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CMOS MOS
0.13
nMOS 90GHz
WLANCMOS
RF CMOS
IC
1 2
1-dB
4 3 FDMA
TDMA CDMA GSM Qualcomm
CDMA
GSM DECT
6 9
MOS
UCLA HP
CMOS
CMOS WLAN
CMOS Design of Analog CMOS
Integrated Circuits
RF CMOS
RF
Stanford Thomas H. Lee The Design of CMOS RadioFrequency Integrated Circuits
2005
CMOS 2000
Thomas Lee Lee
Razavi
CAD
CMOS
2005 12
1. RF
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
2. RF
2.1.
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.2.
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.4.
2.5.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.3.
3.3.1.
3.3.2.
3.3.3.
3.4.
3.4.1.
3.4.2.
3.5.
4.
4.1. RF
4.2.
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4.
4.3.
4.3.1.
AMPS
4.3.2.
NADS
4.3.3.
GSM
4.3.4.
QualcommCDMA
4.3.5.
DECT
5.
5.1.
5.2.
5.2.1.
5.2.2.
5.2.3.
5.2.4.
5.2.5.
5.3.
5.3.1.
5.3.2.
5.4.
5.5.
5.5.1.
Motorola
5.5.2.
Philips
5.5.3.
Philips DECT
5.5.4.
LucentGSM
5.5.5.
Philips GSM
6.
6.1.
6.1.1.
6.1.2.
6.1.3.
LNA
6.1.4.
CMOS LNA
6.2.
6.2.1.
6.2.2.
6.2.3.
CMOS
6.2.4.
6.3.
7.
7.1.
7.2. LC
7.3.
7.4.
7.4.1.
7.4.2.
7.4.3.
7.4.4.
7.4.5.
7.4.6.
7.5. CMOS LC
7.5.1.
Gm
7.5.2.
7.6.
7.7. VCO
7.8.
7.8.1.
RC-CR
7.8.2.
Havens
7.8.3.
7.9.
8.
8.1.
8.2. PLL
8.2.1.
8.3.
8.3.1.
8.3.2.
I II
8.3.3.
8.3.4.
8.3.5.
8.3.6.
8.4.
8.4.1.
8.4.2.
8.4.3.
8.4.4.
8.5.
8.5.1.
8.5.2.
9.
9.1.
9.1.1.
9.2.
9.2.1.
A B
9.2.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
9.5.1.
9.5.2.
9.5.3.
9.5.4.
LINC
9.6.
25 4 50
25 2000 50
1998 300
RF
RF
RF IC RF
RF
RF VLSI
CMOS
1
2 RF
3 4
RF
5
RF
6 9 RF
UCLA 4
80% 348 9
Behzad Razavi
1997 7
1 RF
DECT-TDMA/TDD GFSK
I/Q DCS1800
SSB
SAW
1901 Marconi
Shannon
28,000
30
GPS
PCS
1.1
RF 1.1
FM 1.1(a)Q1
D1
Q1 X
1.1 a
b
1.2 RF [1] 1.1 FM
5 RF 1.1
1.2 2 5
RF
1.2 RF[1]
1.2
1.3
1.2 RF
RF
1.3
RF
IC 1.4
RF 30
1.4
IC IC
off-the-shelf IC
IC 1.4
RF
1.5
6 9 IC
RF RF
1.5
RF IC
RF
SPICE
RF SPICE
SAW
S RLC
1.3
RF
RF
WLAN
WLAN 900 MHz 2.4 GHz WLAN
WLAN
GPS GPS
1.5 GHz
RF IDRF ID
1.4
1.6
LNA
[2]
PA 1.7(b)
DAC
LNA1
1.6 1.7 RF
RF
RF 1.6
RF 1.7 PALNA
RF RF
[3, 4]
RF 1.4
RF ICRF
1.5
RF IC
RF
1
form factor
GaAs BiCMOS CMOS RF
GaAs
RF
GaAs
VLSI
CMOS CMOS
0.35 m CMOS GHz
RF CMOSCMOS
100dB
RF
[1] C. Marshall et al., 2.7 V GSM Transceiver ICs with On-Chip Filtering, ISSCC Dig. Tech.
Papers, pp. 148-149, February 1995.
[2] B. Sklar, Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988.
[3] K. Feher, Wireless Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.
[4] R. Steele, ed. Mobile Radio Communications, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1992
[5] R. Schneiderman, GaAs Continues to Gain in Wireless Applications, Wireless Systems
Design, pp. 14-16, March 1997.
2 RF
RF
RF electronics
harmonic distortion
gain compression
cross modulationintermodulation
intersymbol interference
Nyquist signaling
2.1
x1(t) x2(t)
x1(t ) y1(t ), x2 (t ) y2 (t )
2.1
a b
2.2
x(t )
x(t )
y(t )
y(t )
2.1 abc
2.1(c)
vout vin 2 01
Vout ( f ) = Vin 2 ( f )
=
sin(n / 2)
n
( f )
n
T1
n =
+
sin(n / 2)
n
Vin 2 ( f )
n
T1
n =
(2.3)
(2.4)
* () Dirac T1 = 2 / 1 vin 2 ( f )
n / T1
(memoryless)
y (t ) = x(t )
(2.5)
[ 2.1(c)]
y (t ) = 0 + 1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x3 (t ) +
(2.6)
j 2.2(a)
Q1 Q2 Q3
2.2(b)
vout (t ) = ( I S 1 exp
vin
) s (t )i R
VT
(2.7)
I S 1 Q1 VT = kT / q S (t ) -11
2.2 aba
2.6 x(t ) x(t )
j j = 0
balanced 2.3
vout = RI EE tanh
vin
2VT
(2.8)
2.3
dynamic
y (t ) = h(t ) x(t )
(2.9)
h(t )
(t ) h(t ) (t ) h(t , )
y (t ) = h(t , ) x(t )
(2.10)
Volterra [12]
2.1.1
RF
y (t ) 1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x3 (t )
(2.11)
2.11
Harmonics
2.11 x(t ) = A cos t
= 1 A cos t +
2 A
2
2 A
+ ( A +
(1 + cos 2t ) +
3 A
4
3 3 A
4
) cos t +
2 A
2
(2.12)
cos 2t +
3 A
4
cos 3t
(2.14)
2.14(harmonics)
j j
2.14 n
An A
A n An
Gain Compression
2.14 1 A A
1 2.3
vout I EE R
=
vin
2VT
(2.15)
2.14 3 3 A3 / 4 1 A
2.3
02.14 3 < 0
1 + 3 3 A2 / 4 A RF
1dB 1-dB compression point, 1dB
3
20 log 1 + 3 A12dB = 20 log 1 1dB
4
A1dB = 0.145
1
3
(2.16)
(2.17)
RF 1dB
-20 -25dBm 50 63.2 35.6mVpp
Desensitization and Blocking
desensitization
x(t ) = A1 cos 1t + A2 cos 2t 2.11
y (t ) = (1 A1 +
A1
3
3
3
2
3 A1 + 3 A1 A2 ) cos 1t +
4
2
(2.18)
A2
y (t ) = (1 +
3
2
3 A2 ) A1 cos 1t +
2
(2.19)
1 + 3 3 A2 2 / 4 3 < 0 A 2
A 2 0blocked RF
blocking signal
0 RF 60 70dB
Cross Modulation
cross modulation2.19
A 2 1
A 2 (1 + m cos mt ) cos 2t m
12.19
3
m2 m2
y (t ) = [1 A1 + 3 A1 A22 (1 +
cos 2mt
+
2
2
2
+2m cos mt )]cos 1t +
(2.20)
m 2 m
cable TV transmitter
Intermodulation
2.5
2.5
multiplication
intermodulation
(2.21)
= 1 2 : 2 A1 A2 cos(1 + 2 )t + 2 A1 A2 cos(1 2 )t
(2.22)
= 21 2 :
3 3 A12 A2
3 A2 A
cos(21 + 2 )t + 3 1 2 cos(21 2 )t (2.23)
4
4
= 22 1 :
3 3 A22 A1
3 A2 A
cos(22 + 1 )t + 3 2 1 cos(22 1 )t (2.24)
4
4
3
3
4
2
3
3
+(1 A2 + 3 A23 + 3 A2 A12 ) cos 2t
4
2
2 1 2 2 2 1 IM 2.6
1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1
2 2.5 LPF
A1 = A2 = A 1 A
1 A = 1VPP 3 3 A3 / 4 = 10mVPP
-40dBccwith respect to the carrier
2.6
RF 2.7
2.7
third
intercept point -- IP3 A
1 2.23
2.242.25 A A
A3 [ 2.8(a)][ 2.8(b)]IM
2.11 IP3
x(t ) = A cos 1t + A cos 2t
9
9
y (t ) = (1 + 3 A2 ) A cos 1t + (1 + 3 A2 ) A cos 2t
4
4
3
3
+ 3 A3 cos(21 2 )t + 3 A3 cos(22 1 )t +
4
4
1
(2.26)
9 3 A2 / 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
1 AIP 3 =
3
3 AIP3 3
4
(2.27)
IP3
AIP 3 =
4 1
3 3
(2.28)
IP3 1 AIP 3
IP3
1
9 3 A2 / 4
IP3
IP3 2.8(b)
IP3 A in
A 1, 2 1 2 IM3 A IM 3 2.26
A1, 2
AIM 3
1 Ain
3 3 Ain3 / 4
(2.29)
4 1
3 3 Ain2
(2.30)
2.28
A1, 2
AIM 3
AIP2 3
Ain2
(2.31)
(2.32)
1
(2.33)
20 log AIP 3 = (20 log A1, 2 20 log AIM 3 ) + 20 log Ain
2
dBm
IM3 [ 2.9(a)] IP3
2.9 a IP3 ba
2.9(b) L1 1 L2
3 P / 2 L1 L2 3P / 2
0
IP3 IP3
single tone
2.5
IP3
RF 1 Vrms
IIP3 70mVrms -10dBm 1 mVrms
2.10
Asig ,out
Asig ,in
Aint,out
Aint,in
(2.34)
(2.35)
A1 dB
0.145
=
AIP 3
4/3
(2.36)
9.6dB
(2.37)
2.1.2
RF
IP3
2.11
y1 (t ) = 1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x3 (t )
(2.38)
y2 (t ) = 1 y1 (t ) + 2 y12 (t ) + 3 y13 (t )
(2.39)
y2 (t ) = 1[1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x3 (t )]
+ 2 [1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x3 (t )]2
(2.40)
+ 3 [1 x(t ) + 2 x 2 (t ) + 3 x 3 (t )]3
y2 (t ) = 11 x(t ) + ( 3 1 + 21 2 2 + 13 3 ) x3 (t ) +
(2.41)
2.28
AIP 3 =
11
4
3 3 1 + 21 2 2 + 13 3
(2.42)
IP3
2.11
2.42
3
1
3 3 1 + 21 2 2 + 1 3
=
AIP2 3 4
11
1
AIP2 3,1
3 2 2
2
+ 21
AIP 3,2
21
(2.43)
(2.44)
AIP 3,1 AIP 3,2 IP3 AIP 3 AIP 3,1 AIP 3,2
1 IP3
IM3
IM3
IM 2.121
1
1 1
11 A(cos 1t + cos 2t ) 2
IM3
(3 3 / 4) A3[cos(21 2 )t + cos(22 1 )t ] 1
3 1 A(cos 1t + cos 2t ) IM3
1 2 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 2 2 1 2.12 y2 (t )
y2 (t ) = 11 A(cos 1t + cos 2t )
3 3 1 313 3 31 2 2 3
) A [cos(21 2 )t
+
+
4
4
2
+ cos(22 1 )t ] +
+(
(2.45)
IP3
RF
2.44
1
1
12
+
AIP2 3 AIP2 3,1 AIP2 3,2
(2.46)
1
1
12 12 12
+
+
+
AIP2 3 AIP2 3,1 AIP2 3,2 AIP2 3,3
(2.47)
2.2
[ 2.13(a)]
(random bit stream)
2.13 ab 1 0
01 1
0
[ 2.13(b)]
(intersymbol interference--ISI)
ISI
ISI
2.14 ISI
Nyquist
p(t) ISI
p(kTS ) = 1 k = 1
(2.48)
=0 k 0
(2.49)
(impulse)
p (t )i (t kTS ) = (t )
(2.50)
Fourier
p( f )
1
TS
( f T
) =1
(2.51)
1
TS
p( f T
) =1
(2.52)
Nyquist 2.15 p ( f )
sinc
Fourier
2.15 ISI
sinc
sinc
ISI
Nyquist (raised cosine)
2.16
p (t ) =
sin( t / TS ) cos( t / TS )
t / TS 1 4 2t 2 / TS2
(2.53)
P ( f ) = TS
0< f <
1
2TS
TS
T
1
[1 + cos S ( f
)]
2
2TS
=0
f >
1
1+
< f <
2TS
2TS
(2.54)
1+
2TS
2.16ab
0 < < 1 1p(t) sinc
2 = 0
p(t) sinc 3p(f)
0.3 0.5
2.17
2.54
2.17
2.54
2.3
RF RF
2.3.1
RF
RF
random, stochastic
2 2.18
2.18
Statistical Ensembles
2.18
(ensemble)
sample function
T n(t)
1 +T / 2
(2.55)
n(t ) = lim
n(t )dt
T T T / 2
2.19
2.19
(2.56)
Pn (n)
stationary,
strict-sense stationary
RF
1 +T / 2 2
(2.57)
