trng thi an ton trong trng hp c s c h thng Lu tr tm thi cc tn hiu qu trnh trong trng hp mt lin lc vi trm vn hnh Nhn bit cc trng hp vt ngng gi tr v to cc thng bo bo ng. Chnh v y l thnh phn quan trng nht trong h thng, i a s cc trm iu khin cc b c tnh nng kim tra v sa li (error checking and correcting, ECC), cng nh cho php la chn cu hnh d phng. Mt iu quan trng l mt trm iu khin cc b phi c kh nng m bo tip tc thc hin cc chc nng ni trn trong trng hp trm vn hnh hoc ng truyn bus h thng c s c. Cc my tnh iu khin c th l my tnh c chng ca nh cung cp (vendor-specific controller), PLC hoc my tnh c nhn cng nghip. Da trn c s ny c th phn loi cc h thng iu khin phn tn c mt hin nay trn th trng thnh cc h cc h truyn thng (sau y gi l DCS truyn thng), cc h trn nn PLC (PLC-based DCS) v cc h trn nn PC (PC-based DCS). 2005, Hong Minh Sn
17 Bt k chng loi thit b no c s dng, cc yu cu quan trng nht v mt k thut c t ra cho mt trm iu khin cc b l: Tnh nng thi thc tin cy v tnh sn sng Lp trnh thun tin, cho php s dng/ci t cc thut ton cao cp Kh nng iu khin lai (lin tc, trnh t v logic).
3.1.2
Khi s dng cu trc vo/ra phn tn, cc trm iu khin cc b s c b sung cc module giao din bus ni vi cc trm vo/ra t xa (remote I/O station) v mt s thit b trng thng minh. Cc yu cu chung t ra vi bus trng l tnh nng thi gian thc, mc n gin v gi thnh thp. Bn cnh , i vi mi trng d chy n cn cc yu cu k thut c bit khc v chun truyn dn, tnh nng in hc ca cc linh kin mng, cp truyn,... Cc loi bus trng c h tr mnh nht l Profibus-DP, Foundation Fieldbus, DeviceNet v AS-I. Trong mi trng i hi an ton chy n th Profibus-PA v Foundation Fieldbus H1 l hai h c s dng ph bin nht. Mt trm vo/ra t xa thc cht c cu trc khng khc lm so vi mt trm iu khin cc b, duy ch thiu khi x l trung tm cho chc nng iu khin. Thng thng, cc trm vo/ra t xa c t rt gn vi qu trnh k thut, v th tit kim nhiu cp truyn v n gin ha cu trc h thng. Trm vo/ra t xa cng c th t cng v tr vi trm iu khin cc b, tuy nhin nh vy khng li dng c u im ca cu trc ny. Khc vi cu trc vo/ra tp trung, cu trc vo/ra phn tn cho php s dng cc trm vo/ra t xa ca cc nh cung cp khc vi iu kin c h tr loi bus trng qui nh. Tuy nhin, c th khai thc ti a kh nng cc cng c phn mm tch hp v m bo tng thch hon ton gia cc thnh phn trong mt h DCS, vic dng trn sn phm ca mt hng vn l gii php an ton nht. Bn cnh phng php ghp ni thit b iu khin vi qu trnh k thut thng qua cc module vo/ra, ta c th s dng cc cm bin hoc c cu chp hnh c giao din bus trng. Qua c th n gin ha cu trc h thng hn na, tit kim tit kim ch trong t iu khin v nng cao tnh nng thi gian thc ca h thng do tn dng c kh nng x l thng tin ca cc thit b trng. Trn Hnh 3-4 l hnh nh mt s t iu khin DCS. Hnh bn tri l mt trm PCS7 (Siemens) vi b iu khin lp t cng cc module vo/ra phn tn. Hnh gia minh ha mt trm vo/ra t xa lp c lp. T iu khin bn phi minh ha trm iu khin cc b DeltaV (Fisher-Rosermount) s dng gii php Foundation Fieldbus (khng cn cc module cc vo/ra). 2005, Hong Minh Sn
18
Hnh 3-2:
3.1.3
Trm vn hnh
Trm vn hnh v trm k thut c t ti phng iu khin trung tm. Cc trm vn hnh c th hot ng song song, c lp vi nhau. tin cho vic vn hnh h thng, ngi ta thng sp xp mi trm vn hnh tng ng vi mt phn on hoc mt phn xng. Tuy nhin, cc phn mm chy trn tt c cc trm hon ton ging nhau, v th trong trng hp cn thit mi trm u c th thay th chc nng ca cc trm khc. Cc chc nng tiu biu ca mt trm vn hnh gm c: Hin th cc hnh nh chun (hnh nh tng quan, hnh nh nhm, hnh nh tng mch vng, hnh nh iu khin trnh t, cc th thi gian thc v th qu kh) Hin th cc hnh nh ha t do (lu cng ngh, cc phm iu khin) H tr vn hnh h thng qua cc cng c thao tc tiu biu, cc h thng hng dn ch o v hng dn tr gip To v qun l cc cng thc iu khin (cho iu khin m) X l cc s kin, s c X l, lu tr v qun l d liu Chn on h thng, h tr ngi vn hnh v bo tr h thng H tr lp bo co t ng Khc vi cc trm iu khin, hu ht cc h DCS hin i u s dng cc sn phm thng mi thng dng nh my tnh c nhn (cng nghip) chy trn nn WindowsNT/2000, hoc cc my tnh trm chy trn nn UNIX. Cng vi cc mn hnh mu ln (thng l 19inch) vi phn gii cao theo di qu trnh sn xut, mt trm vn hnh hin i bao gi cng c cc 2005, Hong Minh Sn
19 thit b thao tc chun nh bn phm v chut. Mt trm vn hnh c th b tr theo kiu mt ngi s dng (mt hoc nhiu mn hnh), hoc nhiu ngi s dng vi vi nhiu Terminals (Hnh 3-3). Cc phn mm trn trm vn hnh bao gi cng i km ng b vi h thng, song thng h tr cc chun phn mm v chun giao tip cng nghip nh TCP/IP, DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange), OLE (Object Linking and Embedding), ODBC (Open Data Base Connection), OPC (OLE for Process Control).
Operator Terminals Engineering Station Operator Station Terminals bus
System bus
Controller
Hnh 3-3:
c im tiu biu ca cc trm vn hnh hin i l s dng k thut giao din ngi-my kiu a ca s vi cc phn t giao din chun. Tuy nhin, vic thit k cc mn hnh giao din cng nghip khc vi cc giao din ng dng vn phng, i hi kin thc tng hp v qu trnh cng ngh, m thut cng nghip, tm l hc cng nghip v cng ngh phn mm. Vn ny s c cp chi tit sau.
3.1.4
Trm k thut l ni ci t cc cng c pht trin, cho php t cu hnh cho h thng, to v theo di cc chng trnh ng dng iu khin v giao din ngi my, t cu hnh v tham s ha cc thit b trng. Vic to ng dng iu khin hu ht c thc hin theo phng php khai bo, t tham s v ghp ni cc khi chc nng c sn trong th vin. Cng nh cc trm vn hnh, thit b s dng thng thng l cc my tnh c nhn (cng nghip) chy trn nn Windows95/98/NT/2000 hoc UNIX. Mt s c tnh tiu biu ca cc cng c pht trin trn trm k thut l: Cc cng c pht trin c tch hp sn trong h thng Cng vic pht trin (Engineering) khng yu cu c phn cng DCS ti ch 2005, Hong Minh Sn
20 Cc ngn ng lp trnh thng dng l s khi hm (FBD-Function Block Diagram, hoc CFC-Continuous Function Chart) v biu tin trnh (SFC-Sequential Function Chart), tng t IEC61131-3 FBD () v SFC Mt d n c th do nhiu ngi cng phi hp pht trin song song Giao din vi cc h thng cp trn (CAD/CAM, MES, PPS, ERP,...) vic pht trin h thng phn mm c thun li, cc nh sn xut cung cp cc th vin khi hm chuyn dng. Bn cnh , nhiu nh sn xut cng cung cp phn mm m phng ngi pht trin h thng c th to cc u vo/ra m phng, gip cho vic pht trin phn mm c chc chn, an ton hn. Trong mt s h thng, ngi ta khng phn bit gia trm vn hnh v trm k thut, m s dng mt bn phm c kha chuyn qua li gia hai ch vn hnh v pht trin.
3.1.5
Bus h thng
Bus h thng c chc nng ni mng cc trm iu khin cc b vi nhau v vi cc trm vn hnh v trm k thut. Trong a s cc h thng ng dng, ngi ta la chn cu hnh c d phng cho bus h thng. Thm na, ci thin tnh nng thi gian thc, nhiu khi mt mng ring bit (c th c c d phng) c s dng ghp ni cc trm iu khin cc b (bus iu khin, control bus). Gii php mng c th c chng ca ring cng ty, hoc da trn mt mng chun quc t. Cc h thng mng c s dng nhiu nht l Ethernet, Profibus-FMS v ControlNet. c im ca vic trao i thng tin qua bus h thng l lu lng thng tin ln, v vy tc ng truyn phi tng i cao. Tnh nng thi gian thc cng l mt yu cu c t ra (nht l i vi bus iu khin), tuy nhin khng nghim ngt nh vi bus trng. Thi gian phn ng thng ch yu cu nm trong phm vi 0,1s tr ln. S lng trm tham gia thng khng ln v nhu cu trao i d liu khng c t bin ln. V vy i vi mng Ethernet, tnh bt nh ca phng php truy nhp bus CSMA/CD thng khng phi l vn gy lo ngh. Hnh 3-4 minh ha cu hnh tiu biu ca mt h iu khin phn tn hin i. Bn cnh cc thnh phn m t, mt cu hnh tiu biu thng c thm mt s trm server, my tnh phn tch, my in, mt s b iu khin cc b chuyn dng,...
21
LAB Factory Server
OS
OS
ES
SS
SYSTEM BUS Control Station 1 FIELDBUS I/O Controller Motor Control Center Control Station 2 Control Station n
A
I/O
S A
Controller
S
I/O
A
I/O
Controller
Phn on 1
Phn on 2
Phn on n
Hnh 3-4:
Cc h ny s dng cc b iu khin qu trnh c chng theo kin trc ring ca nh sn xut. Cc h c thng ng kn, t tun theo cc chun giao tip cng nghip, cc b iu khin c s dng cng thng ch lm nhim v iu khin qu trnh, v vy phi s dng kt hp PLC cho cc bi ton iu khin logic v iu khin trnh t. Cc h mi c tnh nng m tt hn, mt s b iu khin lai m nhim c cc chc nng iu khin qu trnh, iu khin trnh t v iu khin logic (hybrid controller). 2005, Hong Minh Sn
22 h tr cc bi ton iu khin qu trnh din ra ng thi, khi x l trung tm c ci t mt h iu hnh thi gian thc, a nhim - hoc ca ring nh sn xut pht trin hoc mt sn phm thng dng nh pSOS, TSOS, VRTX,... Chu k thi gian nh nht thc hin cc mch vng iu khin thng nm trong khong 10-100ms, trong trng hp c bit (v d cho nh my in) c th ti 1ms. Mt s sn phm tiu biu cng vi tn trm iu khin cc b c lit k di y: AdvantOCS (ABB): Advant Controller, h iu hnh ring Freelance 2000 (ABB): D-PS hc D-FC, h iu hnh pSOS Symphonie (ABB): Melody, h iu hnh pSOS DeltaV (Fisher-Rosermount): Visual Controller, h iu hnh TSOS I/A Series (Foxboro): CP60, h iu hnh VRTX PlantScape (Honeywell): PlantScape Controller, h iu hnh ring Centum CS1000/CS3000 (Yokogawa): PFCx-E, AFS10x/AFS20x, h iu hnh ORKID
3.2.2
Thit b iu khin kh trnh (PLC, programmable logic controller) l mt loi my tnh iu khin chuyn dng, do nh pht minh ngi M Richard Morley ln u tin a ra tng vo nm 1968. Da trn yu cu k thut ca General Motors l xy dng mt thit b c kh nng lp trnh mm do thay th cho mch iu khin logic cng, hai cng ty c lp l Allen Bradley v Bedford Associates (sau ny l Modicon) a ra trnh by cc sn phm u tin. Cc thit b ny ch x l c mt tp lnh logic c bn, 128 im vo/ra (1 bit) v 1kByte b nh. Lc u, ci tn programmable controller, vit tt l PC, c s dng rng ri. Trong khi , programmable logic controller hay PLC l thng hiu ng k ca cng ty Allen Bradley. Sau ny, khi my tnh c nhn tr nn ph bin th t vit tt PLC hay c dng hn trnh nhm ln. V vy t y v sau ta s dng khi nim thit b iu khin kh trnh nhng vi t vit tt l PLC. Vi cu trc ghp ni vo/ra linh hot, nguyn tc lm vic n gin theo chu k, kh nng lp trnh v lu tr chng trnh trong b nh khng cn can thip trc tip ti phn cng, PLC nhanh chng thu ht s ch trong gii chuyn ngnh. Vo thi im cc my tnh iu khin chuyn dng v khng chuyn dng u c kch c rt ln v gi thnh rt cao, th vic s dng PLC l gii php l tng thay th cc mch logic t hp v tun t trong iu khin cc qu trnh gin on. Cho n nay, danh mc cc chng loi PLC c mt trn th trng tht phong ph n mc kh c th bao qut. Chng khng nhng khc nhau cng sut lm vic ca b x l trung tm, dung lng b nh v s lng cc cng vo/ra, m cn cc c tnh chc nng nh cu trc linh hot, 2005, Hong Minh Sn
23 phng php lp trnh v kh nng ni mng. Tr mt s loi nh dng trong cc ng dng n gin, hu ht cc PLC hin i u khng dng li vic thc hin cc php tnh logic n gin, m cn c kh nng lm vic vi cc tn hiu tng t v thc hin cc php ton s hc, thm ch c cc thut ton iu khin phn hi nh iu khin nhiu im, PID v iu khin m. Cc b m, b nh thi v mt s hm ton hc thng dng thuc phm vi chc nng chun ca mt PLC. Vic s dng PLC v vy khng ch dng li cc qu trnh gin on, m nay rt ph bin i vi iu khin cc qu trnh lin tc nh trong cng nghip ch bin, khai thc, cng ngh mi trng v.v... Mt s h DCS trn nn PLC tiu biu l SattLine (ABB), Process Logix (Rockwell), Modicon TSX (Schneider Electric), PCS7 (Siemens), Thc cht, ngy nay a s cc PLC va c th s dng cho bi ton iu khin logic v iu khin qu trnh. Tuy nhin, cc PLC c s dng trong cc h iu khin phn tn thng c cu hnh mnh, h tr iu khin trnh t cng vi cc phng php lp trnh hin i (v d SFC). Cu trc phn cng Hnh 3-5 minh ha cc thnh phn chc nng chnh ca mt h thng thit b iu khin kh trnh v quan h tng tc gia chng. V c bn, mt PLC cng c cc thnh phn ging nh mt my vi tnh thng thng, l vi x l, cc b nh lm vic v b nh chng trnh, giao din vo/ra v cung cp ngun. Tuy nhin, mt im khc c bn l cc thnh phn giao din ngi-my nh mn hnh, bn phm v chut khng c trang b y. Vic lp trnh v vy phi c thc hin gin tip bng mt my tnh ring bit, ghp ni vi CPU thng qua giao din thit b lp trnh (thng l mt cng ni tip theo chun RS-232 hoc RS-485). B x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit, CPU) bao gm mt hoc nhiu vi x l, b nh chng trnh, b nh lm vic, ng h nhp v giao din vi thit b lp trnh, c lin kt vi nhau thng qua mt h bus ni b. Nhim v chnh ca CPU l qun l cc cng vo/ra, x l thng tin, thc hin cc thut ton iu khin. B nh chng trnh thng c dng EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) hoc EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory), cha h iu hnh v m chng trnh ng dng. D liu vo/ra cng nh cc d liu tnh ton khc c lu trong b nh lm vic RAM (Random Access Memory). ng h nhp c vai tr to ngt cng iu khin chng trnh theo chu k, thng thng trong khong t 0,01giy ti 1000 pht. Cc thnh phn vo/ra (input/ouput, I/O) ng vai tr l giao din gia CPU v qu trnh k thut. Nhim v ca chng l chuyn i, thch ng tn hiu v cch ly galvanic gia cc thit b ngoi vi (cm bin, c cu chp hnh) v CPU. Cc thnh phn vo/ra c lin kt vi CPU thng qua mt h bus ni b hoc qua mt h bus trng (xem chng 3). 2005, Hong Minh Sn
24 B cung cp ngun (power supply, PS) c vai tr bin i v n nh ngun nui (thng thng 5V) cho CPU v cc thnh phn chc nng khc t mt ngun xoay chiu (110V, 220V,...) hoc mt chiu (12V, 24V,...). Bn cnh cc thnh phn chnh nu trn, mt h thng PLC c th c cc thnh phn chc nng khc nh ghp ni m rng, iu khin chuyn dng v x l truyn thng.
