Trng THCS M Quang

Chuyn Bi dng Hc sinh gii

Chuyn 1:
PHNG TRNH DIOPHANTE (Phng trnh nghim nguyn)
I. M U :
C bi ton dn gian sau :
Trm tru trm c,
Tru ng n nm,
Tru nm n ba,
L kh tru gi,
Ba con mt b.
Hi c bao nhiu tru ng, bao nhiu tru nm, bao nhiu tru gi ?
Gii : Gi s tru ng l x, s tru nm l y, th s tru gi l : 100 (x + y)
100 ( x + y )
= 100
Ta c phng trnh : 5x + 3 y +
3
Hay 7x + 4y = 100 (1)
Nu khng c iu kin hn ch g th phng trnh ny rt d gii ; n c v s
nghim :
xR

100 7x
y =
4
Nhng theo ton th x, y (s tru) phi l s nguyn dng, nn ta phi tm
nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh (1).
y l mt v d v phng trnh Diophante.
Mt phng trnh c nhiu n s, vi tt c cc h s u l s nguyn, v ta
phi tm nghim nguyn ca n, c gi l mt phng trnh Diophante.
(Diophante l tn ca mt nh ton hc c Hy Lp)
Phng trnh Diophante ni chung l c nhiu nghim nguyn, v vy ngi ta
cng gi l phng trnh v nh.
II. MT S PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH NGHIM NGUYN N
GIN :
1. Phng trnh ax + by = c (1) (a, b, c l cc s nguyn)
Nu (a,b) = 1 th phng trnh (1) bao gi cng c nghim nguyn.
Nu a, b c mt c s chung khng phi l c s ca c th phng trnh (1)
khng c nghim nguyn.
Mun tm nghim nguyn ca (1), ta phi tch c phn nguyn ra khi biu din
x theo y hoc y theo x.
V d 1 : Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh 3x + 4y = 29

Trng THCS M Quang

Chuyn Bi dng Hc sinh gii
29 4y
2y
=9y+
.
3
3
2y
Mun c x, y nguyn th
phi nguyn hay 3 l c ca 2 y.
3
Vy 2 y = 3t (t Z)
Khi : y = 2 3t v x = 9 y + t = 9 2 + 3t + t = 4t + 7
x = 4t + 7
(t nguyn) l tt c cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh cho.
Vy :
y = 2 3t
Mun tm cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh trn, ta t thm cc iu
kin x > 0
y > 0. Ta c :

x = 4t + 7 > 0
t > 4

y = 2 3t > 0
t<2
3

7
2
Do : < t < v t ch c hai gi tr t1 = 1, t2 = 0
4
3
Vi t1 = 1 th x = 3, y = 5 l nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh cho.
Vi t2 = 0 th x = 2, y = 7 l nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh cho.
V d 2 : Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh 7x + 23y = 120 (1)
120 23y
1 2y
= 17 3y +
Gii : Ta c x =
(2)
7
7
Mun c x, y nguyn th 1 2y = 7t hay 2y = 1 7t (t nguyn).
1 t
T : y = 3t +
(3)
2
V y, t nguyn nn 1 t = 2t1 (t1 nguyn) t = 1 2t1
Thay vo (3) ta c : y = 3(1 2t1) + t1 = 7t1 3.
Thay vo (2) ta c : x = 17 3(7t1 3) + 1 2t1 = 27 23t1
Vy x = 27 23t1 , y = 7t1 3 l nghim nguyn ca phng trnh (1). Mun c nghim
nguyn dng, ta phi c :
27

t1 <

x
=
27

23t
>
0

23
1

y = 7t1 3 > 0
t >3
1 7
Suy ra t1 = 1 v x = 4, y = 4 l nghim nguyn dng duy nht ca phng trnh cho.
2. a v phng trnh tch :
Ta c th bin i mt v ca phng trnh l tch cc biu thc nguyn ca n
cn v kia l
mt s nguyn. Bng cch phn tch s nguyn ny thnh cc tha s nguyn t, ta c
th xt mi trng hp c th xy ra ri t tnh ra nghim nguyn ca phng trnh.
V d 3 : Tm nghim t nhin ca phng trnh xy 4x = 35 5y (1)
Gii : (1) xy 4x + 5y 20 = 15
hay ( x + 5)(y 4) = 15 = 15.1 = 5.3
Gii : Ta c x =