n 2 (t ) = lim
n (t )dt
T T T / 2
n(t)mean square power
1
n 2 (t ) = n 2 (t ) Pn (n)dn
(2.58)
n 2 (t ) = n 2 (t )
Probability Density Function
2.20 1
0
x(t) Px ( x)
(2.59)
PDF
2.20
PDF Gaussian distribution
central limit theorem PDF
PDF
PDF
PDF
Px ( x) =
1
( x m) 2
exp
2 2
2
(2.60)
m
PDF
x1 x2 x1 x2 Px ( x)
PDF
P ( x1 < x < x2 ) =
x2
x1
1
( x m) 2
exp
dx
2 2
2
(2.61)
x1 x2
1
2
erf ( x ) =
exp
u 2
du
2
(2.62)
68% m- m+ 99%
m-3 m+3
Power Spectral Density
RF
x(t), Fourier
X(f ) =
(2.63)
Fourier
3
Ex =
x(t ) dt <
2
(2.64)
x(t ) t 2.21
2
1 +T / 2
2
(2.65)
P = lim
x(t ) dt <
T T T / 2
P < Fourier Fourier
Fourier [5]
2.21
Fourier (PSD)
PSD [6]
3
x(t) 1
x(t ) S x ( f ) f
2.22 f 1-Hz
1 S x ( f )
f
4
2.22
PSD [3]
X (f)
S x ( f ) = lim T
T
T
(2.66)
(2.67)
2.231 x(t)
2
[0T]
2 Fourier X T ( f )
3 x(t ) 12
2
4 X T ( f ) X T ( f ) T
2.23
x(t) S x ( f ) f [3] 2.24(a)x(t)
[f1, f2]
f1
f2
f2
f2
f1
f1
(2.68)
[ 2.24(b)] 2.24(a)
(two-sided) 2.24(b)(one-sided)
2.24 ab
1Hz 1GHz
1Hz
S x ( f ) R
PSD
S x ( f ) = 2kTR
(2.69)
2.69 S x ( f )
S x ( f ) f < 100GHz
S x ( f ) [3]2kTR
W/Hz
1 1Hz 2kTR
Vn2 = 4kTRif
(2.70)
PDF PSD
PDF PSD(1/f) PDF PSD
1/f
(Random Signals in Linear Systems)
S x ( f ) H(s)
2.25
S y ( f ) = Sx ( f ) H ( f )
(2.71)
H ( f ) = H ( s = j 2 f ) [3]
x(t) y(t)[3]
2.25
2.3.2
5
PDF
PSD
MOSFET [ 2.26(a)]MOS
PSD
2
(2.72)
I n2 = 4kT ( g m )
3
g m 2/3 [7] 1
[8] MOSFET [9]
2.26 ab
(shot)(flicker)
pn PSD
I n2 = 2qI
(2.73)
q I
[
2.26(b)]
MOSFET
Vn2 =
K
1
WLCOX f
(2.74)
1/f RF
(Input-Referred Noise)
2.27[10]
2.28(a) M1
2
I D I nD
2.28(b) Vn2 I n2
2
2.28(a)(b) g m2 Vn2 = I nD
2
2
Zin I nD
= 4kT (2 g m / 3)
g m2 I n2 Z in = I nD
2.27
2.28 aMOS b
Z in , I n2 0 Vn2
Z in 50 Vn2 I n2
I n2
(Noise Figure) (SNR)
RF
SNR
noise figure =
SNRin
SNRout
(2.75)
SNRin SNRout
(noise factor) 10 log10 (noise factor)
2.75
SNR
SNRin = SNRout
1
SNR NF>1
2.75 NF
SNR
SNRin = NF=
NF RF
2.75 2.29
SNRin RS VRS2
Vin P SNR
SNRin =
2Vin2
2VRS2
(2.76)
P Vout A SNR
SNRout =
2 Av2Vin2
[VRS2 + (Vn + I n RS ) 2 ] 2 Av2
Vin2
[VRS2 + (Vn + I n RS ) 2 ]
(2.77)
(2.78)
Vn InRS
NF =
VRS2 + (Vn + I n RS ) 2
VRS2
= 1+
(Vn + I n RS ) 2
VRS2
(2.79)
(2.80)
NF 1Hz
2.80
NF = 1 +
(Vn + I n RS ) 2
4kTRS
(2.81)
Vn In
2.29
2.81 RS
NF NF2.81 RS
RF 50
6 NF
2.81
NF =
4kTRS + (Vn + I n RS ) 2
4kTRS
A2 [4kTRS + (Vn + I n RS ) 2 ] 1
=
4kTRS
A2
Vn2,out
A
1
4kTRS
TV 75
(2.82)
(2.83)
(2.84)
A = A , Vn2,out 2.29 NF
Vin Vout RS
RP, 2.30(a) RS
2.30(b)
Vn2,out = 4kT ( RS || RP )
(2.85)
A=
RP
RS + RP
(2.86)
2.84
NF = 4kT ( RS || RP )
= 1+
( RS + RP ) 2 1
RP2
4kTRS
RS
RP
(2.87)
(2.88)
RP
(RS=RP)
2.30 a Rp ba
2.31(a)
RS
I1 2.31(b)
Rin=RS
RS =
1
1
g m 2 1 + g m1 RD
(2.89)
M2 RS/2 ( I n 2 Rs / 2) g m1 RD RD
M1 Rin=RS
R
(2.90)
Rout = D (1 + g m 2 RS )
2
1
1
Vn2,out = 4kTRS ( g m2 1 RD2 ) + I n22 RS2 g m2 1 RD2
4
4
2
R
2
+( I RD
+ I n21 ) D (1 + g m 2 RS ) 2
4
(2.91)
2
= kTRS g m2 1 RD2 + kTg m 2 RS2 g m2 1 RD2
3
R2
4kT 8
+(
+ kTg m1 ) D (1 + g m 2 RS ) 2
RD 3
4
(2.92)
g m 2 RS = (1 + g m1 RD ) 1
NF =
= 1+
Vn2,out
A
1
4kTRS
(1 + g m 2 RS ) 2
2
1 2
+ g m1 )
g m 2 RS + (
3
RD 3
g m2 1 RS
(2.93)
(2.94)
2.31 aba
(Noise Figure of Cascaded Stages)
NF 2.32
0 A1 A 2
Rin1 2
Rin2 1
] + VRS2
( Rin1 + RS ) 2
Rin1 + RS
(2.95)
Rin2 2
( Rin 2 + Rout1 ) 2
(2.96)
Rin 2
]2
+[ I n 2 ( Rout1 || Rin 2 ) + Vn 2
Rin 2 + Rout1
Av ,tot =
Rin1
Rin 2
RL
Av1
Av 2
RS + Rin1
Rout1 + Rin 2
Rout 2 + RL
(2.97)
NFtot =
1
RL
1
Av22 (
) 2 Vn2,in 2
2
Av ,tot
Rout 2 + RL
4kTRS
2.952.96
(2.98)
NFtot =
+
4kTRS + ( I n1 RS + Vn1 ) 2
4kTRS
( I n 2 Rout1 + Vn 2 ) 2
Av21
(
1
1
Rin1 2 4kTRS
)
RS + Rin1
(2.99)
RS NF
RS = Rin1 = Rout1 = Rin 2
NFtot = NF1 +
= NF1 +
( I n 2 RS + Vn 2 ) 2 1
4kTRS
2 Av21
(2.100)
NF2 1
2 Av21
(2.101)
NF2 RS
2.32
(available power gain) AP
2.99
2.32
Pout , av = Vin2 (
Rin1 2 2 1
) Av1
RS + Rin1
4 Rout1
(2.102)
Vin2
4 RS
(2.103)
Rin1 2 2 RS
) Av1
RS + Rin1
Rout1
(2.104)
Psource ,av =
AP = (
Rout1
NF2, Rout1 = 1 +
( I n 2 Rout1 + Vn 2 ) 2
4kTRout1
(2.105)
2.99
NFtot = NF1, RS +
NF2, Rout1 1
AP
NF1, RS RS
(2.106)
m
NFtot = 1 + ( NF1 1) +
NF2 1
+
AP1
NFm 1
AP1 AP ( m 1)
(2.107)
NF Friis [11]
Friis
LC [ 2.33(a)]
RF
LNA 2.33(b)
2.33 aLC b
2.34(a)
(reciprocal network) [5] Rout
(Thevenin) 2.34(b) PSD 4kTRout Rout
Vn2 RS
2.34 aba
2.35(a)
L Pin/Pout Pin Pout
Thevenin 2.35(b)
2.34(b)
(2.108)
RL
2.34(b)
Vn2,out = 4kTRout
RL2
( RL + Rout ) 2
(2.109)
Av =
VTH
RL
Vin RL + Rout
(2.110)
Vin2
1
NF = 4kTRout 2
VTH 4kTRS
(2.111)
=L
(2.112)
2.35 aba
2.36 Friis
NFLNA 1
(2.113)
NFtot = NFfilt +
L1
= L + ( NFLNA 1) L
(2.114)
= Li NFLNA
(2.115)
LNA
2.36 LNA
2.4
(Sensitivity) RF
NF =
SNRin
SNRout
Psig / PRS
SNRout
(2.116)
(2.117)
Psig PRS
(2.118)
B 2.118
(2.119)
2.119 SNR
dB dBm
Pin,min |dBm = PRS |dBm/Hz + NF |dB + SNRmin |dB +10 log B (2.120)
Pin,min SNRmin B 2.120
RS PRS
PRS =
4kTRS 1
4 Rin
(2.121)
= kT
(2.122)
= 174dBm/Hz
(2.123)
2.120
(full-scale) SNR=1
RF
FS
dBm 2.33
PIIP 3 = Pin +
(2.125)
(2.126)
(2.127)
Pin =
IM
2P + F
Pin ,max = IP 3
3
(2.128)
(2.129)
F = 174dBm + NF + 10 log B
SFDR =
(2.130)
(2.131)
2.5
3V
P = 32 /(2 50) = 90mW 50
PA
2.37 RC
2.37 RC
Q 1/ RS CS RS 0
Q RP CP Q 5
R C s +1
RP
= S S
RP CP s + 1
CS s
(2.132)
s = j RP CP = 1/( RS CS 2 ) , RP CP + RS CS RP CS = 0 RP
RS
CP CS
RP
1
RS (C ) 2
(2.133)
C = CP CS 2.133
RP QS2 RS QS Q RL
m
m 2
2.38(a) RP
Q RP CP 2.38(b)
CS CP RS 1/[ RP (CP ) 2 ] C1 CS Ceq
2.38(c) 2.38(d)
Ctot C1CP /(C1 + CP ) Rtot 1/[ RS (Ceq ) 2 ] = (1 + CP / C1 ) 2 RP
RP (1 + CP / C1 ) 2
2.38
2.39(a) 2.39(b)
Q Ltot L1 + LP
Rtot (1 + L1 / LP ) 2 RP
2.39
2.40(a) RP CP
2.40(b) CP CS RS 1/[ RP (CP ) 2 ]
CS L1 1/[ RP (CP ) 2 ]
2.40
Q
3.1
(1)(2)
(3)
FCC()
(4)
= 0 0
[1][Fig.3.1(a)]
c 0 [1][Fig.3.1(b)]
1
3.1 ab
()
(3.1)
x(t ) = a(t ) cos[ c t + (t )]
a (t ) (t ) [1]
A cos( c t + ) (3.1) c (t ) + (t )
(t )
c + d dt d
dt
B
()
ISI 3.2/
()/
3.2
3.2
(
)()
( 9 )
N 0 2 ( 3.3)
(
)
3.3
3.2
3.2.1
x BB (t ) (3.1)
x AM (t ) = Ac [1 + mx BB (t )] cos c t AM m
3.4
cos c t x BB (t ) c x AM (t )
x BB (t ) Ac cos c t (LO)
3.4 ab
3.5(a)
x AM (t )
1 + mx BB (t ) t 3.4(a)
0[ 3.5(b)]
3.5 AM
SNRout =
2
Ac2 m 2 x BB
(t )
2N 0 B
(3.2)
2
x BB
(t ) B x BB (t ) [1]
(3.2)
25dB
2
Ac2 [1 + m 2 x BB
(t )] / 2
3.2.2
(PM)(FM)
(3.1) a (t ) Ac (t )
x PM (t ) = Ac cos[ c t + mx BB (t )] m
x BB (t ) = t x PM (t ) = Ac cos( c + m )t
d dt
t
x FM (t ) = Ac cos[ c t + m x BB (t )dt ] m
;
x BB (t ) = A x FM (t ) = Ac cos( c + mA)t
7
3.6
mdx BB / dt mx BB (t )
x PM (t ) x FM (t ) x BB (t )
3.6
3.7 LC
x BB (t )
3.7
()
( 3.8)
vin (t ) = Ac cos[ c t + m x BB (t )dt ]
(3.3)
c + mx BB (t )
x BB (t ) vin
3.8
x FM (t ) x BB (t )
(3.4)
3.9(a) x BB (t )dt c
x FM (t ) 3.4(a) x AM (t ) 1
3.9 ab
x BB (t ) = Am cos m t
m
(3.5)
x FM , NB (t ) Ac cos c t Am Ac
sin c t sin m t
= Ac cos c t
Am Ac m
cos( c m )t
2 m
Am Ac m
(3.6)
cos( c + m )t
2 m
3.9(b) c ( c m )
+
(3.5) (3.6)
mAm / m << 1 rad m
x FM (t ) = Ac cos[ c t (mAm / m ) sin m t ] mAm
m
x FM (t ) = Ac
n =
( ) cos( c + n m )t
(3.7)
) J 0 ( ) 1 J 1 ( ) / 2 J n ( ) 0 ( n > 1 )
x FM (t ) = Ac cos c t + ( Ac / 2) cos( c + m )t ( Ac / 2) cos( c m )t (3.6)
1 n > 1 J n ( )
c n m 3.10 = 1 = 2
[2]
m Am
m BFM 98%
BFM 2( + 1) B BB BBB [1] Carson
3.10 FM
(3.6)
3.8
()( 3.11)
()
3.11 FM
SNRout
x 2 (t )
= 6 2 ( + 1) BB 2
SNRin
VP
V P x BB (t ) [2]
(3.8)
SNRout
B x 2 (t )
(3.9)
= 2 2 ( + 1)( ) 2 BB 2
SNRin
f1
VP
B f 1 -3dB
(3.9)(3.8) 10 15dB[1]
3.3
(ASK)(PSK)(FSK) 3.12
3.1
(BER)
3.12 abc
3.3.1
x BB (t ) = bn p(t nTb )
(3.10)
n
bn [nTb , (n + 1)Tb ] 0 1 -1
1 ()
3.13
M (3.10) bn
3.13
3.13
(3.10)
3.12(c)
(3.11)
x FSK (t ) = Ac cos 1t ,
if
bn = 0
= Ac cos 2 t ,
if
bn = 1
x FSK (t ) = 11 (t ) + 2 2 (t )
(3.12)
(3.13)
= [ 1 2 ] [1 (t ) 2 (t )]
(3.14)
[ 1 2 ] = [0 Ac ] [ Ac 0] 1 (t ) = cos 1t 2 (t ) = cos 2 t x FSK (t )
x(t ) ()
n =0
n =0
(3.15)
t 0 < t < t 0 + T = 1 / T
