4

2549

20





5
.
2.
3.
4.
5.

2549






(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Roots)
2
(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Prefixes)
3
(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Suffixes) 35
4
(Guessing the Meanings of Compound Words) 57
5
(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Context) 65
87
1

(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Roots)
(Roots) (Greek)
(Latin) (Greek Roots)
(Latin Roots)
1.
(Roots)
(Basic Meaning)

2.
(Roots) 2
(Greek Roots) (Latin Roots)
2.1 (Greek Roots)
( ) (2534 : 55-58)
(Greek Roots)
2.1.1 aster/astro star ""
asterisk (*)
astronomer
2.1.2 biblio book " "
bibliography
bibliophile
2
2.1.3 bio life " "
biology ()
autobiography ( )
biochemistry
2.1.4 chrono time ""
chronology
chronoscope
chronicle
2.1.5 dyna power ", , "
dynamo ()
dynamotor
dynamics
( )
2.1.6 gon angle " , , "
pentagon
octagon
2.1.7 gram letter, written ", , "

telegram
epigram
(... : 46-50) (Greek Roots)

2.1.8 geo earth ", "
geography
geology
2.1.9 graph write " "
autograph
lithography ,
3
2.1.10 homo same " , , "

homophone
homosexual
2.1.11 meter/metr(on) measure " , "
barometer
geometry
2.1.12 phon(o) sound " "
phonetics
phonograph
2.1.13 psyche/psycho mind, soul " , "
psychology
psychiatry ,
2.1.14 techne/techno skill, art ", , ,
, , , "
technician ,

2.1.15 therme heat ", ,
"
thermometer
(... : 73-82) (Greek
Roots)
2.1.16 aer air ""
aeroplane
aeronaut
4
2.1.17 helios sun " "
heliograph ,

heliometer
2.1.18 hydor/hydr water " "
hydraulics
hydrogen
2.1.19 neur(o) nerve ", "
neurosis
neuritis
2.1.20 nom(o)/nymy law, arrangement, knowledge ",
, , "
economy
astronomy ( )
2.1.21 onym name, word " , "
synonym
antonym
(... : 85-87) (Greek Roots)

2.1.22 logos discourse, word " , ,
"
dialogue
monologue ,

2.1.23 morphe/morpho form, shape " , "

amorphous ,
metamorphosis , ,
5
2.1.24 scope instrument for viewing or observing something
" , "
telescope
microscope
2.1.25 tele distant ""
telephone
telegraph
2.2 (Latin Roots)
( ) (2534 : 78-87)
(Latin Roots)
2.2.1 agri/agra field " , , "
agriculture
agrarian
agribusiness
agriculturalist
2.2.2 aque/aqua water " "
aquarium
aquamarine
aqueduct
aqueous
2.2.3 audi(o) hear, sound " , "
audible
auditorium ( )
audiovisual
audience
6
2.2.4 dent tooth " "
dental
dentist ()
dentistry
2.2.5 dic(t) tell, say, speak " , , "
predict ,
contradict
verdict
dictate ,
2.2.6 fimina female, woman " , "
female
feminine
2.2.7 flex/flect bend " , , "
flexible ,
reflection ,
2.2.8 flor flower " "
floral
florist
2.2.9 ident same " , "
identity
identification
2.2.10 lingu(a) tongue, language ""
lingual
linguistics
7
(... : 24-32) (Latin Roots)

2.2.11 fin/finis end, boundary " , "
finish , ,
finite , ,
2.2.12 forc/fort/fortis firm, strong " , "
enforce
fortress
2.2.13 fundus the bottom ", , ,
"
foundation , , ( )
profound , ,
2.2.14 jus right " "
justice ,
2.2.15 liter(a) letter ", , "
literate
literature
2.2.16 magni great " , , "
magnify ,
magnitude
8
2.2.17 mar(i)/marine sea ""
marine ,
submarine
2.2.18 mort death, dead ", "
mortal
immortal ,
2.2.19 op(t) sight ""
optical
optician
(... : 9-23)
(Latin Roots)
2.2.20 ali/allo/alter another, other " , ( ) "
alien
alternate ,
alternative ,
2.2.21 am/ami/amat/amo love, friend " , "
amateur ,

amiable ,
amorous , ,
2.2.22 anim/anima breath, life, mind, soul ",
, , "
animal
animate ( ) ,
9
2.2.23 annu/annus/enni year " "
annual ,
biennual ,
2.2.24 bis twice " , "
biscuit ()
bisect 2
2.2.25 ped(e) foot " "
pedal
pedestrian
2.2.26 port carry from one place to another "
, , "
portable
transport
import , ( )
export , ( )
2.2.27 scrib/script write " "
scribble ,
scriptwriter
2.2.28 sens/sent feel ""
sensitive
sentiment ,
2.2.29 vid/vis see " , , "
video ,

visible
0
3.
(Roots)
(Basic Meaning)

(Greek Roots)
(Latin Roots) (Greek Roots)
(Latin Roots)

2

(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Prefixes)

(Prefixes) (Base word Word Stem) (Root)



1.
(Prefixes) (Base Words)

2.
(Prefixes) 9
2.1 (Negative Prefixes)
. (2535 : 55) Negative Prefixes

2.1.1 un- " "
Base word : clean (adj.)
unclean (adj.)
Base word : lucky (adj.)
unlucky (adj.)
Base word : safe (adj.)
unsafe (adj.)
2
2.1.2 non- " "
Base word : finite (adj.)
nonfinite (adj.)
Base word : political (adj.)
nonpolitical (adj.)
2.1.3 dis- " "
Base word : like (v.)
dislike (v.)
Base word : agree (v.)
disagree (v.)
Base word : believe (v.)
disbelieve (v.)
Base word : appear (v.)
disappear (v.) ()
2.1.4 in- " "
2..4. im- Base words b, m, p
Base word : possible (adj.)
impossible (adj.)
Base word : mortal (adj.)
immortal (adj.) ,
2..4.2 il- Base words l
Base word : legal (adj.)
illegal (adj.) ,
2..4.3 ir- Base words r
Base word : regular (adj.)
irregular (adj.)
3
. (... : 84)
a- " "
Base word : moral (adj.)
amoral (adj.)
Base word : symmetry (n.)
asymmetry (n.)
Base word : sex (n.)
sexual (adj.)
asexual (adj.)
2.2
(Reversative Prefixes)
(2538 : 5) Reversative Prefixes

