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Flora(1981)171:86-94
DevelopmentalandHistochemicalStudiesonGumDuctsin
Terminaliacrenulata
ROTH
R.C.
SETTA
DepartmentofBotany,PunjabAgriculturalUniversity,Ludhiana,India
Summary
In
Terminaliacrenulata
thegumductsintheyoungstemandleafdeveloplysi-schizogenously.Thecellsliningtheductshowthepresenceofgumsubstanceandlipidbodies.Thecellwallsfacingtheductlumenshowfanshapedradiatingfibrillarstructuresduringdisorganization,andcontri-butetogumformation.
Introduction
Notmuchinformationindetailsisavailableontheprocessofgumformationinplantsexceptforfewrecentstudiesby
SHAH
&
SETIA
(1976a,b)and
SETIA
&
SHAH
(1979).Theyreportedhistologicalandhistochemicalchangesinthegumproducingstructuresinsomeplants.Inthepresentinvestigationanefforthasbeenmadetostudythedevelopmentandhistochemistryofgumductsin
Terminaliacrenulata
whichisamemberofthefamily
Combretaceae
andisasourceof"Terminalia"gum.Thoughthisgumiscomparativelyoflesseconomicvalue,yetitfindsitsusefulnessasanincenseinthepreparationofcosmeticsandasanitemoffoodforsantals
(WATT
1972).Truegumsarewatersolubleorwaterdispersiblepolysaccharides.Thesegumsintheplantsmayoriginateduetophysiologicalorpathologicaldisturbancesorinjuryoranormalmetabolicactivitybutareformedasaresultofbreakdownofthewallsandcellcontents
(SETIA
&
SHAH
1979).Andtheprocessofgumformationisgenerallyknownas"gummosis".
MaterialsandMethods
Theyoungsternsandleavesof
T'erniinaliacrenulata
werecollectedfromDangsForest,GujaratState.TheplantmaterialwasfixedonthespotinCarnoy'sfluidandFAA(SASS1958)andaspira-ted.FixedmaterialwasdehydratedusingTBAseriesandembeddedinEmbeddol(Harleco,U.S.A.).Serialsections,transverseandlongitudinal,
10
micronsthickwerecutonarotarymicro-tome.Stainingtechniquesusedforthesesectionsandsectionsfromthefreshmaterialwere:Safraninandfastgreenforgeneralhistology,AzureBforDNAandRNA,I2KIforstarch,I2KIandH2S0
4
forcellulose,SudanblackBforlipids,rutheniumredandhydroxylamineferricchlorideforpectins,periodicacidandSchiff's(PAS)reactionforinsolublepolysaccharides(.JENSEN
1962).
Generalproteinswerelocalizedusingmercuricbromophenolblue(MAZIA,BREWER
&
ALFERT1953).Forlocalizinggumintheplanttissuethreestainswereused-PASreaction,rutheniumred(.JENSEN
1962)
andtoluidineblue
0
(O'BRIEN,FEDER
&
MCCULLY
1964).
Photomicrographs
 
DevelopmentalandHistochemicalStudies
87
weretakenonCarlZeissphotomicroscopcwithplanopochromaticobjectivesusingKodakpanato-nic-X402filmwithyellowandbluefilters.
ObservationsThetransversesectionofayoungstemshowingsecondarygrowthhasasinglelayerofepidermis(Fig.IA).Thecortexconsistsof
4-5
layersofparenchymacells.Thephloemandxylemformacontinuouscylinder.Internalphloemispresentattheperipheryoftheparenchymatouspith.Fourgumductsarepresentinassociationwiththeinternalphloemandpith.Internalphloemcompletelysurroundstwoop-positeducts(Fig.IA,C1C1)whiletheremainingtwooppositeductsaresurroundedpartlybyphloemandpartlybypithcells(Fig.lA,C
2
C
2).
Fig.IBshowstwoducts,onesurroundedbyphloemonly(C
I)
andtheotherbyphloemandpith(C~)(paren-chymacellsofpithareapparentlylargerthanthoseofphloem).Occasionallysievetubesoccurclosetotheducts(Fig.IC,D).Intransectiontheseductsappearovaltoround(Fig.IB)andinlongisectiontheyareparalleltotheaxisofthestem(Fig.IE).Thediameteroftheductisalmostuni-formthroughoutitslength.Inpetiolethesolitarycrescentshapedvascularstrandisdorsallyflattenedwithoutwardlydirectedends.Fourtosixroundtoovalductsarepresentinthevascularstrand.Inthemidvein
4-6
gumductsarepresentinthevascularbundles.Inthelaminaoneductispresentaboveeachvascularbundle.DevelopmentofthegumductintheyoungstemInyoungstem,thegumductsdevelopintheperipheralregionofthepithjustclosetotheprocambium(Fig.2A,arrow).Agroupof
6-8
denselystainedcellsformthegumductinitials(Fig.2B).TheirnucleiarelargeandshowdensestainabilityforDNA(Fig.2C).ThereisnochangeinthestainingintensityforRNA(bothnuclearandcytoplasmic)inthesecells.Starchgrainsareabsent.Asmallintercellularspaceisformedwhereafewgumductinitialsarecontiguous(Fig.2D).Thisspaceisformedasaresultofbreakdownofmiddlelamellasubstanceatthispoint.Slowlytheinter-cellularspaceenlargesandthewallsofthecellsliningthespaceappearflattened(Fig.2E).Thustheinitiationoftheductlumenisschizogenous.Thecellsliningtheductlumenshowdegenerationandthedegradedcellcontentsbecomeindistinct(Fig.2F).Thematerialinthecavityshowspositivetestwithrutheniumred(Fig.2F)andPASreaction(Fig.2G).Asmorecellsliningtheductlumendegeneratemoregumisformedandtheductlumenwidens(Fig.2H).Thusthemodeofwideningoftheductislysigenous.Thegumductfollowsschizolysigenousmodeofdevelop-ment.GumductBesidesrutheniumred(Fig.3A)andPASreaction(Fig.3B)(twohistochemicaltestsusedforlocalizationofgumincellsandductlumen),toluidineblue0(adif-ferentialhistologicalstain)alsostainsthisgumredtoviolet(Fig.3C).Thecells
 
Fig.1.A-E.
'I'erminaliacrenulaia,
A.Transversesectionofyoungstem.Notefourductsinthepithregion(0
11:
0202)'
B.
Twoductsenlarged.Note01surroundedbyphloemonlyand02surroundedpartlybyphloemandpartlybypithcells.0,D.Notethesievetubesliningtheduet.E.Notetwoductsrunningparallel,asseeninlongitudinalsection.
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