T
cos nt cos mt = 0
cos nt sin mt = 0
sin nt sin mt = 0
0
T
0
T
(3.16)
(3.17)
(3.18)
n m
2
(3.19)
x(t ) = 11 (t ) + 2 2 (t ) + " + N N (t )
Ts
m (t ) k (t )dt = 0
(3.20)
m k Ts N
4
x(t ) = [ 1 2 "] [1 (t ) 2 (t ) "]
[ 1 2 "] 3.12(c)
3.14(a)
3.14 aFSKbASK
3.12(a)
(3.21)
x ASK (t ) = Ac cos c t
bn = 1
(3.22)
=0
bn = 0
x ASK (t ) = 11 (t ) 1 0 Ac 1 (t ) = cos c t
3.14(b)
Tb
3.15 n(t)
3
3.15 aASK b
[ 3.15(b)]
(
)
3.15(b)
Ac / 2
3.14(a)()
3.16
3.16 FSK
Tb 3.17
3.17
3.18
()
h(t ) = (t )
[ 3.19(a)]
3.18
3.19(b) 0 Tb t = Tb
3.19 ab
3.19(b)
p(t)
[1]( 3.20) h(t ) = p * (Tb t )
p(t) Tb
p(t) h(t ) = p (Tb t ) h(t) p(t)
3.20
p(t) 3.21
(3.23)
y (t ) = p(t ) h(t )
+
= p (t )h( )d
(3.24)
t = Tb
( t = Tb )
p(t) N 0 / 2
[1]
SNRmax =
2E p
N0
(3.25)
Ep =
p (t ) dt
(3.26)
E p p(t) E p 1 p(t)
(3.25) SNRmax
SNRmax
3.21
p(t)
y (Tb ) = x( )h(Tb )d
(3.27)
= x( ) p ( )d
(3.28)
y (Tb ) =
x( ) p( )d
(3.29)
(3.29)()
p(t) 3.22 p(t)
3.21
3.22
p(t) 3.12
p(t) x(t)
()
3.23
3.24
3.23
3.24
cos 1t cos 2 t
x FSK (t )
sin 1t Ac cos 1t Tb
2 / 1 0
3.24 FSK
3.8 3.25
1 2
3.25 FSK
(3.5 )
98%
2( + 1) B 99%
99%
3.26
30kHz-50dBc
30kHz -50dB
3.26
3.3.2
(BPSK)
(BFSK)
3.22
() p1 (t ) p 2 (t )
0
p1 (t ) = Ac cos 1t p 2 (t ) = Ac cos 2 t 0 < t < Tb 3.27(a)
3.27(b) p1 (t ) p 2 (t )
(3.25)
2Ed
(3.30)
SNRmax =
N0
3.27 aba
E d = [ p1 (t ) p 2 (t )]2 dt
p1 (t ) = p 2 (t ) E d
p1 (t ) p 2 (t )
(3.31)
3.27(b) t = Tb A1
A2 ( A1 +1 A2 = 1 ) x(t ) = p1 (t ) x(t ) = p 2 (t )
( A1 + A2 ) / 2 A1 + n(Tb )
A2 + n(Tb ) n(Tb ) t = Tb n(Tb )
1/2
(u A1 ) 2
1
1
p e1 =
du
exp
2 ( A1 + A2 ) / 2 2 n2
2 n2
(3.32)
n n(t )
Pe = 2 Pe1
3.28 PDF
v = (u A1 ) / n
( A1 + A2 ) / 2 n
pe =
= Q(
A2 A1
)
2 n
exp
v2
dv
2
(3.33)
(3.34)
Q()
u2
(3.35)
Q( x) =
exp 2 du
2 x
x > 3 (3.35)
1
x2
(3.36)
exp
Q( x)
2
x 2
(3.34) ( A2 A1 ) / (2 n )
1
(3.34) Q ()
()
A2 A1 x(t ) = p1 (t ) p 2 (t ) (
) ( )
p1 (t ) p 2 (t ) x(t ) = p1 (t ) p 2 (t )
( A2 A1 )2 / n2 (3.30)
( A2 A1 )2 / n2 = 2 E d / N 0
Ed
(3.37)
Pe = Q
2N
0
(3.37)
(3.37)
()
BPSK()
3.29(a)
x BPSK (t ) = Ac cos( c t + ) = 0 180
x BPSK (t ) = cos c t = + Ac Ac [ 3.29(b)] p1 (t ) = p 2 (t )
p1 (t ) p 2 (t ) = 2 p1 (t ) = 2 Ac cos c t [ 3.29(c)]
t = Tb
Tb
(3.38)
c Vint Ac2Tb
3.29 BPSKabc
(3.31) (3.37)
+
E d = [ p1 (t ) p 2 (t )]2 dt
Tb
(2 Ac cos c t )2 dt
= Ac2Tb
(3.39)
(3.40)
(3.41)
Ac2Tb
Pe = Q(
)
N0
(3.42)
()
Eb = Ac2Tb / 2
2 Eb
(3.43)
Pe, BPSK = Q
N
0
E b
Eb / N 0
3.29(a) 3.30 +1 1
Ac cos c t
x BPSK = x BB (t ) Ac cos c t
(3.44)
3.30 BPSK
x BB (t ) c x BPSK (t )
+ p(t ) p(t ) 1 0 x(t )
1
2
(3.45)
S x ( ) =
P ( )
Tb
P( ) p(t ) [1] p(t ) Tb
P ( ) = [2 sin (Tb / 2 )] /
(3.46)
+
Tb
Tb
( + c )2
( c )2
3.4
BFSK()
[ 3.31(a)] 5
x BFSK (t ) = 1 cos 1t + 2 cos 2 t [ 1 2 ] [0 Ac ] [0 Ac ]
S BPSK ( ) =
Tb
(3.47)
3.31 BFSKabc
1 + 2 >> 1 2 [sin (1 2 )Tb ] / (1 2 ) = 0
(1 2 )Tb = n 1 2 (1 2 )Tb =
f1 f 2 = 1 / (2Tb )
3.31(b)
p1 (t ) = Ac cos 1t p 2 (t ) = Ac cos 2 t p1 (t ) p 2 (t )
3.31(c)
p1 (t ) p 2 (t ) = Ac cos 1t Ac cos 2 t
FSK
(3.31) (3.37)
p1 (t ) p 2 (t )
Tb
E d = [ p12 (t ) + p 22 (t )]dt
0
= Ac2Tb
(3.48)
(3.49)
A 2T
c b
(3.50)
Pe = Q
2N 0
Eb = Ac2Tb / 2
Eb
Pe, BFSK = Q
(3.51)
N
0
(3.43) (3.51)
3.29(b)
3.31(b) Ac
SNRmax = 2 E d / N 0 p1 (t ) = p 2 (t )
E d
3-dB (
) Tb Eb
(3.5 )
(3.4 )
[1] Carson 98%
BT = 2(f + 1 / Tb ) f = f 1 f 2 [1] f = 1 /( 2Tb )
BT = 3 / Tb
3.4
3.3.3
bm
bm +1
x(t ) = bm Ac cos c t bm +1 Ac sin c t
cos c t sin c t
(3.52)
3.32
( )
(3.31 )
3.32
bm bm +1 1
x(t ) = 1 cos c t + 2 sin c t 1 2 + Ac
Ac 3.33
3.33
( / 4 QPSK) (MSK)
QPSK (OQPSK) / 4 QPSK
MSK (GMSK)
RF
BER
QPSK (3.52)
QPSK BPSK
xQPSK (t ) = 2 Ac cos( c t + k / 4) k1357
QPSK 3.34
cos c t sin c t [ 1 1]
P
S
( )
3.34 QPSK
3.29(b) 3.33 QPSK BPSK
3.33 3
x BPSK (t ) = Ac cos c t
Tb BPSK [ 3.29(c)]
Tb QPSK ( 3.34)
TS = 2Tb () Ac2Tb / 2
BPSK QPSK
Pe = Q 2 Eb / N 0 [1]
QPSK
3.36 [ 1 1]
[+ 1 + 1] 180
3.4
3.36 QPSK
x(t ) = Ac cos c t + k k
(3.53)
4
(3.54)
x(t ) = Ac cos c t + k k
4
3.39 QPSK
3.39 / 4 QPSK
/ 4 QPSK
QPSK
1 0 2
[ 1 2 ] = [ Ac Ac ]
x1 (t ) = 1 cos c t + 2 cos c t
x 2 (t ) = 1 cos c t + 2 cos c t [ 1
] [
2 ] = 0 2 Ac 2 Ac
3.40
[11,01,10,11,01] 3.41 [1,1] [+ Ac + Ac ]
y (t ) = Ac cos( c t + / 4) [0,1] 0 2 Ac
y (t ) = 2 Ac cos c t y(t)
3.4(a) t
135D QPSK
45 D 3.41(b)
/ 4 QPSK QPSK OQPSK
3.40 / 4 QPSK
3.41 a / 4 QPSK b
QPSK
2.2 (ISI)
( 3.42)(2.54)
Nyquist
[5]
3.42
MSK
OQPSK MSK
MSK GMSK
(3.52) bm bm +1
bm bm +1
(3.4
)[67]MSK
OQPSK
3.43 cos 1t
sin 1t 1 = / (2Tb ) [9]
t = (2k + 1)Tb
= ( c 1 )t + ( c + 1 )t = 21 + = 2k 1 = / (2Tb ) a m a m +1
3.43 MSK
MSK QPSK QPSK
MSK
(3.55)
2 1 16Tb2 ( f f c )2 2 1 16Tb2 ( f + f c )2 2
4
f (3.46)
MSK
MSK [8]
(GMSK) GMSK
3.43 MSK
t
(3.56)
x MSK (t ) = 2 Ac cos c t + bm p(t mTb )dt
bm = 1 p(t ) Tb
] [
( ) Tb
h(t)
3.44 GMSK
GMSK
p (t ) = 1
99% 1.2/ Tb [10]
GMSK Tb
ISI ISI
0.3 ISIMSK GMSK
3.4
[111213]
3.4
3.4.1
x(t ) = A(t ) cos[ c t + (t )] A(t )
x(t )
A(t ) = Ac
3
y (t ) = 3 x 3 (t ) + "
(3.57)
= 3 A cos [ c t + (t )] + "
3
c
(3.58)
3 3 A
cos[ c t + (t )]
(3.59)
4
4
(3.59) = 3 c
A(t ) cos[ c t + (t )] c Carson cos[3 c t + 3 (t )]
=
3 A
3
c
cos[3 c t + 3 (t )] +
3
c
x(t )
x(t ) = x I (t ) cos c t xQ (t )sin c t
(3.60)
x I (t ) xQ (t )
(3.61)
cos 3 c t + 3 cos c t
sin 3 c t + 3 sin c t
3 xQ3 (t )
+ " (3.62)
4
4
c x I3 (t ) xQ3 (t )
= 3 x I3 (t )
x I (t ) xQ (t )
sin 2 c Tb
3.4.2
3.45
QPSK
3.45
3.45 QPSK
[14
15]
QPSK
9
40() 1W
2.5W
60%
FM
x FM (t ) = Ac cos c t + m x BB (t )dt
FM FSK
3.45 QPSK
[1716] OQPSK
/ 4 QPSK
QPSK MSK
MSK QPSK
QPSK MSK
( 4 )
3.5
3.31 ()
3.46 FSK
1 2
[1]
Eb
1
(3.63)
Pe = exp
2
2Tb B p N 0
B p ( ) Eb Eb = Ac2Tb / 2 B p = 1 / Tb
Pe =
Eb
1
exp
2
2N 0
(3.64)
10 3 (3.64) Eb / N 0 FSK
1.5dB[(3.51)]
FSK (
) PSK
QPSK 90 D
PSK
()()
(DPSK)
1
() 3.47(a)
(XNOR) Dout (mTb ) Din (mTb )
(3.65)
3.47 abc
Din (mTb ) 1 Dout [(m + 1)Tb ] = Dout (mTb ) Din (mTb ) 0
Dout [(m + 1)Tb ] = Dout (mTb )
DPSK 3.47(b)
()
[12] DPSK
Eb
1
(3.66)
Pe = exp
2
N0
Eb = Ac2Tb / 2 10 3 DPSK Eb / N 0
PSK 3dB[(3.43)]
[1] L. W. Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 4th ed., New York:
Macmillan, 1993.
[2] H. E. Rowe, Signals and Noise in Communication Systems, Princeton, NJ: Van
Nostrand, 1965.
[3] P. A. Baker, Phase-Modulated Data Sets for Serial Transmission at 2000 and 2400
Bits per Second, Part , AIEE Trans. Communication Electronics, pp. 166-171,
July 1962.
[4] Y. Akaiwa and Y. Nagata, Highly Efficient Digital Mobile Communication with a
Linear Modulation Method, IEEE J. of Selected Areas in Communications, Vlo. 5,
pp. 890-895, June 1987.
[5] R. D. Gitlin, J. F. Hayes, and S. B. Weinstein, Data Communications Principles, New
York: Plenum Press, 1992.
[6] C. E. W. Sundberg, Continuous Phase Modulation, IEEE Comm. Mag., Vol. 24, pp.
25-38, April 1986.
[7] J. B. Anderson and C. E. W. Sundberg, Advances in Constant Envelope Coded
Modulation, IEEE Comm. Mag., Vol. 29, pp. 36-56, December 1991.
[8] R. E. Ziemer and R. L. Peterson, Digital Communication and Spread Spectrum
Systems, New York: Macmillan, 1985.
[9] S. Pasupathy, Minimum Shift Keying: A Spectrally Efficient Modulation, IEEE
Comm., Mag., Vol. 19, pp. 14-22, July 1979.
[10] K. Murota and K.Hirade, GMSK Modulation for Digital Mobile Radio Telephony,
IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. 29, pp. 1044-1051, July 1981.
[11] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Principle and Practice, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.
[12] B. Sklar, Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988.
[13] K. Feher, Wireless Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall,
1995.
[14] D. H. Morais and K. Feher, The Effects of Filtering and Limiting on the
Performance of QPSK, Offset QPSK, and MSK Signals, IEEE Trans.
Communications, Vol. 28, pp. 1999-2009, December 1980.