CPU Vi x l Vo tng t v vp s (AI, DI) ng h nhp Giao din lp trnh
B nh chng trnh
B nh lm vic
Hnh 3-5:
Thit k module v thit k gn Ty theo s phn chia chc nng trn cc thnh phn thit b, ta c th phn bit gia cc PLC c thit k module v cc PLC c thit k gn. Trong mt PLC c thit k gn, tt c cc chc nng c tch hp gn trong mt thit b. Thng thng, loi PLC ny c sn mt s cng vo/ra c nh. Mt s cng c tch hp giao din truyn thng cho mt loi bus trng. Tuy nhin, mt s t loi c cu trc gn vn cho php tng s lng cng vo/ra hoc b sung giao din mng bng cc module m rng c bit. PLC c cu trc gn thch hp vi cc bi ton n gin. i vi cc ng dng c qui m va v ln, ta cn s dng cc PLC c thit k module bi linh hot cao. y, hu ht mi thnh phn chc nng c thc hin bi mt module phn cng ring bit, c lp t trn mt hoc nhiu gi . Bn cnh cc thnh phn c bn l CPU, ngun v cc module vo/ra, mt PLC cn c th cha cc module chc nng, cc module ghp ni v module truyn thng. H bus ni b c s dng ghp ni cc module m rng vi CPU thng c gi l bus mt sau (backplane bus). Cc module chc nng (function module, FM) c s dng thc hin mt s nhim v iu khin ring, v d module iu khin PID, module iu khin ng c bc, module cn,... Cc module ny hot ng tng i c lp vi CPU, tuy nhin c th trao i d liu qu trnh v d liu tham s thng qua bus ni b v cc hm hoc khi hm giao tip h thng. 2005, Hong Minh Sn
Tn hiu iu khin
Tn hiu o
25 Cc module ghp ni (interface module, IM) c s dng trong vic m rng h thng khi s lng cc module ln, khng ch trn mt gi . Thng thng, mi gi cn c mt module ngun ring bn cnh module ghp ni. Thng qua cc module ghp ni, mt CPU c th qun l tt c cc module trn cc gi . S lng v chng loi cc module cho php trn mt gi cng nh s lng tng cng ph thuc vo kh nng qun l ca loi CPU c th. Cc module truyn thng (communication module, CM) c vai tr l giao din mng, c s dng ghp ni nhiu PLC vi nhau, vi cc thit b trng v vi my tnh gim st. Cc module truyn thng m nhim x l giao thc mt cch c lp vi CPU. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, b x l trung tm cng c tch hp sn giao din mng cho mt h bus trng thng dng.
3.2.3
Cc h DCS trn nn PC
Gii php s dng my tnh c nhn (PC) trc tip lm thit b iu khin khng nhng c bn ti rng ri, m tr thnh thc t ph bin trong nhng nm gn y. Nu so snh vi cc b iu khin kh trnh (PLC) v cc b iu khin DCS c chng th th mnh ca PC khng nhng nm tnh nng m, kh nng lp trnh t do, hiu nng tnh ton cao v a chc nng, m cn kha cnh kinh t. Cc bc tin ln trong k thut my tnh, cng nghip phn mm v cng ngh bus trng chnh l cc yu t thc y kh nng cnh tranh ca PC trong iu khin cng nghip. DCS trn nn PC l mt hng gii php tng i mi, mi c mt s sn phm trn th trng nh PCS7 (Siemens, gii php Slot-PLC), 4Control (Softing), Stardom (Yokogawa), Ovation (Westinghouse-Emerson Process Management) Hng gii php ny th hin nhiu u im v mt gi thnh, hiu nng tnh ton v tnh nng m. Mt trm iu khin cc b chnh l mt my tnh c nhn cng nghip c ci t mt h iu hnh thi gian thc v cc card giao din bus trng v card giao din bus h thng. Trong gii php iu khin dng my tnh c nhn th mt vn thng rt c quan tm l tin cy ca my tnh. Mt phn ta c th yn tm bi vi cu trc vo/ra phn tn, my tnh iu khin c t trong phng iu khin trung tm vi iu kin mi trng lm vic tt. Mt khc, trn th trng cng c rt nhiu loi my tnh c nhn cng nghip, m bo tin cy cao khng km mt PLC. Mt khi my tnh ch c ci t h iu hnh v phn mm iu khin th kh nng gy li do phn mm cng s c gim thiu. Tuy nhin, i vi cc ng dng c yu cu cao v tnh sn sng, tin cy ca h thng, ta cn c mt gii php d phng thch hp. Gii php n gin v tit kim nht l d phng lnh, c ngha l trong trng hp c s c ti 2005, Hong Minh Sn
26 my tnh iu khin xy ra ta ch cn thay th mt my mi vi cu hnh v cc phn mm c ci t ging ht my chnh. Song gii php tt hn l s dng mt cu hnh d phng nng.
3.3 Cc vn k thut
Cc vn k thut di y ng vai tr c bit quan trng khi nghin cu v cc h iu khin phn tn, s c cp chi tit trong cc phn sau. Kin trc x l phn tn (distributed processing): Cu trc phn tn v mt vt l (a l) dn n phn tn v mt x l thng tin. X l phn tn l mt khi nim vay mn t lnh vc tin hc. X l phn tn khc vi x l cc b v khc vi x l ni mng tnh thng nht, xuyn sut trong vic xy dng ng dng v trao i d liu gia cc trm. Tnh nng thi gian thc (real-time): Tnh nng ca mt h thng lun sn sng phn ng vi cc s kin bn ngoi v a ra p ng mt cch ng n v kp thi. Vi kin trc x l phn tn, vic p ng tnh nng thi gian thc c ci thin bi kh nng x l thng tin ti ch. Song cng nhiu vn c t ra trong vic giao tip gia cc thnh phn (real-time interprocess communication), trong vn giao thc mng ng mt vai tr quan trng. Tnh sn sng (availability) v tin cy (reliability): Mt c im ni bt so vi cc hng gii php khc l tnh sn sng cao thng qua kh nng d phng tch hp, c th la chn d phng cho tng thnh phn. Tnh sn sng, phng php giao tip s, kin trc x l phn tn, phn mm ng gi, phn cng chun ha cng nghip, tch hp cao gia cc thnh phn phn cng v phn mm l cc yu t gip cho cc h thng iu khin phn tn c tin cy cao. H tr chun (standard support): Thc ra, y khng phi l c im tiu biu ca cc h DCS truyn thng. Nhng y l mt yu cu khng th thiu c trong cc h DCS mi. c bit, s tng thch vi cc chun cng nghip l tin cho tnh nng m, cho kh nng tng tc vi cc thit b ca cc hng th ba. Cng c phn mm (software tools): Vic xy dng cc ng dng iu khin c h tr bi cc cng c lp trnh hoc cu hnh rt mnh v cc th vin phn mm ng gi chun, da theo cc chun quc t. Cc cng c phn mm iu khin gim st cng c tch hp v s dng chung mt c s d liu trong h thng. Khc vi cc gii php iu khin n l nh PLC hoc PC, ta khng phi s dng mt cng c ring, xy dng ring giao din ngi-my (HMI) v cc chc nng SCADA khc. Qu trnh to giao din ngi- my, to h thng cnh bo, to cng thc iu khin, nm trong vic pht trin ng dng, i i vi vic xy dng chng trnh iu khin cp thp.
27
Mt h thng thi gian thc l mt h thng m s hot ng tin cy ca n khng ch ph thuc vo s chnh xc ca kt qu, m cn ph thuc vo thi im a ra kt qu phn ng vi s kin bn ngoi. H thng c li khi thi gian yu cu khng c tho mn. Mt h thng thi gian thc c cc c im tiu biu sau: Tnh b ng: H thng phi phn ng vi cc s kin xut hin vo cc thi im khng bit trc. Tnh nhanh nhy: H thng phi x l thng tin mt cch nhanh chng c th a ra kt qu phn ng mt cch kp thi. Tnh tin nh: D on trc c thi gian phn ng tiu biu, thi gian phn ng chm nht cng nh trnh t a ra cc phn ng. Tuy tnh nhanh nhy l mt c im tiu biu, nhng mt h thng c tnh nng thi gian thc khng nht thit phi c p ng tht nhanh m quan trng hn l phi c phn ng kp thi i vi cc yu cu, tc ng bn ngoi. C th ni, tt cc cc h thng iu khin l cc h thng thi gian thc. Ngc li, mt s ln cc h thng thi gian thc l cc h thng iu khin. Mt b iu khin phi a ra c tn hiu iu khin kp thi sau mt thi gian nhn c tn hiu o a qu trnh k thut v trng thi mong mun. Mt h thng truyn thng c tnh nng thi gian thc phi c kh nng truyn tin mt cch tin cy v kp thi i vi cc yu cu ca cc i tc truyn thng. Tnh nng thi gian thc ca mt h thng iu khin phn tn khng ch ph thuc vo tnh nng thi gian thc ca tng thnh phn trong h thng, m cn ph thuc vo s phi hp hot ng gia cc thnh phn .
4.1.2
X l thi gian thc l hnh thc x l thng tin trong mt h thng m bo tnh nng thi gian thc ca n. Nh vy, x l thi gian thc cng c cc c im tiu biu nu trn nh tnh b ng, tnh nhanh nhy v tnh tin nh. c th phn ng vi nhiu s kin din ra cng mt lc, mt h thng x l thi gian thc s dng cc qu trnh tnh ton ng thi. Qu trnh tnh ton l mt tin trnh thc hin mt hoc mt phn chng trnh tun t do h iu hnh qun l trn mt my tnh, c th tn ti ng thi vi cc qu trnh khc k c trong thi gian thc hin lnh v thi gian xp hng ch i thc hin. Qu trnh tnh ton c chia thnh hai loi: 2005, Hong Minh Sn
28 Qu trnh nng cn (process): l qu trnh tnh ton c khng gian a ch ring. Qu trnh nh cn (thread): l qu trnh khng c khng gian a ch ring. Cc hnh thc t chc cc qu trnh tnh ton ng thi: X l cnh tranh: Nhiu qu trnh tnh ton chia s thi gian x l thng tin ca mt b x l. X l song song: Cc qu trnh tnh ton c phn chia thc hin song song trn nhiu b x l ca mt my tnh. X l phn tn: Mi qu trnh tnh ton c thc hin ring trn mt my tnh. Trong cc h thng iu khin, khi nim task cng hay c s dng bn cnh qu trnh tnh ton. C th ni, task l mt nhim v x l thng tin trong h thng, c th thc hin theo c ch tun hon (periodic task) hoc theo s kin (event task). V d, mt task thc hin nhim v iu khin cho mt hoc nhiu mch vng kn c chu k trch mu ging nhau. Hoc, mt task c th thc hin nhim v iu khin logic, iu khin trnh t theo cc s kin xy ra. Task c th thc hin di dng mt qu trnh tnh ton duy nht, hoc mt dy cc qu trnh tnh ton khc nhau.
4.1.3
Cc trm iu khin trong mt h iu khin phn tn bao gi cng hot ng da trn nn mt h iu hnh thi gian thc. H iu hnh thi gian thc l mt h iu hnh h tr cc chng trnh ng dng x l thi gian thc. Bn thn h iu hnh thi gian thc cng l mt h thi gian thc theo ng ngha ca n, v vy cng c cc c im tiu biu cp. Mt h iu hnh thi gian thc bao gi cng l mt h a nhim (multi-tasking), h tr x l cnh trnh hoc/v x l song song. Lp lch, ng b ha qu trnh v giao tip lin qu trnh l cc khi nim quan trng trong mt h iu hnh thi gian thc. Phng php lp lch (Scheduling) Vic lp lch thc hin cho cc task c th c thc hin theo hai cch: Lp lnh tnh: th t thc hin cc qu trnh tnh ton khng thay i m c xc nh trc. Lp lnh ng: h iu hnh xc nh lnh trc hoc sau khi qu trnh tnh ton bt u. Tuy nhin, ta cn c mt sch lc lp lnh (strategy) p dng i vi tng tnh hung c th. C th chn mt trong nhng cch sau: FIFO (First In First Out): mt tin trnh n trc s c thc hin trc. Mc u tin c nh/ng: ti cng mt thi im, cc tin trnh c t cc mc u tin c nh hoc c th thay i nu cn. 2005, Hong Minh Sn
29 Preemptive: cn gi l chen hng, tc l chn mt tin trnh thc hin trc cc tin trnh khc. Non - Preemptive: khng chen hng. Cc tin trnh c thc hin bnh thng da trn mc u tin ca chng. Vic tnh mc u tin ca mi tin trnh c thc hin theo mt trong s cc thut ton lp lch sau: Rate monotonic: cng thng xuyn cng c u tin. Deadline monotonic: cng gp cng c u tin. Least laxity: t l thi gian tnh ton/thi hn cui cng(deadline) cng ln cng c u tin. ng b ho qu trnh Khi cc qu trnh tnh ton cng s dng mt ti nguyn loi tr ln nhau nh mt vng nh, cng vo/ra, hoc chng ph thuc ln vo nhau v d qu trnh 1 ch kt qu ca qu trnh 2... s rt d dn n tnh trng tc nghn (Deadlock), hay to ra mt tnh hung chy ua (Race Condition). Do vy vic ng b ho cc qu trnh l iu cn thit. C th thc hin vic ny theo cc phng php sau: Mutex (Mutual exclusion) Critical Section Semaphone Monitor Giao tip lin qu trnh Giao tip lin qu trnh l giao tip gia cc qu trnh tnh ton thuc cng mt h iu hnh trn mt my. C hai loi: Gia cc Thread thuc cng mt Process: s dng cc bin ton cc. Gia cc Process khc nhau hoc gia cc Thread thuc cc Process khc nhau: s dng cc phng php nh shared memory, slot, pipes, mailbox, files...
4.1.4
X l phn tn
X l phn tn gip nng cao nng lc x l thng tin ca mt h thng, gp phn ci thin tnh nng thi gian thc, nng cao tin cy v tnh linh hot ca h thng. Phn bit cc khi nim: X l cc b - ng dng n c X l cnh tranh - ng dng a nhim X l tp trung - ng dng tp trung X l ni mng - ng dng mng X l phn tn - ng dng phn tn
30 Cn phn bit r gia ng dng mng v ng dng phn tn. Trong mt ng dng mng, cc chng trnh trn mi trm tn ti hon ton c lp vi nhau v vic giao tip gia chng c thc hin qua c ch hin (explicit communication). Web l mt ng dng mng tiu biu. Trong mt ng dng phn tn, cc chng trnh trn cc trm hp tc cht ch vi nhau thng qua c ch giao tip ngm (implicit communication) cng thc hin mt nhim v tng th ca h thng. Chc nng iu khin trong mt h iu khin phn tn c thc hin di dng mt ng dng phn tn. Cc vn ca x l phn tn Phn chia v phi hp nhim v Giao tip gia cc trm ng b ha cc qu trnh x l phn tn D phng, khc phc li
Kin trc Client/Server Chc nng x l thng tin c phn chia thnh hai phn khc nhau, phn s dng chung cho nhiu bi ton c thc hin trn cc server, phn ring thc hin trn tng client. Gia cc client khng cn thit c giao tip trc tip Vai tr ch ng trong giao tip thuc v client V d tiu biu: Trong cp iu khin gim st, c th s dng mt trm ch cho vic thu thp v qun l, lu tr d liu v cnh gii bo ng, cc trm vn hnh l thc hin giao din ngi-my vi vai tr l client. Kin trc bnh ng Cc trm c vai tr bnh ng, phi hp hot ng trc tip vi nhau khng qua trung gian V d tiu biu: Trong cp iu khin, cc trm iu khin cc b phn chia thc hin chc nng iu khin cho c dy chuyn sn xut. Kin trc t tr Cc trm c vai tr bnh ng, c th hot ng tng i c lp nhng s phi hp hot ng to hiu qu cao nht. V d tiu biu: Kin trc iu khin thng minh cc h thng n tn hiu giao thng. 2005, Hong Minh Sn
31
32
Cu trc vo/ra phn tn s dng bus trng lm ny sinh mt vn cha c xt ti trong l thuyt iu khin s. l s khng ng b ca cc tn hiu vo/ra do thi gian tr tng knh khc nhau, kh xc nh. C hai cch gii quyt sau: t cu hnh bus v chn chu k iu khin sao cho chu k bus nh hn nhiu so vi chu k iu khin c th b qua thi gian tr tng knh khc nhau. S dng loi bus trng c h tr ng b ha cc u vo/ra, v d Profibus-DP. V d, cc lnh di y c s dng trong Profibus-DP ng b ha cc u vo/ra: FREEZE: hi nhn c lnh ny, cc DP-Slave s nhn d liu u ra gi t DP-Master v sau s khng nhn d liu u ra gi t DPMaster na cho n khi kt thc lnh FREEZE. UNFREEZE: Lnh ny lm kt thc lnh FREEZE . Cc DP-Slave s tip tc nhn d liu u ra gi t DP-Master. SYNC: Khi nhn c lnh ny,tt c hoc mt vi DP-Slave s gi d liu ti DP-Master v sau DP-Master s khng nhn d liu u vo gi t DP-Slave na cho n khi kt thc lnh SYNC. UNSYNC: Lnh ny lm ngng lnh SYNC. DP-Master s tip tc nhn d liu u vo gi t cc DP-Slave.