2.2.1 un- " "
Base word : tie (v.)
untie (v.)
Base word : wrap (v.)
unwrap (v.)
2.2.2 de- " , "
Base word : centralize (v.) ( )
decentralize (v.)
Base word : code (v.)
decode (v.)
Base word : frost (v.)
defrost (v.)
4
. . (... : 50)
dis- " "
Base word : allow (v.)
disallow (v.)
Base word : infect (v.)
disinfect (v.)
Base word : cover (v.)
discover (v.)
2.3
(Pejorative Prefixes)
( ) (2534 : 92-94) Pejorative Prefixes

2.3.1 mis- ", , "
Base word : calculate (v.)
miscalculate (v.)
Base word : count (v.)
miscount (v.)
Base word : spell (v.)
misspell (v.)
Base word : chance (n.) ,
mischance (n.) ,
2.3.2 mal- ", "
Base word : treat (v.)
maltreat (v.) ,
Base word : function (n.)
malfunction (n.)
5
2.3.3 pseudo- ", , "
Base word : science (n.)
pseudoscience (n.)
Base word : philosopher (n.)
pseudo-philosopher (n.)
2.4
(Locative Prefixes)
( ) (2534 : -4) Locative Prefixes


2.4.1 super- " , "
Base word : structure (n.)
superstructure (n.)
Base word : column (n.)
columnar (adj.)
supercolumnar (adj.)
2.4.2 peri- " "
Base word : scope (n.)
periscope (n.)

Base word : meter (n.)
perimeter (n.) ,

6
2.4.3 sub- " "
Base word : marine (n.)
submarine (n.) ,
Base word : way (n.)
subway (n.) ( )
Base word : soil (n.)
subsoil (n.)
Base word : conscious (adj.)
subconscious (adj.)
2.4.4 inter- ", , "
Base word : change (n.)
interchange (n.)
Base word : nation (n.)
national (adj.)
international (adj.)
Base word : person (n.)
personal (adj.)
interpersonal (adj.)
Base word : race (n.)
racial (adj.)
interracial (adj.)
7
2.4.5 trans- ", "
Base word : Atlantic (n.)
transatlantic (adj.)
Base word : plant (v.)
transplant (v.)
Base word : form (n.,v.) ,
transform (v.)
Base word : ship (n.,v.) ,
transship (v.)
2.4.6 under- ", "
Base word : pass (n.)
underpass (n.)
Base word : line (n.,v.) ,
underline (v.)
Base word : ground (n.)
underground (n.) ()
Base word : side (n.)
underside (n.)
(2533 : 30)
intra- ", "
Base word : natal (adj.)
intranatal (adj.)
Base word : continent (n.)
continental (adj.)
intracontinental (adj.)
8
2.5
(Prefixes of Attitude)
( ) (2534 : 07-0) Prefixes of Attitude


2.5.1 co-/con-/com-/col- " , "
Base word : author (n.)
coauthor (n.)
Base word : join (v.)
conjoin (v.)
conjoint (adj.)
Base word : lateral (adj.)
collateral (adj.) ,
2.5.2 counter- " , , "
Base word : attack (v.)
counterattack (v.)
Base word : balance (v.,n.) ,
counterbalance (v.,n.) ,
Base word : clock (n.)
clockwise (adj.)
counterclockwise (adj.)
Base word : measure (v.,n.) ,
countermeasure (v.,n.) ,
9
2.5.3 anti- " "
Base word : body (n.)
antibody (n.)
Base word : aircraft (n.) ( )
antiaircraft (n.)
Base word : freeze (v.)
antifreeze (n.)

Base word : society (n.)

social (adj.)
antisocial (adj.)
2.5.4 pro- " , , "
Base word : Castro (n.)
pro-Castro (n.)
Base word : America (n.)
American (n.)
pro-American (n.)
20
2.6 -
(Prefixes of Time and Order)
( ) (2534 : 8-2) Prefixes of Time and
Order -
2.6.1 ante- " , , "

Base word : date (v.) (, )
antedate (v.)
Base word : room (n.)
anteroom (n.)
Base word : chamber (n.)
antechamber (n.)
2.6.2 ex- " ... ( ), "

Base word : wife (n.)
ex-wife (n.)
Base word : minister (n.)
ex-minister (n.)
Base word : service (n.)
ex-service (n.)
2.6.3 fore- " "
Base word : arm (v.)
forearm (v.) ( )
Base word : tell (v.)
foretell (v.) ( )
2
Base word : close (v.)
foreclose (v.) (
)
Base word : see (v.)
foresee (v.) , ,
2.6.4 pre- " , , "
Base word : war (n.)
prewar (adj.)
Base word : school (n.)
preschool (adj.)
Base word : natal (adj.)
prenatal (adj.) ( )
Base word : history (n.)
historic (adj.)
prehistoric (adj.)
2.6.5 post- ", "
Base word : war (n.)
postwar (adj.)
Base word : operate (v.)
operative (adj.)
postoperative (adj.)
22
. (... : 2)
re- " , "
Base word : write (v.)
rewrite (v.)
Base word : develop (v.)
redevelop (v.)
Base word : schedule (v.)
reschedule (v.)
Base word : arrange (v.)
rearrange (v.)
Base word : broadcast (v.)
rebroadcast (v.)
2.7 -
(Prefixes of Degree or Size)
( ) (2534 : 96-05) Prefixes of Degree
or Size -

2.7.1 arch- " , , "

Base word : bishop (n.)
archbishop (n.)
Base word : enemy (n.)
archenemy (n.)
Base word : angel (n.)
archangel (n.)
Base word : traitor (n.)
arch-traitor (n.)
23
2.7.2 super- " , "
Base word : man (n.)
superman (n.)
Base word : powers (n.)
superpowers (n.)
Base word : heat (n.)
superheat (n.)
Base word : nature (n.)
natural (adj.)
supernatural (adj.)
2.7.3 out- " , , , , "
Base word : run (v.)
outrun (v.) ( )
Base word : grow (v.)
outgrow (v.)
Base word : flow (v.)
outflow (v.)
Base word : live (v.)
outlive (v.)
Base word : last (v.)
outlast (v.)
Base word : do (v.)
outdo (v.)
2.7.4 sur- " , , "
Base word : charge (v.)
surcharge (v.)
Base word : tax (n.,v.) ,
surtax (n.,v.) ,
24
2.7.5 sub- " , , , , "