[15] J. F. Sevic and J. Staudinger, Simulation of Adjacent Channel Power for Digital
Wireless Communication Systems, Microwave J., pp. 66-80, October 1996.
4
3
RF
FDMATDMACDMA
NADC
GSMCQualcomm CDMADECT
4.1 RF
RF
RF
RF
900MHz 25MHz
FM
88-108MHz
6 [ 4.1(a)]
f1 6
f1
4.1(b)
4.1 ab7
4.1(b)
MTSO
CCI
4.1(b)
4.6[1] 18dB[1]
4.2
A B A
B
4.3
[1]
d
4.4
d2 d4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.5
(4.1)
(4.2)
n A B
(4.3)
4.6 Rayleigh
= tan ( B / A) Am =
1
A2 + B 2 Rayleigh 4.6
[2] 6% 10dB
RF
d4
mS kHz
4.7 (a)(b)
[1]
4.2
4.2.1
TDD
TxRx
4.8 TDD
FDD 4.9
Tx Rx
4.8
TDD
1dB RF Tx Rx
100dB
TDD
TDD
FDD FDD
50dB
TDD Rx 3dB
3dB( 2 ) Tx
50% Tx Rx
2-3dB
4.9
FDD
TDD
FDD RF
4.2.2
4.10
FDD FDMA
4.10
FDMA
FDMA
4.2.3
TF Tsl Tsl
TDMA
TDMA A/D
TDMA FDMA
FDD TDMA
[3]
FDMATDMA
CDMA
/
4.12(a)
8 Walsh
(4.4)
(4.5)
Wn
(4.6)
4.12(b) 8 Walsh W8
4.12 (a) DS-CDMA (b)Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
CDMA
CDMA x1 (t ) x2 (t )
y (t ) = [ xBB1 (t ) W1 (t ) + xBB 2 (t ) W2 (t )] W1 (t ) W1 (t ) W2 (t )
y (t ) = xBB1 (t ) W1 (t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t )
xBB 2 (t ) y (t )
4.12(a)
CDMA
4.13 FDMA TDMA CDMA
[4]
4.13
CDMA
CDMA SS
CDMA SS
DS-SS
4.14 W1(t)
W1(t)
Gaussian
4.14
CDMA [1] FDMA TDMA
CDMA
[1]
DS-CDMA 4.15
1
1dB
4.15 CDMA
CDMA RF CDMA FHCDMA
4.16 FDMA
DS-CDMA
PN
4.16 CDMA
CDMA FDMA
CDMA 4.16
8
4.3
SNRBER
2
4.3.1 AMPS
AMPSFM
FDD FDMA 824-849MHZ 869-894MHz
30-KHz/[ 4.17(a)] 830 3
20MHz[ 4.17(b)]
4.17 (a)AMPS (b)
AMPS
[1]
4.3.2 NADS
NADC /4-DQPSK FDD
TDMA[ 4.18(a)] AMPS NADC
30KHz 6 AMPS 48.6Kb/s
4.18 NADC(a)(b)(c)TX RX
NADC TDMA 4.18(b)[1] 1994 40mS
6 260 64
2
4.18(c) 1.85ms[5]
LNA
AMPS NADC
AMPS/NADC TIA
54IS-54
IS-54 [1]
4.3.3 GSM
GSM 4 Groupe Speciale Mobile
GSM
ISDN[1]
GSM GMSK TDMA/FDD 890-915MHz
935-960MHz[ 4.19(a)] 8 200KHz
270kb/s TDMA 4.19(b) 4.615ms
8 114 NADC
TX RX 3
25MHz 1000
4.19 GSM(a)(b)
4.3.4 Qualcomm CDMA
CDMA Qualcomm IS-95
FDD IS54 9.6kb/s
1.23MHz OQPSK
QPSK 3
IS-95
4.20 IS-95
IS-95
[367]
4.2.4 CDMA
1dBIS-95
dB -73dBm
k dB Pbs Pm
Pbs k + Pm = 73 dBm Pm k Pm k
85dB
1.25ms
4.1
kHz IS-95 1.23MHz
25%
IS-95
4.21
j
4.21
CDMA
IS-95 4 960048002400 1200b/s
9600b/s
2400b/s 50%
50%
4.1
IS-54 GSM
CDMA
make-before-break
4.3.5 DECT
DECT
DECT
GSM
DECT TDMA/FDMA 1800MHz~1900MHz TDD [
4.22(a)] 1.73MHz 8 120
GFSK GMSK
4.22(b) DECT TDMA 24 12 12
10ms 32 388
60
DECT
8
4.22 DECT(a)(b)
[1] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1996.
[2] L. W. Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 4th ed., New York: Macmillan,
1993.
[3] D. P. Whipple, North American Cellular CDMA, Hewlett-Packard Journal, pp. 90-97,
December 1993.
[4] A. Salmasi and K. S. Gilhousen, On the System Design Aspects of Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA) Applied to Digital Cellular and Personal Communications Networks, Proc.
IEEE Veh. Tech. Conf., pp. 57-62, May 1991.
[5] T. W. Baker and P. E. Bronner, Create a Low-Cost Cellular Telephone, Wireless Systems
Design, pp. 23-33, January 1996.
[6] R. Kerr, et al., The CDMA Digital Cellular System, An ASIC Overview, Proceedings of
IEEE CICC, pp. 10.1.1-10.1.7, May 1992.
[7] J. Hinderling et al., CDMA Mobile Station Modem ASIC, Proceedings of IEEE CICC, pp.
10.2.1-10.2.5, May 1992.
51
IS-54 30kHz
GSM 200kHz
5.1
5.1 ab
900MHz
30kHz 60kHz 5.2
7
LC 45kHz 60dB Q 10
Q SAW
Q
5.1(b) 2dB
LNA 2dB 4dB
5.2
5.3
5.3
5.4
20MHz 30dB
30dB 8
5.4
5.5
IP3
5.5
1W
2dB 370mW
100dB
FDD
5.6 TX
1W 50 20V 5.4
30mVpp-26dBm LNA
1-dB -25dBm LNA
NADC GSM
FDD AMPS
5.6 PA LNA
AGC
5.2
5.2.1
Q 1
5.7(a)
1
1 2 A0 cos 0t
0 = 1 2 2 21 2
[ 5.7(b)]
LO = 5.7 0
5.7 a b LNA
2 (IF)
x1 (t ) = A1 cos(1t ) x2 (t ) = A2 cos(2t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t ) )
cos(1 2 )t cos(1 2 )t
5.8
1 ( = LO IF ) 2LO 1 ( = LO + IF )
5.8
5.9
2IF
5.9
2IF
2IF
Q IF 5.10
Q LNA 15dB
dB
5.10 a IF b IF
5.9
SAW
10.7MHz71MHz
LNA 50
FDD
LNA
LO
2
LO
[3] 5.11
in (in + LO ) / 2
in + LO 2LO = IF (in LO ) = IF / 2
5.11
50% (in + LO ) / 2
5.7
5.12
Q
IS-54
455kHz DECT
5.12
IP3
5.12 A G 40dB
IP3 LNA IP3 40dB
30dBm
5.12
C
BPF3
BP F4
IQ 5.13
ISI I/Q
AGC A/D
4 10
NFIP3
5.13
5.2.2
5.14
5.14a
[ 5.14b] FM QPSK
IF = 0 LNA 50 IF
SAW
5.14 ab
RF
-- 5.14
b 5.15[6]
5.15
5.15a A1
ADC 4 8
RF
-
5.15b
LPF ADC
5.15cADC
5.16
LPF ADC
5.16 ab [5]
LNA
LO A B [ 5.16a]LO
LO LO
LNA LO C
self-mixing LNA
LO [ 5.16b]
X 80dB 100dB
ADC LNA/
25dB 30dB
LO
[4]
200kHz 0 20Hz
3
10 [5]
DC DC-free coding
DECT kHz
5.17
TDMA
TDMA
5.17 TDMA
5.17 S1 kT/C
C1 1 Vrms
30dB C1 200pF kT/C kT C
15dB I Q 4
[ 5.15b]
LO
TDMA
LO
[ 5.16b]
IF FM IF
IF
I/Q 5.14b
RF LO 90 5.18
RF -- 5.18b
90 I Q
5.19 I
Q
5.18aRF bLO
5.19 I/Q
I/Q
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
xBB ,Q (t ) = a(1 ) sin + b(1 ) cos
2
2
2
2
5.20 QPSK
5.21 1
I Q
I Q
IC
I/Q 50 60dB
I/Q 5.2.4
I/Q
5.22 LNA
y (t ) = 1 x(t ) + a2 x (t ) x(t ) = A1 cos 1t + A2 cos 2t
2
y (t ) 2 A1 A2 cos(1 2 )t
cos LO t
RF IF
vRF (t )(a + A cos LO t ) a
vRF (t )
30 40dB
AM
5.22
LNA RF
LNA
IP2 IP3
IP2
LNA
LNA
LNA 30dB
1/f
MOS RF
TDMA 1/TC
TC 4 DC
LO DC LO
FCC
LO -50 -80dBm
5.2.3
RF
4
90
G ( ) = j sgn( ) sgn( ) 90 5
5.23 sin t cos t cos t sin t
t t-T/4 T
90 5.24 RC-CR
Vout1(t) Vout2(t) / 2 tan ( RC )
1
5.23 ab 90
LO
5.24 90
Hartley 5.25 Hartley 1928 [8]
SSBHartley RF sin LO t cos LO t
90
x(t ) = ARF cos RF t + Aim cos imt
RF LO = LO im
x(t) LO A B
A
ARF
sin(LO RF )t + im sin(LO im )t
2
2
Aim
ARF
xB (t ) =
cos(LO RF )t +
cos(LO im )t
2
2
xA (t ) =
5.5
5.6
5.4
xA (t ) =
A
ARF
sin(RF LO )t + im sin(LO im )t
2
2
5.7
5.23(a)
xC (t ) = +
A
ARF
cos(RF LO )t im cos(LO im )t
2
2
5.8
xC (t ) xB (t ) ARF cos(LO RF )t RF
B C
G ( )
90 LO RC < 0
LO im > 0
5.25 Hartley
Hartley
5.26 sin LO t cos LO t
A B X A ( ) X B ( ) X A ( ) j
90 X A ( ) +j-j
X C ( ) X C ( ) X B ( )
5.26 Hartley
90 +45
-45 5.27
5.27
Hartley LO
5.27
5.8
LO ALO sin LO t ( ALO + ) cos(LO t + )
5.25 A B 6
x A (t ) =
ALO ARF
A A
sin(LO RF )t + LO im sin(LO im )t 5.9
2
2
ARF
cos[(LO RF )t + ]
2
A
+ ( ALO + ) im cos[(LO im )t + ]
2
xB (t ) = ( ALO + )
5.10
xC (t ) = ALO [
A
ARF
cos(LO RF )t im cos(LO im )t ] 5.11
2
2
xB (t ) xC (t )
x A (t ) xB (t ) 2
xsig (t ) =
xim (t ) =
( ALO + ) ARF
cos[(LO RF )t + ]
2
A A
+ LO RF cos(LO RF )t
2
5.12
( ALO + ) Aim
cos[(LO im )t + ]
2
A A
LO im cos(LO im )t
2
5.13
5.14
Aim / ARF
IRR Pim/Psig
2
Aim / ARF
IRR =
A2 2 AB cos + B 2
A2 + 2 AB cos + B 2
5.15
IRR =
(A / A) 2 + 2
4
5.16
A / A = / ALO
LO 5.25
LPF 90
(5.16) A / A 30
40dB 0.2 0.6dB 1 5
Hartley 90 5.27
IF = 1/( RC ) IF R
C
R + R C + C
A
( R + R)(C + C ) 1
1
=
A
1 + ( R + R) 2 (C + C ) 2 2
1 + R 2C 2 2
5.17
IF RC 1
A
R / R + C / C
1
A
2 + R / R + C / C
2
5.18
R C
5.19
+
R
C
R / R = 20% 20dB
5.27
IF = 1/( RC ) IF
IRR
RF 60 70dB
IF
IF 5.19
Hartley 5.25
- 90 5.24
Weaver Hartley 90
5.28 Weaver [11]
90
2 1 5.29 A j[ ( + 2 ) ( 2 )] / 2
C j B [ ( + 2 ) ( 2 )] / 2
D C
+2 + IF 2 IF
5.28 Weaver
5.28 LO 1 2 5.29
22 in + 21 ( 5.30)
22 in + 1 2
LO1 5.28
LO 1 2 = in
1 in LO
5.29 Weaver
5.30 Weaver
Hartley Weaver
Weaver 5.19
LO
IF IF
5.2.4
5.12
5.31 IF
IF
I Q
5.31
ADC 5.31 A
ADC
IF ADC
ADC
7ADC IF
IF Nyquist ADC
50 200MHz IF 100 400MHz
14
ADC
ADC ADC
IF 5.32 ADC
fIF f IF f S
5.32
ADC
ADC IF IF
[12,14,13]
5.2.5
LO RF
RF
7
AGC
f 2f
5.33
5.33 ab
RF
5.34(a)
f0 Ron
f0 5.34b
5.33(b) m
2m
5.34 ab
m2
[15]
5.3
RF
RF
RF
5.35 FM /
RF
QPSK 5.36
/ GMSK
5.37 [1617]
ROM
A B
5.36 /
5.38 GMSK
GMSK xGMSK (t ) = A cos[C t + k (t )] k (t ) =
h(t) h(t)
ROM
cos k
sin k
5.20
V0
[1 + (1 + ) cos ]cos(in LO )t
2
V
0 (1 + ) sin sin( LO in )t
2
V0
+ [1 + (1 + ) cos ]cos(in + LO )t
2
V0
(1 + ) sin sin( LO + in )t
2
5.21
LO + in LO in
P+ 1 (1 + ) cos +
=
P 1 + (1 + ) cos +
5.22
I/Q 30dB
5.38 GMSK
PA/ 4.1
TDD 2 3dB
30% 50% PA PA 1W
300mW PA 50%
600mW
TDD 0.5 1dB FDD
5.3.1
5.36 5.37
5.39
8
5.39
5.39 5.40
PA LO
VCO PA
PA
5.40 PA
PA LO
5.36 5.37 LO
[18] 5.41 VCO1 VCO2
1 + 2 1 2
5.41 LO
5.3.2
LO
PA VCO 5.42 I Q
1
1 + 2 BPF IF 1 2
5.42
I Q
IF
50 60dB
5.4
100
GSM -120dBmMDS 9 12dB SNRSNR
3dB 10-3
BER 2.4
8
[C/(N+I)] 9dB
5.43(b)-45dBm -35dBm
IF IF C/(N+I)
9dB
5.43c-23dBm
C/(N+I) 9dB
5.43
GSM ab
c
FCC
GSM 5.44
PA
FDD AMPS
50 60dB
[2] NADC GSM
5.5
RF [20-26]
5.5.1 Motorola
MC3362 Motorala FM [27] 5.45
50MHz LC
LNA
10.7MHz LC VCO IF
10.245MHz 455kHz IF
FM
FM
5.45 MC3362
5.45
25 2V
0.7uVrms SNR 20dB 5mA
5.5.2 Philips
Philips UAA2080T FSK
[28] 5.46 LC
5.2.2
LC RF LO
LO
FSK
I Q FSK
LO 470MHz 235MHz
78.3MHz overtone
RF
5.46 UAA2080T
5.2.2 UAA2080T FSK
I/Q LO
LNA
1FSK
SNR2BER
3%
UA2080T 2V 2mA
BER=3% 1.2kb/s-125dBm(0.126uVrms)
60dB 30
5.5.3 Philips DECT
Philips DECT 5.47 1.89GHz
TDD [29]
LNA/UA2077 30dB
DAC I Q IF
110MHz SAW 9.8MHz IF
FM
IF 5.45 DECT 1.7MHz
VCO
VCO 5.48
VCO
250us
VCO
5.48
5.47 VCOtx VCO
VCO
250mA VCO
50kHz 1.9GHz 26ppm
[29]
30kHz
5.5.4 LucentGSM
Lucent Microelectronics AT&T Microelectronics
GSM
5.49 900MHz 71MHz IF
SAW
5.45 5.47
IF SAW
900MHz VCO
VCO1 117MHz VCO2 5.3.1
0dBm 50
5.49 Lucent Technologies GSM
VCO VCO3
20dB
900MHz
5.50
GSM 3
VLO2 400MHz DC
VLO2 800MHz IF
5.50 DCS1800[30]
GSM 1.8GHz VLO1 GSM DCS1800
400MHz IF
LNA
[1] J. S. Kenney and A. Leke, Power Amplifier Spectral Regrowth for Digital Cellular and PCS
Applications, Microwave J., pp.74-92, October 1995.