4.4.2
ng b ha thi gian
Gia cc trm iu khin cc b v cc trm vn hnh cn c mt s ng b ha thi gian mt cch cht ch, v y l vn lin quan h trng ti tnh chnh xc v tin cy ca cc thng tin iu khin, vn hnh, thng bo bo ng. ng b ho thi gian trong mt h iu khin phn tn, mt trm vn hnh c th c chn lm qui chiu, tt c cc trm khc ni vi bus h thng c ng b ho thi gian theo trm ny thng qua cc thng bo gi ng lat. Trong mt s h thng mng c h tr trc tip vic ng b ha thi gian, ngi ta c th chn mt thit b c chng (time master) phc v mc ch ny. Ta c th nh ngha 2 trm vn hnh lm qui chiu nhng ti mt thi im ch c mt trm mang tn hiu ng b ho, nu trm b li th trm cn li t ng hot ng. Trong cng nghip ch bin, khong thi gian chnh lch cho php gia cc trm thng trong phm vi +/-5ms. Cc thng bo thi gian cn gi ng lot theo chu k ti a 1 pht. 2005, Hong Minh Sn
33
34 n cng nhc, kh thay i khi yu cu t ra thay i, kh m rng khi h thng pht trin. Phng php phn tch, thit k phn mm tin tin hin nay l hng i tng (object-oriented), trong khi c bn xy dng nn phn mm l i tng hay lp. Ni mt cch n gin, i tng l s phn nh th gii t nhin xung quanh. V d nu trong h thng iu khin c cc thit b vo/ra s/tng t nh AI, AO, DI, DO th trong phn mm cng c cc lp AI, AO, DI, DO ; trong h thng iu khin c khu iu khin PID th trong phn mm cng c lp PID,... Trong cc h thng iu khin, cc i tng c th i din cc thnh phn h thng nh: Cc thut ton iu khin X l s kin v bo ng X l mnh lnh Quan st v chn on Cu hnh vo/ra M phng Thng tin thit k Vic tru tng ho th gii t nhin thnh cc lp i tng nh vy c gi l m hnh ho hng i tng. Da trn m hnh i tng thu c, phng php phn tch, thit k phn mm hng i tng s b sung thm cc lin kt v lp i tng mi, tinh chnh li,... to ra mt m hnh i tng chi tit ca phn mm. Cui cng, ngi lp trnh s dng mt ngn ng lp trnh no (khng nht thit phi l ngn ng hng i tng) th hin m hnh i tng chi tit thnh m ngun. u im ln nht ca phn tch, thit k phn mm hng i tng khng phi nm ch to ra chng trnh nhanh tn t cng sc, m nm ch n gn vi thc t v do thc y vic ti s dng li nhng thnh qu xy dng c nh m lnh hay bn thit k.
5.2.1
phc v cho cng vic m hnh ho vn l ct li ca phn tch, thit k phn mm hng i tng, ngn ng UML (unified modeling language) c s dng rng ri. UML - mt chun quc t c qun l bi t chc OMG (object management group) - l mt ngn ng ha dng trc quan ha, c t, xy dng v t liu ha h thng thin v phn mm. UML em li cho ngi s dng phng php chun vit bn thit k h thng bao trm t nhng th c th nh cc lp vit bng mt ngn ng lp trnh no , cc thnh phn phn mm c th ti s dng,... cho n nhng yu t tru tng nh chc nng ca ton b h thng. V l do ny, ngn ng UML khng ch c s dng m t, xy dng kin trc v thit k ca cc h thng phn mm, m cn l mt cng c m hnh ha thch hp cho cc h thng k 2005, Hong Minh Sn
35 thut ni chung v cc h thng iu khin ni ring. Trn Hnh 5-1 l mt biu lp UML, minh ha n gin cc lp i tng v quan h ca chng trong mt h thng iu khin.
sensor Sensor
actuator Actuator
Thermometer
ControlSystem
Valve
Plant PT2
Hnh 5-1:
C th ni, UML l mt ngn ng m hnh ha rt mnh, a nng. Ti liu v UML c rt nhiu, v d [1][2].
5.2.2
Mu thit k
Mu thit k l s hnh thc ho ca cch tip cn ti mt vn thng gp trong ng cnh c th. Mi mu thit k m t mt gii php cho mt vn thit k c th trong mt ng cnh xc nh. Gii php ny c chng minh l hp l, s dng nhiu ln em li kt qu tt v do c tru tng ho thnh mt mu. Ni mt cch ngn gn, mu thit k l kinh nghim thit k c kt li. Bng cch dng cc mu thit k, ngi thit k khng khi thit k h thng ca mnh t u m s dng li kinh nghim c t trc, dn n cht lng thit k tt hn, tng tnh ti s dng ca bn thit k. Mt s mu thit k tiu biu l Abstract factory, Iterator, Prototype, Singleton v Template method. xy dng cc h thng phn tn hin i, ngi ta s dng cc mu thit k nh Proxy, Broker, Marshaling/Unmarshaling, Adapter v Interface Mapping. Mt tc phm c coi l kinh in vit v ti ny l [3].
5.2.3
Phn mm khung
Phn mm khung l mt dng phn mm bao gm th vin v cc mu thit k gip ngi s dng d dng to cc chng trnh ng dng bng cch b sung cc phn m ng dng c th vo cc khung c sn. im khc nhau gia mt phn mm khung vi mt th vin lp hay mt th vin hm n thun l:
36 Mt th vin ch l mt tp hp ca cc lp hay hm hon chnh phc v mt mc ch ng dng no . M ca mt th vin lp hay hm c chng trnh ng dng ch ng gi. Mt phn mm khung cha mt s lp cha hon chnh, tc cha s dng to th nghim c ngay (lp tru tng), m bt buc phi dn xut v b sung m ng dng c th. Vic xy dng mt chng trnh ng dng phi tun theo cc mu thit k c sn. Khng nhng chng trnh ng dng gi m trong phn mm khung, m m trong phn mm khung cng ch ng gi m ng dng. C th so snh mt phn mm khung nh mt khung nh b tng c c sn theo mt thit k, ngi thi cng cn b sung cc phn tng bao, tng ngn, ca s... theo thit k , s dng cc th vin l cc vin gch, cnh ca, tm vch ngn lm sn. Mt s v d phn mm khung tiu biu l MFC (Microsoft Foundation Class), Microsofts COM (Component Object Model), Borlands VCL (Vitual Component Library).
C th ni, hu ht cc h thng pht trin ng dng trong cc h iu khin phn tn hin nay thc hin trit t tng hng i tng v phn
37 mm thnh phn. T tng s dng khi hm, cc khi ha, cc khi chng trnh trong nhiu h thng l nhng v d tiu biu.
38
Mt kin trc i tng phn tn nh ngha m hnh cc i tng phn tn, m hnh giao tip v chun giao tip gia cc i tng phn tn.
6.1 Yu cu chung
Mt kin trc i tng phn tn to iu kin cho vic lp trnh mt mc tru tng cao hn so vi phng php hng i tng c in. C th, im khc bit so vi lp trnh hng i tng c in nm tnh trong sut phn tn (distribution transparency), th hin qua cc c tnh sau: Trong sut v tr: Mt client khng cn bit rng i tng server nm trong cng mt qu trnh tnh ton, thuc mt qu trnh tnh ton khc trn cng mt trm hoc trn mt trm khc, cch s dng i tng server l thng nht. Ngc li cng vy. Trong sut th hin: Client khng cn quan tm ti vic i tng server c th hin bng ngn ng lp trnh no v bng phng php no, m ch cn quan tm ti giao din c th s dng. Trong sut nn: Mt client khng cn bit rng i tng server nm trn h iu hnh no, trn nn my tnh kin trc ra sao. Trong sut truyn thng: M thc hin client v cc i tng server khng lin quan ti mng truyn thng v giao thc truyn thng c th
6.2 Cc mu thit k
p ng cc yu cu trn, ngi ta thng p dng cc mu thit k sau y: Proxy: Mt i tng i din cho server bn pha client, client c th s dng i tng server n gin nh vi mt i tng ni trnh (v d thng qua con tr). Broker: B phn che du chi tit v c ch truyn thng c th, to iu kin cho client/proxy v server giao tip vi nhau m khng ph thuc vo nn v h thng truyn thng bn di. Broker c mt c bn client v server. Adapter: i tng trung gian, c vai tr thch ng giao din gia broker v server, to iu kin cho vic pht trin server mt cch c lp, cng nh s dng cc server c sn (cha tun theo kin trc i tng phn tn). Marshaling/Unmarshaling: C ch thc hin m ha v ng gi cc li gi hm bn client thnh cc bc in tng ng vi c ch truyn thng cp thp, cng m gi v gii m cc bc in thnh li gi hm chi tit bn i tng server. Cc phng thc tng t cng c thc hin
39 chuyn kt qu t server tr li client. Cc nhim v ny do proxy, server hoc/v adapter m nhim. Interface Mapping: Gii quyt vn trong sut th hin bng cch m t cc giao din bng mt ngn ng c lp IDL (Interface Description Language) v cho php nh x sang thc hin bng mt ngn ng c th.
Process A
1: op ( )
Process B
4: upcall( )
5: op( )
client
proxy
2: marshal ( )
adapter
3: dispatch( )
server
broker_A
IPC
broker_B
Hnh 6-1:
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Client
Object Implementation
Dynamic Invocation
IDL Stubs
ORB Interface
Dynamic Skeleton
Object Adapter
Hnh 6-2:
41
6.4.1
Giao din
Cch duy nht truy cp d liu hoc tc ng ln mt i tng COM l thng qua giao din ca n. Mt giao din thc cht l mt nhm cc hm c sn lin quan vi nhau. C th so snh mt giao din vi mt lp c s tru tng ch gm cc hm thun o trong ngn ng C++. Giao din nh ngha c php cc hm thnh vin, gi l cc phng thc (methods), kiu tr v, s lng v cc kiu tham s. Mt giao din khng qui nh c th cc phng thc c thc hin nh th no. Thc cht vic th hin giao din l s dng con tr truy nhp vo mt mng cc con tr khc v cc con tr ny tr ti cc hm ca giao din. Thng thng, tn ca giao din c bt u bng ch ci I, v d nh IUnknown, IData... nh danh tht ca giao din th hin ch danh GUID ca n, cn tn ch thun tin cho vic lp trnh v h thng COM s s dng cc ch danh ny khi thao tc trn giao din. Thm vo , khi giao din c tn hoc kiu c th v tn ca cc hm thnh vin, n ch nh ngha lm th no mt client c th s dng giao din v nhng p ng mong i t i tng qua giao din . V d, giao din IStack vi hai hm thnh vin PUSH v POP ch nh ngha nhng thng s v kiu tr v ca hai hm ny v nhng g chng c mong i thc hin t client. C th ni, giao din l phng tin i tng a ra nhng dch v ca n. C bn im quan trng v giao din m ta cn bit: Mt giao din khng phi l mt lp theo nh ngha lp thng thng bi mt lp c th c th hin qua mt i tng cn mt giao din th khng bi n khng km theo s thc thi. Mt giao din khng phi l mt i tng bi mt giao din ch n thun l mt nhm cc hm lin quan v l chun nh phn m qua client v object c th giao tip vi nhau. Cn i tng th c th thc thi trn nhiu ngn ng vi nhiu th hin ca trng thi bn trong, v do n c th cung cp con tr n cc hm thnh vin ca giao din. Giao din c kiu mnh: Mi mt giao din u c mt nh danh ring nn ngn chn c kh nng xung t c th xy ra i vi cc tn ta t cho giao din. iu ny tng thm tnh bn vng cho chng trnh. Cc giao din c phn bit r rng: Mi s thay i nh thm hoc xo hm thnh vin, thay i ng ngha u dn ti hnh thnh mt giao din mi v c gn mt nh danh mi. Do giao din mi v c khng th xung t vi nhau cho d mi s thay i ch n thun l v ng ngha.
6.4.2
i tng COM
Mt i tng COM c th c lp trnh bng mt ngn ng thng dng nh C, C++ hoc VB. Mt i tng c th cung cp nhiu giao din. Tt c 2005, Hong Minh Sn
42 cc i tng COM u c mt giao din c bn l IUnknown. y l giao din c s cho tt c cc giao din khc trong COM m mi i tng phi h tr. Bn cnh , i tng cng c kh nng thc thi nhiu giao din khc. Cc i tng vi nhiu giao din c th cung cp cc con tr truy nhp vo nhiu bng cha cc hm. Cc con tr ny c th gi c con tr giao din. Trong COM, giao din l mt bng cc con tr ( ging nh vtable trong C++) vo cc hm c thc hin bi i tng.
IUnknown
A B
i tng
Hnh 6-3:
Trong thc t, mt con tr tr n mt giao din l mt con tr ti mt con tr tr ti bng cc con tr vo cc hm thnh vin. Tuy nhin, trnh cch din t quanh co ny khi ni v giao din ngi ta thng s dng thut ng con tr giao din thay th. Khi s thc thi giao din n gin l dng con tr tr ti mng cc con tr ti cc hm. Hnh 6-4 sau minh ha cho iu ny. Giao din IUnknown Nh trnh by trn, mi i tng COM, khng c s loi tr, u h tr giao din IUnknown. Giao din ny c ba phng thc AddRef(), Release() v QueryInterface(). Tt c cc giao din khc u dn xut t giao din IUnknown v u c cc con tr n cc phng thc ny. Hai phng thc u tnh ton s m tham chiu iu khin thi gian sng ca i tng. Khi i tng c to ln u, ta cn gi phng thc AddRef() ca i tng tng s m. Khi khng cn cn ti i tng, ta gi phng thc Release() gim s m tham chiu. Khi ngi dng cui cng gi phng thc Release(), s m gim v 0 th i tng s t hu.
43
Interface Pointer Interface Function Table pointer Pointer to Function1 Pointer to Function2 Pointer to Function3 ... Function1(...) { ... } Function2(...) { ... } Function3(...) { ... }
...
Hnh 6-4:
Ta c th thy r vn hn qua s thc thi n gin hai phng thc IUnknown::AddRef() v IUnknown::Release() di y:
//tng bin thnh vin cha s m tham chiu ULONG IUnknown::AddRef() { return ++m_RefCount; } //gim bin cha s m tham chiu, nu bng 0 th hu i tng ULONG IUnknown::Release() { --m_RefCout; if (m_RefCount == 0) { delete this; return 0; } return m_RefCount; }
Khi ta c mt con tr n i tng th thc cht, nhng g ta c ch l mt con tr n mt trong s cc giao din ca n, cn l giao din no th li ph thuc vo cch m ta c con tr . T con tr vo mt giao din, ta c th truy cp c con tr vo cc giao din khc m i tng h tr. i tng c th hoc khng h tr giao din m ta quan tm, nhng mi i tng u c m bo h tr giao din Iunknown nn ta c th yu cu cc giao din khc qua phng thc IUnknow::QueryInterface(). Cc giao din c nh danh bi cc IIDs (Interface IDs) v d nh IID_IUnknown ca giao din IUnknown. Khi ta gi phng thc QueryInterface(), ta gi IID ca giao din m ta cn cho n v mt con tr n tham s u ra. Nu i tng h tr giao din yu cu, n s tr li on m bo thnh cng S_OK (nh ngha l 0) v t vo tham s u ra m ta cung cp con tr n giao din yu cu. Nu i tng khng h tr giao din ny n bo li v t tham s u ra l NULL. Ta xt mt s thc thi n gin sau:
HRESULT IUnknown::QueryInterface (REFIID riid , LPVOID * ppv) { //kim tra IID xem i tng c h tr giao din yu cu khng,
44
//nu h tr ta tng s m tham chiu, a vo bin u ra cung cp // mt con tr n giao din, v bo rng thnh cng if (riid == IDD_IUnknow) { AddRef(); *ppv = (LPVOID) this; return S_OK; } //nu khng h tr giao din ta t bin u ra cung cp l NULL v // tr v mt m thng bo li else { *ppv = NULL; return E_NOINTERFACE; } }
Quan h gia i tng v cc giao din Cc client ch kt ni qua con tr ti cc giao din. Khi mt client truy nhp vo mt i tng, client ch n thun thng qua con tr giao din. Con tr giu i ni dung ca thao tc bn trong, ta khng th thy chi tit v i tng m ch c th thy thng tin v trng thi ca chng. i tng c th thc thi nhiu giao din. Mt lp thc thi i tng c th thc thi nhiu giao din, v d qua phng php a tha k.
6.4.3
Cch thc ca s giao tip Trc khi s dng mt i tng COM trong mt ng dng, ta cn khi to c ch COM trong ng dng bng li gi CoInitialize(...) v sau to i tng COM mong mun. Client kt ni vi object thng qua con tr giao din v khng bao gi truy nhp trc tip vo object. Khi cn s dng dch v no ca i tng, client hiu rng n cn c con tr n mt hay nhiu giao din ca i tng. to mt i tng COM v nhn mt con tr vo giao din, ta c th gi mt trong hai hm CoCreateInstance() hoc CoCreateInstanceEx() vi cc tham s xc nh i tng.
Client Application
Hnh 6-5:
Trong mt s trng hp, bn thn client s ng vai tr mt object v cung cp cho cc i tng khc nhng chc nng gi cc s kin hoc a ra cc dch v ca n. Lc ny client l mt i tng thc thi cn object l mt khch hng.
45
Application Object Object Application
Hnh 6-6:
Giao tip trn cng mt qu trnh tnh ton Khi client v i tng COM cng nm trn mt qu trnh tnh ton th client s kt ni trc tip vi object qua con tr giao din.
Qu trnh client client server object
Hnh 6-7:
Giao tip lin qu trnh Nu client v object khng cng nm trn mt khng gian a ch hay nm trn cc my tnh khc nhau th COM s thit lp mt i tng i din (proxy) bn pha client v mt i tng gc (stub) bn pha object. Proxy v stub s kt ni vi nhau qua knh giao tip (channel). Khi , client s thc hin li gi dch v trong khng gian a ch ca n tc l giao tip trc tip vi proxy. Proxy s thu thp (marshal) cc thng s, gi chng n stub qua knh giao tip. Stub thc hin li gi n i tng dch v, ng gi kt qu v a v cho proxy.