Base word : zero (n.)
subzero (n.)
Base word : soil (n.)
subsoil (n.)
Base word : Arctic (n.)
subArctic (n.)
Base word : divide (v.)
division (n.)
subdivision (n.)
Base word : title (n.)
subtitle (n.)
2.7.6 over- " , , "
Base word : time (n.)
overtime (n.)
Base word : eat (v.)
overeat (v.)
Base word : drive (v.)
overdrive (v.)
2.7.7 under- " , , , "
Base word : secretary (n.)
undersecretary (n.)
Base word : value (v.)
undervalue (v.)
Base word : use (v.)
underuse (v.)
25
Base word : privilege (n.)
privileged (adj.)
underprivileged (adj.)
Base word : cook (v.) ()
undercook (v.) ()
2.7.8 hyper- " , "
Base word : sense (n.)
sensitive (adj.)
hypersensitive (adj.)
Base word : critic (n.)
critical (adj.)
hypercritical (adj.)
Base word : tension (n.)
hypertension (n.)
2.7.9 hypo- " , , "
Base word : tension (n.)
hypotension (n.)
Base word : act (n.)
active (adj.)
hypoactive (adj.)
Base word : derm (n.)
dermic (adj.)
hypodermic (adj.)
2.7.10 ultra- " , , "
Base word : high (adj.)
ultrahigh (adj.)
Base word : modern (adj.)
ultramodern (adj.)
26
Base word : mundane (adj.) ()
ultramundane (adj.)
Base word : virus (n.)
ultravirus (n.)
Base word : conserve (v.)
conservative (adj.)
ultraconservative (adj.)
2.7.11 mini- " , , "
Base word : car (n.)
minicar (n.)
Base word : skirt (n.)
miniskirt (n.)
2.7.12 micro- " , "
Base word : switch (n.)
microswitch (n.)
Base word : film (n.)
microfilm (n.)
2.7.13 mega- ", "
Base word : death (n.)
megadeath (n.)
Base word : phone (n.)
megaphone (n.)
Base word : ton (n.)
megaton (n.)
Base word : hertz (n.)
megahertz (n.)
27
2.7.14 extra- ", "
Base word : legal (adj.)
extralegal (adj.)
Base word : ordinary (adj.)
extraordinary (adj.)
( )
2.8 -
(Number Prefixes)
( ) (2534 : 25-3) Number Prefixes
-
2.8.1 uni- " , "
Base word : form (n.)
uniform (n.) ,
Base word : sex (n.)
unisex (n.)
unisexual (adj.)
2.8.2 mono- ", "
Base word : tone (n.)
monotone (n.)
Base word : plane (n.)
monoplane (n.)
Base word : type (n.)
monotype (n.)
28
Base word : syllable (n.)
monosyllable (n.)
syllabic (adj.)
monosyllabic (n.)
2.8.3 di- ""
Base word : meter (n.)
dimeter (n.)
Base word : transitive (adj.)
ditransitive (adj.) 2
2.8.4 tri- ""
Base word : angle (n.)
triangle (n.) ( )
Base word : colour (n.)
tricolour (n.) ()
Base word : lingual (adj.)
trilingual (adj.) 3
2.8.5 deca- " "
Base word : litre (n.)
decalitre (n.) 0
2.8.6 quadr-/quadri-/quadru- " "
Base word : angle (n.)
quadrangle (n.) ( )
Base word : lateral (adj.)
quadrilateral (adj.) 4
Base word : ped (n.)
quadruped (n.)
29
2.8.7 penta- " "
Base word : prism (n.)
pentaprism (n.)
Base word : meter (n.)
pentameter (n.) 5
2.8.8 kilo- " "
Base word : gram (n.)
kilogram (n.) ,000 (= )
Base word : watt (n.)
kilowatt (n.) ,000
2.8.9 milli- " "
Base word : ampere (n.)
milliampere (n.)
Base word : gram (n.)
milligram (n.)
Base word : meter (n.)
millimeter (n.)
Base word : litre (n.)
millilitre (n.)
2.8.10 demi-/hemi-/semi- ", "
Base word : god (n.)
demigod (n.)
Base word : sphere (n.)
hemisphere (n.) ,
Base word : circle (n.)
semicircle (n.)
Base word : tone (n.)
semitone (n.)
30
2.8.11 sesqui-
Base word : cent (n.)
centennial (adj.)
sesquicentennial (adj.) (50 )
2.8.12 cent(i)-
Base word : meter (n.)
centimeter (n.) ( )
Base word : gram (n.)
centigram (n.) ( )
2.8.13 poly- ""
Base word : syllable (n.)
polysyllable (n.)
Base word : clinic (n.)
polyclinic (n.)

(... : 00)
multi- ", "
Base word : use (n.)
multiuse (n.)
Base word : millionnaire (n.)
multimillionnaire (n.)
Base word : color (n.)
colored (adj.)
multicolored (n.)
Base word : race (n.)
racial (adj.)
multiracial (adj.)
3
2.9 (Conversion Prefixes)
( ) (2534 : 34-39) Conversion Prefixes
(Parts of speech)
2.9.1 a-
2.9.. noun adverb ", , "
Base word : bed (n.)
abed (adv.)
Base word : foot (n.)
afoot (adv.)
Base word : shore (n.)
ashore (adv.)
2.9..2 verb adjective adverb "
, , "
Base word : bloom (v.) ()
abloom (adj.) ()
Base word : live (v.)
alive (adj.) ,
Base word : sleep (v.)
asleep (adj.,adv.) ,
( )
2.9..3 -ing ( verb ing) "
, "
Base word : build (v.)
building (v.)
abuilding (v.)

32
2.9..4 noun adverb ", "
Base word : piece (n.)
apiece (adv.) ,
2.9.2 be-
2.9.2. noun verb "
"
Base word : cloud (n.)
becloud (v.)
Base word : fog (n.)
befog (v.)
2.9.2.2 noun verb adjective
verb " ....."
Base word : friend (n.)
befriend (v.)
Base word : calm (adj.)
becalm (v.)
2.9.2.3 noun verb " ,
, "
Base word : devil (n.) ,
bedevil (v.) ,
Base word : witch (n.) ,
bewitch (v.)
Base word : madam (n.)
bemadam (v.)
33
2.9.3 en- adjective noun verb
en- em- b, p, m

2.9.3. " "
Base word : cage (n.)
encage (v.) ,
Base word : bed (n.)
embed (v.) ,
2.9.3.2 " , "
Base word : robe (n.)
enrobe (v.)
Base word : purple (n.,adj.)
empurple (v.)
2.9.3.3 " "
Base word : power (n.)
empower (v.)
2.9.3.4 " , , "
Base word : slave (n.)
enslave (v.)
Base word : large (adj.)
enlarge (v.) ,
Base word : bitter (adj.) ()
embitter (v.)
34
3.
(Prefixes) (Base Words)
(Prefixes)
(Base word Word Stem) (Root)
(Prefixes)

