١٣٨٧ ﺎﻣﺮﻬﻣ ﻢﺸﺷ ﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﺪﻌﺳ گﻼﺑ

ﻢﺘﻔﻫ ﺶﺨﺑ

!ﺎﻫﻢﺴﻴﺴﻛﺎﻣ

ﺪﻨﻤﺗﺪﻗ ½YY{ﺮــﭘﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻮﻀﺣ :{ﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ Yﺮــﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ { ﻰﻠﺻY ﻞﻣﺎﻋ Á{ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘــﺳY ¥Áژ Õﺮﻴﮔcﺪﻗ ﻢﻳﺪﻳ{ ﻪــﻛ ﻮــﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ«ÕÁﺎﺸﻛYﺮﻴﭘ» ﻢﻴﻈﻋ ÕﺎﻫÃژÁﺮﭘ { .½Yﺮﮔﺎﻛ Á ½YÁﺎﺸﻛ ًﺎﺗﺪﻤﻋ ،ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟY ﺖﺳ{Áﺮﻓ cﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﺪﻳﺪــﺷ ﻰﺘﻳﺎﺿﺎﻧ Á ،ﻢــﺴﻴﺴﻛﺎﻣﺔﻨﻴﻣ { ﻰﺋﺎﻔﻛ{ﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ Y ÕÁﻮﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY Á ﻪﺘﺷY{ﺮﺑ ½ﺎﻴﻣ Y Y ﻰﺘﻨﺳ ÕÁﺎﺸﻛ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY cﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺎﺳY ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻧﺎﺴﻧY©ﻮﻓ Õ{ﺎﻌﺑY Y ﻪﻜﻧM ﻞﻴﻟ{ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫÃژÁﺮﭘ ﻦﻳY .{ﻮﺑ Ãﺪــﺷ Ãﺪﻤﻋ cﻼﻜــﺸﻣ Y ﻰﻜﻳ ½Yﺮﮔﺎﻛ «ﺖﺒﻴﻏ» ،ﺪﻧﺎــﺳﺮﺑ ﻰﺋYﺬﻏ {Yﻮﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗÕÁﺎﺸﻛYﺮﻴﭘ Á ÕÁﺎــﺸﻛ ﺶﺨﺑ { ﻂﻘﻓ ﻞﻜــﺸﻣ ﻦﻳY ﻰﻟÁ .{ﻮﺑ Ãﺪــﺷ ﻦﻜﻤﻣﺮﻴﻏ ½ﺎﻧM ﺮﺑ ﺪﻣMﺎﻛ cﺎﻈﻧ µﺎﻤﻋY ،ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺑ Y{ﻮﺧﺮﺑ.{ﻮﺑ ﺎﭼ{ ½Yﺮﺤﺑ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷﻰﻣ ÃY{Y «ﺖﻟÁ{» ﻰﻨﻌﻳ ½M ﻰﺋYﺮﺟY Õﺎﻫﻪﺧﺎﺷ Á «[ﺰﺣ» ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻌﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻰﻣﺎﻤﺗ ،ﺖﺷYﺪﻧ {ﻮﺟÁ

{ﻮﺑ ﻰﻠﻀﻌﻣ Y Õﺰﻴﭼﺎﻧ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ... Á ،½Yﺮﮔﺎﻛ ﺔﻧYﺮــﺳ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺢﻄــﺳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﺎﻛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ Y «ﺖﺒﻴﻏ» ،ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻰﻬﺟﻮﺗﻰﺑﺮﻳًﺎﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﭽﻧM ﺰﺟ ،30 ﺔﻫ{ ﺎﻏM Y ÕÁﻮﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ .{ÁM ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ÕÁﻮﺷ ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ ½{ﺮﻛ ﻰﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻠﻀﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻢﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY [Yﻮﺟ .{ﺮﻛ ﻮﻘﺳ -ﺎﻨﻟﻮﻫ ﻰﺗﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ Y ،ﺪــﺷﻰﻣ ÃY{Y ﻰــﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺲﻴﻠﭘ ÕﺎﻫÁﺮﻴﻧ Á ﺶﺗY ﺮﻈﻧ!