Qu trnh client client Proxy server proxy Stub
Qu trnh dch v cc b hay t xa
server object
COM Engine
Hnh 6-8: Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng trn hai qu trnh khc nhau
46
6.4.4
IDL (Interface Description Language) l mt ngn ng kiu mnh dng m t giao din ca i tng COM, c lp vi ngn ng lp trnh. C php ca ngn ng ny khng phc tp so vi mt ngn ng lp trnh. Khi xy dng mt i tng COM, ta cn m t cc phng thc ca giao din bng cch s dng ngn ng ny. Sau khi tp xong file m t giao din ny, ta cn lu n dng *.idl chng trnh dch c th hiu c. Chng trnh dch (IDL-Compiler) s dch sang mt ngn ng lp trnh, v d C++. Khi mt giao din s c chuyn sang thc hin bng mt cu trc thch hp trong ngn ng lp trnh, v d mt lp thun o trong C++.
6.4.5
DCOM (Distributed COM) m rng COM cho vic giao tip gia cc i tng phn tn, thuc cc chng trnh chy trn nhiu my tnh khc nhau trn mng LAN, WAN hay Internet. Vi DCOM, cc ng dng c th phn tn trn nhiu v tr em li s thun li cho chnh ng dng. Ngy nay khi ngi ta ni ti COM l cng thng bao hm DCOM trong . DCOM l mt cng ngh l tng cho nhng ng dng nhiu tng lp bi v n cho php nhng thnh phn ActiveX lm vic ngang qua mng. Nhiu ngi c th pht trin thm cng mt thnh phn m khng cn phi lo lng v lp trnh mng, tnh tng thch h thng hoc s hp nht ca nhng thnh phn xy dng t nhng ngn ng khc nhau. N dn ti h thp gi thnh v lm gim s phc tp ca vic phn tn cc ng dng thnh phn.
Client
CoCreateInstance()
Component
COM Runtime
(Remote) Activation
Protocol Stack
Protocol Stack
CoCreateInstance()
SCM
DCOM networkprotocol
SCM
Hnh 6-9: Giao tip gia i tng v khch hng trn hai my khc nhau vi DCOM
47 Khi cc i tng trn cc my tnh khc nhau, DCOM n gin thc hin s thay th truyn thng lin qu trnh cc b bi giao thc mng. Hnh di y minh ha r nt cch thc giao tip gia cc i tng nm trn hai my tnh khc nhau. Th vin COM Run-Time cung cp nhng dch v hng i tng ti khch hng v thnh phn mun giao tip vi nhau ng thi s dng RPC v nh cung cp an ton to chun ni mng ng gi tun theo giao thc truyn thng cho DCOM. Mt ng dng client c th to mt i tng trn mt my tnh khc qua hm API CoCreateInstance(). Ta xt mt v d n gin sau:
HRESUL hr = CoCreateInstance( CLSID_CData, // nh danh lp ca i tng yu cu NULL, CLSCTX_REMOTE_SERVER, // dch v t xa c yu cu &si); // tham s u ra cha con tr giao din
48
7.1 IEC-61131
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) l mt t chc ton cu bao gm cc hi ng cc quc gia. Mc tiu ca t chc ny l thc y cng vic chun ho trong lnh vc in v in t. IEC 61131 l tiu chun v b iu khin kh trnh PLC v cc thit b ngoi vi i km vi n. Chun IEC 61131 bao gm 9 phn, trong cc phn 1 n 5 l quan trng nht: Phn 1 (General Information): a ra cc nh ngha chung v cc c tnh chc nng tiu biu cho mi h thng iu khin s dng PLC, v d c ch thc hin tun hon, nh qu trnh, thit b lp trnh v giao din ngi-my. Phn 2 (Equipment requirements): t ra cc yu cu in hc, c hc v chc nng cho cc thit b; nh ngha phng php kim tra v th nghim cc kiu thit b tng ng. Cc yu cu c nh ngha l nhit , m, cung cp ngun, khng nhiu, phm vi tn hiu logic v sc bn c hc ca cc thit b. Phn 3 (Programming languages): nh ngha cc ngn ng lp trnh cho cc thit b iu khin kh trnh. Ngoi ba ngn ng kinh in l biu hnh thang (Ladder Diagram, LD), biu khi chc nng (Function Block Diagram, FBD) v lit k lnh (Instruction List, IL), v mt ngn ng bc cao kiu vn bn c cu trc (Structured Text, ST) th mt phng php lp trnh ha phc v biu din cc thut ton iu khin trnh t l SFC (Sequential Function Chart) cng c chun ha. Phn 4 (Guidelines for users): a ra cc nguyn tc ch o cho ngi s dng trong cc qu trnh ca mt d n, t phn tch h thng cho ti la chn thit b, vn hnh v bo tr h thng. Phn 5 (Communication): cp ti phng php truyn thng gia cc PLC cng nh gia PLC v mt thit b khc trn c s cc khi hm chun. Cc dch v truyn thng ny m rng chun ISO/IEC 9506-1/2, thc cht l mt tp con trong cc dch v c qui nh trong MMS.
7.1.1
M hnh phn mm
Mi PLC ti mt thi im bt k ch c mt cu hnh (configuration) no . Mt cu hnh bao gm mt hay nhiu ti nguyn (resource) bn trong c trng cho kh nng x l tn hiu ca PLC. Mi ti nguyn bao gm t nht mt chng trnh (program) hot ng di s iu khin ca tc v (task). Chng trnh c xy dng nn t cc khi chc nng (function block) hoc cc yu t ngn ng khc (c c thy 5 ngn ng lp trnh c nh ngha 2005, Hong Minh Sn
49 trong phn ny). Cc bin ton cc (global variable) v li truy cp (access path) l nhng c ch giao tip trong chng trnh v gia cc ti nguyn vi nhau.
PR O G RA M
PR O G RA M FB FB
PR O G RA M
PR O G RA M FB FB
AC C ES S P ATH S
C om m unication function
or FB
Hnh 7-1:
7.1.2
Nh biu din trong Hnh 7-2, gi tr ca bin c th c truyn trc tip trong ni b chng trnh bng cch kt ni u ra ca n v ngn ng ny ti u vo ca n v ngn ng khc. Mi lin kt ny c biu din mt cch trc quan trong cc ngn ng ha hoc n trong cc ngn ng vn bn.
FB1 a FB2 b
Hnh 7-2:
Gi tr ca bin cng c th c truyn gia cc chng trnh trong cng mt cu hnh thng qua bin ton cc kiu nh bin x biu din trong Hnh 7-3. Bin ny c khai bo l EXTERNAL i vi tt c cc chng trnh s dng n. 2005, Hong Minh Sn
50
CONFIGURATION C PROGRAM A VAR_EXTERNAL x: BOOL; END_VAR FB1 FB_X a x VAR_GLOBAL x: BOOL; END_VAR x b PROGRAM B VAR_EXTERNAL x: BOOL; END_VAR FB2 FB_Y
Hnh 7-3: Giao tip gia cc chng trnh trong cng mt cu hnh bng bin ton cc
Hnh 7-4 biu din cch giao tip a nng nht thng qua khi chc nng giao tip. Chi tit v loi khi chc nng ny c m t trong IEC 61131-5, y ch lu rng, s dng khi chc nng truyn thng, gi tr ca bin c th c truyn gia cc b phn ca chng trnh, gia cc chng trnh trong cng mt cu hnh hay trong cc cu hnh khc nhau, thm ch gia chng trnh chy trong PLC vi cc h thng khc khng phi PLC.
FB1 FB_
Hnh 7-4:
Sau cng, b iu khin kh trnh v h thng khng phi PLC c th truyn d liu qua li thng qua li truy cp nh biu din trong Hnh 7-5, s dng cc c ch nh ngha trong IEC 61131-5.
51
CONFIGURATION C P1 PROGRAM A FB1 FB_X a Z 'CSX' VAR_ACCESS CSX: P1.Z : REAL READ_ONLY; PROGRAM B CONFIGURATION D
FB2 FB_Y b
Hnh 7-5:
7.2 IEC-61499
IEC 61499 l tiu chun lin quan n vic s dng cc khi chc nng vi t cch l cc module phn mm trong h thng o lng - iu khin phn tn. ng t quan im hng i tng, mi khi chc nng c coi l mt i tng phn tn vi mt chc nng trong h thng. Chun IEC 61499 bao gm 3 phn trong phn 1 l quan trng nht. IEC 61499-1 nh ngha kin trc chung ca h thng o lng - iu khin, khi chc nng ng vai tr ct li, di dng cc m hnh tham kho. C tt c 8 m hnh c nh ngha nh trnh by di y.
7.2.1
M hnh h thng
Chun IEC m t h thng o lng - iu khin qu trnh cng nghip dng mt tp hp cc thit b kt ni li v lin lc vi nhau thng qua mt hay nhiu mng truyn thng nh trong Hnh 7-6 di y. Cc mng ny c th c t chc theo th bc.
H thng mng truyn thng
Thit b 1
Thit b 2
ng dng A
Thit b 3
Thit b 4
ng dng B ng dng C
Qu trnh k thut
Hnh 7-6: M hnh h thng theo IEC 61499
52 Mi chc nng c thc hin bi h thng o lng - iu khin c m hnh ha bng mt ng dng nh trong hnh v trn. Mt ng dng c th nm trong mt thit b duy nht, nh ng dng C trong hnh v, hoc phn tn trn mt s thit b, nh cc ng dng A v B. V d, mt ng dng c th cha mt hay nhiu vng iu khin trong vic ly mu u vo c thc hin bi mt thit b, tnh ton iu khin c thc hin bi thit b khc cn vic chuyn i u ra li c tin hnh bi thit b th ba.
7.2.2
M hnh thit b
Nh biu din trong Hnh 7-7, mi thit b cha trong n t nht mt giao din, ngoi ra c th c hoc khng cha cc ti nguyn v mng khi chc nng.
Lin kt truyn thng
Lung d liu v s kin
Ti nguyn X
Ti nguyn Y ng dng A
Ti nguyn Z
ng dng C
ng dng C
Qu trnh k thut
Hnh 7-7: M hnh thit b theo IEC 61499 (v d thit b 2 trong Hnh 7-6.
Giao din qu trnh l mt thnh phn ca thit b c nhim v nh x gia cp iu khin bn di (thit b o tng t, thit b vo/ra phn tn, ...) v cc ti nguyn bn trong thit b. Thng tin trao i gia cp iu khin bn di v cc ti nguyn th hin di dng lung d liu v s kin. Giao din truyn thng cng l mt thnh phn ca thit b c nhim v nh x gia mng truyn thng pha trn v cc ti nguyn bn trong thit b. Cc dch v cung cp bi giao din ny bao gm : Biu din cc thng tin truyn ti ti nguyn thnh dng d liu v s kin Cung cp cc dch v khc h tr vic lp trnh, t cu hnh, d li, ...
7.2.3
M hnh ti nguyn
Chun IEC coi ti nguyn l mt n v chc nng, cha trong mt thit b vn c quyn c lp iu khin hnh vi ca mnh. Ti nguyn c th c 2005, Hong Minh Sn
53 to ra, t cu hnh, th hin bng tham s, khi ng, xa, ... m khng nh hng n cc ti nguyn khc bn trong thit b. Chc nng ca ti nguyn l nhn d liu v/hoc s kin t giao din truyn thng hoc giao din qu trnh, x l d liu/s kin ri gi tr li d liu/s kin ti giao din truyn thng/qu trnh theo yu cu ca ng dng s dng ti nguyn.
Hnh 7-8:
M hnh ti nguyn
Nh trong , ti nguyn c m hnh ha bao gm cc thnh phn sau : Mt hoc nhiu ng dng cc b (hay thnh phn cc b ca mt ng dng phn tn). Cc bin v s kin c qun l trong phn ny cc bin u vo, bin u ra, s kin u vo, s kin u ra ca cc khi chc nng thc hin php ton cn cho ng dng. Thnh phn nh x qu trnh c nhim v nh x d liu v s kin gia ng dng v giao din qu trnh. Nh biu din trong hnh, iu ny c thc hin bi cc khi chc nng phc v giao tip. Khi chc nng phc v giao tip cng l khi chc nng thng thng nhng c chuyn bit ha cho nhim v ny. Thnh phn nh x truyn thng c nhim v nh x d liu v s kin gia ng dng v giao din truyn thng. Nh biu din trong hnh, iu ny cng c thc hin bi cc khi chc nng phc v giao tip. B phn lp lch c nhim v iu khin s thc thi ca cc khi hm bn trong ng dng cng nh dng d liu truyn gia chng tun theo nhng yu cu v thi gian v trnh t quyt nh bi s xut hin ca cc s kin, lin kt gia cc khi hm v thng tin khc nh chu k v mc u tin.
7.2.4
M hnh ng dng
Mi ng dng c m hnh ha dng mt mng cc khi chc nng (function block network). Mng ny c cu thnh t cc nt mng l cc 2005, Hong Minh Sn
54 khi chc nng v lin kt gia cc nt mng l lin kt d liu (data connections) v lin kt s kin (event connections). Mt ng dng c th c phn tn trn nhiu ti nguyn thuc mt hay nhiu thit b. Mi ti nguyn s dng cc mi lin h nhn qu ch ra bi ng dng quyt nh phn ng thch hp i vi cc s kin pht sinh t giao din truyn thng, giao din qu trnh, t trong bn thn chnh ti nguyn hoc t ti nguyn khc. Cc phn ng ny bao gm : S lp lch v thc thi thut ton (bn trong ti nguyn) Vic thay i cc bin Sn sinh cc tn hiu Tng tc vi giao din truyn thng v giao din qu trnh ng dng c nh ngha bng cch ch ra mi lin h gia cc khi chc nng cha bn trong n nh minh ha trong hnh v, c th l ch ra lung s kin (event flow) v lung d liu (data flow). Chnh lung s kin l ci quyt nh vic lp lch v thc thi ca mi ti nguyn bn trong ng dng.
Lung s kin
Lung d liu
Hnh 7-9:
M hnh ng dng
7.2.5
Mi khi chc nng thc ra l mt bin th hin (function block instance) ca mt kiu khi chc nng no (function block type) cng tng t nh mi i tng l mt bin th hin ca mt lp no . Cc c tnh ca khi chc nng: Tn bin (l tn ca chnh khi chc nng ) v tn kiu (l tn ca kiu khi chc nng m n thuc) Mt tp cc u vo s kin, dng nhn cc s kin n t cc lin kt s kin vi bn ngoi. Chnh cc s kin u vo s nh hng ti vic thc thi thut ton bn trong khi chc nng. Mt tp cc u ra s kin, dng y cc s kin ra cc lin kt s kin vi bn ngoi ty thuc v s thc thi ca thut ton v mt s yu t khc Mt tp cc u vo d liu, chng c nh x ti cc bin u vo tng ng 2005, Hong Minh Sn
55 Mt tp cc u ra d liu, chng c nh x ti cc bin u ra tng ng D liu ni b, chng c nh x ti tp cc bin ni b Cc c trng v chc nng, c xc nh bng cch kt hp gia d liu ni b vi thut ton ca khi chc
u vo s kin Tn khi Lung s kin
iu khin thc hin (che giu)
u ra s kin
Lung s kin
Lung d liu
u vo d liu
u ra d liu
Hnh 7-10:
Thut ton bn trong khi hm, v nguyn tc, khng nhn thy c t bn ngoi, tr phi c ngi cung cp khi hm m t theo mt cch no . Thm na, khi hm c th cha bn trong n cc bin ni b hay cc thng tin v trng thi tn ti khng i gia nhng ln gi thut ton ca khi hm nhng chng cng khng truy cp c t bn ngoi. Mi kiu khi chc nng l mt yu t phn mm ch r c tnh ca tt c cc bin th hin thuc kiu , bao gm : Tn kiu S lng, tn, tn kiu v trt t ca cc u vo s kin v u ra s kin S lng, tn, kiu d liu v trt t ca cc bin u vo, bin u ra v bin ni b c t kiu khi chc nng ngoi phn chung k trn cn c thm phn nh ngha chc nng c trng ca khi ph thuc vo loi khi c th. C c thy 3 loi khi chc nng : Khi chc nng c bn l n v chc nng nh nht, khng th phn chia hn c na Khi chc nng kt hp (Siu khi) l loi khi chc nng hp thnh t nhiu khi chc nng khc nh hn Khi chc nng dch v giao tip l loi khi chc nng cung cp cc dch v giao din gia cc khi chc nng khc vi nhau hoc gia ti 2005, Hong Minh Sn
56 nguyn v mng truyn thng v gia ti nguyn v qu trnh cng ngh c iu khin. i vi kiu khi chc nng c bn, chc nng c trng ca n c din t bng cch m t thut ton bn trong khi hot ng da trn gi tr ca cc bin u vo, bin u ra, bin ni b to ra gi tr mi cho cc bin u ra v bin ni b nh th no, cng nh mi lin h gia s khi ng, thc thi v kt thc ca thut ton vi s xut hin ca cc s kin ti u vo v s kin u ra ca khi. i vi kiu khi chc nng kt hp, c t kiu cn bao gm cc lin kt d liu v lin kt s kin gia nhng khi chc nng thnh phn bn trong khi chc nng kt hp. i vi kiu khi chc nng phc v giao tip, chc nng c trng c m t bng cch nh x cc dch v c bn m n cung cp thnh cc u vo s kin, u ra s kin, u vo d liu, u ra d liu ca n.
7.2.6
M hnh phn tn
Mt ng dng c th c phn tn bng cch phn b cc khi chc nng ca n vo cc ti nguyn khc nhau nm trn mt hay nhiu thit b. Bi v chi tit bn trong khi chc nng l khng nhn thy c i vi ng dng s dng n cho nn khi chc nng phi l n v nh nht khng phn chia c i vi s phn tn ny. Ngha l, khng th chia nh khi chc nng hn na phn tn trn nhiu ti nguyn; cc thnh phn cha bn trong khi chc nng phi nm trn cng mt ti nguyn. Cc mi lin h v chc nng gia cc khi chc nng khng c php b nh hng bi s phn tn. Tuy nhin, so vi ng dng tp trung, cc yu t v thi gian v tin cy ca chc nng truyn thng c nh hng ng k ti cc yu t v thi gian v tin cy ca ton ng dng phn tn.