3

(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Suffixes)
(Suffixes)
(Base word Word Stem) (Root) (Part of speech)


1.
(Suffixes) (Base Words)
(Part of speech)
Base word : gang (n.) , ,
gangster (n.) ,
Base word : dance (v.)
dancer (n.)
Base word : happy (adj.)
happiness (n.)
Base word : eat (v.)
eatable (adj.)
Base word : slow (adj.)
slowly (adv.)
Base word : sharp (adj.)
sharpen (v.)
36
2.
(Suffixes) 7
2.1 (Adjectives-noun Suffixes)
. (2535 : 59) Adjectives-noun Suffixes
(Adjectives)
(Nouns)
2.1.1 -ness " ... (= )"
Base word : happy (adj.)
happiness (n.)
Base word : ill (adj.)
illness (n.)
Base word : weak (adj.)
weakness (n.)
2.1.2 -y " ... (= )"
Base word : difficult (adj.)
difficulty (n.)
Base word : honest (adj.)
honesty (n.)
( ) (2534 : 40-42)
2.1.3 -ty/-ity " "
Base word : safe (adj.)
safety (n.)
Base word : loyal (adj.)
loyalty (n.)
37
Base word : cruel (adj.)
cruelty (n.)
Base word : popular (adj.)
popularity (n.)
Base word : equal (adj.)
equality (n.)
2.1.4 -ist "
"
Base word : industry (n.)
industrial (adj.)
industrialist (n.)
Base word : special (adj.)
specialist (n.)
2.2 (Verbs-noun Suffixes)
( ) (2535 : 29-36) Verbs-noun Suffixes
(Verbs)
(Nouns)
2.2.1 -er/-r " ___ , ___"
Base word : dance (v.)
dancer (n.)
Base word : observe (v.)
observer (n.)
Base word : play (v.)
player (n.)
Base word : receive (v.)
receiver (n.)
38
Base word : blend (v.) ( )
blender (n.)
2.2.2 -or " ___ , ___"
Base word : edit (v.)
editor (n.) ( )
Base word : act (v.)
actor (n.) ()
Base word : narrate (v.)
narrator (n.)
Base word : err (v.)
error (n.)
2.2.3 -ee/-e " ( ), ___"
Base word : employ (v.)
employee (n.) , (= a person who is
employed)
Base word : advise (v.)
advisee (n.) (= a person who is advised)
Base word : appoint (v.)
appointee (n.) (= a person who is appointed)
Base word : escape (v.)
escapee (n.)
Base word : absent (v.) ,
absentee (n.) ()
Base word : devote (v.) ,
devotee (n.) ,
39
2.2.4 -ant/-ent " _______ ,
"
Base word : study (v.)
student (n.)
Base word : depend (v.)
dependant (n.)
Base word : inhale (v.) ,
inhalant (n.)
2.2.5 -ation/-ition/-tion/-sion/-ion " , ,
"
Base word : explore (v.)
exploration (n.)
Base word : add (v.) ,
addition (n.) ,
Base word : operate (v.) ,
operation (n.) ,
Base word : electrocute (v.)
electrocution (n.)
Base word : decide (v.)
decision (n.)
2.2.6 -ure " ___"
Base word : expose (v.) ( )
exposure (n.)
Base word : close (v.)
closure (n.)
Base word : fail (v.)
failure (n.)
40
2.2.7 -ance/-ence ", , "
Base word : resist (v.)
resistance (n.)
Base word : accept (v.)
acceptance (n.)
Base word : confer (v.)
conference (n.)
Base word : confide (v.)
confidence (n.)
Base word : excel (v.)
excellence (n.)
2.2.8 -al " ___"
Base word : refuse (v.)
refusal (n.)
Base word : arrive (v.)
arrival (n.)
Base word : revive (v.)
revival (n.)
Base word : dismiss (v.)
dismissal (n.)
2.2.9 -age " "
Base word : cover (v.)
coverage (n.)
Base word : break (v.)
breakage (n.)
4
2.2.10 -ing " ( ing
)"
Base word : bath (v.)
bathing (n.)
Base word : drink (v.)
drinking (n.)
Base word : read (v.)
reading (n.)
2.2.11 -and/-end " "
Base word : add (v.)
addend (n.)
Base word : multiply (v.)
multiplicand (n.)
2.2.12 -ment " "
Base word : amaze (v.)
amazement (n.)
Base word : arrange (v.)
arrangement (n.)
(2533 : 3)

Base word : develop (v.)
development (n.)
42
2.3
(Nouns-noun Suffixes)
(2538 : 8-9) Nouns-noun Suffixes
nouns
2.3.1 -ster " "
Base word : gang (n.) , ,
gangster (n.) ,
Base word : trick (n.) ,
trickster (n.)
2.3.2 -eer " "
Base word : engine (n.) ,
engineer (n.)
Base word : racket (n.)
racketeer (n.)
2.3.3 er " , ,
"
Base word : law (n.)
lawyer (n.)
()
Base word : London (n.)
Londoner (n.)
Base word : three-wheel (n.)
three-wheeler (n.)
2.3.4 -let " "
Base word : book (n.)
booklet (n.)
Base word : pig (n.)
piglet (n.)
43
Base word : leaf (n.)
leaflet (n.) ,
2.3.5 -ship ", "
Base word : friend (n.) ,
friendship (n.)
Base word : member (n.)
membership (n.)
2.3.6 -dom ""
Base word : king (n.)
kingdom (n.)
Base word : star (n.) ,
stardom (n.) ,
Base word : official (n.)
officialdom (n.)
2.3.7 -ing " "
Base word : soldier (n.)
soldiering (n.)
Base word : bank (n.)
banking (n.)
2.3.8 -ful " "
Base word : mouth (n.)
mouthful (n.)
Base word : spoon (n.)
spoonful (n.)
Base word : plate (n.)
plateful (n.)
44
2.3.9 -(i)an " "
Base word : Indonesia (n.)
Indonesian (n.)
Base word : Shakespeare (n.)
Shakespearean (n.)
2.3.10 -ese " "
Base word : China (n.)
Chinese (n.)
Base word : Japan (n.)
Japanese (n.)
2.3.11 -ist " , "
Base word : racial (adj.)
racialist (n.)
Base word : Buddha (n.)
Buddhist (n.)
Base word : violin (n.)
violinist (n.)
2.3.12 -ism " , "
Base word : Calvin (n.) Calvin
Calvinism (n.) Calvin
Base word : ideal (n.)
idealism (n.)
45
( ) (2535 : 7-26)
2.3.13 -et/-ette " , ___ , ___ "
Base word : isle (n.)
islet (n.)
Base word : usher (n.)
usherette (n.)
Base word : leather (n.)
leatherette (n.)
2.3.14 -ess "___ "
Base word : lion (n.)
lioness (n.)
Base word : host (n.)
hostess (n.)
Base word : author (n.)
authoress (n.)
Base word : act (n.)
actor (n.)
actress (n.)
2.3.15 -ine "___ "
Base word : hero (n.)
heroine (n.)
Base word : Joseph (n.) ( )
Josephine (n.) ( )
2.3.16 -y/-ie "___ , ___ "
Base word : John (n.)
Johnny (n.)
Base word : dad (n.)
daddy (n.)
46
Base word : aunt (n.)
auntie (n.)
Base word : kid (n.)
kiddy /kiddie (n.)
2.3.17 -hood ", ___"
Base word : child (n.)
childhood (n.) ,
Base word : man (n.)
manhood (n.)
Base word : brother (n.)
brotherhood (n.)
2.3.18 -ry/-ery " ___ , ___ ,
___ / /"
Base word : slave (n.)
slavery (n.)
Base word : devil (n.) ,
devilry (n.)
Base word : machine (n.)
machinery (n.)