Trng THCS M Quang

Chuyn Bi dng Hc sinh gii
V x, y u l s t nhin nn x + 5 5 v l c ca 15, ta c :
x + 5 = 5

y 4 = 3
hoc
x + 5 = 15

y 4 = 1
Suy ra : x = 10, y = 5 hoc x = 0, y = 7. l nhng nghim t nhin ca phng trnh
cho.
3. Phng php loi tr :
T phng trnh cho tm ra mt s iu kin loi bt dn nhng gi tr ca n tm
ra nghim
V d 4 : Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh x2 6xy + 13y2 = 100 (1)
Gii : (1) x2 6xy + 9y2 = 100 4y2 hay (x 3y)2 = 4(25 y2) 0 .
2
Vy y 5 v 25 y l s chnh phng.
Vi y = 1 hoc y = 2 th 25 y2 khng l s chnh phng (loi)
Vi y = 3 ta c :
x 9 = 8 x = 17
(x 9) 2 = 4.16
x 9 = 8 x = 1
Vi y = 4 ta c :
x 12 = 6 x = 18
(x 12) 2 = 36
x 12 = 6 x = 6
Vi y = 5 ta c :
(x 15)2 = 0 x = 15
Vy cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh cho l :
(1; 3), (17; 3), (6; 4), (18; 4), (15; 5).
4. Dng tnh chia ht :
Thu hp min xc nh ca n a phng trnh v nhng phng trnh n gin
hn.
V d 5 : Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh 3x2 + 5 y2 = 345 (1)
Gii : 345 va chia ht cho 3 va chia ht cho 5 nn 3x2 + 5 y2 va chia ht cho 3 va
chia ht cho 5. V (3, 5) = 1 nn x M5 x = 5a (a Z) v y M3 y = 3b (b
Z). Ta c :
3.25a2 + 5.9b2 = 345 5a2 + 3b2 = 23 (2)
23 2 23
;b
a 2, b 2
Ngoi ra a2
5
3
Thay vo (2) cc gi tr ca a = 1, 2 v b = 1, 2 ta thy phng trnh c nghim nguyn
dng duy nht vi a = 2, b = 1. Lc x = 10, y = 3.
5. Tch phn nguyn :
Ta cng c th tch phn nguyn ring ra v t iu kin cho phn thc cn li
cng l mt s nguyn, t tm ra nghim ca phng trnh.
V d 6 : Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh 5x 3y = 2xy 11 (1)
11 + 5x
2(5x + 11)
7
2y =
v 2y = 5 +
Gii : (1) 11 + 5x = y(2x + 3) hay y =
2x + 3
2x + 3
2x + 3

Trng THCS M Quang

Chuyn Bi dng Hc sinh gii
Nu x, y u l nguyn dng th 2x +3 phi l c ca 7 tc l bng 1, 1, 7, 7.
Trong bn trng hp ny phng trnh ch nhn mt cp nghim nguyn dng vi 2x
+ 3 = &. Lc
x = 2 v y = 3.
6. Dng vai tr bnh ng ca n :
Nu phng trnh nguyn m cc n x, y, z c vai tr bnh ng, ta c th t iu
kin gi s x y z m bi ton khng mt i tnh tng qut. T gii hn bt
min xc nh ca n v tm c nghim ca phng trnh.
V d 7: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh x + y + z = xyz (1).
Gii : Do vai tr ca x, y, l bnh ng nn ta gi s 0 < x y z.
Ta c : xyz = x + y + z 3z xy 3.
Nu x = y = z th z3 = 3z z2 = 3 iu ny khng xy ra vi z nguyn. Vy ba s x, y, z
khng th bng nhau. Vy s nh nht khng th bng 3. Ta c xy < 3.
Nu xy = 2 th x = 1, y = 2 z = 3.
Nu xy = 1 th x = 1, y = 1 2 + z = z v nghim.
III. BI TP P DNG :
1) Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh : x + y = xy
2) Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh : (x + y)2 = (x 1)(y + 1)
3) Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh : 6x2 + 5y2 = 74
4) Tm nghim nguyn t ca phng trnh : xy + 1 = z
1
10
x+
=
5) Tm cc s t nhin tha mn phng trnh :
1 7.
y+
z