7.2.7
M hnh qun l
Vic qun l cc ti nguyn bn trong mt thit b c m hnh theo mt trong hai cch Trong thit b, c mt ti nguyn c to ring qun l tt c nhng ci cn li. N cung cp mt tp cc dch v qun l cho cc ti nguyn khc dng chung. Mi ti nguyn c mt b phn qun l ca ring mnh. Ni cch khc, cc dch v qun l c phn tn ra khp tt c cc ti nguyn bn trong thit b.
7.2.8
Bt k h thng no cng c thit k, bn giao cng vic, a vo vn hnh, duy tr bo dng v cui cng sau khi hon thnh nhim v - c hy b. iu ny c m hnh ha bng ci gi l vng i ca h thng. 2005, Hong Minh Sn
57 n lt mnh, cc n v chc nng cu thnh nn h thng nh thit b, ti nguyn, ng dng mi ci cng c vng i ring ca mnh. h tr cho n v chc nng ti mi thi im trong vng i ca n, cc hnh ng khc nhau phi c thc hin. phn bit xem hnh ng no c th thc hin v duy tr tnh ton vn ca n v chc nng, cc trng thi hot ng phi c nh ngha, v d ang hot ng, C th cu hnh, np, dng, ... Mi trng thi hot ng ca mt n v chc nng ch r hnh ng no c chp nhn v hnh vi mong mun tng ng. H thng c th c t chc theo cch mt khi chc nng no c th s hu hoc nhn c quyn thay i trng thi ca khi chc nng khc. Mt c im ni bt ca IEC 61499 l n yu cu cc cng c phn mm tun theo chun phi c kh nng trao i thng tin vi nhau. C th l IEC 61499-2 yu cu nh sn xut thit b phn cng hay th vin phn mm phi cung cp thng tin cn thit cho vic s dng sn phm ca h mt cch hiu qu trong khi vn m bo quyn s hu tr tu. iu ny c thc hin bng cch s dng ngn ng XML. IEC 61499-2 nh ngha mt tp cc th (tag) v cu trc ti liu XML chun, da vo nh sn xut m t sn phm ca mnh. Tun theo mt tp th chung, cc sn phm c th lm vic trc tip vi nhau (interoperability).
58
8.1 MMS
MMS (Manufactoring Message Specification) l mt chun quc t cho vic xy dng lp ng dng theo m hnh qui chiu OSI. Chun ny c ngha c bit trong cc h thng truyn thng cng nghip. V c bn, MMS qui nh mt tp hp cc dch v chun cho vic trao i d liu thi gian thc cng nh thng tin iu khin gim st. Cc dch v ny cng nh cc giao thc tng ng c chun ha trong ISO/IEC 9506. MMS c xut x t MAP (Manufactoring Automation Protocol), mt giao thc do hng General Motors khi xng pht trin vo u nhng nm 80. Mc d MAP khng tr thnh giao thc truyn thng thng nht cho cng nghip t ng ha, n tc ng c tnh cht nh hng ti cc pht trin sau ny. Trn c s ca MAP, cc dch v truyn thng c nh ngha trong MMS to c s quan trng trong vic xy dng lp ng dng trong nhiu h thng bus trng. Mt s v d nh FMS (Fieldbus Message Specification) ca PROFIBUS, PMS (Peripheral Message Specification) ca Interbus, MPS (Manufactoring Periodic/aperiodic Services) ca WorldFIP v RAC (Remote Access Control) ca Bitbus u l cc tp con cc dch v MMS. Cc dch v c nh ngha trong MMS c tnh cht thng dng v a dng, c th thch hp vi rt nhiu loi thit b, nhiu ng dng v ngnh cng nghip khc nhau. V d, dch v Read cho php mt chng trnh ng dng hoc mt thit b c mt hoc nhiu bin mt lc t mt chng trnh ng dng hoc mt thit b khc. Bt k mt thit b l PLC hay robot, mt chng trnh iu khin t ng hay chng trnh iu khin gim st, cc dch v v thng bo MMS u nh nhau. V c bn, MMS nh ngha: Hn 80 dch v truyn thng thng dng cho cc h thng bus, trong c kim sot ng ni, truy nhp bin, iu khin s kin, ci t v can thip chng trnh Mt giao thc qui nh cu trc d liu cho vic chuyn giao tham s ca cc dch v M hnh mt s i tng o, i din cho cc i tng vt l (my mc, robot,..) Mt c ch Client/Server trong quan h gia cc i tc truyn thng.
Chun ISO/IEC 9506 bao gm hai phn ct li sau: Phn 1: c t dch v, nh ngha m hnh thit b sn xut o VMD (Virtual Manufactoring Device), cc dch v trao i gia cc nt mng, cc thuc tnh cng nh tham s tng ng vi VMD v cc dch v. Phn 2: c t giao thc, nh ngha trnh t cc thng bo c gi i 2005, Hong Minh Sn
59 trong mng, cu trc v kiu m ha cc thng bo, tng tc gia MMS vi cc lp khc trong m hnh OSI. MMS s dng chun lp biu din d liu ASN.1 (Abstract Notation Number One - ISO 8824) c t cu trc cc thng bo. Ngoi ra, bn phn ph tip theo - c gi l cc chun i km (Companion Standard) - m rng phn ct li nhm thch ng cho cc lnh vc ng dng iu khin khc nhau nh Robot Control (phn 3), Numeric Control (phn 4), Programmable Controller (phn 5) v Process Control (phn 6). Mt trong nhng im c trng ca MMS l m hnh i tng VMD. Trn quan im hng i tng, m hnh VMD cho php cc thit b ng vai tr mt server, cung cp cc dch v cho cc client thng qua cc i tng o. Cc i tng o ny i din cho nhng i tng khc nhau trong mt h thng k thut, trong c c cc bin, chng trnh, s kin, v.v... Mi chng trnh ng dng c th ng thi ng vai tr server v client. M hnh VMD nh ngha cc i tng sau: VMD: Bn thn VMD c coi l mt i tng hp thnh t cc i tng khc, i din cho ton b mt thit b. Domain: i din mt phn nh c lin kt trong mt VMD, v d phn nh cho mt chng trnh c th np xung (download) v np ln (upload) c. Program Invocation: Mt chng trnh chy trong b nh chnh c hp thnh bi mt hoc nhiu domain. Variable: Mt bin d liu c kiu (v d s nguyn, s thc du phy ng, mng). Kiu: M t cu trc v ngha ca d liu cha trong mt bin. Named Variable List: Mt danh sch nhiu bin c tn. Semaphore: Mt i tng dng kim sot vic truy nhp cnh tranh mt ti nguyn chung (v d b nh, CPU, cng vo/ra) Operator Station: Mt trm c mn hnh v bn phm dng cho thao tc vin vn hnh qu trnh. Event Condition: Mt i tng i din cho trng thi ca mt s kin Event Action: Mt i tng i din hnh ng c thc hin khi trng thi ca mt s kin thay i Event Enrollment: Mt i tng i din cho mt chng trnh ng dng mng c thng bo khi khi trng thi ca mt s kin thay i. Journal: Mt i tng ghi li din bin ca cc s kin v bin theo thi gian. File: Mt file trong mt trm server. Transaction: i din mt yu cu dch v MMS ring bit.
Variable Access Services Semaphore Management Services Operator Communication Services Event Management Services
Truy nhp cc bin ca mt VMD ng b ha vic truy nhp cnh tranh ti nguyn ca VMD H tr vic giao tip vi mt trm thao tc X l s kin, s c
8.2 IEC-61131-5
8.2.1 M hnh giao tip mng
i tng ca chun IEC 61131-5 l cc dch v do cc thit b iu khin kh trnh (PLC) thc hin, hoc cc dch v cc PLC c th yu cu t cc thit b khc, th hin qua cc hm v khi chc nng s dng khi lp trnh vi IEC 61131-5. Phm vi ca chun ny v vy b hp vic giao tip gia cc PLC hoc gia PLC v mt thit b khc, theo kin trc Client/Server.
61
My tnh KGS Client Server PLC1 Client PLC2
H thng mng truyn thng Client Cc thit b khc c giao tip vi PLC
8.2.2
Cc dch v giao tip cung cp thng tin trng thi v ch th s c ca cc thnh phn: Thit b iu khin kh trnh (tng th) Vo/ra B x l trung tm Cung cp ngun B nh H thng truyn thng
Lu rng, status cung cp thng tin v trng thi ca thit b iu khin v cc thnh phn phn cng, phn rn ca n, khng quan tm ti thng tin cu hnh. D liu trng thi cng khng cung cp thng tin v qu trnh c iu khin cng nh chng trnh ng dng trn PLC. Cc dch v giao tip c lit k trong bng di y. Tuy nhin, mt PLC khng bt buc phi cung cp tt c cc dch v ny.
Bng 8.2:
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cc dch v giao tip Kim tra thit b Thu thp d liu iu khin Bo ng Thc hin chng trnh v iu khin vo/ra Truyn np chng trnh ng dng Qun l ni
62
8.2.3
Cc dch v giao tip c thc hin qua cc khi chc nng giao tip (communication function block, CFB), nh c lit k trong bng di y.
Bng 8.3:
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Chc nng nh a ch cc bin t xa Kim tra thit b Thu thp d liu kiu hi tun t Thu thp d liu kiu lp trnh iu khin tham s iu khin lin ng Bo ng c lp trnh Qun l ni
Kim tra thit b Cc khi hm STATUS v USTATUS h tr vic PLC kim tra trng thi ca cc thit b t ng ha khc. Thu thp d liu D liu trong cc thit b khc c th c biu din qua cc bin. C hai phng php PLC truy nhp cc d liu ny s dng cc CFB: Hi tun t (polled): PLC s dng khi hm READ c gi tr ca mt hoc nhiu bin ti thi im c chng trnh ng dng trong PLC xc nh. Vic truy nhp cc bin ny c th do cc thit b kim sot. Lp trnh: Thi im d liu cung cp cho PLC c quyt nh bi cc thit b khc. Cc khi URCV/USEND c s dng trong cc chng trnh ng dng PLC nhn d liu t v gi d liu n cc thit b khc. iu khin Hai phng php iu khin cn c PLC h tr: iu khin tham s (parametric) v iu khin kha lin ng (interlocked) iu khin tham s: Hot ng ca cc thit b c iu khin bng cch thay i cc tham s ca chng. PLC s dng khi WRITE thc hin hat ng ny t mt chng trnh ng dng. iu khin kha lin ng: Mt client yu cu server thc hin mt php ton ng dng v thng bo kt qu cho client. PLC s dng cc khi SEND v RCV thc hin vai tr client and server. 2005, Hong Minh Sn
63 Bo ng Mt PLC c th gi cc bo ng ti cc client khi mt s kin xy ra. Client c th thng bo li xc nhn ti b iu khin. PLC s dng cc khi ALARM v NOTIFY trong cc chng trnh ng dng gi cc thng bo cn xc nhn v khng cn xc nhn. Qun l cc mi lin kt Cc chng trnh ng dng trong PLC s dng khi CONNECT qun l cc mi lin kt.
8.3 OPC
Tin b ca cc h thng bus trng cng vi s ph bin ca cc thit b cn trng thng minh l hai yu t quyt nh ti s chuyn hng sang cu trc phn tn trong cc gii php t ng ha. S phn tn ha ny mt mt mang li nhiu u th so vi cu trc x l thng tin tp trung c in, nh tin cy v tnh linh hot ca h thng, nhng mt khc cng to ra hng lot thch thc mi cho gii sn xut cng nh cho ngi s dng. Mt trong nhng vn thng gp phi l vic tch hp h thng. Tch hp theo chiu ngang i hi kh nng tng tc gia cc thit b t ng ha ca nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau. Bn cnh , tch hp theo chiu dc i hi kh nng kt ni gia cc ng dng c s nh o lng, iu khin vi cc ng dng cao cp hn nh iu khin gim st v thu thp d liu (supervisory control and data acquisition, SCADA), giao din ngi-my (human-machine interface, HMI) v h thng iu hnh sn xut (manufactoring execution system, MES). Vic s dng mt chun giao din v vy tr thnh mt iu kin tin quyt. Tiu biu cho hng i ny l chun OPC, c chp nhn rng ri trong cc ng dng t ng ha qu trnh cng nghip.
8.3.1
OPC (OLE for Process Control) l mt chun giao din c hip hi OPC Foundation xy dng v pht trin. Da trn m hnh i tng thnh phn (D)COM ca hng Microsoft, OPC nh ngha thm mt s giao din cho khai thc d liu t cc qu trnh k thut, to c s cho vic xy dng cc ng dng iu khin phn tn m khng b ph thuc vo mng cng nghip c th. Trong thi im hin nay, OPC cng nh COM tuy mi c thc hin trn nn Windows, song c nhiu c gng ph bin sang cc h iu hnh thng dng khc. Vi mc ch ban u l thay th cho cc dng phn mm kt ni nh I/ODrivers v DDE, OPC qui nh mt s giao din chun cho cc chc nng nh: Khai thc, truy nhp d liu qu trnh (Data Access) t nhiu ngun khc nhau (PLC, cc thit b trng, bus trng, c s d liu,..) X l s kin v s c (Event and Alarm) 2005, Hong Minh Sn
64 Truy nhp d liu qu kh (Historical Access) Trong tng lai OPC s h tr cc chc nng khc nh an hon h thng (Security) v iu khin m (Batch). OPC s dng c ch COM/COM cung cp cc dch v truyn thng cho tt c cc ng dng h tr COM. C th k ra hng lot cc u im ca vic s dng OPC nh: Cho php cc ng dng khai thc, truy nhp d liu theo mt cch n gin, thng nht H tr truy nhp d liu theo c ch hi tun t (polling) hoc theo s kin (event-driven) c ti u cho vic s dng trong mng cng nghip Kin trc khng ph thuc vo nh cung cp thit b Linh hot v hiu sut cao S dng c t hu ht cc cng c phn mm SCADA thng dng, hoc bng mt ngn ng bc cao (C++, Visual Basic, Delphi,..). Ct li ca OPC l mt chng trnh phn mm phc v gi l OPC-Server, trong cha cc mc d liu (OPC-Item) c t chc thnh cc nhm (OPCGroup). Thng thng, mt OPC-Server i din mt thit b thu thp d liu nh PLC, RTU, I/O hoc mt cu hnh mng truyn thng. Cc OPC-Items s i din cho cc bin qu trnh, cc tham s iu khin, v.v... OPC c xy dng da trn tng ng dng cng ngh COM nhm n gin ha, chun ha vic khai thc d liu t cc thit b cn trng v thit b iu khin, tng t nh vic khai thc mt h thng c s d liu thng thng. Ging nh COM, OPC khng qui nh vic thc hin khai thc c th, m ch nh ngha mt s giao din chun. Thay cho vic dng C/C++ dng nh ngha mt giao din lp trnh nh thng thng, ngn ng dng y (gi l interface definition language hay IDL) khng ph thuc vo nn ci t hay ngn ng lp trnh.
Cc thit b t ng ha Visual Basic, VB Scripts,... Automation Interface
OPC Server
Hnh 8.2:
Nh c minh ha trn Hnh 8.2, hai kiu i tng thnh phn quan trng nht trong kin trc OPC l OPC-Server v OPC-Group. Trong khi OPCServer c nhim v qun l ton b vic s dng v khai thc cc d liu, th cc i tng OPC-Group c chc nng t chc cc phn t d liu (items) thnh tng nhm tin cho vic truy nhp. Thng thng, mi item ng vi mt bin trong mt qu trnh k thut hay trong mt thit b iu khin. 2005, Hong Minh Sn
65 OPC Server OPC Server l mt i tng phn tn, cung cp giao din OPC chun cho cc ng dng. Vic giao tip qua cc mng cng nghip c thc hin bng cc li gi n gin, thng nht khng ph thuc vo mng truyn thng v giao thc c s dng. OPC Server h tr hai phng php truy cp d liu : Polling: Client ch ng yu cu Server cung cp d liu mi khi cn Publisher/Subscriber: Client ch cn mt ln yu cu Server, sau ty theo cch t (Theo chu k, theo s thay i ca gi liu hoc theo mt s kin no ). Phng php ny cn c gi l truy cp khng ng b.
OPC-Client OPC-Interface OPC-Client OPC-Interface
OPC-Server
OPC-Server
OPC-Server
Hnh 8.3:
Chun OPC hin nay qui nh hai kiu giao din l Custom Interfaces (OPC Taskforce, 1998b) v Automation Interface (OPC Taskforce, 1998c)2. Kiu th nht bao gm mt s giao din theo m hnh COM thun ty, cn kiu th hai da trn cng ngh m rng OLE-Automation. S khc nhau gia hai kiu giao din ny khng nhng nm m hnh i tng, cc ngn ng lp trnh h tr m cng cn tnh nng, hiu sut s dng. Custom Interface dng cc ngn ng nh C/C++phc tp hn nhng hiu sut cao, da trc tip trn cc i tng COM. Automation Interface dng cc ngn ng n gin, phong php lp trnh n gin, hiu qu thp, da trn cng ngh COM automation.