Base word : rook (n.)
rookery (n.)
Base word : can (n.)
cannery (n.)
Base word : confection (n.)
confectionery (n.)
47
2.3.19 -ite " ,
"
Base word : Israel (n.)
Israelite (n.)
Base word : labour (n.)
labourite (n.)
Base word : Brooklyn (n.)
Brooklynite (n.)
Base word : Stalin (n.)
Stalinite (n.)
2.3.20 -iana/-ana (Collective Nouns)

Base word : Victoria (n.)
Victoriana (n.)
Base word : America (n.)
Americana (n.)
2.3.21 -worth " "
Base word : penny (n.)
pennyworth (n.)
Base word : pound (n.)
poundworth (n.)
2.3.22 -icle " "
Base word : ice (n.)
icicle (n.)
Base word : part (n.)
particle (n.)
48
2.3.23 -acy/cy " , , "
Base word : candidate (n.)
candidacy (n.)
Base word : infant (n.)
infancy (n.)
Base word : agent (n.)
agency (n.)
2.4 (Nouns-adjective Suffixes)
( ) (2535 : 44-52) Nouns-adjective Suffixes
(Nouns)
(Adjectives)
2.4.1 -ful " ___ , ___"
Base word : care (n.)
careful (adj.)
Base word : success (n.)
successful (adj.)
Base word : harm (n.)
harmful (adj.)
Base word : pain (n.)
painful (adj.)
2.4.2 -less " ___"
Base word : care (n.)
careless (adj.)
Base word : harm (n.)
harmless (adj.)
Base word : rest (n.)
restless (adj.)
49
2.4.3 -y " ___ , ___ , ___ ,
____"
Base word : health (n.)
healthy (adj.)
Base word : dust (n.)
dusty (adj.)
Base word : sleep (n.)
sleepy (adj.)
Base word : silk (n.)
silky (adj.)
2.4.4 ly " ___ ,
"
Base word : friend (n.) ,
friendly (adj.)
Base word : mother (n.)
motherly (adj.)
Base word : year (n.)
yearly (adj.)
2.4.5 -like " ___"
Base word : child (n.)
childlike (adj.)
Base word : ape (n.) ( )
apelike (adj.)
Base word : man (n.)
manlike (adj.)
Base word : dog (n.)
doglike (adj.)
50
2.4.6 -en " ___ , ___ , ___"
Base word : wood (n.)
wooden (adj.)
Base word : wool (n.)
woolen (adj.)
Base word : silk (n.)
silken (adj.)
Base word : gold (n.)
golden (adj.) ,
Base word : ash (n.)
ashen (adj.)
2.4.7 ish " ,
___"
Base word : Sweden (n.)
Swedish (adj.)
Base word : child (n.)
childish (adj.) ,
2.4.8 -able/-ible " ___ , ___"
Base word : fashion (n.)
fashionable (adj.)
Base word : sense (n.)
sensible (adj.)
2.4.9 -ate " ___"
Base word : passion (n.)
passionate (adj.)
Base word : affection (n.)
affectionate (adj.)
5
2.4.10 -ous " ___ , ___"
Base word : poison (n.)
poisonous (adj.)
Base word : danger (n.)
dangerous (adj.)
Base word : courage (n.)
courageous (adj.)
2.4.11 -ious " ___ , ___"
Base word : mystery (n.)
mysterious (adj.)
Base word : glory (n.)
glorious (adj.)
Base word : victory (n.)
victorious (adj.)
2.4.12 -ic/-ical " ___"
Base word : atmosphere (n.)
atmospheric (adj.)
Base word : hero (n.)
heroic (adj.)
Base word : geometry (n.)
geometrical (adj.)
2.4.13 -al/-ial " ___"
Base word : music (n.)
musical (adj.)
Base word : commerce (n.)
commercial (adj.)
Base word : culture (n.)
cultural (adj.)
52
2.4.14 -wise " ___ ,
___"
Base word : clock (n.)
clockwise (adj.)
Base word : tax (n.)
taxwise (adj.)
2.4.15 -some " ___ , ___"
Base word : burden (n.)
burdensome (adj.)
Base word : trouble (n.)
troublesome (adj.)
2.5 (Verbs-adjective Suffixes)
(... : 05) Verbs-adjective
Suffixes (Verbs)
(Adjectives)
2.5.1 -able/-ible " ___"
Base word : eat (v.)
eatable (adj.)
Base word : read (v.)
readable (adj.)
2.5.2 -ary/-ory " ___"
Base word : imagine (v.)
imaginary (adj.)
Base word : promise (v.)
promissory (adj.)
Base word : introduce (v.)
introductory (adj.)
53
( ) (2535 : 57-60)

2.5.3 -ent/-ant " "

Base word : differ (v.)
different (adj.)
Base word : rely (v.)
reliant (adj.)
Base word : excel (v.)
excellent (adj.)
2.5.4 -ive/-ative " "