[2] B. Maoz and A. Adar, GaAs IC Receivers for Wireless Communications, Microwave J., pp.
102-114, January 1996.
[3] R. C. Sagers, Intercept Point and Undesired Responses, IEEE Trans. Vehicular Tech., Vol. 32,
pp. 121-133, February 1983.
[4] J. F. Wilson et al., A Single-Chip VHF and UHF Receiver for Radio Paging, IEEE Journal of
Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 26, pp. 1994-1950, December 1981.
[5] A. A. Abidi, Direct-Conversion Radio Transceivers for Digital Communications, IEEE
Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 30, pp. 1399-1410, December 1995.
[6] B. Razavi, Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers, IEEE Trans. Circuits
and Systems, Part II, Vol. 44, pp. 482-435, June 1997.
[7] K. Anvari, M. Kaube, and B. Hriskevich, Performance of a Direct Conversion Receiver with
/4-DQPSK Modulated Signal, Proc. IEEE Vehicular Tech. Conf., pp. 822-827, 1991.
[8] R. Hartley, Modulation System, U.S. Patent 1,666,206, April 1928.
[9] M. D. McDonald, A 2.5 GHz BiCMOS Image-Reject Front End, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers,
pp. 144-145, February 1993.
[10] J. W. Archer, J. Granlund, and R. E. Mauzy, A Broadband UHF Mixer Exhibiting High
Image Rejection over a Multidecade Baseband Frequency Range, IEEE Journal of
Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 16, pp. 385-391, August 1981.
[11] D. K. Weaver, A Third Method of Generation and Detection of Single-Sideband Signals,
Proc. IRE, Vol., 44, pp.1703-1705, December 1956.
[12] A. Hairapetian, An 81 MHz IF Receiver in CMOS, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 56-57,
February 1996.
[13] J. E. Eklund and R. Arvidsson, A 10 b 120 MS/s Multiple Sampling Single Conversion
CMOS A/D Converter for I/Q Demodulation, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 294-295,
February 1996.
[14] S. Jantzi, K. Martin, and A. Sedra, A Quadrature Bandpass Modulator for Digital
Radio, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 126-127, February 1997.
[15] D. H. Shen et al., A 900MHz RF Front End with Integrated Discrete-Time Filters, IEEE
Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31, pp. 1945-1954, December 1996.
[16] K. Feher, Wireless Digital Communications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.
[17] R. Steele, ed., Mobile Radio Communications, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1992.
[18] T. D. Stetzler et al., A 2.7-4.5 SV Single Chip GSM Transceiver RF Integrated Circuit,
IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 30, pp. 1421-1429, December 1995.
[19] J.Fenk, RF Heterodyne Receiver Design Techniques, MEAD Short Course on RF
Integrated Circuit Design, April 1996.
[20] J. Sevenhans et al., An Integrated Si Bipolar RF Transceiver for a Zero IF 900 MHz GSM
Digital Radio Frong-End of a Hand Portable Phone, Proc. CICC, pp. 7.7.1-7.7.4, May 1991.
[21] V. Thomas, J. Fenk, and S. Beyer, A One-Chip 2 GHz Single Superhet Receiver for 2 Mb/s
FSK Radio Communications, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 42-43, February 1994.
[22] J. Crols and M. S. J. Steyaert, A Single-Chip 900 MHz CMOS Receiver Front-End with a
High-Performance Low-IF Topology, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 30, pp.
1483-1492, December 1995.
[23] T. Antes and C. Conkling, RF Chip Set Fits Multimode Cellular/PCS Handsets,
Microwaves & RF, pp. 177-186, December 1996.
[24] J. C. Rudell et al., A 1.9 GHz Wideband IF Double Conversion CMOS Integrated Receiver
for Cordless Telephone Applications, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 304-305, February
1997.
[25] S. Heinen et al., A 2.7 V 2.5 GHz Bipolar Chip Set for Digital Wireless Communications,
ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 306-307, February 1997.
[26] R. G. Meyer, W. D. Mack, and J. E. M. Hageraats, A 2.5 GHz BiCMOS Transceiver for
Wireless LAN, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 310-311, February 1997.
[27] Motorola Semiconductor, Motorola Communication Device Data, 1996.
[28] Philips Semiconductor, Philips RF/Wireless Communications Data Handbook, 1996.
[29] R. Mohindra, Isolator for DECT Open-Loop Modulator, RF Design, pp. 30-42, January
1996.
[30] C.Marshall et al., 2.7 V GSM Transceiver ICs with On-Chip Filtering, ISSCC Dig. Tech.
Papers, pp. 148-149, February 1995.
VLSI
CMOS LNA
CMOS
6.1
6.1.1
RF
6.1 LNA
LNA
6.1 LNA
NF
2 dB
IIP3
-10 dBm
15 dB
50
-15 dB
20 dB
>1
LNA
NF 2dB duplexer
4dB 200KHz
SNR 8dB -109dBm 2.4
2dB 6.1
NF = 1 + Req Rs
1
Vn2 = 4kT rb +
2 gm
6.1
V
= 4kT rb + T . 6.2
2IC
I C Req = rb + VT
( 2 IC ) NF = 2dB, Req
29 Q1
rb + VT
( 2 I C ) 29
6.1
2.4
SFDR =
2
( IIP3 F ) 12dB
3
= 61dB.
6.3
6.4
LNA
IIP3 4 5dB
10dB IP3 +5dBm 20 dB LNA
IIP3
LNA 50
LNA
RF
LNA
LNA
LNA NF
LNA
LNA 50
50 50
20 log
R0
Z in R0
.
Z in + R0
6.5
Z in = R0 + R
R
.
2 R0 + R
6.6
-15 -20 dB 50 R 15 9
R
LNA 50
LNA LO
IF
-
LO
LNA
LNA
SPICE
LNA
Stern
1 + S11 S22
,
K=
2 S21 S12
2
6.7
6.2 ab
K
LNA
LNA 900MHz
LNA
NF
6.1.2
50
6.3 CF M 1
RL (1 g m )
50
CGS
{Yin } = RLCF 2
{Yin } = CF
CF + g m RL ( CL + CF )
RL2 ( CL + CF ) 2 + 1
2
RL2CL ( CL + CF ) 2 + 1 + g m RL
RL2 ( CL + CF ) 2 + 1
2
6.8
6.9
g m RL 1 CL CF 1 ( RLCL )
g m CF
2 CL
6.10
g R
{Yin } = CF 1 + m L
2
6.11
{Yin } =
2CL
( g mCF ) 50
6.3
6.4(a) 50
6.4(b)
RP RS
NF = 1 +
RS
RP
6.12
RP = RS LNA 3dB
50 50
6.4 ab
6.5(a)
50 6.5(b) M 3
[ 6.5(b) LNA
]
6.5 aba
6.6(a) 50
1 ( g m + g mb ) = 50
M 1 I n2 = 4kT g m = 2 3 6.6(b)
6.6(c)
NF = 1 +
6.13
= 2 3 6.13 NF = 5 3 = 2.2dB
RS
I n2 = 4kTg m 2 NF = 3 2 = 1.77dB
6.6 abcb
MOSFET 2 3 [1]
6.7 50 --
Z in
g m L1
1
+ L1s +
CGS
CGS s
6.14
g m L1 CGS 50
L1
M 1
6.7
6.1.3 LNA
6.8(a)
Q2 I1 Q1 R1 Q2
R2 Q1 R1
R1 RS LNA
6.8 a LNAb
6.2Q1
C je C jc
Q1 RC -
--
g m F
Q1
6.2
[ 6.8(b)]
I n2 = 4kT
IC
2VT
6.15
RS RS
g R2
1
Vtot2 = 4kT RS + rb +
+ m S
2 gm
2
6.16
NF =
Vtot2
4kTRS
= 1+
rb
g R
1
+
+ m S
2
RS 2 g m RS
6.17
6.18
RS ,opt = (1 + 2 g m rb ) g m
NFmin = 1 +
(1 + 2 g m rb )
fT f [2] NF
RS ,opt LNA
RS ,opt
6.8(a) CE IP3 Q1
I C I S exp
VBE 0 + Vin
VT
V
= I S exp BE 0
VT
2
3
V
1 Vin 1 Vin
in
1 +
+ + + "
VT 2 VT 6 VT
6.19
6.20
IP3
LNA
6.9(a) 900-MHz LNA
[2]
Le
Cu r
Z in = rb +
g m Le
1
+ Le s +
C
C s
6.21
g m Le C rb + g m Le C = 50
6.21
Q2 IP3
6.9(a) LNA
6.9(b)[2] A1
RB1 Q1 VX 1.2 V
VPTAT VBE Q3 Q4
Vb1 = VPTAT + 2VBE
Q1 I C (VPTAT + 2VBE VBE 3 VBE 2 ) R1 = VPTAT R1
RE
L1 C1
6.10 LNA
( g m + C s ) I C 0.5 mA
1
50 C
6.11 LNA
RS -
RS = g m1 ( = 50 ) 6.11
IP3 -6.8dBm
6.1.2
MOSFET
LNA
RF
MOS
CMOS LNA 6.12(a)
C1 M 1 MOSFET
RD
RD 6.12(b) M 2
g m1 ( C1s )
M 2 [ 6.12(c)][5]
M 2
[ 6.12(c)]
g m1 + g m 2
6.12 a
b
c
d[5] LNA
6.12(d) 50
g m RL
g m RL (1 + g m RL ) [5] g m 1 RL 1
2
0.5- m CMOS 2.7-V 6.12(d)
M 2 LNA
(1) LO (2)
6.13 LNA 50
10mA 0.6- m CMOS 1.5-V 3dB
20dB IP3 -10dBm
6.14 LNA MESFET [7] COMS
[8] M 1 M 2
M 1 C1 M 2 M 2
C2
C1 X Y RF
6.2
6.2.1
RF LO
RF LO
6.15(a) S1 RF
S1 2
RF RF
LO
6.15 ab NMOS
LNA
RF
LNA
6.15(a) MOS [ 6.15(b)]
RF M 1 -
M 1 RL
6.2 12dB
NF
12 dB
IIP3
+5 dBm
10 dB
50
10-20 dB
6.15(b)
LO
50% RF 0 1
LO sin ( 2 ) = 1 IF
1 1
6.16 RF
M 1 M 2 M 3 LO
M 1 M 1 R1 R2
MOS
6.16
RF
IF RF
RF
IF
IF
RF
50
IF 500 1000 2
50
6.3
SSB DSB
1 6.17 RF
RS
IF
SNR
SNR 3dB
6.17 RF
SSB NFSSB
LO
AM 6.18
0dB
IF 100MHz
DSB NF LO
6.18 AM
RF
SSB DSB 3dB
50% RF LO
RF 3 RF 5 RF
IF
(1)(2)
LO-RF
LNA LO RF-LO RF
LO-IF
LO IF
RF-IF RF IF
( 5 )
LO RF
6.19(a)
LO RF Gilbert
[ 6.19(b)]
6.19 ab
6.2.4 LO
LNA
RF
6.19(b) M 1
M 2
6.19(a) LO-IF
M 2 M 3
LO IF LO
IF LO
LO IF 6.19(b)
M 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 LO
LO-IF
6.19
RF IF
6.20
I RF 6.20(a)
0 +1 6.20(b)-1 +1
Vout ( t ) = I RF R a + bS ( t ) 6.20(a)
a = b = 0.5 6.20(b) a = 0 b = 1 S ( t ) 6.20(b)
0.5I RF R
6.20 ab
I RF IF
I RF
5 RF LNA
IF
6.20(a) I RF Vout I RF
RF IF I RF
6.20(b)
LO 50%
IC
IF SAW
LC
[9] 6.21 [10] LC L1 L2 C1
I out SAW
IF
6.21
RF LO
m RF + n LO m n