8.3.2
Ging nh cc i tng COM khc, hai loi i tng thnh phn quan trng nht ca OPC l OPC-Server v OPC-Group cung cp cc dch v qua cc giao din ca chng, c gi l OPC Custom Interfaces, nh c minh ha trn Hnh 3. Tham kho (OPC Taskforce, 1988b) tm hiu ngha c th ca tng giao din. Chnh v nhng giao din ny ch l cc giao din theo m hnh COM thun ty, vic lp trnh vi chng i hi mt ngn ng bin
2
Lu khi nim Automation c dng y hon ton khng c lin quan ti k thut t ng ha
66 dch. Trong thc t, C++ l ngn ng chim u th tuyt i phc v mc ch ny. Bn cnh , cc cng c khc nhau cng cung cp mt s phn mm khung (frameworks) thch hp h tr ngi lp trnh.
IUnknown IUnknown
OPC Server
IOPCItemMgt IOPCGroupStateMgt [IOPCPublicGroupStateMgt] IOPCSyncIO IOPCAsyncIO2 IConnectionPointContainer
OPC Group
Hnh 8.4:
truy nhp d liu dng OPC Custom Interfaces, ta cn thc hin hang lot cc bc sau: To mt (bn sao) i tng OPC-Server Tm v lu tr con tr (a ch) ca cc giao din cn dng, trong c IOPCServer Dng cc phng php thch hp ca giao din IOPCServer to mt s i tng OPC-Group nh cn thit Tm v lu tr con tr (a ch) ca cc giao din cn dng ca cc i tng OPC-Group S dng cc giao din thch hp ca OPC-Group t chc v cu hnh cho cc i tng ny, k c vic xy dng mi lin h vi cc phn t d liu thc S dng IOPCSyncIO v IOPCAsyncIO2 ca cc i tng OPC-Group c hoc vit d liu theo c ch ng b hoc khng ng b (ty hoc nh k) Gii phng cc giao din khng s dng na X l cc li trong tng bc nu trn.
8.3.3
Ging nh i vi cc i tng OLE-Automation khc, vic s dng cc i tng ca OPC Automation Interface c n gin ha nhiu. C th, nhiu th tc phc tp trong lp trnh vi COM c loi b. Ngi lp trnh khng cn hiu bit su sc v COM cng nh C++, m ch cn s dng thnh tho mt cng c to dng ng dng RAD (rapid application development) nh Visual Basic. Mt tri ca vn li l, s n gin ha ca phng php ny phi tr gi bng s hn ch trong phm vi chc nng, hiu sut s dng v tc 2005, Hong Minh Sn
67 trao i d liu. Nht l trong mt gii php t ng ha phn tn, c s tham gia ca cc mng truyn thng cng nghip, th hai im yu ni sau tr nn rt ng quan tm. L do nm chnh trong m hnh giao tip ca OLEAutomation v cc cng c h tr, l: Dng kiu d liu a nng (VARIANT) mt mt s lng ph khi trao i d liu nh, mt mt hn ch kiu d liu s dng c C ch tp trung ha vic n nhn v chuyn giao thng tin dng giao din IDispatch lm gim thi gian phn ng ca mt ng dng i vi mt s kin mt cch ng k. OPC nhm cc giao din v cc methods ca chng theo th t 3 lp: OPC Server class OPC Group class OPC Item class
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) l mt tp con ca ngn ng SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language). SGML l mt chun quc t (ISO 8879) v mt loi "siu ngn ng" c kh nng to ra cc loi ngn ng nh du khc v XML ch n gin l mt phin bn n gin ho ca SGML, c xy dng v qun l bi t chc W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). Tuy nhin, ng sau n l c mt trit l v cch lu tr v trao i thng tin. Trong tin hc, cch lu tr thng tin l mt yu t quan trng. Thng tin c lu tr di mt trong hai dng: dng nh phn (binary) v dng vn bn (text). Dng lu tr nh phn thun tin hn cho cc chng trnh x l, trong khi con ngi khng th c c dng ny cn dng vn bn thun li i vi con ngi nhng li khng hiu qu trong lu tr, x l. Mt khc, khi la chn khun dng lu tr thng tin, ngi ta cng phi cn nhc xem nn s dng khun dng chun c sn hay t xy dng mt khun dng cho ring mnh. Cc loi ngn ng nh du chnh l cch lu tr thng tin dng vn bn, ngha ca vn bn c th hin bi cc th nh du (markup tag). HTML l mt ngn ng nh du in hnh, l nn tng ca cng ngh Web. Mt trang web v c bn l mt tp tin vn bn c b sung cc th HTML, nhng th ny m t cch trnh duyt s hin th vn bn nh th no. V d, khi on vn bn no cn in nghing trong trnh duyt th n s c t gia cp th <I> ... </I>, on vn bn cn in m c t gia cp th <B> ... </B> ... ngha ca cc th HTML c quy nh sn, trnh dut da vo hin th trang Web. Ti liu XML cng c cu trc tng t, tuy nhin s d XML c gi l ngn ng kh m (extensible) l bi ngi vit ti liu c th t to ra cc th 2005, Hong Minh Sn
68 cho ring mnh vi ngha xc nh. V vy ta c th s dng XML vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh: Ngn ng m t mt h thng iu khin hoc mt ng dng iu khin Ngn ng m t tnh nng cc thit b (Device Description Language) Xy dng cc trang Web nhng trong cc thit b Lu tr thng tin di dng XML cho php ti liu va d c vi con ngi, va d dng x l bi chng trnh my tnh v cho php cc phn mm khc nhau c th trao i thng tin c vi nhau min l chng cng thng nht mt b th nh du. S linh hot, a nng v kh chuyn ca XML c ngha c bit i vi cc h thng phn tn.
8.4.2
iPC [9] l mt phn mm khung cho cc gii php iu khin trn nn my tnh c nhn, c pht trin trn c s cc chun quc t IEC 61131, IEC 61499, XML v OPC. Vi cc th vin khi chc nng trong phn mm khung, ngi s dng c th xy dng mt ng dng iu khin bng phng php m t hay cu hnh thay v lp trnh. Th vin vo/ra cho php ng dng iu khin giao tip vi thit b cp trng mt cch trong sut, c lp vi mng truyn thng vt l. Bc chuyn mt ng dng t ch m phng sang iu khin thi gian thc c th thc hin hon ton n gin, t nhin. Hn na, ngi s dng c th d dng m rng th vin khi hm theo nhu cu, cng nh ghp ni chng trnh iu khin vi cc phn mm iu khin gim st cp trn.
XML EDITOR
*.xml
APPLICATION ENGINE
HMI/SCADA APPLICATION
OPC
framework iPC
Hnh 8.5:
Trong kin trc phn mm khung iPC, mt ng dng iu khin c m t bi mt tp tin XML. Ton b on vn bn m t ng dng iu khin c t trong cp th <controller> ... </controller>. Ngi pht trin ng dng to tp tin ny bng mt cng c son tho ng dng (application editor) di dng mt chng trnh son tho XML thng thng hoc mt chng trnh son tho ha khi. Mt chng trnh chy ng dng (application 2005, Hong Minh Sn
69 engine) s c tp tin XML vn hnh h thng. V d, vic khai bo mt b iu khin m dng Mamdani vi cc s liu thit k trong tp tin LC103.mam c th hin nh sau:
<dll filename="FuzzyFB.dll"> <FB_list> <FB type="MAMDANI" id="LC103"> <init> filename=LC103.mam; </init> </FB> </FB_list> </dll>
Tng t nh vy, cc khi chc nng vo/ra tng t qua mng ProfibusDP (a ch slave=3, module 3) s dng trong mch vng iu khin c khai bo nh sau:
<dll filename="DPIO.dll"> <FB_list> <FB type="AI" id="AI103"> <init> slave=3; module=3; </init> </FB> <FB type="AO" id="AO103"> <init> slave=3; module=3; </init> </FB> </FB_list> </dll>
Bc thit lp mt TASK vi chu k 100ms thc hin mch vng iu khin gm ba khi hm AI103, LC103 v AO103 c m t nh sau:
<Task id="ta1" intval="100" res="5" initmode="auto"> <FB_list> AI103; LC103; AO103; </FB_list> <Aconnect> AI103.out -> LC103.in; LC103.out ->AO103.in; </Aconnect> </Task>
S kt hp gia phng php s dng cc khi hm nh cc i tng phn mm c lp v ngn ng m t XML mang li nhiu u im quan trng. Th nht, vic lu tr cu hnh h thng di dng XML va d c i vi con ngi, va d dng x l bi my tnh. Th hai, vi mt th vin khi hm c sn, ngi pht trin ng dng khng cn phi bit lp trnh. Mi khi thay i hoc b sung phn no trong ng dng, hay thay i mt khi hm ta ch cn sa cc dng XML tng ng. Hn na, vic s dng cc khi hm vo/ra m phng cho php chuyn mt ng dng gia ch m phng thi gian thc v ch iu khin thi gian thc mt cch n gin nh thay tn th vin khi hm tng ng trong tp tin XML. Trong v d trn y, chuyn gia hai ch iu khin v ch m phng ta ch cn thay i tn th vin khi hm vo/ra Profibus-DP DPIO.DLL bng DPSimIO.DLL.
70
M t h thng l mt cng vic khng th thiu c trong thit k, xy dng v pht trin mt h thng iu khin. M t h thng yu cu xy dng cc m hnh v ti liu k thut i km. Cc m hnh c th di dng ton hc hoc ha. Ni dung trong phn ny ch cp ti vic m t h thng mc v m bng cc phng php ha, khng i vo m t ton hc chi tit tng mch vng iu khin. Qua cc ti liu m t h thng, cc k s iu khin v cc nh cng ngh c mt ngn ng chung bn bc, trao i trc khi tin hnh trin khai mt d n. Cng qua vic m t h thng, bn thn cc k s iu khin cng xy dng c cc m hnh chi tit cho vic thit k cu hnh phn cng, pht trin ng dng iu khin v giao din ngi my.
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9.2 Lu P&ID
Cc biu tng lu P&ID c s dng tng i thng nht trn ton th gii. Hai chun do ISA (Instrument Society of America) pht hnh c chp nhn rng ri trn ton th gii l: ANSI/ISA S5.1: Instrumentation Symbols and Identification. ANSI/ISA S5.3: Graphic Symbols for Distributed Control/Shared Display Instrumentation, Logic and Computer Systems.
9.2.1
Biu tng thit b Bng 9.1 lit k cc biu tng thit b trn lu P&ID. Cn lu mt biu tng c th biu din mt thit b hoc mt chc nng trong mt thit b chia s (v d mt b iu khin hoc mt mn hnh chia s). ngha ca khi nim chia s y l nhm phn bit vi cc thit b n l (discrete instrument), chuyn dng cho mt mc ch duy nht, v d mt b iu chnh s n l, mt n hin th n l. Ty theo mc ch m t m lu c th cha chi tit biu tng cho tng thit b/chc nng, hoc b qua mt s trong trng hp tng i hin nhin. Cc biu tng trn bng 9.1 m t cc thit b cng nh chc nng m ngi vn hnh c th trc tip thao tc, s dng (accessible). Trong trng hp cc thit b/chc nng c t sau bng, hoc ngi vn hnh khng c php can thip, ng gch gia cc biu tng cn c v bng nt t. Biu tng cc ng tn hiu v ng ni phn bit r rng vi cc ng ng dn, tt c cc ng tn hiu v ng ni khc cn c v nt thanh. Cc ng ni c th hin bng cc biu tng trong bng 9.2.
Bng 9.1: Biu din cc thit b trn lu P&ID Phng iu khin trung tm (Remote)
Thit b phn cng n l Phn cng chia s - Hin th chia s - iu khin chia s Phn mm Chc nng my tnh Logic chia s iu khin logic kh trnh
72
Thit b cho hai bin hoc mt bin vi hai hoc nhiu chc nng
Bng 9.2:
Tn hiu khng nh ngha ng ni ti qu trnh k thut, hoc ng cp nng lng cho thit b Tn hiu kh nn Tn hiu in Tn hiu thy lc Tn hiu in t hoc m thanh (c dn nh) * Tn hiu in t hoc m thanh (khng dn nh)* ng ni ni b h thng (lin kt phn mm hoc d liu) ng ni c hc ng mao dn
Thng thng, mt ng tnh hiu biu din lin kt gia cc thit b trn lu P&ID ngay c khi tn ti nhiu ng vt l trong thc t. Cc mi tn c th s dng b sung lm r chiu ca lung thng tin. Cc ch vit tt sau y c dng k hiu cc ng cp nng lng: AS (Air supply): cp khng kh ES (Electric supply): cp in GS (Gas supply): cp gas HS (Hydraulic supply): cp thy lc NS (Nitrogen supply): cp nit SS (Steam supply): cp hi nc WS (Water supply): cp nc Mc tn hiu c th ghi km theo k hiu cc ng cp, v d ES 24DC k hiu ng cp ngun 24V mt chiu. Nhn thit b v k hiu chc nng Mi thit b hoc chc nng biu din trn lu cn c phn bit bi mt nhn (tag). Mt nhn bao gm phn ch biu din chc nng v phn s phn bit vng kn (loop), trong phn s c th mang thng tin v khu vc sn xut hoc s th t bn lu . V d nhn FIC-1103 biu din chc nng iu khin (C) v hin th (I) lu tc (F), c th cho vng iu khin s 03 trong lu s 11.
73 Bng 9.3 lit k ngha ca cc ch ci phn bit chc nng. Phn biu din chc nng bt u bng mt ch ci k hiu bin o c hoc mt bin khi to, sau n cc ch ci k hiu chc nng ch th hoc chc nng b ng. Tip na l cc ch ci th hin chc nng u ra theo mt th t ty , tr trng hp ch C (control) phi ng trc V (valve). Cc ch ci ph nu c th s dng ngay ng sau mt ch ci chnh thay i ngha chc nng, v d PD biu din chnh lch (D) p sut (P). Lu rng, cc k hiu s dng tun theo chc nng ch khng theo nguyn tc kt cu hay nguyn tc lm vic ca thit b. V d, mt thit b o lu lng theo nguyn tc chnh lch p sut c k hiu l FT ch khng phi PDT. Ch ci u tin k hiu bin c o (u ra ca qu trnh) hoc bin khi to ch khng phi bin iu khin (u ra iu khin). V d, mt van iu chnh lu lng c iu khin bi mt b iu khin p sut c k hiu l PV ch khng phi FV.
74
Bng 9.3: Cc ch ci k hiu nhn thit b
Ch ci u
Bin o c hoc bin khi to A B C D E F Phn tch (Analysis) t nng (Burner, combustion) Ty s dng Ty s dng in p Lu tc (Flow rate) T l (Fraction) Knh (Glass), thit b nhn Cao (High) Hin th (Indication) Qut Tn sut thay i nh sng (Light) Nht thi (Momentary) Ty s dng Hn ch (Orifice) im th (Point) Tch phn, tng s Ghi chp (Record) An ton (Safety) Chuyn mch (Switch) Truyn, pht (Transmit) a chc nng a chc nng Van (Valve), gim chn Ging (Well), phun Trc X Khng xp loi Khng xp loi Rle, tnh ton, bin i Truyn ng, chp hnh Khng xp loi a chc nng Ty s dng Trm iu khin Thp (Low) Trung bnh (Middle) Ty s dng Chnh lch (Differential) Phn t sensor Thay i
Cc ch ci ng sau
Chc nng hin th hoc Chc nng u ra b ng Bo ng (Alarm) Ty s dng Ty s dng iu khin (Control) Ty s dng Thay i
G Ty s dng H I J K L Bng tay (Hand) Dng in Cng sut Thi gian, lch trnh Mc (Level)
M Ty s dng N Ty s dng
Q S lng(Quantity) R S T U V Bc x, phng x (Radiation) Tc , tn s (Speed) Nhit (Temperature) Nhiu bin rung (Vibration), phn tch c hc
75 V d minh ha Hnh 9.1 minh ha mt v d mch vng iu khin p sut. Lu chi tit bn tri l c s cho thit k h thng v pht trin phn mm, trong khi lu n gin ha bn phi c th xut hin trn cc lu cng ngh. Mch vng iu khin p sut c iu khin bi trm iu khin DCS. Gi tr t c a t mt my tnh thng qua ng truyn d liu. Mch vng iu khin c s nhn 211, k hiu vng iu khin s 11 trn lu s 2. Thit b o p sut PT-211 c ni vi ng dn qua mt van kha v phm vi lm vic 0-300 PSIG. Tn hiu ra l dng in 4-20mA, c k hiu u vo AI-17 trong h DCS. B iu khin PIC-211 c thc hin thut ton PI trn trm s 2 (C-2). u ra ca b iu khin c k hiu AO-21 c a vo mt b chuyn i dng-p sut (PY-211) gn trn van iu chnh PCV211. Van iu chnh l loi tuyn tnh, ng an ton, c trang b b nh v (P). C b nh v v b bin i c cp kh nn.
C-#2 (PI) PAH dP/dt PIC 211 S.P.