Base word : correct (v.)
corrective (adj.)
Base word : talk (v.)
talkative (adj.)
Base word : imagine (v.)
imaginative (adj.)
2.5.5 -ing verb adjective " ___"
Base word : interest (v.)
interesting (adj.)
Base word : amuse (v.)
amusing (adj.)
2.5.6 -ic " ___"
Base word : specify (v.)
specific (adj.)
Base word : horrify (v.)
horrific (adj.)
54
2.6
(Adjectives-adverb Suffixes)
( ) (2535 : 62-64) Adjectives-adverb
Suffixes (Adjectives)
(Adverbs)
2.6.1 -ly " ___"
Base word : slow (adj.)
slowly (adv.)
Base word : care (n.)
careful (adj.)
carefully (adv.)
2.6.2 -ally " ___ , ___"
Base word : symbol (n.)
symbolic (adj.)
symbolically (adv.)
Base word : art (n.)
artistic (adj.)
artistically (adv.)
2.6.3 -ably/ibly " ___ , ___"

Base word : sense (n.)
sensible (adj.)
sensibly (adv.)
Base word : comfort (n.)
comfortable (adj.)
comfortably (adv.)
55
2.7
(Nouns/Adjectives-verb Suffixes)
( ) (2535 : 66-68) Nouns/Adjectives-verb
Suffixes (Nouns) (Adjectives)
(Verbs)
2.7.1 -en " ___ , ___ , ___"
Base word : soft (adj.)
soften (v.)
Base word : sharp (adj.)
sharpen (v.)
Base word : long (adj.)
length (n.)
lengthen (v.)
2.7.2 -ify/-efy " ___ , ___"
Base word : simple (adj.)
simplify (v.)
Base word : clear (adj.)
clarify (v.)
Base word : mummy (n.)
mummify (v.)
Base word : beauty (n.)
beautify (v.)
Base word : liquid (n.)
liquefy (v.)
56
2.7.3 -ize " ___ , ___"
Base word : symbol (n.)
symbolize (v.)
Base word : apology (n.)
apologize (v.)
Base word : harmony (n.)
harmonize (v.)
Base word : modern (adj.)
modernize (v.)
Base word : special (adj.)
specialize (v.)
2.7.4 -ate " ___ , "
Base word : valid (adj.)
validate (v.)
Base word : active (adj.)
activate (v.)
Base word : alien (n.,adj.) ,
alienate (v.)
Base word : domestic (n.,adj.) ,
domesticate (v.) ,
3.
(Suffixes) (Base Words)
(Part of speech)
(Suffixes) (Base word Word Stem) (Root)

(Suffixes)
4

(Guessing the Meanings of Compound Words)
2
(Compound Words)
(Compound Nouns)
(Compound Adjectives)
1.
( ) (2534 : 230-23)
(Compound Words) 2

toothbrush tooth + brush
bookstore book + store
bluebottle blue + bottle




3 3
. postcard, toothbrush, blackbird,
homework, headmaster, grandfather, housework, football, swordsman, salesman,
2. (Hyphen) snow man,
taxi meter, mother tongue, morning market, office hours, shop hours, station master,
3. 2 (Hyphen) fire-engine,
room-mate, money-order, tea-time, time-table, team-work, sun-dial, snow-storm
Verb-ing + noun swimming-pool, dining-room
58
2.
(Compound Words) 2
2. (Compound Nouns)
2.2 (Compound Adjectives)

2.1 (Compound Nouns)
(... : 98)
2

2.1.1 (Noun + Noun) 5
2.1.1.1
(... : 506)
a glass bottle glass + bottle
a bottle made of glass ()
an iron gate iron + gate
a gate made of iron ( )
rubber shoes rubber + shoes
shoes made of rubber ( )
2.1.1.2
(2538 : 4)
a bookseller book + seller
a seller of books ()
a dressmaker dress + maker
a maker of dresses ( )
novel writer novel + writer
a writer of novel ()
59
2.1.1.3
(2537 : 05)

a flower vase flower + vase
a vase for flowers ( )
water tank water + tank
a tank for water ( )
a water jug water + jug
a jug for water ( )
a wine bottle wine + bottle
a bottle for wine ( )
2.1.1.4
(2538 : 5)
a mathematics teacher mathematics + teacher
a teacher of mathematics ( )
a light switch light + switch
a switch of light (- )
weather report weather + report
a report about weather ()
a reference book reference + book
a book of reference ( )
2.1.1.5
. (2534 : 97)

a country man country + man
a man in the country (, )
a park pool park + pool
a pool in a park ( )
60
garden plant garden + plant
a plant used for decorating the garden (
)
a road sign road + sign
a sign in the road ( )
2.1.2 ing (Gerund + Noun)
( ) (2534 : 238-239)
base word gerund base word
noun
dining room dining + room

living room living + room

sleeping pill sleeping + pill

sailing boat sailing + boat

a swimming-pool swimming + pool
a pool for swimming ( )
a sewing-machine sewing + machine
a machine that sews ( )
walking-stick walking + stick
stick for walking with ()
hearing-aid hearing + aid
aid for helping deaf people to hear ( )
a washing-machine washing + machine
a machine for washing ( )
6
2.1.3 ing (Noun + Gerund)
(... : 99)
fortunetelling fortune + telling

housekeeping house + keeping

daydreaming day + dreaming

drug-taking drug + taking

bull-fighting bull + fighting

doll-making doll + making

2.1.4 (Adjective + Noun)
( ) (2534 : 232-234)
base words 2 adjective noun
bluebottle blue + bottle

blackguard black + guard

darkroom dark + room

freshwater fresh + water

cold saw cold + saw

62
2.1.5 (Noun + Prepositional Phrase)
(... : 507)
son-in-law son + in law

mother-in-law mother + in law

brother-in-law brother + in law

a sister-in-law sister + in law

2.2 (Compound Adjectives)
(... : 200)
2

2.2.1 ed (Adjective + Noun-ed)
. (2534 : 98)
a middle-aged man
a red-nosed boy
a bad-tempered woman
an old-fashioned hat
2.2.2 (Adjective + Noun)
(... : 508)
a heavy-weight boxer
upper-class people
a real-life story
a three-room house 3
a twenty-dollar note 20
63
2.2.3 (Noun + Adjective)
(2538 : 6)
nut-brown eyes
the stone-cold floor the floor that is as cold as
stone
a blood-red blouse a blouse that is as red as
blood
2.2.4 (Noun + Noun)
(... : 508)
a sound-proof room
water-proof cloth ( )
water-proof glass
a fireproof coat
2.2.5 (Adjective + Adjective)
(2537 : 04)
a tall-dark man
brown-grey beard beard that is brown and grey
bitter-sweet cake the cake that is bitter and
sweet
2.2.6 3
(Noun/Adjective/Adverb + Past participle)
. (2534 : 98)
a ready-made shirt
well-educated people people who are educated
well
the snow-covered mountain the mountain that is
covered with snow
64
2.2.7 ing
(Noun/Adjective/Adverb + Present participle)
(... : 508)
a fast-moving train a train that moves fast
a long-suffering servant a servant who suffers a long
time
grass-cutting machinery
3.
2
(Compound Words)
(Compound Nouns)
(Compound Adjectives)