LO RF
IF RF LO
m n
6.2.2
6.22
RF Q1
Q2 Q3 6.22(a)
50 6.22(b) RE + 1 g m1 50 [2]
6.1.3
RS 6.22(b) RF 6.22(a)
6.22 RF ab
6.22(b)
Q2 Q3 VLO Q1
I c1 ( t ) = VRF ( t ) ( RS + RE + 1 g m1 ) LO 50%
I c 2 I c 3 I c1 -1 +1
Vout ( t ) =
VRF ( t ) RC
4
cos LO t
RS + RE + 1 g m1
6.22
LO 2 IF
VIF ( ) =
VRF ( 0 ) 2 RC
RS + RE + 1 g m1
6.23
IF VIF RF X
AV =
( 2 RC )( RS + RE + 1 g m1 )
( RE + 1 g m1 ) / ( RS + RE + 1 g m1 )
RC
RE + 1 g m1
2
6.24
6.25
RS = RE + 1 g m1
AV =
1 2 RC
RS
6.26
IF
PIF =
VIF2 ,rms
6.27
2 RC
PIF =
2
2
VRF
, rms RC
( RS + RE + 1 g m1 )
2
VRF
, rms RC
1
2 RC
6.28
6.29
( RS + RE + 1 g m1 ) 2
2
Pin =
2
VRF
, rms
6.30
4 RS
AP =
=
PIF
Pin
6.31
RS RC
( RS + RE + 1 g m1 )
6.32
RS = RE + 1 g m1
AP =
1 2 RC
2 RS
6.33
6.266.33 AP AV2
2 RC RS AP = AV2
AP =
2
Vout
RL
2
Vin RS
= AV2
RS
RL
6.34
6.35
AP AV2 10 log ( RS RL )
6.2.4 6.22
6.22(a) 6.22(b) Q1 RE RS
IIP3
6.22 Q2 Q3 Q1 [11] LO
Q2
Q3 Q2 Q3 - Q1
Q2 Q3 LO
slew rate[11]
6.22(a) 6.22(b) LO-RF
LO Q2 Q3 P
LO 2 LO
6.22(a) Q1 - RF
6.22(b)
LO
LO
LO
RF 6.22(b) LO
RF -33 dB[2] Q1
P
6.22(b) 6.22(a) LO-RF
LNA
Gilbert Gilbert
LO-IF Schmook RF [12]
6.23(a)
A nA -
VT ln n [ 6.23(b)]
6.23(c)
Gm n 4 Gm [12]
6.23 a
bSchmook
c
Gm
6.23(b)
IIP3
6.24
I EE C1 C3
11-GHz 1.9-GHz
IIP3 +2.3dBm SSB NF 10.9dB 1.9-V
5mW
6.24 RF
[1314]
6.2.3
CMOS
6.19 CMOS
CMOS
RF -
6.25 LO
MOS M 2 M 3
M 2
M 3 M 1 RF
6.2.4 M 2
M 3
6.25 CMOS
LO M 2 M 3
M 2 M 3 P
RF 3 M 2 M 3
RF P
M 2 M 3 LO
RF -
CMOS 6.26(a)
LO M 1 M 2
M 1 M 2
- VRF
IP3
6.26 a CMOS b
6.26(a)
1 VRF
6.2.2
2 ( 4 dB ) LO M 1 M 2
M 1 M 2 LO IF
6.26(b)
LO MOS RF
3
M 2 M 3 P
6.2.4
6.27
RF
IF RF SPICE
SPICE
6.27
6.28(a)
RF Q1
RE Q1
IF RC1 RC 2
6.28 ab Q3 Q2
Q2 Q3
6.28(b) LO
P CP
Q2 Q3 - Q1 -
-
Q2 RF
IF
LO
Q2 Q3
Q2 6.28(b)
Q2 ( 1 g m 3 )
Q2 Q3 I C1
Q2 Q3
I C1
Q2 Q3
(1) LO Q2 Q3 (2) CP
Q1 Q3 (3) Q2 Q3
CP (4) Q2 Q3
Q2 Q3
I n2 = 2qI C I C
Q1
Q1 Q2 Q3
6.29 [15] I S 0.8I C1 Q2 Q3
5 Q2 Q3
RC1 RC2 5
Q2 Q3
Q1 RF
CP I S RF
I S
6.29 IS Q2 Q3
6.28(a) LO
LO 6.30 LO
Q2 Q3
LO
X
Q1 6.2.1
IF I C1 VX
RF
6.30 LO
MOS MOS
6.25 MOS M 2 M 3 1V LO
LO
MOSFET
M 2 M 3 RF
MOS
LO
MOSFET
6.31(a)
RF IF
(1) IF
(2)
IF (3)
Vni2 (4) NF = Vni2 ( 4kTRS )
6.31 a
b RF c
6.31(a) RF
I im = I 2 cos 2t I IF = I 3 cos 3t LO M 2 M 3
(FFT) IF
1 2 3 IF
I n , RD
M 2 M 3
[ 6.31(c)
] M 2 M 3 ( I D 2 = I D 3 )
IF LO
[16]
IF
A
4kTRS
[17]
6.3
Friis
6.32 50
500 NF
6.32
(1) AIF
NF AIF 6.2.4
AIF
(2) Friis
NF
(1) IC IF
(2)
AIF
AIF NF 6.32 NF
RS = 500 50
NF
6.33
NFA = 1 + Vn2 ( 4kTRSA )
6.36
6.36
6.34
2
2
VnA2 ,tot = Vn2 + RSA
I n2 VnB2 ,tot = Vn2 + RSB
I n2 Vn I n
6.34
6.36
I n2 NF NF
50MHz IF I n2 6.36
I n2
Friis
Friis
NF2 Rout1 NF2 1
6.32 IF
500 NFIF 1
50 IF
NFIF 1
6.35
A B C D 50 IF
500 NF6 500
E NFE = NF6
dB
+ L5
dB
= 15 dB = 31.6
dB
+ NFD
dB
= 20.1 dB = 102.3
6.35
LNA
NF
NFtot = L1
dB
+ NFB
dB
8.79 dB LNA
6.36 6.35
6.36 6.35
IP3
IP3 +100 dBm
IF IF
IP3 2
IP3 50
I P3 dBV IP3
NF
IP3 IP3 IF
30 dB 5 dB E IP3
6.37 IF E 30 dB
1
1
M2
= 2 + 2
IP3,2E IP3,filt
IP3,amp
6.38
6.37 IF
M = 1 31.6 (= 30 dB)
IP3, E =
IP3,amp
M
= 22.1 Vrms
6.39
6.40
D I P3
Av24
1
1
=
+
2
IP3,2D IP3,mix
IP3,2E
6.38
CMOS
7.1
RF 7.1(a)
Y (s)
H (s)
=
X ( s) 1 H ( s)
(7.1)
s0 H ( s0 ) = +1 s0
H ( s0 = j 0 ) = +1
0 (1) H ( j 0 ) 1(2)
H ( j 0 ) 0 180
7.1 aba
Barkhausen
LC
H(s) 7.1(b)
7.4
Barkausen [2]
360
7.1(a) H(s)
[ 7.2(a)]
LC 7.2(b)
7.2(c)
R p
R p
R p
7.2 abLC cb
7.1(a) 7.2(a)
7.2(a) LC
[1]
1
1
(ALC, automatic level control) 7.3
VREF VREF
ALC
ALC
7.3
6
50%
LC
7.4
7.4
7.9
50%
7.2 LC
(1)
;2
7.1(a) LC
LC ( 7.5) ( FET )
7.6(a)
0 0
7.5 ab
1/ g m Q
1
[ 7.6(b)]
7.6 a
b
c
7.6(c)
2
n n / g m
2 7.7(a)
7.7(b) Colpitts Hartley 2
(1 + C1 / C2 ) / g m [ 7.7(a)] (1 + L2 / L1 ) / g m [
2
7.7(b)] Q
7.7 aColpitts bHartley
Q1 r =
LeqCeq
Leq
Ceq 7.7(a)(b)
Q
R p = ( Leq r ) / Rs Rs
2
Leq Rs Leq
m R p R p
1GHz
7.4
Q1 7.7
X Q1
Colpitts Hartley
Colpitts Hartley
7.8(a)
M 1 Z in
7.8(b) I D1 C2
IX
g m + X + VX C s s = I X
C1s
C1s
(7.2)
gm
1
1
VX
=
+
+
2
I X C1C2 s C1s C2 s
(7.3)
s = j g m /(C1C2 )
2
[ 7.8(c)]
7.8 abc
7.9
7.9 7.8(c)
7.3
5
IS-54
30kHz
Q
LC ()
7.10
7.10
VCO
VCO
(7.4)
K
y (t ) = A cos FR t + VCO Vm sin mt
m
VCO KVCOVm / m
(7.5)
( 3 ) FR FR m
7.4
x(t ) = A cos [ c t + n (t ) ] n (t )
n (t )
n (t )
c
c
( 7.11) c
()-2 dBm
1-MHz 1-kHz -70 dBm
7.4.1
7.12
7.13
7.12
7.13(a)
7.13(b)
reciprocal mixing
7.13(c)
2 1
1 2 kHz
900MHz 1.9Ghz IS-54
60 kHz -115 dBc/Hz
7.13 a
breciprocal
c
7.14
30 kHz 60 kHz 60dB 60 kHz
15 dB
Pn ,tot =
fH
S ( f )df
n
(7.6)
fL
S n ( f ) f L f H
S n ( f ) S0 Pn ,tot = S0 ( f H f L )
SNR =
Psig
S0 ( f H f L )
(7.7)
f L f H
(7.6)
7.14
QPSK 7.15[4]
7.15 QPSK
7.4.2 Q
LC Q
Q
Q
Q 2(/) LC
Q
Q
7.16 Q -3-dB
LC
7.16 Q
Q 7.17
( ) Q
Q=
0 d
2 d
(7.8)
Q Q
0 0
0 Q
7.17 Q
(7.8) 7.18(a) Colpitts Q
M 1 M 1 7.2
Q 1/ g m1 7.18(b)
VX
1
= Ls
Rp
I in
Ceq s
Ceq = C1C2 (C1 + C2 ) RP (1 + C1 C2 )
g m1 (C1 + C2 ) s
(7.9)
g m
M 1 VX [C2 (C1 + C2 ) ]
I out = g mVX [C2 (C1 + C2 ) ]
I out
C2
1
(s) = gm
Rp
Ls
I in
C1 + C2
Ceq s
(7.10)
( ) =
= 0 = 1
tan 1
L
R p (1 LCeq 2 )
(7.11)
LCeq
d
d
=0
= 2Ceq R p
(7.12)
Q = R p Ceq0 = R p / ( L0 )
7.18 a Colpitts b
R p
Q Q Q
Q
7.4.3
[5,6,7]
LC
[6,7]
VCO
7.19
x(t )
7.19 ab
7.19(a)
y (t ) x(t ) H(s)
Y (s)
H (s)
=
X ( s) 1 H ( s)
= 0 +
(7.13)
H ( j )
H ( j ) H ( j0 ) +
H ( j 0 ) = +1
dH d
dH
d
1 (7.13)
(7.14)
Y
1
(0 + ) dH
X
d
= 0 +
(7.15)
( dH d ) 7.20 [25]
1
Y
[ j (0 + )] =
X
1
dH
( )2
d
(7.16)
7.20
dH d H ( ) H ( ) = H exp( j )
2
dH d H
d
=
+jH
exp( j )
d d
d
(7.17)
d H
dH
=
d
d
d
d
(7.18)
(7.18) Q [25]
LC LC
2
d H d d d H 1
2
dH d d d (7.16)
2
2
Y
1
( j ) = 0 2
X
4 0 d 2
2 d
2
(7.19)
(7.8)
Y
1 0
( j ) =
X
4Q 2
2
(7.20)
Leeson [6] Q
(7.20)
(7.20)
X ( j ) VS 7.7
Q1 I C1
RP I C1 VS I C1 RP
I C1
LC Q
1(7.20)
2
(3) RP Q
VS I C1 Q Q I C1
I C1
Q [10,11]
7.1
7.21
n
20 n [25]
Leeson [8,9]
Y
A 0
( j ) =
X
4Q 2
2
(7.21)
A
1A 2 3
7.21
VCO
[ 7.22(a)]
7.22(b)
Vm cos mt KVCO VCO
vout (t ) A0 cos 0t +
A0Vm KVCO
[ cos(0 + m )t cos(0 m )t ]
2m
0 m ( KVCO
(7.22)
m ) Vm2 4 KVCO
2
m
1 f
7.22 aVCO b
VCO
7.7 Q1
7.4.4
N
2
( 7.23) N
N
N
7.23 N
0 P
(0
) P
2
7.4.5
N
N x(t ) = A cos [c t + n (t ) ] n (t )
N
(t )
x1 / N = A cos t + n
N
N
(7.23)
N N
7.7 LC N
Q 7.20
N2
7.4.6
7.24
[12,13]
7.24
5
7.25
LO int VCO 6
7.25
7.26 GFSK DECT
[14]VCO 8
VCO VCO
VCO
VCO VCO
PA [14]
7.26
7.10
7.5 CMOS LC
SAW LC
Q 20 LC
7.4.3
VCO
LC KVCO
7.5.1 Gm
7.2
7.7 Colpitts Hartley
7.27(a) B1
7.27(b)
Q2 Q1 VCC
[ 7.27(c)]
7.27 a Colpitts
b
cb
7.27c 7.28 Q1 Q2
Rin = 2 g m Rin
Gm
7.28
7.27(c) Q1 Q2 X Y 400 mV
( 7.29)
X Y Q1 Q2
7.29
7.31(a)
D1 D2 Vcont CMOS D1 D2
7.31(b)
L1 L2 5 pF 0.25 pF
M 1 M 2 X Y
0.25 pF D1 D2 p- 0.1 pF
7.31 ab CMOS
0.6 pF f=1.8 GHz
=10 nH 0.18 pF
VX VY 0.5 V Vcont
1.2 V D1 D2
Vcont Vcont
C j 50%
23 Cj
50 10
7.31(a) X Y
Vcont L1 L2
7.5.2
VCO
7.32 H1 ( s ) H 2 ( s ) H1 ( s ) H 2 ( s )
1 2
H ( s ) = 1 H1 ( s) + 2 H 2 ( s ) 1
1 = 0 2 = 0 c H1 ( s) H 2 ( s) 1
2 c H1 ( s) 1 = 0
7.32
7.33 [18]
R1 R2
1
Gm1 R1 L1s
Gm 2 R2 L2 s
+ 2
1 = 0
2
R1 L1C1s + L1s + R1
R2 L2C2 s 2 + L2 s + R2
(7.24)
(7.24)
7.33
1 2 7.34
[18] 1
1 2
(1 + 1 ) (2Q ) Q [18]
7.34
7.6
Q
( 7.35)
[19]
7.35
[20][21,22] 5nH
50nH 10%[17]
L 1.3 107
Am5 / 3
1/ 6
Atot
W 1.75 (W + G )0.25
(7.25)
W G
Q 7.36
[23]
Q CMOS
7.36 a
bc
7.37
45 Q
7.37
f SR
f SR
f SR
CMOS Q 5
7.7 VCO
Barkhausen
/
7.38 M
2 MTd Td 1
1
[24]
7.38
7.39 C1
M 1 M 2
X Y [25]
X-Y 2 g m 1 C1s
R1 R2 X Y
7.39
Q 1
Q
1.3 9 6
[25]
7.8
5
90
7.8.1 RC-CR
RC-CR 45 7.40 5.2.3
Vout1 Vout 2 90 = 1 ( RC )
RC
GHz
I Q
7.40 RC-CR
AM-PM
slew rate[26]
7.41
7.41
1 tan ( R1C1 ) M 1 M 2 Vin
1
R1C1 ln 2
2 = R1C1 ln 2
R1C1 ln 2 tan ( R1C1 )
1
AM-PM
7.40 90
= 1/ ( RC )
=
=
tan 1 R (1 + )C (1 + ) tan 1 RC
(7.26)
RC (1 + )(1 + ) RC
1 + RC (1 + )(1 + ) RC
(7.27)
tan 1
tan 1
+
2
(7.28)
+
2
(7.29)
= 1% 3.6 2 0.6
C 2% 1
7.40 vin
vout1 (t ) =
=
A1
R C +1
A2
2
cos t tan 1 ( RC )
4 R 2C 2 2 + 1
(7.30)
cos 2t tan (2 RC )
1
A1 RC
cos t tan 1 ( RC ) +
2
R C +1
2 A2 RC
=
cos 2t tan 1 (2 RC ) +
2 2 2
2
4R C + 1
vout 2 (t ) =
(7.31)
RC =
1
A1