AI-17
Chi tit
PCV 211
n gin
Hnh 9.1: Lu chi tit mt vng iu khin p sut (bn tri) v lu n gin ha (bn phi)
9.2.2
Chun m rng ISA S5.1 cho cc chc nng trong mt h iu khin phn tn. Thc ra, S5.1 vn gi nguyn tp hp cc biu tng, nhng m rng v chi tit ha ngha ca mt s biu tng. Cc biu tng cho hin th/iu khin chia s Thng thng ngi vn hnh c th can thip: 1) Hin th chia s 2) Hin th chia s v iu khin chia s 3) Truy nhp ch qua ng truyn thng 4) Giao din vn hnh trn ng truyn thng Thit b lp ti v tr m rng: 2005, Hong Minh Sn
76 1) Lp trn panel ti v tr m rng, thng thng c giao din s dng tng t, khng lp ti trm vn hnh trung tm 2) C th l mt b iu khin d phng hoc mt trm thao tc bng tay 3) Truy nhp c th ch qua ng truyn thng 4) Giao din vn hnh qua ng truyn thng. Thng thng ngi vn hnh khng th can thip: 1) B iu khin chia s cm (khng c giao din) 2) Hin th chia s lp ti hin trng 3) Tnh ton, iu ha tn hiu trong b iu khin chia s 4) C th c ni mng truyn thng 5) Thng thng vn hnh khng cn giao din 6) C th thay i khi cu hnh Cc biu tng my tnh Cc biu tng di y c s dng ch cc my tnh v chc nng my tnh tch bit vi cc thnh phn c bn tch hp trong h DCS. Cc my tnh ny c th c ni mng vi cc thnh phn cn li, hoc ng c lp. Thng thng ngi vn hnh c th can thip: 1) Mn hnh ch th 2) My tnh iu khin 3) My tnh ghi chp Bnh thng ngi vn hnh khng th can thip: 1) Giao din vo/ra 2) Tnh ton, iu ha tn hiu trong my tnh 3) C th s dng nh mt b iu khin cm hoc mt module phn mm tnh ton. Cc biu tng iu khin trnh t v logic Biu tng cho iu khin logic hoc iu khin trnh t phc tp khng nh ngha:
B iu khin logic trong h KPT vi chc nng iu khin logic hoc iu khin trnh t: 1) B iu khin logic kh trnh, hoc iu khin logic s tch hp trong cc thit b iu khin phn tn 2) Bnh thng ngi vn hnh khng can thip c. ngha nh trn, nhng ngi vn hnh c th can thip:
77 Tnh ton v iu ha tn hiu Ngoi cc biu tng nh ngha trong S5.1, chun S5.3 cn b sung biu tng ring cho tnh ton v iu ha tn hiu:
78
Ladder Diagram(LD)
A B C
-| |--|/|----------------( )
Mi ngn ng lp trnh nh FBD, ST v SFC thch hp cho vic th hin cc kha cnh khc nhau trong mt chng trnh iu khin. C th l, FBD thch hp cho bi ton iu khin qu trnh v iu khin logic trn c s cc khi chc nng c sn, ST thch hp cho vic thc hin cc khi chc nng, SFC ph hp cho bi ton iu khin trnh t v cho biu din trnh t hot ng trong mt chng trnh mc cao hn FBD.
79
10.1.1
Kiu d liu
Cc kiu d liu c s Cc kiu d liu c s chun ha trong IEC 61131-3 c lit k trong bng 10.1, km theo qui nh v chiu di nh v gi tr khi to mc nh. Phm vi biu din ca cc s c th suy ra t chiu di nh. Cch biu din cc s thc tun theo chun IEC 559.
Bng 10-1: STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Kiu d liu
Kiu Bool Kiu nguyn ngn Kiu nguyn Kiu nguyn p Kiu nguyn di Kiu nguyn dng ngn Kiu nguyn dng Kiu nguyn dng p Kiu nguyn dng di S thc S thc di Khong thi gian Ngy thng Thi gian trong ngy
Chiu di (bit)
1 8 16 32 64 8 16 32 64 32 64 ----8xN 8 16 32 64 16 x N
Gi tr khi to mc nh
0/FALSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 T#0S D#0001-01-01 TOD#00:00:00 DT#0001-01-0100:00:00 '' 0 0 0 0 ""
DATE_AND_TIME Ngy thng v thi gian DT STRING BYTE WORD DWORD LWORD WSTRING Chui k t 8bit Chui 8 bit Chui 16 bit Chui 32 bit Chui 64 bit Chui k t 16bit
Cc kiu d liu tng qut Bn cnh cc kiu d liu c s, chun cn a ra khi nim kiu d liu tng qut. Thc cht y l cc t kha i din cho mt nhm kiu c th s dng trong mt s hm v khi chc nng tng qut. Vic s dng cc t kha ny nhm n gin ha vic m t cc hm v khi chc nng c th p dng cho nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau. Ngoi ra, cc kiu d liu tng qut 2005, Hong Minh Sn
80 khng c ngha no khc trong mt chng trnh, do ngi s dng khng th khai bo mt bin thuc kiu tng qut. Qui nh v cc kiu d liu tng qut c minh ha trong bng 10-2.
Bng 10-2: Cc kiu d liu tng qut trong IEC 61131-3
ANY ANY_DERIVED ANY_ELEMENTARY ANY_MAGNITUDE ANY_NUM ANY_REAL LREAL REAL ANY_INT LINT, DINT, INT, SINT ULINT, UDINT, UINT, USINT TIME ANY_BIT LWORD, DWORD, WORD, BYTE, BOOL ANY_STRING STRING WSTRING ANY_DATE DATE_AND_TIME DATE, TIME_OF_DAY
Cc kiu d liu dn xut Cc kiu dn xut c tm tt trong bng 10.3, gm c: Cc kiu dn xut trc tip Cc kiu lit k Cc kiu dy con Cc kiu mng Cc kiu cu trc
Bng 10-3: STT 1 2 Cc kiu d liu dn xut trong IEC 61131-3 M t/v d
Dn xut trc tip t kiu c s, v d TYPE RU_REAL : REAL ; END_TYPE Cc kiu lit k, v d: TYPE ANALOG_SIGNAL_TYPE: (SINGLE_ENDED, DIFFERENTIAL); END_TYPE Cc kiu dy con, v d: TYPE ANALOG_DATA: INT (-4095..4095); END_TYPE Cc kiu mng, v d: TYPE ANALOG_16_INPUT_DATA: ARRAY [1..16] OF ANALOG_DATA; END_TYPE
3 4
81
STT 5 Cc kiu cu trc, v d:
TYPE ANALOG_CHANNEL_CONFIGURATION: STRUCT RANGE : ANALOG_SIGNAL_RANGE ; MIN_SCALE : ANALOG_DATA ; MAX_SCALE : ANALOG_DATA ; END_STRUCT ; ANALOG_16_INPUT_CONFIGURATION : STRUCT SIGNAL_TYPE : ANALOG_SIGNAL_TYPE ; FILTER_PARAMETER : SINT (0..99) ; CHANNEL: ARRAY [1..16] OF ANALOG_CHANNEL_CONFIGURATION; END_STRUCT ; END_TYPE
M t/v d
10.1.2
Chng trnh (PROGRAM), khi chc nng (FUNCTION_BLOCK) v hm (FUNCTION) l cc n v t chc chng trnh (Program Organization Unit), POU). FUNCTION Ging nh trong PASCAL, mt hm c mt hoc nhiu u vo v chnh xc mt u ra. Mt hm khng c trng thi, c ngha l gi hm vi cc gi tr u vo nh nhau s cho kt qu nh nhau. V d v hm l cc hm ton hc SIN, COS, ADD,... hoc cc hm logic AND, OR,... Mt hm c biu din ha nh trn Hnh 10-2.
KHAI BO HM Name Data Type Data Type Data Type P1 P2 P3 Data Type X 0.25 S DNG HM Name P1 P2 P3
Cc tham s thc ti
82
END_FUNCTION (* Gi hm *) ... y := fct1(a:= x, b:= 2.0); ...
Cn lu : Khai bo VAR_INPUT .. END_VAR cho cc bin u vo Khai bo VAR .. EBD_VAR cho cc bin cc b Kt qu tr v c gn cho tn hm Cc hm cng c th c np chng c th p dng vi nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau (Hnh 10-3).
HM NP CHNG HM THNG THNG
ADD_REAL REAL
FUNCTION_BLOCK Hm v khi chc nng l cc khi t chc chng trnh c gi tr s dng li. Mt khi chc nng ging nh mt i tng, c trng thi v c th c nhiu u ra, v d cc b iu khin ng, cc khu Flip-Flop, Timer, Counter. Nu so snh vi mt i tng th mt khi chc nng ch c mt hm thnh vin duy nht, v th cch gi mt khi chc nng tng t nh cch gi mt hm. Mi khi chc nng c mt trng thi ring nn ta phi phn bit gia kiu khi chc nng (ging nh lp) v th nghim khi chc nng (ging nh i tng). Ty theo ng cnh m khi nim khi chc nng c th hiu theo mt trong hai ngha trn. Vic gi mt khi chc nng cng c thng qua tn ca bin th nghim, ch khng thng qua tn kiu khi chc nng, nh minh ha trn Hnh 10-4.
KHAI BO KHI CHC NMG S DNG KHI CHC NNG Tn bin th nghim FB_NAME Data Type Data Type Data Type P1 P2 P3 O1 O2 Data Type Data Type X 0.25 fb1 FB_NAME P1 P2 P3 O1 O2
Cc tham s thc ti
bin u vo vi VAR_INPUT .. END_VAR bin u ra vi VAR_OUTPUT .. END_VAR bin vo/ra vi VAR_IN_OUT .. END_VAR cc bin ni b (trng thi) vi VAR .. END_VAR
Mt chng trnh c th coi nh mt mng cc hm v khi chc nng ni vi nhau. Khc vi hm v khi chc nng, mt chng trnh c th s dng cc bin ton cc, cc bin vo/ra qu trnh hoc cc bin nh a ch trc tip. Mt bin c th thuc cc kiu d liu c bn hoc dn xut nu, nhng cng c th l mt khi chc nng. Nh vy, cc khi chc nng c gi tr s dng li, trong khi chng trnh th khng. Mt chng trnh hoc mt khi chc nng c th c thc hin tun hon, theo s kin hay lin tc nh cc tc v (TASK) tng ng. Nhiu chng trnh v khi chc nng c th chia s cng mt tc v.
10.1.3
Ngn ng FBD
FBD l mt trong nm ngn ng c nh ngha trong IEC 61131-3. tng ca ngn ng ny l xy dng chng trnh t cc khi chc nng (function block) kt ni vi nhau bng tn hiu. Mi khi chc nng thc hin mt nhim v x l no . Chng trnh xy dng bng ngn ng FBD c hnh thc rt ging s khi ca h thng iu khin. Thc cht, FBD l s kt hp ca s logic c in (binary logic diagram) v biu hot ng lin tc (continuos function chart, CFC). Mi khi trong FBD c th l mt khi logic nh AND, OR,... nhng cng c th l mt khi c cc u vo/ra tng t nh ADD, PID, AI, AO,... FBD thng c s dng thc hin mt phn tng i c lp ca chng trnh iu khin trn c s cc khi chc nng c sn, v d lp trnh cc mch vng iu khin qu trnh hoc cc mch logic iu khin kha lin ng.
84
10.1.4
Ngn ng ST
ST (Structured Text) l mt ngn ng bc cao mi c xy dng trn c s c php PASCAL, nh vy rt thun tin cho vic th hin cc thut ton phc tp trong iu khin qu trnh.
Bng 10-4:
No. 1 2 3 4
Lnh trong ST
Kiu lnh Gn S dng hm Quay v RETURN iu kin r nhnh if A := B; V d CV := CV+1; C := SIN(X);
CMD_TMR(IN:=%IX5, PT:=T#300ms) ; A := CMD_TMR.Q ; RETURN ; D := B*B - 4*A*C ; IF D < 0.0 THEN NROOTS := 0 ; ELSIF D = 0.0 THEN NROOTS := 1 ; X1 := - B/(2.0*A) ; ELSE NROOTS := 2 ; X1 := (- B + SQRT(D))/(2.0*A) ; X2 := (- B - SQRT(D))/(2.0*A) ; END_IF ; TW := BCD_TO_INT(THUMBWHEEL); TW_ERROR := 0; CASE TW OF 1,5: DISPLAY := OVEN_TEMP; 2: DISPLAY := MOTOR_SPEED; 3: DISPLAY := GROSS - TARE; 4,6..10: DISPLAY := STATUS(TW - 4); ELSE DISPLAY := 0 ; TW_ERROR := 1; END_CASE; QW100 := INT_TO_BCD(DISPLAY); J := 101 ; FOR I := 1 TO 100 BY 2 DO IF WORDS[I] = 'KEY' THEN J := I ; EXIT ; END_IF ; END_FOR ; J := 1; WHILE J <= 100 & WORDS[J] <> 'KEY' DO J := J+2 ; END_WHILE ; J := -1 ; REPEAT J := J+2 ; UNTIL J = 101 OR WORDS[J] = 'KEY' END_REPEAT ; EXIT ; ;
Vng lp FOR
9 10
85
10.1.5
Ngn ng SFC
SFC m t tin trnh hot ng tun t ca mt chng trnh iu khin. SFC c xy dng trn c s mng Petri v chun IEC 848 Grafcet, vi cc thay i cn thit c th thc hin chc nng iu khin thay v ch l mt chun ti liu m t. SFC bao gm cc bc (Step) v cc chuyn tip (Transition). Mi bc i din cho mt trng thi c th ca h thng c iu khin. Mt chuyn tip c gn mt iu kin logic, khi tr thnh ng s kt thc bc v kch hot bc sau. Mt bc c lin kt vi mt khi hnh ng (Action Block) thc hin cc thao tc iu khin. Cc khi hnh ng trong SFC u c th c lp trnh bi mt ngn ng IEC bt k, k c chnh SFC, trong khi cc iu kin chuyn tip c th c lp trnh bng bn ngn ng IL, LD, FBD hoc ST. SFC cng cho php m t cc qu trnh phn nhnh cnh tranh hoc cc qu trnh phn nhnh song song. SFC cho php s dng cc bc ln (macro step), trong mi bc ln li c th c biu din bng mt SFC khc. Nh vy ta c th m hnh ha ng dng, lp trnh ng dng nhiu mc tru tng, to iu kin thun li cho gii quyt cc bi ton phc tp.
Step 1
N
Transition 1
FILL
Step 2
S
Transition 2
Empty
Step 3
Hnh 10-5: Mt v d SFC n gin
86 hin cc thut ton iu khin cao cp cng hon ton khng b gii hn bi ngn ng lp trnh. Cc lut iu khin ny c th c s dng li nhiu ln, v vy c th xy dng thnh mt th vin lp. Bn cnh cc yu t nh tham s b iu khin v chu k ly mu, cn lu gii quyt hp l cc vn thc t nh gii hn u vo, chuyn i ch iu khin bng tay/t ng, hiu ng reset windup ( b iu khin PID). a cc m vit bng C/C++ b sung vo th vin khi chc nng trong mt h DCS, ngi lp trnh cn tun th theo mt qui nh nht nh. Thng thng, vic ny khng d dng v i hi tnh nng m ca h thng.
87
88 biu. Hn na, kh nng tch hp h iu khin gim st vi cc ng dng khc nh cc phn mm qun l, ti u ha h thng,... ca ton cng ty cng tr nn d dng hn. Trong gii php iu khin phn tn, h thng truyn thng cc cp di (bus trng, bus chp hnh-cm bin) c sn. Nu nh mng my tnh ca mt cng ty cng c trang b (ch yu dng Ethernet), th c s h tng cho vic truyn thng khng cn l vn ln phi gii quyt. Chnh v vy, trng tm ca vic xy dng cc gii php SCADA trong thi im hin nay l vn la chn cng c phn mm thit k giao din v tch hp h thng. Trong mt h iu khin phn tn, chc nng SCADA l mt thnh phn khng th thiu c. Nh vy c th ni, mt h DCS bao gi cng c chc nng SCADA, trong khi mt h SCADA theo ng ngha ca n khng th l mt h DCS.
11.1.1
Xt mt cch tng qut, mt h SCADA bao gm cc thnh phn chc nng lit k di y. Phn cng Thit b thu thp d liu: PLC, RTU, PC, I/O, cc u o thng minh H thng truyn thng: Mng truyn thng, cc b dn knh/phn knh, Modem, cc b thu pht. Trm qun l d liu: My ch (PC, Workstation), cc b tp trung d liu (Data concentrator, PLC, PC) Trm vn hnh (Operator Station)
Phn mm: Giao din vo/ra (phn mm giao din qu trnh), di dng cc I/ODrivers, I/O-Servers (DDE,OPC,...). Giao din ngi-my
89
GIAO DIN NGI LP BO CO T NG H THNG CNH IU KHIN CAO CP
C S D LIU QU
I/OI/ODRIVE DRIVE
I/OSERVER
I/
C s d liu qu trnh H thng cnh bo, bo ng Lp bo co t ng iu khin cao cp: iu khin m, iu khin trnh t, iu khin cng thc, iu khin chuyn gia...
Cc thnh phn ni trn c tch hp trong mt h iu khin phn tn. V vy, vic xy dng cc chc nng SCADA y n gin hn nhiu so vi trong cc h khc.