5

(Guessing the Meanings of Words from Context)
(Context)

(Clue)
1.
(Context)

2.
(Clue)
(Context Clue)
3.
(Context Clue)
66
3.1 (Context Clue of Definition)
(... : -2)


verb to be mean(s/ed) to be called
to be defined as to be known as to be a type of
refer to can be thought of may be seen as
to be a kind of to be regarded as to be the name given to
consist of can be defined as may be described as
what this means is comma , dash -
parentheses ( ) colon :
" , , , "

Circulate means to move around and return to the same place.
: Circulate
: means
: to move around and return to the same place
Circulate
This explains why anorexias (people with no sense of smell) may have difficulty
appreciating food flavor.
: anorexias
: ( )
: people with no sense of smell
anorexias
67
(... : 83)
When a rock has been changed by heat or pressure it is called metamorphic.
: metamorphic
: is called
: When a rock has been changed by heat or pressure
metamorphic

(... : 93)

Messre., the plural of Mr., is seldom used as a title.
: Messre.
: , ,
: the plural of Mr.
Messre. Mr.
. (... : 0)
A person who repairs shoes is a cobbler.
: cobbler
: is
: A person who repairs shoes
cobbler
68
3.2 (Context Clue of Restatement)
(... : 5-6)


or
that is
that is to say "
in other words
to put in another way "
i.e. ( that is)
namely
that means
viz ( namely)
which means

, comma - dash ( ) parentheses

Pantomime, or wordless drama, is a highly skilled art.
: Pantomime
: or
: wordless drama
Pantomime
His manner of admonishing us - by sharply criticizing - was extremely embarrassing.
: admonishing
: - -
: by sharply criticizing
admonishing
69
(... : 86)
The cobra moved sinuously, twisting and turning through the rocky field.
: sinuously
: ,
: twisting and turning
sinuously
(... : 24)
The statement that the politician made was contradictory; that is, one part of it did not
support the other part.
: contradictory
: that is
: one part of it did not support the other part
contradictory
(2533 : 5-6)

Carlos and Dave arranged this rendezvous, i.e. meeting, several weeks ago.
: rendezvous
: i.e.
: meeting
rendezvous
The actress arrived with the group of assistants who always travel with her, namely, her
entourage.
: entourage
: namely
: the group of assistants who always travel with her
entourage
70
. (... : )
Some people like to hitch-hike - to travel by asking car or lorry drivers for free rides
because they think it is fun.
: hitch-hike
: -
: to travel by asking car or lorry drivers for free rides
hitch-hike
3.3 (Context Clue of Example)
(... : 3-5)




with e.g. such as the following
as such such as
shows like especially
including for example these
as the following example for instance
" , , , "

- dash , comma ; semi-colon
( ) parentheses : colon
7

She is very touchy. For example, she usually gets angry when her teacher makes
comments on her work.
: touchy
: For example
: she usually gets angry
touchy
His behaviour was inexplicable; no one could explain why he was always late at school.
: inexplicable
: ;
: no one could explain
inexplicable
(... : 84-85)

Do you participate in one of the more popular avocations, such as jogging, tennis, or
stamp collecting?
: avocations
: such as
: jogging, tennis, or stamp collecting
avocations
We are encouraging - fostering - good ideas in young people.
: fostering
: - -
: encouraging
fostering
72
(... : 93)

Half-baked, for instance, may refer to a foolish idea or stupid person.
: Half-baked
: for instance
: may refer to a foolish idea or stupid person
Half-baked
(... : 22)
Since a guinea pig isn't carnivorous, it couldn't eat the meat.
: carnivorous
: ,
: it couldn't eat the meat
carnivorous
(2533 : 4)

Do you participate in one of the most popular avocations like jogging, reading or stamp
collecting?
: avocations
: like
: jogging, reading or stamp collecting
avocations
. (... : 3)
Some boys are trained to help their mother with chores, such as, washing dishes,
cleaning, ironing, etc.
: chores
: such as
: washing dishes, cleaning, ironing, etc.
chores
73
3.4 (Context Clue of Modifier)
(... : 6-7)

who, which, where, that,
without (Phrase) verb + ing verb 3
(Modifier)
Tom was an idle boy who did not like work of any kind and who spent most of his time
lying around the house.
: idle
: who
: did not like work of any kind and spent most of his time lying
around the house
idle
The pantry which is a small room where food is kept is near the kitchen.
: pantry
: which
: a small room where food is kept
pantry
(... : 87)
Last Sunday we visited the aquarium, where we saw a wonderful display of strange fish
living peacefully in glass tanks.
: aquarium
: where
: we saw a wonderful display of strange fish living peacefully in
glass tanks
aquarium
74
(... : 24)
Nylon and polyester are synthetic fiber made by man.
: synthetic
: made
: by man
synthetic
. (... : 4)
Buffaloes, cows and horses are herbivorous animals that feed only on plants.
: herbivorous
: that
: feed only on plants
herbivorous
Most people buy their house on a ten-year installment plan, paying 5000 baht monthly.
: installment plan
: paying
: 5000 baht monthly
installment plan
75
3.5
(Context Clue of Similarity)
(... : 8-9)

as/as ... as
like/alike ,
similar to ,
resemble (v)
as if/as though
similarly (adv)
likewise (adv)
correspondingly (adv)
in the same way (adv)
in like manner (adv)

They think of themselves as an elite group on campus. They always act as if other people
were lower than them.
: elite
: as if
: other people were lower than them
elite
76
(... : 93)
He is as cunning as an old fox; don't trust him.
: cunning
: as ... as
: an old fox; don't trust him
cunning
(2533 : 8)