A
(7.32)
A1
2A
(7.33)
vout1 =
vout 2 =
1 A2 < 1.4% A1
1 1.2%
RC-CR
7.40 C C 5CL
C 1/ Cs
7.8.2 Havens
7.42(a)Havens 90 V1 V2
v2 (t ) = A cos ( t + )
v1 (t ) + v2 (t ) = 2 A cos cos t +
2
2
(7.34)
v1 (t ) v2 (t ) = 2 A sin sin t +
2
2
(7.35)
7.42 aHavens b
v1 v2 90
AM-PM
7.42(a)
v2 (t ) = ( A + ) cos( t + )
7.42(b)[ 7.43(a)] cos( t + ) vout1
1 vout 2 2 7.43(b)
tan 1 =
sin( / 2)
2 A cos( / 2) + cos( / 2)
(7.36)
tan 2 =
cos( / 2)
2 A sin( / 2) + sin( / 2)
(7.37)
sin( / 2) cos( / 2)
+
2 A cos( / 2) sin( / 2)
(7.38)
1 + 2
1
A sin
(7.39)
90 (7.39) 1% 0.6
7.43 a Havens
ba
90
v1 (t ) v2 (t )
v1 (t ) v2 (t ) a cos 2 t a cos ( 2 t + 2 )
2 90 7.8.1
vout1 vout 2 n n 2
90
v1 (t ) = A cos t + a cos ( 2k + 1) t
v2 (t ) = A cos ( t + ) + a cos ( 2k + 1) t + ( 2k + 1) k
(2k + 1)
(2k + 1)
+ 2 cos
cos (2k + 1)t +
2
2
(7.40)
(2k + 1)
(2k + 1)
+ 2 sin
sin (2k + 1)t +
2
2
(7.41)
vout1 (t
) = 2 A cos sin t +
2
2
2
(2k + 1)
(2k + 1)
k
+ 2 cos
sin (2k + 1)t +
2
(7.42)
(7.41)(7.42)
Haven 7.44
v1 v2
I Q
7.40 vout1 vout2
7.44
7.8.3
1
7.9
5.3.1
5.49 GSM
7.46(a)
7.46(b)
cos 1t cos 2t sin 1t sin 2t = cos (1 2 ) t
5.3
7.46 a
b SSB
6
7.46(b)1 2
-30 dB SSB
7.46(a)
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
B. van der Pol, The nonlinear Theory of Electric Oscillations, Proc. IRE, Vol.22, pp.
1051-1086, September 1934.
N.M. Nguyen and R.G. Meyer, Start-up and Frequency Stability in High-Frequency
Oscillators, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 27, pp. 810-820, May 1992.
H.L. Kraus, C.W. Bostian, and F.H. Raab, Solid State Radio Engineering, New York:
John Wiley, 1980
B. Law and M. Groh, Identifying RF-Related Impairments in Full-Service Digital
Networks, Microwave J., pp. 88-94, March 1996.
E. Hafner, The Effect of Noise in Oscillators, Proc. IEEE, Vol.54, pp.179-198,
February 1966.
D. Leeson, A Simple Model of Feedback Oscillator Noise Spectrum, Proc. IEEE,
Vol.54, pp. 329-330, February 1966.
W.P. Robins, Phase Noise in Signal Sources, London: Peter Peregrinus, 1982.
B. Jansen, K. Negus, and D. Lee, Silicon Bipolar VCOs for 1.1 to 2.2 GHz with
Fully-Integrated Tank and Tuning Circuits, ISSCC Dig. Of Tech. Papers, pp. 392-393,
February 1997.
C.A.M. Boon, Design of High-Performance Negative Feedback Oscillators, Ph.D.
Thesis, Delft University, The Netherlands, 1989.
N.M. Nguyen and R.G. Meyer, Si IC-Compatible Inductors and LC Passive Filters,
IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 25, pp. 1028-1031, August 1990.
R.B. Merril et al., Optimization of High Q Inductors for Multi-Level Metal CMOS,
Proc. IEDM, pp. 38.7.1-38.7.4, December 1995.
K. Kurokawa, Injection Locking of Microwave Solid-State Oscillators, Proc. IEEE,
Vol. 61, pp. 1386-1410, October 1973.
R. Adler, A Study of Locking Phenomena in Oscillators, Proc. IRE, Vol. 34, pp.
351-357, June 1946.
R. Mohindra, Isolator for DECT Open-Loop Modulator, RF Design, pp. 30-42,
January 1996.
B. Razavi, A 1.8 GHz CMOS Voltage-Controlled Oscillator, ISSCC Dig. Tech Papers,
pp. 388-389, February 1997.
B. Razavi, A 900-MHz CMOS Direct-Conversion Receiver, VLSI Circuits Symp. Dig.
Of Tech. Papers, June 1997.
J. Craninckx and M.S.J. Steyaert. A 1.8 GHz CMOS Low Phase Noise
Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Prescaler, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.
30, pp. 1474-1482, December 1995.
N.M. Nguyen and R.G. Meyer, A 1.8-GHz CMOS Monolithic LC Voltage-Controlled
Oscillator, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 27, pp. 444-450, March 1992.
J. Craninckx and M.S.J. Steyaert and Miyakawa, A Fully Integrated Spiral LC CMOS
VCO Set with Prescaler for GSM and DCS-1800 Systems, Proc CICC, pp. 403-406,
May 1997.
H.M. Greenhouse, Design of Planar Rectangular Microelectronic Inductors, IEEE
Trans. On Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging, Vol. 10, pp. 101-109, June 1974.
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
PLLs1
N N
[1, 2, 3]
8.1
900MHz
1.9GHz 30kHz
30kHz
Hz 8.1
8.1
8.2
LO S
int
f S = 0 LO ( = IF )
60dB LO S 0 int
8.2
8.3
8.3.1
8.3
8.2
8.2.1
out
K
( s ) = VCO
Vcont
s
(8.1)
2 t < t0
8.4
cont t = t0 V
t = t1
cont
8.4
cont
PLL
(PD)
8.5
out = K PD
(8.2)
V / rad
K PD
K PD
8.5
8.6
8.6
A1 A2
2
cos (1 + 2 ) t + +
A1 A2
2
cos (1 2 ) t
(8.3)
(8.4)
1 = 2 /
y (t ) =
A1 A2
2
cos
(8.5)
8.7 / 2
8.2
y (t )
A1 A2
2
(8.6)
K PD = A1 A2 2 1 2
8.7
Gilbert
8.2.2
8.8
LPF
x ( t ) y ( t )
8.8
8.9
t < t0 t = t0
8.10
in
out x ( t ) y ( t )
LPF
in out
t = t0
8.9
8.10
8.10
(1)
in (2)
out
in out [4]
in
(1) (2)
(3)
8.11
out ( s ) in ( s )
GLPF ( s )
H O ( s ) = K PD GLPF ( s )
KVCO
s
(8.7)
H (s) =
out ( s )
in ( s )
K PD KVCO GLPF ( s )
s + K PD KVCO GLPF ( s )
8.11
(8.8)
(8.9)
8.12
GLPF ( s ) =
1
1+
(8.10)
LPF
LPF = 1 ( RC ) (8.9)
K PD KVCO
H (s) =
LPF
(8.11)
+ s + K PD KVCO
s 2 + 2n s + n2 n 3
H (s) =
n2
s 2 + 2n s + n2
(8.12)
n = LPF K
(8.13)
1 LPF
K
2
(8.14)
n -3dB
0.5 2 2
K LPF =
2 2 K = LPF 2
(8.12)
s 0 H ( s ) 1
s 0
8.11 H e ( s ) = e ( s ) in ( s )
He ( s) = 1 H ( s)
(8.15)
s 2 + 2n s
= 2
s + 2n s + n2
(8.16)
s 0 0
(8.12)(8.16)
(8.12)
(8.12) 8.10
u ( t ) u ( t ) 8.13
rad sec
out ( s ) = H ( s ) in ( s )
n2
2
2
s + 2n s + n s 2
(8.17)
(8.18)
e ( s ) = H e ( s ) in ( s )
(8.19)
s 2 + 2n s
= 2
s + 2n s + n2 s 2
(8.20)
e ( t = ) = lim se ( s )
(8.21)
s 0
(8.22)
(8.23)
8.13
K
KVCO ( KVCO K PD )
8.13
< 1
1
y ( t ) = 1
exp ( nt ) sin n 1 2 t +
2
1
= sin
u (t )
(8.24)
1 2
[4, 5, 6]
8.2.3
/
/(PFDs)
8.14 PFD A
B PFD QA QB A < B
QB QA = 0 A = B PFD QA QB
QA QB
QA QB A B QA
QB
8.14 / (a) A > B (b) A B
QA = QB = 0
QA = 0, QB = 1 QA = 1, QB = 0
A B
8.15
PFD
QA = QB = 0 A I
QA = 1, QB = 0 B PFD 0
0 II
8.15 PFD
A > B B
A PFD II
0 I [7]
8.16[7] PFD
D D 1 A B D DFFA
DFFB QA = QB = 0 A QA
A QA B
QA QB
8.17 PFD
8.16 PFD
8.17 PFD
8.16 D CMOS
CMOS
8.18[8] D
PFD [9, 10]
PFD
8.18 8.16 D
8.12
/ 8.19
QA T
I1 CP IT A > B A = B A B
CP PFD
QB I 2 CP Vout
QA = QB = 0 Vout
PFD/ IT
( 2 CP )
A B
CP
PFD/
[5, 9]
8.19 PFD
(CPPLLs) PFD
8.20 /
PFD (1)
(2)
8.20
PFD
PFD/
K PFD s PFD/
K PFD KVCO
s
s
H (s) =
K PFD KVCO
1+
s
s
=
K PFD KVCO
s + K PFD KVCO
2
(8.25)
(8.26)
= j K PFD KVCO
8.21
8.21
[11]
[11]
in out = e I e 2
Vcont ( s ) =
Ie
1
R+
2
CP s
(8.27)
I
( RCP s + 1) KVCO
2 CP
H (s) =
I
I
s2 +
KVCO Rs +
KVCO
2
2 CP
(8.28)
z = 1 ( RCP )
n =
=
R
2
I
KVCO
2 CP
(8.29)
ICP
KVCO
2
(8.30)
n R
(8.24) (n 2 )
= RIKVCO ( 8 )
CP
n
n (8.29)(8.30)
I KVCO n
Gardner [11]
n2 <
in2
( RCPin + )
(8.31)
n R [10]
[11]S1 S 2 I1 I 2 R
S1 S 2
Gardner [11]
8.2.4
I II
RC PFD
I II
K = K PD KVCO
I K (1 + s
LPF ) s
K = 0 s1 = 0 s2 = LPF [ 8.22(a)] K s1
s2 K = LPF 4 K
= cos K
8.22 (a) I (b) II
II I P R + 1 ( CP s ) KVCO 2 s I P KVCO
IKVCO = 8
( R C ) = 1
2
II RC
[4, 11]
8.2.5
jitter
x ( t ) = A cos c t + n ( t )
n ( t )
[15]
(1) (2)
8.2.6
8.23 x ( t ) = A sin c t + in ( t )
n2 (1 + s z )
H (s) = 2
s + 2n s + n2
(8.32)
in ( t )
s = 0 H ( s ) = 1 in ( t ) (8.32)
n H ( s )
2
in ( t ) 8.23 (8.32)
out ( t ) y ( t ) = B sin c t
8.23
8.2.7
8.24 VCO VCO in
in VCO out 4 in ( t ) = 0
II in = 0
out ( s )
s2
= 2
VCO ( s ) s + 2n s + n2
4
(8.33)
(8.32)
VCO out
8.24
VCO 8.25(a)(b)
VCO
out 0 VCO K PD s KVCO s
8.25
(8.33) s out VCO
VCO
8.2.8
8.26(a)
()[ 8.26(b)] F = in
out = M in M
-3db M
8.3
f out = f 0 + kf ch f 0
k 0 f ch
IS-54 f 0 = 869MHz k = 0,...,833 f ch = 30kHz 8.1 k
f 0 f ch
8.3.1 -N
8.26 f out = f 0 + kf ch
8.27
f out = Mf REF M 1 ML MH Mf REF f 0 + kf ch
( k = 0 ) M L f REF = f 0
( M L + 1) f REF =
8.27 -N
8.27 M = M L + k k = 0,1,...N
8.28
(1)
N + 1 N (2) P (3)
S S 1
f out = ( NP + S ) fin
N + 1
S
( N + 1) S
f in N
S
S P S
(P S) N
( N + 1) S + ( P S ) N = PN + S
8.28
-N
PFD
CMOS
-N
8.27
8.2.3
UP DOWN
8.29 S1 S 2
X
8.30 S1 S 2 X
VX
8.29
t V 8.31 g ( t )
g ( t )
(8.34)
g (t ) =
V t
+ an cos ( nREF t + n )
TREF n 0
(8.35)
V1
V t
+ KVCOV1 t
TREF
a
KVCO V0 n sin ( nREF t + n )
n 0 nREF
V t
+ KVCOV1 t
sin FR + KVCO
TREF
(8.36)
REF