11.1.2
Phn loi theo phm vi s dng: Cng c lp trnh ph thng Cng c tch hp trong mt h DCS Cng c c lp, c th s dng cho nhiu h thng khc nhau: WinCC (Siemens), InTouch (Wonderware), iFIX (Intellution), Genesis (Iconics), LookOut (NI) Phn loi theo kin trc phn mm: Kin trc truyn thng Kin trc hng i tng Kin trc Web Kin trc hng i tng Hin nay, c l khng mt phn mm SCADA no t nhn l tin tin m khng a t kha hng i tng vo danh sch cc c tnh u vit qung co. Mc d trong i a s cc trng hp, cch s dng thut ng nh vy mang tnh cht lm dng, nhng qua ta cng thy t hay nhiu tm quan trng ca cng ngh i tng. Thc cht, cc th vin thnh phn sn c trong nhng sn phm thuc th h mi thng c xy dng trn c s mt m hnh i tng, c bit phi ni ti m hnh COM ca Microsoft. Vic s dng mt m hnh i tng thnh phn chun cng nghip nh COM mang li nhiu u th nh: Nng cao hiu sut cng vic thit k, xy dng giao din ngi-my bng cch s dng ActiveX-Controls 2005, Hong Minh Sn
90 Nng cao kh nng tng tc v kh nng m rng, hay ni cch khc l tnh nng m ca h thng Thun li trong vic s dng mt chun giao din qu trnh nh OPC kt ni vi cc thit b cung cp d liu. Qu tht, hu ht (nu khng ni l tt c) cc phn mm SCADA tin tin nht hin nay u h tr COM, c th l u c ba c im nu trn. Nu trc y to c mt mn hnh giao din ha, mt k s c kinh nghim cn trung bnh mt vi ngy, th nay thi gian c th gim xung ti mt vi gi. S dng mt cng c thch hp, ta c th hon ton tp trung vo cng vic chnh m khng cn kin thc chuyn su v lp trnh. Cng ngh i tng thnh phn v cc phng php khng lp trnh m ra kh nng ny. Kin trc Web Ch trong vng my nm gn y, Web pht trin thnh mt trong nhng cng ngh tin hc quan trng bc nht. Khng ch l mt phng tin truyn b v truy nhp thng tin i chng nh trong thi gian u mi hnh thnh, bn thn Web hin tr thnh mt mi trng a nng cho cc ng dng phn tn. Mt ng dng Web cu thnh bi s tng tc gia Web server, Web browser, trang HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) vi cc ng dng v ph kin khc. Nhng ng dng cng hay c gi l cc ng dng nhiu lp (multi-tier applications). S dng Web lm nn cho cc ng dng SCADA khng ch mang li hiu qu v thi gian ci t phn mm, m trc tin l m ra kh nng mi cho vic tch hp h thng t ng ha trong mt h thng thng tin thng nht ca cng ty. iu khin gim st khng cn l chc nng c quyn ca cc chuyn vin k thut. Mt gim c iu hnh sn xut, hay mt tng gim c cng ty u c th quan st v tham gia iu hnh qu trnh sn xut t phng lm vic ring, ch qua mn hnh, bn phm v chut. Tng t, cc bo co v tnh hnh sn xut cng nh cc ch th khng nht thit phi i theo con ng giy t hay truyn ming, m trc tip din ra "on-line". a SCADA ln Web cng to iu kin thun li cho cc dch v bo tr h thng t xa. Cc nh cung cp gii php t ng ha khng cn phi n trc tip c s sn xut, m c th theo di ton b din bin qu trnh k thut qua mt trnh duyt nh Internet Explorer hay Netscape Navigator, trn c s c th chn on, xc nh li v a ra phng hng gii quyt thch hp. C th ni, mt trong nhng yu t mang li thnh cng cho cng ngh Web l m hnh n gin, khng ph thuc vo nn trin khai v s dng. Hu ht cc loi my tnh, hu ht cc h iu hnh thng dng u cho 2005, Hong Minh Sn
91 php ci t Web server v Web browser. Tuy nhin, m hnh Web nguyn s th hin r nhng yu im sau: Giao thc HTTP c tnh nng km, khng thch hp cho cc ng dng mang tnh tng tc v thi gian thc. S ngho nn ca HTML. Cu trc x l nhiu lp mc d linh hot nhng hiu sut km. an ton v tin cy ca Web cn rt thp. khc phc nhng yu im trn, ngi ta a ra nhiu gii php khc nhau. Trong phm vi hp ca bo co tc gi khng th a ra y , cng nh khng th i su vo chi tit tng gii php, nht l khi cc tin b cng ngh Web hin nay c cp nht khng ngng. Nhn mt cch tng qut, ta c th tm tt li nhng k thut chnh c p dng hin nay nh sau: Dng ActiveX-Controls hoc JavaApplets kt hp vi cc bin ng (scripting language) nh VBScript, JavaScript,... hoc dng DynamicHTML nng cao tnh tng tc v kh nng lp trnh cho trang Web. S dng giao thc ring bit kt hp vi ActiveX-Controls hoc JavaApplets v b qua HTTP nhm tng hiu sut ca ng dng. K thut ny thng c cc nh sn xut ActiveX-Controls hoc JavaApplets p dng trong cc sn phm ca mnh. Dng plug-ins trong Web server v Web browser m rng, ci tin chc nng cho cc ng dng. K thut ny c dng chng hn trong cc sn phm ca cng ty Netscape Communications. Hu ht cc Web server v Web browser u dnh sn cc giao din lp trnh (APIs) to iu kin cho ngi dng m rng, ci tin chc nng cho cc ng dng. Dng sn phm Web server v Web browser ring ti u tnh nng vn hnh ca ng dng. K thut ny c dng chng hn trong Scout - mt b chng trnh quan st tin trnh da Web ca cng ty Wonderware.
92 Cu trc nhiu ngi s dng (multi-user) Mt mn hnh/mt trm Nhiu mn hnh/mt trm Kin trc Client/Server: Cu trc mng phng v cu trc mng phn cp Cu trc h thng qui m ln: S lng ln cc thit b thu thp d liu: Vai tr ca cc b tp trung d liu H thng din rng: Vai tr cc b dn knh/phn kn, cc b thu/pht, modem, mng vin thng, Internet.
11.3.1
Yu cu chung
n gin, d s dng (easy-to-use) Bn vng, kh gy li (robustness) Tnh thng tin cao (informativeness) Nht qun (consistency) p, nh nhn (good-looking, elegant)
11.3.2
a lnh trc tip La chn lnh t menu Giao tip qua hp thoi
11.3.3
Yu cu cu trc cc mn hnh Gn vi cc my mc, thit b, cng ngh thc Khoa hc, kt hp hp l phng php s dng chuyn cp hoc la chn nhanh Phn cp mn hnh Tng quan h thng (system overview), h thng con (subsystem overview) Tng quan nhm (group overview) Hin th nhm (group display) 2005, Hong Minh Sn
93 Hin th chi tit (details display) Hnh nh h thng, hnh nh phm vi/cng on/my mc di dng lu cng ngh (process diagram) hoc hnh nh dy chuyn sn xut th (trends): th thi gian thc, th qu kh Ca s bo ng (alarm windows)
11.3.4
Cc nguyn tc thit k
Mu sc Ch dng mu sc khi tht cn thit Nn: mu ti, v d xm sm hoc xanh lam m My mc, thit b: S dng hnh phng, mu v sng khc t so vi nn, c gng trnh 3D, trnh cc mu hoa vn Hnh tnh (ng ng, my mc): trnh cc mu ti, chi Tn hiu trng thi, hnh ng: Chn cc mu ti, chi Ch vit Hn ch s font ch, kiu ch, chnh lch ln Chn phng, trnh cc hiu ng c bit (3D, ln sng, ng vin,...) Cc hnh nh ng H tr phn bit trng thi, v d nhp nhy Nht qun trong tt c cc mn hnh Cc s nn chnh cn phi, cc bin lin quan trc tip gn nhau v cng cch biu din Biu din cc n v vt l vi gi tr s v n v, khng dng %
94
12.2 C ch d phng
Yu cu: Cc thnh phn quan trng cn c d phng hon ton trng hp li mt thnh phn n (phn cng & phn mm) khng lm mt i tnh nng do n cung cp Li mi module hoc card c php khng gy ra t lit hn mt trm vn hnh hoc mt vng iu khin. Phn bit D phng lnh D phng nng: D phng cnh tranh v d phng d tr Cc bin php d phng nng D phng CPU: Mi trm iu khin cn c CPU d phng cnh tranh, thc hin song song v ng b vi CPU chnh v so snh kt qu D phng trm iu khin: D phng d tr 1:1, chuyn mch kp thi, trn tru D phng d tr h thng mng: D phng cp truyn, d phng module truyn thng v cc thit b mng khc, chuyn mch kp thi, trn tru, thi gian chuyn mch < 1ms D phng vo/ra D phng trm vn hnh 1:n D phng trm server 1:1 D phng lnh: Cho php thay th trc tuyn cc module vo/ra v cc card khc Cho php thay th cc trm iu khin trong mt thi gian nhanh nht
95
12.3 C ch an ton
C c ch dng an ton, dng khn cp (mch cng hoc qua bus an ton) khi h thng c cc c cu chuyn ng Tn hiu ra tng t h tr ch an ton khi mt lin lc vi trm iu khin hoc khi pht hin trm iu khin c li (gi gi tr cui hoc a v gi tr mc nh)
12.5 Bo mt
t ch bo mt theo trm hoc theo ngi s dng hn ch, kim sot quyn truy nhp d liu v iu khin t ch bo mt da trn tng tag ring r hoc tng ca s ring r Ngi vn hnh cn s dng m ID v mt khu Cho php thc hin bo mt theo nhm
12.6 Bo tr
Ch bo tr: H thng cn cho php ngi vn hnh a trc tip gi tr bin qu trnh trong trng hp thit b trng hng, cn sa cha hoc ang c hiu chnh Ch th li: mi module, mi card hoc b ngun cn c trang b n LED hoc n khc ch th trng thi vn hnh Chn on: H thng phi h tr chn on trc tuyn vi cc yu cu ti thiu nh: - CPU ca trm iu khin cn c bin php pht hin v sa li trong b nh Mng truyn thng thi gian thc cn s dng bin php bo ton d liu pht hin li Thng bo li v cc thng tin chn on vi ngi vn hnh v cp ngun, qut thng gi/lm mt, cc card DCS, my in, ROM ca trm iu khin, li thc hin thut ton iu khin, li np chng trnh ln/xung,... System back-up: Ton b h thng phn mm cn c lu tr backup trn cc phng tin ph thng, tt c cc phn mm pht trin, chng
96 trnh ng dng v cc gi phn mm chun cng nh tu chn phi c cung cp cng a cng hoc a CD. Cc cng c c bit do nh sn xut cung cp, phc v chn on v thay th thit b
97
Chc nng iu khin c s Phng php iu khin vng kn (PID, MPC, Fuzzy) vi cc yu cu cng nghip nh chuyn ch Manual/Automatic trn tru, Anti-ResetWindup. iu khin logic, kha lin ng Chc nng iu khin cao cp iu khin m, iu khin cng thc iu khin thch nghi, bn vng, ti u iu khin chuyn gia Chc nng iu khin gim st Cht lng giao din ha Kh nng lp bo co t ng C ch qun l v x l s kin, s c H tr ActiveX-Control v OPC H tr giao din c s d liu ODBC Chc nng Web
13.1.2
Cu trc vo/ra phn tn hay vo/ra tp trung Cu trc cp iu khin Cu trc cp iu khin gim st Cc chng loi thit b h tr Cc h thng mng truyn thng c h tr (c bit bus trng lin quan ti cc chng loi thit b trng c th h tr).
13.1.3
Tnh nng m
Kh nng t m rng h thng La chn cc thit b ca cc nh cung cp khc H tr cc chun cng nghip (COM, OPC, ActiveX-Control, MMS, IEC,...)
13.1.4
Cu hnh h thng n gin, hng i tng Kh nng pht trin h thng mt cch xuyn sut 2005, Hong Minh Sn
98 Cu hnh v tham s ha cc thit b v mng truyn thng d dng qua phn mm t trm k thut Lp trnh iu khin n gin, hng i tng Cc ngn ng lp trnh chuyn dng (FBD, SFC, ST,...) Cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao (C/C++, BASIC) Lp trnh giao tip ngm hay hin Kh nng t m rng th vin chc nng (thng qua mt ngn ng lp trnh bc cao)
13.1.5
13.1.6
Gi thnh, chi ph
Chi ph ban u Chi ph thit k h thng Chi ph phn cng Chi ph phn mm cng c Chi ph pht trin phn mm ng dng Chi ph trin khai, a vo vn hnh Chi ph o to, chuyn giao cng ngh ... Chi ph vn hnh Chi ph bo tr, bo dng thit b v phn mm Chi ph thit b thay th Chi ph dch v h tr k thut Chi ph dng h thng khi xy ra s c ...
13.2 So snh gii php DCS tch hp trn vn vi cc gii php khc
So snh trn c s cc tiu ch: Phm vi chc nng tin cy v tnh sn sng Tnh nng m Pht trin h thng Gi thnh, chi ph So snh vi gii php PLC+SCADA/HMI Tham kho [11] 2005, Hong Minh Sn
100
101
Hp tc
1
2 4 3
Agent hp tc
T hot ng
Cc agent c th thit k theo m hnh single-agent hoc multi-agent. Cc single-agent khng nhn bit cc agent khc cng tng tc, m n ch coi cc agent l mt phn ca mi trng xung quanh. Mt h thng multiagent c th phn chia mt nhim v nhiu agent cng phi hp gii quyt. iu ny rt c ngha trong mt h thng iu khin phn tn. Theo nhiu quan im, agent c nhng c im chnh nh sau: Thng minh v c kh nng hot ng c lp (Autonomy and Intelligence): cc agent t kim sot v chu trch nhim v nhng quyt 2005, Hong Minh Sn
102 nh v hnh vi ca mnh, t hot ng m khng cn i nhng tc ng t ngoi vo. C kh nng hc (Learning): tn ti trong mt mi trng ng, cc agent phi c kh nng hc c th thch nghi v gii quyt nhng vn ny sinh. C kh nng giao tip (Communication): giao tip gia cc agent, v gia agent vi con ngi. C kh nng phi hp hot ng (Co-operation): vi cc agent khc v vi con ngi nhm gii quyt nhng vn phc tp m mt agent khng th thc hin. C kh nng di chuyn (Mobility): mt agent c th di chuyn qua h thng, t khu vc ny n khu vc khc nhm thu thp d liu.
Tuy nhin, trong cc c tnh trn, ch c tnh th nht v th hai c coi l ct li, cn cc c tnh khc ch l tiu biu trong cc ng dng thc t. V d, kh nng giao tip v phi hp hot ng l hai c tnh trong mt h multi-agent. Hay kh nng di chuyn l mt c tnh tiu biu trong cc ng dng Internet, tuy khng thc s cn thit trong nhiu h thng ng dng khc.
H thng giao thng ni chung v h thng iu khin tn hiu giao thng th ni ring l nhng h phn tn tiu biu, vic p dng phng php iu khin cc b hay tp trung u khng thch hp. phc tp ca cu trc phn tn y khng nhng th hin qua phn b a l trn phm vi rng, m cn qua s phn tn chc nng v tnh bt nh, d thay i ca m hnh. Da trn tng tr tu phn tn, ngi ta c th xy dng mt m hnh kin trc tng th cho iu khin thng minh h thng n tn hiu giao thng.
15.2.2 M hnh h thng iu khin n tn hiu giao thng bng cng ngh Agent
H thng iu khin n tn hiu giao thng th a ra y c cu trc phn tn hon ton, c thc hin di dng mt h multi-agent, trong vic iu khin ti mi nt giao thng do mt agent m nhim. Thc cht, mi agent y l mt b iu khin thch nghi, c kh nng nhn bit tnh hnh giao thng thc t a ra quyt nh iu khin mt cch thng minh. V d, mt agent c th da vo lng giao thng thc t ti cc ln ng m a ra quyt nh v thi gian m n xanh, s dng l thuyt logic m .
103
A1.0 A1.2 A1.4 A1.6 A1.8
1 0
A3.0 A3.2
2
A3.4
4
A3.6
6
A3.8
A5.1
A5.2
A5.4
A5.6
A5.8
M hnh h thng c minh ha n gin ha trn Hnh 15-2. Cc ng ng-Ty c nh s l v cc ng Bc-Nam c nh s chn. Cc agent iu khin nt (Ax.y) thuc mt tuyn ng c ni mng vi nhau thnh mt nhm. Nh vy, mt agent iu khin nt thng thng thuc hai nhm khc nhau ng vi hai tuyn ng. Trong iu kin thng thng, gia cc agent ln cn c s giao tip v phi hp hot ng t c mc tiu ra l ti u kh nng lu thng trn mt tuyn ng. V d, A3.4 c th hp tc vi A3.2, A3.6, A1.4 v A.5.4. Trng hp c s c trong giao tip xy ra (v d do s c mng), mi agent phi c kh nng chuyn t ch hp tc sang ch hot ng hon ton c lp. Khi , mi agent khng c thng tin h tr t cc agent khc, m phi t nhn bit tnh hung phn on v khai thc thng tin. iu khin ln sng xanh l mt v d tiu biu. Trong trng hp bnh thng, cc agent trn cng mt tuyn ng mt chiu c th trao i thng tin v thi im m n xanh to ra kh nng lu thng tt nht. Tuy nhin, khi c s c xy ra v mt giao tip, mi agent s phi t nhn bit mu lu lng giao thng thng qua cc thit b o ra quyt nh phi hp m n xanh. C th thy rng, vic ti u ha ton cc cho h thng bng phng php tnh cng nh phng php ng nhng tp trung l mt bi ton khng th gii c i vi mt h phn tn c cu trc v tham s thay i. Ngc li, vic ti u ha cc b cho tng nt giao thng khng th mang li hiu qu cao nht cho ton h thng. Ging nh trong mt nn kinh t th trng, vn trng tm y l kh nng t hc, t thch nghi v hp tc gia cc agent iu khin nt c th cng nhau t c mc tiu chung mt cch tt nht cho c h thng. iu khin thng minh mang n kh nng linh hot rt ln cho h thng n tn hiu v em li s thun tin ti u cho h thng giao thng. ng dng tr tu phn tn v cng ngh agent, multi-agent vo trong cc h thng
104 iu khin phn tn ni chung v cc h thng giao thng ni ring l mt hng nghin cu c nhiu trin vng.
[10] Tp ch T ng ha ngy nay. [11] Chun IEC-61131-3 v IEC-61499: www.holobloc.com (*) [12] Trang Web v IEC-61131-3: www.plcopen.org [13] Cc ti liu sn phm DCS ca mt s hng (*)