Like John who loves to stroll in the park, Jane thinks it is a good way to spend an
evening walking in the park.
: stroll
: Like
: an evening walking in the park
stroll
If you invert the letter "W", you will get the letter "M". In the same way, you get the
letter "U" by turning the letter "N" upside down.
: invert
: In the same way
: turning upside down
invert
77
(... : 3-32)
(Reference words)
(Reference words)
the, this, that, these, those
It is quite true there are some constraints on the manager's decision when it comes to
position classification. These limitations are found in maintaining like allocations of like jobs in
different subdivision of the organization.
: constraints
: These
: These limitations
constraints
3.6
(Context Clue of Contrast)
. . . (997 : 2)
2

although/eventhough/though
but/yet ,
however/nevertheless/nonetheless
in spite of/despite ,
on the contrary/on the other hand
conversely

Some plants die in wet soil, but most thrive.
: thrive
: but
: Some plants die in wet soil
thrive
78
(... : 90-9)
while/whereas
comparing/compare with/in compare with

An elephant is immense, comparing to a mouse.
: immense
: comparing to
: a mouse
immense
Jane was voluble while her sister, Mary, was quiet.
: voluble
: while
: quiet
voluble
(... : 29-30)
one ..... another ( )
some .... other/others ( )

One daughter was very extravagant, another was always careful about spending money.
: extravagant
: One ..... another
: always careful about spending money
extravagant
Some animals are alone, others are gregarious.
: gregarious
: some ..... other
: alone
gregarious
79
(... : 2-3)
or
not ..... but .....
rather than
instead of
either ..... or .....
whether .... or .....

We must either advance or retrograde; we can't stand still.
: retrograde
: either ..... or
: advance
retrograde
Constant repetition of the same TV advertisement will alienate customers rather than
attract them.
: alienate
: rather than
: attract
alienate
. (... : 3)
Both of his daughters are studious, but his son is lazy.
: studious
: but
: lazy
studious
80
Larry thought that the lecture was very boring; however, half of his classmates felt that it
was very stimulating.
: stimulating
: however
: Larry thought that the lecture was very boring
stimulating
(2533 : )

Some people endure great suffering without complaining at all at all, while those who
cannot cope with pain complain endlessly.
: endure
: while
: those who cannot cope with pain complain endlessly
endure
When the lights went out, I couldn't see a thing, Later, however, I was able to perceive
the outlines of the larger pieces of furniture.
: perceive
: however
: When the lights went out, I couldn't see a thing
perceive
8
3.7 (Context Clue of Explanation)
(... : 7-8)


this is because
the reason for this is that
the cause of this is that
one of the reasons is
this explains that
it means that
that fact is that

People have long believed that mental illness is hereditary. One of the reasons is that it
tends to run in a family.
: hereditary
: One of the reasons is
: it tends to run in a family
hereditary


Thailand has compulsory education. Boys and girls must attend school until they reach a
certain age.
: compulsory education
: Boys and girls must attend school until they reach a certain age
compulsory education
82
(... : 88)

Major statement

Clue of explanation

Explanation


A computerized system is widely used in many universities. This is because it is both
very convenient and reliable.
: convenient
: this is because
: it is both very convenient and reliable
convenient
(... : 25)
Mary moved to another hotel. One reason for this was that the noise in the first one was
unbearable.
: unbearable
: One reason for this
: the noise in the first one
unbearable
Most people enjoy reading murder mysteries. This is so because they want to get away
from the monotonous, boring routine of dull everyday existence.
: monotonous
: This is so because
: boring routine of dull everyday existence
monotonous
83
3.8
(Context Clue of Cause and Result)
(... : 3-4)
(Cause) (Result)


because
as because of due to
owing to for on account of
now that since

accordingly hence as a result
consequently so therefore
thus
cause (v)
mean (v)
so that / in order that
that is why
the final result is that

Since 980 Somsri has put aside such a large sum of money now that she plan to go to
London next summer.
: put aside
: now that
: she plans to go to London next summer
: Somsri has put aside such a large sum of money
put aside
84
(... : 96)
Wichai has stopped reading linguistics journals for years; therefore, he finds himself
ignorant of new ideas in this field.
: ignorant
: therefore
: Wichai has stopped reading linguistics journals for years
: he finds himself ignorant of new ideas in this field
ignorant
(... : 27)
Every year many tax payers get rebates of income tax because they have been paid
excessive tax due to their mistakes such as miscalculation.
: rebates
: because
: they have been paid excessive tax due to mistakes such as
miscalculation
: Every year many tax payers get rebates of income tax
rebates ( )
As it become that more and more countries are running out of oils, it may be possible
that the supply of oils will be depleted in the next ten years.
: depleted
: As
: it become that more and more countries are running out of oils
: it may be possible that the supply of oils will be depleted in the
next ten years
depleted
85
. . . (997 : )

Mr. Ron did not have time to take his clothes to the laundry so he had to wash and iron
them himself.
: laundry
: so
: Mr. Ron did not have time to take his clothes to the laundry
: he had to wash and iron them himself
laundry
We can see things through a piece of glass because it is transparent.
: transparent
: because
: it is transparent
: We can see things through a piece of glass
transparent
(2533 : 7)

The boss is in a particularly good mood this morning, so this might be an auspicious time
to ask for a raise.
: auspicious
: so
: The boss is in a particularly good mood this morning
: this might be an auspicious time to ask for a raise
auspicious
86
The young man had wanted a new car very much. Therefore, when his father gave him
one for his birthday, he was ecstatic.
: ecstatic
: Therefore
: The young man had wanted a new car very much
: when his father gave him one for his birthday, he was ecstatic
ecstatic
. (... : 2)
The ship hit a big rock and began to sink, so the sailors got out the boats and abandoned
the ship.
: abandoned
: so
: The ship hit a big rock and began to sink
: the sailors got out the boats and abandoned the ship
abandoned
4.
(Context)

(Clue)
(Context Clue)

. (...). Advanced Reading Comprehension.

: .
. (...). . :
.
. (2534, ). Compound Words. . . 4, 4.
________. (2535, ). Prefix-Suffix. . . 4, 9.
. (...). ENGLISH. : .
________. (...). . 1-2-3 TEST. : .
. (...). Modern English in Action.
: .
. (...). Readings in English for General Purposes. :
.
. (2538, ). Compound Words. . . 8, 6.
________. (2538, ). Prefix & Suffix. . . 8, 8.
. (2533). Vocabulary Made
Easy. : .
. . (997). Concentrate of Critical Reading 6.
: .
( ). (2534). Word Analysis ( ).
: .
. (...). Advanced English Grammar for High Learners. :
.
. (...). . : Science Center.
. (...). READING COMPREHENSION SKILLS. :
Science Center.
. (2537, ). Compound Adjectives and Compound Nouns.
. . 7, 6.