REF
8.31
REF C REF
V
KVCO
8.32 REF
(1) (2)
1 f
8.27 -N f REF
IS-54 30kHz GSM 200kHz 8.2.3
II f REF 10 f REF = 30kHz
8.32
8.33
8.34
8.33
8.34
8.27
M 8.35
t = 0 A
t = 0
Y (s) =
H (s)
X (s)
1+ ( A + ) H ( s)
(8.37)
H (s)
1
X (s)
1 + AH ( s ) 1 + A
(8.38)
H (s)
1 X ( s )
1 + AH ( s ) A
(8.39)
A X ( s ) (1 A )
t = 0 x ( t ) (1 A ) t = 0 x ( t )
(1 A ) x ( t )
8.35
8.36
8.36
( NP + 1) f REF
( NP + S ) f REF M M + k
k M A =1 M
A + = 1 ( M + k ) f REF f REF (1 + k M )
(8.24)
1
exp ( nt ) sin n 1 2 t + sin 1 1 2
f out ( t ) = Mf REF + kf REF 1
2
1
u (t )
(8.40)
( M + k ) f REF f out (1 )( M + k ) f REF
(1 )( M + k ) f REF
= Mf REF + kf REF
1
exp ( n tS ) sin n 1 2 tS + sin 1 1 2
1
2
1
(8.41)
( M + k ) =
1 2
exp ( ntS )
(8.42)
tS
ln
k
M 1 2
(8.43)
2 2
8.2.5
GMS
20kHz
MOS 1 f
8.3.2 -N
-N
f REF -N
-N 8.37(a) f1
x ( t ) TP y ( t ) TP f1TP 1
y ( t ) f1 1 TP
y ( t ) x ( t ) TP
[ 8.37(b)] f1 k TP
9 10 1 11
10 9 10 + 11 = 101
10.1 f out = 10.1MHz
8.40 -N
f REF -N
-N
8.40
f out = 10.1MHz 8.41
f REF 11
8.41 -N
( N + ) f REF
8.40 = 0.1 1
( f REF )
f REF 2 f REF
f REF f out
20db 30db[17, 2]
8.41,
( N + ) f REF
( N + ) f REF
[18]
N +
8.42
8.43
8.42
[19] 8.44
[19]
8.43
N N+1 N +
b ( t ) N + b ( t ) b ( t )
0 1 xF ( t ) f F ( t ) = f out N + b ( t ) b ( t )
q ( t ) f F ( t ) = f out N + + q ( t ) f F ( t )
n f (t ) = fF (t )
=
q ( t )
f out
N +
(8.44)
q (t )
f out
N + N + + q (t )
(8.45)
( N + ) 1 N
S nf ( f ) =
Q( f )
2
f out
(N + )
N2
(8.46)
Q ( f ) q ( t ) [19] Q ( f )
Q ( f )
[20, 21]-N
8.44
8.3.3
-N
-N VCO1
f REF 1 VCO 2 VCO1
VCO 2 VCO1
( Mf REF 2 )
f c2
8.45
PLL1 PLL 2
60dB
70dB
VCO 2 8.45
PLL 2 f 2
f 2 = f 0 + kf REF 2 f 0
8.46(a) 8.45
f out f 2
f out = Mf REF 1 + f 2
8.46(b)
8.46 (a) (b)
8.3.4
(DDS)
8.47(a) 0 N
8.47 (a)
(b)
f CK
[ 8.47(b)]
P[
8.48] M
P YR
X R ( k ) = YR ( k 1) + P P
YR X R ( k ) = YR ( k 1) + P2
M
8.48
8.49 M = 3
P 1[ 8.49(a)] 000 111
2 8 P 2[ 8.49(b)] 110
2 4
P = 4 [ 8.49(d)]
8.48
f out = P
P 2
f CK
2M
f out f CK 2
(8.47)
M
f CK 2
8.49 3
M
f CK f out
2
fCK 2M P
P 2
fCK P
2 M j fCK j P 2
8.47 M
16 10
B 1
)
2
B [3]
[23]
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
900-MHz 1.8GHz
f CK f out
8.48
DAC
8.46 8.46
8.4
prescaler
[24]
8.4.1
(DTCs)
8.50
f out
f REF
8.50
8.51(a)
CMOS [ 8.51(b)]
8.51(a) CK CK
X Y 5
CK CK
8.52
CK CK
8.53 MOS
CMOS 8.54 8.54(a)
CMOS CK CK
8.54(b)(TSPC, true
single-phase clocking)[25]
CMOS [26, 27]
8.54 CMOS (a) (b) TSPC
Miller 8.55 [28]
f in + f out f in f out
f in f out = f out f out = f in 2
fT [29]
Miller
8.55 Miller
8.4.2
2/3 3 [ 8.56(a)]
D Q1 Q2 = 01,10,11
Q1 Q2 = 00 Q2 G
8.56(a) 2 3
Q1 8.56(b) MC 2
MC 3
8.56(b) Q2
G1
FF2 8.57
2 8.56(a) FF2 G1 FF1
3 2
8.57 8.56(b)
2 3 3 4
Q3 Q4 = 11 MF MC
16 MC 0000 Q3 Q4 = 00 3 4
011011 8.58 G1 G2
8.56(b)
8.58 15/16
8.58 15
FF3 FF4
MC 16 Q1 Q2 01111000
Q3 Q4 8.59(a)Q1 Q2 10 00 Q3
Q1 Q2 CK in FF3 G3
CK in
[1]. W. L. Rhode, Digital PLL Frequency synthesizer, Theory and Design, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1983.
[2]. W. F. Egan, Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock, New York: John Wiley, 1981.
[3]. J. A. Crawford, Frequency Synthesizer Design Handbook, Norwood, MA: Artech House,
1994.
[4]. F. M. Gardner, Phaselock Techniques, 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley, 1979.
[5]. B. Razavi, ed., Monolithic Phase-Locked Loop and Clock Recovery Circuits, Piscataway, NJ:
IEEE Press, 1996.
[6]. R. E. Best, Phase-Locked Loop, 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
[7]. C. A. Sharpe, A 3-State Phase Detector Can Improve Your Next PLL Design, EDN, pp.
55-59, September 20, 1976.
[8]. I. Shahriary et al., GaAs Monolithic Phase/Frequency Discriminator, IEEE GaAs IC Symp.
Dig. Of Tech. Papers, pp. 183-186, 1985.
[9]. I. A. Young, J. K. Greason, and K. L. Wong. A PLL Clock Generator with 5 to 110MHz of
Lock Range for Microprocessors, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-27, pp.
1599-1607, November 1992.
[10]. D. K. Jeong et al., Design of PLL-Based Clock Generation Circuits, IEEE Journal of
Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-22, pp. 255-261, April 1987.
[11]. F. M. Gardner, Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loops, IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. COM-28, pp.
1849-1858, November 1980.
[12]. S. Barab and A. L. Bride, Uniform Sampling Analysis of a Hybrid PLL with a Sample-and
Hold Phase Detector, IEEE Tran. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 11, pp. 210-216,
March 1975.
[13]. J. Crawford, The Phase/Frequency Detector, RF Design, pp. 46-57, February 1985.
[14]. J. Blake, Design of Wideband Frequency Synthesizers, RF Design, pp. 26-34, May 1988.
[15]. V. F. Kroupa, Noise Properties of PLL Systems, IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. COM-30, pp.
2244-2252, October 1982.
[16]. B. G. Goldberg, Reviewing Various Techniques for Synthesizing Signals, Microwaves &
RF, pp. 181-185, May 1996.
[17]. J. Gibbs and R. Temple, Frequency Domain Yield Its Data to Phase-Locked Synthesizer,
Electronics, pp. 107-113, April 27, 1978.
PA PA E F
9.1
1W 50
VPP 20V 200mA
9.1(a)(b) VPP
9.1(b)RFC
VX 0 2VDD RFC
RFC
M1 VDD 10V
9.1
1W 50
9.2(a) 9.2(b)X
5VPP 14 20VPP
RL
9.2 ab
9.2(b)
800mA VX0 M1
RFC 1.6A
40%
900MHz 10A/ns
10pH 100mV
RFC
9.1 PA
PAE
PAE
FCC
4
LNA[26]
-130dBm/Hz
9.1
+20 30dBm
30 60%
IMD
-30dBc
3.8V 5.8V
20 30dB
-50 -70dBc
/ 1dB
>1
IS-54
GSM TDMA
4 IS-95 1dB
9.1.1
3 /4QPSK
IS-54
26dB[1]
[2]
9.3
IM
IM
6dB IM
[3] 1W
+24dBm 50
9.3
/4 QPSK
9.2
A B C D E F [4]
9.3
A C
9.2.1
A B
9.4 A
A
9.4 aMOS b A
9.4(b)
[4]
[4]-
CD=gmF
-
A
1 9.4
2VDD
VDD2/(2Rin)
2
VX 2VDDRFC VDD/Rin RFC
VDD2/Rin
50%
9.4 VX 2VDD VDD 0
0 2VDD/Rin VX 2VDD
50% A
A 40%A
360 0
A 4
IS-95
9.4(a) VDD/Rin
VDD2/Rin =Vout2/(2VDD2)
B A 180
[5] 9.5 Vin
Q2 Q1 Vin Q2
Q1 B
9.4 A
9.5
p
9.5 Q1 Q2 -
n
9.6 [4]
M1 M2 T1
9.6 B
9.6 B X Y
2VDD VDD n2RL n
T1 Pin = VDD /(2n RL ) VDD
2
I DD,avg =
2 T / 2 VDD
sin tdt
T 0 n 2 RL
(9.1)
2 M1 M2
9.6 B T1
B 9.6
180
/4
9.2.2
B C
9.4 A 9.7 C
Vin>|Vb|+VTH M1 Vb
9.7 C
C B
VDD
[4]
1
sin
4 sin( / 2) / 2 cos( / 2)
(9.2)
Pout
sin
1 cos( / 2)
(9.3)
0 Pout 0C
C
9.3
A B C
A B C
A 9.4 A 9.2
9.8(a) A L1C1 C2 50
f=850MHz Z1=9+j0 2f=1.7GHz Z2=330+j0[7]
9.8(b) 2.9W 73%
-25dBc[7]termination[8]
9.8 ab
E E 100%
C E
9.2(a) 9.9
9.9
1 M1
2 M1
3
[9]13 M1
M1 VX
2
9.9
0
[9]
E 9.10
E M1 C1 C2L1 RFC
M1 C1 [9] C1C2L1 RL
VX 9.11
1VX
0
2 VX 0
3dVX/dt
0
9.l0 E
9.11 E
C1 C1
Vin VX M1
dVX/dt=0
VX
C1C2 L1 9.12[9] Q
9.12
VX 0 0
E Q
[10]
E
3.56VDD-2.56VS VS [9] VDD=3V VS=200mV
10V
E [9]
F 9.8 A
9.9
F [411]
9.13 F L1 C1 2fin 3fin
X 9.13
M1
I/V
F
88% 85%[11]
9.4
9.14(a)
RL=RO 9.1 RL
RL<<RO RL=RO RL
RO A 50% 25%
RL RO
RL<<RO
9.14 ab
cb
9.14(b)
XO
XO 9.14(c)
L1 CO C1 L2 RL
[12
13]
Smith 9.15(a)
Z1
9.15(b) Z1 Zin
50
9.5 a
bSmith
Z1 Zopt
Z1 Z1 Zopt
Pmax Z1
Pout Z1
[13]
Zopt
[14] SPICE
9.5
3 QPSK /4 QPSK
OFDM[15]
30% 40%
A
9.5.1
[16] 9.16(a) VM VN VM
1/AVVN AV VM VM=AVVin+VD
VD VN=Vin+VD/AV VP=VD/AVVQ=VD Vout=AVVin
9.16(b) 1
2
Vin M P
9.16 ab
2
[17]
[1718] Vin
A/A Vout IM
E = 1 2(1 +
A
A 2
) cos + (1 +
)
A
A
(9.4)
[19] 9.16(b)
9.5.2
IF
9.17(a) A1
VPA Vin
180
LO
9.17 a
b
I Q
9.17(b)
[20]
9.17
9.5.3
3 v(t ) = a (t ) cos[ C t + (t )]
9.18(a)ERR[21]
a(t)
b(t)=b0cos[Ct+(t)] 9.18(b)
M1 RFC ka(t) M1
M1 ka(t)
ID1(t)
9.18 ab
ERR
9.18(a)
7
9.18(a) b(t) ka(t)
9..19(a) A1 VX ka(t)
M2M2 9.19(b)
M2
VX ka(t)M2 M2
9.1
C1 M2
9.19 a
b PA
9.18(b) M1 ka(t) M1
9.5.4
LINC
vin(t)
9.20
vin(t) v1(t) v2(t) (t)
(t) a(t)
[2224] 9.17 [25]
v1(t) v2(t)
v1 (t ) = v I (t ) cos( C t + ) + vQ (t ) sin( C t + )
(9.5)
v 2 (t ) = v I (t ) cos( C t + ) + vQ (t ) sin( C t + )
(9.6)
v I (t ) = a (t ) / 2 vQ (t ) = V0 2 a 2 (t ) / 2 vQ(t)
ROM
v1(t) v2(t)
LINC 9.20
[25]
9.21
M1 M2
9.21 PA
9.6
9.22 10dB
+30dBm1W
9.22 25 30dB 0 +5dBm
0 +5dBm
9.22 PA
9.22 N1 50 N3
RL
50
50
9.22
N2
N2
III-V
CMOS
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