«¥ﻮﻧﺎﻜﺘﺳY» :ﺪﺷ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ ﻰﺋÁ{ﺎﺟ ¹ﺎﻧ ﻚﻳ { {ﻮﺑ Ã{ﺮﻛ {ﺎﺠﻳY cYﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ µﺎﻧ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻰﺟﺎﺧ {ﻮﺟÁ ﻢﻫ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ؛Ã{ﻮﺑ ﻢــﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ﺔﺘﺧY{ﺮﭘ Á ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻰﻠﺒﻤــﺳ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺪﻳﺎــﺷ «ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺮﮔﺎﻛ» ﻚﻳ ¹ﺎﻘﻣ { ،«¥ﻮﻧﺎﻜﺘــﺳY»ﻦﻴﻨﭼ Y ﻚﻳﻮﺸﻠﺑ ¹ﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳY ÕYÃ{ﺎﻔﺘﺳY ﻢﻬﻣ .ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ÕYﻪﻧﺎﺴﻓY «{ﻮﺟﻮﻣ» ﻦﻳY {ﻮﺟÁ¹ﺪﻋ ﺎﻳ Á {ﻮﺟÁ ﺖــﺳY ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﭽﻧM !ﻪﺘــﺷY{{ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﺘﺴﻧYﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳY ½ﺪﻌﻣ ﺮﮔﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ «¥ﻮﻧﺎﻜﺘﺳY» ،ﺪﺷﻰﻣ ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﻰﺘﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY «ÕﺎﻫÃﻮﻄﺳY» { .{Y{ﻰﻣ cﻮﺻ ﻰﻠﺒﻤﺳﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ،Ãﺪﺷ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ «ﺎﻫYﻮﺷ» ﺢﻄﺳ { ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻰﺋÁ{ﺎﺟ «ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ» ﻦﻳY Á !ﺪﻨﻛ kYﺮﺨﺘﺳY ﮓﻨﺳ µﺎﻏ} ﻦﺗ 102 ﺖﻋﺎﺳ 6 ﺮﻋﻪﺑ ¥ﻮﻧﺎﻜﺘﺳY «{ﻮﻛ» ﻪﻛ {Yﺪﻧ ﺐﺠﻌﺗ Õﺎﺟ ﻪﺘﺒﻟY !ﺪﺷ µﺪﺑ ÕÁﻮﺷ ﺮﻴﻫﺎﻤﺟ {ﺎﺤﺗY { ÁY ﺶﻘﻧ Á ﺮﮔﺎﻛ Y ﻻYÁ «ﻰﻠﺒﻤﺳ» ﻪﺑ ﺮﻣY½Yﺮﮔﺎﻛ Á ،ﺪﺷﻰﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﻜﺷًﺎﺒﺗﺮﻣ ـ ﻰﻌﻗYÁ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺑ Õﺎﺠﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ¥ﻮﻧﺎﻜﺘﺳY ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ½ﺎﻨﻳY ـ «½Yﺮﮔﺎﻛ» ﺮﮕﻳ{ ﺔﻠﻴﺳÁ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ!ﺪﻧ{ﺮﻛﻰﻣ Yﺪﻴﭘ Õﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ Õﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ «Ã{ﺎﺑ» ﺶﻴﭘ Y ﺶﻴﺑ Á ﺮﻫ ÕÁﻮﺷ{ﺎﺤﺗYﻦﻳY ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ «ﻒﻴﺣ» ؛{ﻮﺷ ﺮﻴﮔYﺮﻓ ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ «¥ﻮﻧﺎﻜﺘــﺳY» ﻞﺒﻤــﺳ Y Ã{ﺎﻔﺘــﺳY ﻪﻛ {ﺎﺘﻓY ﺖﻓYﺮﺻ ﻦﻳY ﻪﺑ «[ﺰﺣ» ﻰﺗﺪﻣ Y ﺲﭘ ﻰﻟÁÁ ﻰﺸﻛﻪﺟﻮﺟ ﺎﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ Õﺎــﺳﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ Y ،ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ Y ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ،ﻢﻴﺋﻮﮕﺑ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ !ﺪﻧﺎﻤﺑ {Áﺪﺤﻣ ﮓﻨــﺳ µﺎﻏ} ½{ﺎﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻞﺒﻤــﺳ½{ﺮﮔ ﺮﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ Õﺎﻫﺖﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ { ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺧﺎﺳﻰﻣ «[ﺰﺣ» ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻢﻫ ﻰﺋﺎﻫµYﺪﻣ ،{ﺮﻛ Yﺪﻴﭘ Y {ﻮﺧ ﻮﺼﺨﻣ ¥ﻮﻧﺎﻜﺘﺳY ﻰﺧﻼﺳ،{ﺮﻛﻰﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻰﻓﺮﺼﻣ Õﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻌﻳﺎﻨﺻ ÕÁﻮﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY { ﻢﻴﺘﻔﮔ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﭘ ﻪﻛ ﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻰﻟÁ .ﺪﻧ{ﺮﻛﻰﻣ ½YﺰﻳÁM «ﺎﻫ¥ﻮﻧﺎﻜﺘﺳY» ﻦﻳYﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺖﺴﻜﺷ Á sﺎﻀﺘﻓY ﻚﻳ ﻂﻘﻓ Áﺮﭘ Á ﻮﻣM ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻰﺘﺣ Á ﻰﺘﺷYﺪﻬﺑ Á ÕﺎﺳÁY{ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ Á ÕÁﺎﺸﻛ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﺎﻨﻛ {ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻴﻧ ½M ﻪﺑ ﻰﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﻰﻤﻧ ﻰﺋﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ Ç{ﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺔﺋYY ﻪﺑ {ﺎﻗ ½M Õﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ¹ﺎﻈﻧ Á ﻢﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY .{ﻮﺑ.{ﻮﺑ Ãﺪﺷ «[ﺎﻳﺎﻧ» ﻮﺸﻛ { ﺎﺒﻟ Á ﺶﻔﻛ ﺎﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺬﻏﺎﻛ Á {Yﺪﻣ Y ﻰﻣﻮﻤﻋ kﺎﺘﺤﻳﺎﻣ .ﺖﺳYﺖﺤﺗ ÕÁﻮﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ½{ﺮﻛ ﻰﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻛ ÕYﻪﻌﺟﺎﻓ {ﺎﻌﺑY ½{Y{ ½ﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﻬﺟ ،ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻨﺑ ﻮﺿﻮﻣ Y kﺎﺧ ﻰﻤﻛ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳY ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫﺶﻔﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻧY{ﻰﻣ !ﺪﺷ ÁﺮﺑÁ ﺶﻔﻛ {ﻮﺒﻤﻛ ﺎﺑ Y{ ½ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺳ ﻰﻃ ÕÁﻮﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY ﻪﻛ {Y{ ﺮﻛﺬﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ {ÁM ½ﺎﻐﻣY ﻪﺑ «[ﺰﺣ» cﺎﻈﻧÕﺎﻫﺶﻔﻛ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ .{ﻮﺷﻰﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ {Áﺪﺤﻣ ﺎﻴــﺴﺑ Õﺎﻫﺎﻴﻘﻣ { Á ﺎﻫÕÁ{ﻪﻨﻴﭘ ﺎﻳ Á ﻰﻠﻴﻣﺎﻓ ÕﺎﻫÃﺎﮔﺎﻛ ﻂــﺳﻮﺗ ﻰﺘﻨــﺳ ﻊﻣYﻮﺟ {ﻰﻃ ¹Á{ Õﻮﻠﻬﭘ ÇÁ{ { ﻪﻛ ﻢﻳ{ﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ !ﺖﺷYﺪﻧ ﻢﻫ ﻰﺋMﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ ،ﺪــﺷ Õﺰﻳﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺒﺘﻛY [ﻼﻘﻧY Y ﺲﭘ ﺎﻫµﺎــﺳ ﻰﻨﻴــﺷﺎﻣﺖﻔﺟ Yﺰﻫ ﺎﻫﺪﺻ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻟﺎﺳ ـ ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺑ ﻰﺋﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣM ﻞﻓﺎﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘــﺴﺑYÁًﺎﻤﻴﻘﺘــﺴﻣ cﺎﺠﻧﺎﺧﺎﻛ ﻦﻳY ـ ﻰﻠﻣ ﺶﻔﻛ cﺎﺠﻧﺎﺧﺎﻛ Y{ ½ﺎﻴﻟﺎــﺳ{ ﻢــﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY Y ﺎﻫÕÁ{ﻪﻨﻴﭘ Á ﻰﻠﻴﻣﺎﻓ ÕﺎﻫÃﺎﮔﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻄﻳYﺮــﺷ { .ﺪﻧ{ﺮﻛﻰﻣ «{ﺎﺻ» ÕÁﻮــﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY ﺪﺼﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ½YﺮﻳY Y ﺶﻔﻛ ﻰﮕﻨﺳﺮﮔ ﺎﻨﻛ { ﻪﻛ ÕYﻪﻠﺌــﺴﻣ !ﺪــﺷ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻣ ﻮــﺸﻛ { ﺰﻴﻧ ﺶﻔﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗًﻼﻤﻋ ½ﺎﻨﻳY Õ{ﻮﺑﺎﻧ ﺎﺑ Á ،{ﻮﺑ Ã{Y{ Yﺮﻗ «ÕYÁژﻮﺑ» ¹ﺎﻘﻣYﺮﭼ ؛ﺖﺷYﺪﻧ cﻼﻀﻌﻣ ﻦﻳY ﻪﺑ Õﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY {ﻮﺟÁ ﻦﻳY ﺎﺑ .{ÁM ½ﺎﻐﻣY ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ Y «ﻰﮕﻨﻫﺮﺑﺎﭘ» ÕÁﻮــﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY ﺪﻧÁﺮﻬــﺷ ﺎﻫ½ﻮﻴﻠﻴﻣ[ﻮﻛﺮﺳ :ﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﻢــﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ¥YﺪﻫY ،ﺪﻧ{ÁM ÃYﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻰﻣﺎﻤﺗ { «ﺎﻫ¥ﻮﻧﺎﻜﺘــﺳY» ﻪﻛ ﻰﺋÁ{ﺎﺟ «ÕﻮﮕﻟY» ﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳY Õﺎﻫ{ﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ { Y ﻰﺳﺎﺳY «ﻞﻜﺸﻣ» ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺷYﺪﻧ ﻖﺣ ÕﺪﺣY ﻢﻴﺘﻔﮔ ﻢﻫًﻼﺒﻗ ﻪﻛ ﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ .{ﻮﺑ ﻰﻧﺎــﺳM ﺎﻛ «ﻰﻃﺎﺧ» ½Yﺮﮔﺎﻛ ﻞﻴﻟ{ ،½M ﺎــﺳY ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ ﺪﻳ{ﺮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﻞﺻY ﻚﻳ ﻢــﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY { «Ã{ﺎﻬﻧﺮﺑ» ﻦﻳY .ﺪﻳﻮﺠﺑ ½M ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ÕﺎﻫÃﻮﻴــﺷ Á «[ﺰﺣ»sÁ ﺎﻛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ { «ﻰﻔﻠﺨﺗ» ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻚﭼﻮﻛ ÁﺮﻨﻳY Y !ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﺴﻧYﻮﺗﻰﻣ ﻰﺟﺎﺧ ﺔﺌﻃﻮﺗ ﺎﻳ Á Õ{ﺮﻓ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌــﺴﻣ {ﻮﺒﻧ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺎﻫﻰﺋﺎــﺳﺎﻧﻰﻟÁ !ﺪﻧ{ﻮﻣﺮﻓﻰﻣ «¡Y{Ãﺮﻘﻧ» ﻰﺑﺎﺴﺣ Y ﻰﻃﺎﺧ ﺮﮔﺎﻛ ،½Yﺮﻳﺪﻣ Á ½Yﺮﮔﺎﻛﺮﺳ Á ،{ﺮﻛﻰﻣ Y{ﻪﺤﻳﺮﺟ cﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ Y «ÕYﻮﻧ ¥ﻮﻧﺎﻜﺘﺳY»½{ﺮﻛ ﻰﻧﺎﺑﺮﻗ Á ﻪﺘﺨﻴﺴﮔﺎﺴﻓY Õﻻﺎﺳ½Yﻮﻳ{ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ ﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ ÕYﻪﻠﻴــﺳÁ ﻂﻘﻓ «ﺎﻫ[ﻮﻛﺮﺳ» ﻦﻳY ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺳﺎﺠﻨﻳY ﺐﻟﺎﺟ،ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺑ Ã{ﺮﭙــﺳ ﻰــﺷﻮﻣYﺮﻓ ﺖــﺳ{ ﻪﺑ ﻰﻠﻜﺑ ½ﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳY { «cﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ» ﻦﻳY ½YYﺬﮕﻧﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻪﭽﻧM !ﺪــﺷ «[ﺰﺣ» cﺪﻗ [Yﺮﺤﻣ { ﺮﮔﺎﻛ Á Y ،ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻰﺗﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻢــﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ،ﻢﻴﺋﻮﮔﻰﻣ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ .{ﻮﺑ «ﻰﺘــﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ» sﻼﻄﺻY ﻪﺑ [ﻼﻘﻧY ﻦﻳY ﻰﻠﺻY «ﻞﺋﻻ{»{ﻮﺧ ﺰﺠﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ {ﺮﻛ ﻪﭽﻧM ﺮﻫ Á ،ﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﺰﺟﺎﻋ ﻰﻓﺮﺼﻣ cYﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ {ﻮﻣ { ﺎﻨﺘﻋY ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ÕﺎﻫÕﺰﻳﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ Á ﻮﺸﻛ {ﺎﺼﺘﻗY ÇY{Y Y ﺖﺴﺨﻧY ﺮﮔﺎﻛ Ãﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟًﻼﻤﻋ «ﺎﻛ ﺔﭼﺮﺘﻓ{» sﺮﻃ ﺔﺋYY ﺎﺑ 1932 µﺎﺳ { ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻻﺎﺑ ½ﺎﻨﭽﻧM ﺎﻛ ÕÁﺮﻴﻧ [ﻮﻛﺮﺳ { ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ﺎﻛ .{ÁﺰﻓYÕﺰﺠﻋ ﻦﻳY Á !{ﺮﭙﺳ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ Á ﺖﻛﺮﺷ «ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ» cﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ Y ÕÁ ﺖﺷﻮﻧﺮﺳ Á ،{Y{ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻰﻟY{ﻮﺌﻓ ¹ﺎﻈﻧ ﻚﻳ { «ﺖﻴﻋ» ﻊﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ.ﺖﺷYﺬﮔ ﻰﻗﺎﺑ {ﻮﺧ ½ﺎﻨﻴﺸﻧﺎﺟ ÕYﺮﺑ ÕÁﻮﺷ{ﺎﺤﺗY ﻦﻄﺑ { ﺎﮔ{ﺎﻳ ﻢﺳ ﻪﺑ ،گﺮﻣ Y ﺲﭘ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ

ﺮﮕﻳ{ ،{ﺮﻛ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻮﺸﻛ ﻰﺳﺎﻴﺳ Õﺎﻀﻓ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺑÁY ÕﺎﻫÃÁﺮﮔ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ﺎﺑًﻼﻤﻋ ﻢﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ﻪﻛ ﻰﻔﺴﻠﻓ «ÕﺎﮕﻧYÃ{ﺎﺳ» ﻢﻴﺋﻮﮕﺑ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ{ 1930 ﺔﻫ{ ﺎﻏM { ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ¥Áژ «ﺖﺳYﺮﻳÁ» ،ﻢﺴﻴﺴﻛﺎﻣ .ﺖــﺷYﺬﮔﻰﻤﻧ ﻰﻗﺎﺑ ﻰــﺳﺎﺳY ﻞﺋﺎــﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ÕYﻪﻳﺎﭘ {ﻮﺧﺮﺑ ÕYﺮﺑ ﻰﺋﺎﺟﺎﻴﺘﺧY { ﻢﺴﻴﺴﻛﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ ÕYÃﮋﻳÁ cﺎﻬﻴﺟﻮﺗ Á «[ﺰﺣ» {ﺎﻴﻨﺑ Y Ã{ﺎﻔﺘﺳY ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻤﺴﻴﺷﺎﻓ .{ﻮﺒﻧ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ ﻢﺴﻴﺷﺎﻓ ﻚﻳ ﻞﻤﻋ½ﺎﻬﻨﭘ ﺎﻫÃ{ﺮﭘ ﺲﭘ { ﺮﮔY ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻰﻌﻗYÁ ¥ﺪﻫ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ .ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ÕYÃ{ﺮﺘــﺴﮔ ﺎﻴــﺴﺑ {ﺎﻌﺑY ﺞﻳﺪﺗ ﻪﺑ ،{Y{ﻰﻣ Yﺮﻗ ﺎﺘﺧﺎــﺳ ﻦﻳYﻊﻗYÁ { !cﺪﻗ ﺔﻜﻳY ﺮﺑ ﺖﻗﺎﻴﻟﻰﺑ Á ﺪﺳﺎﻓ ،ﺐﺻﺎﻏ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻚﻳ ﻆﻔﺣ ؛ﺖﺳY ﺢﺿYÁ Á ﻦﺷÁًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﻰﺨﻳﺎﺗ Õﺎﻫﺮﮕﻧ { ،ﺪﻧﺎﻣ¹ﺎﻬﻟY ﺰﻴﻧ cﺪﻗ ﺔﻧYﻮﻳ{ ﺪﻧﺎﺑ ﻚﻳ ﻰﻏﺎﻣ{ cﺎﺷÁYﺮﺗ Yًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻪﻛ {Áﺪﺤﻣ ÕﻮﮕﻟY ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ Õﺮﺸﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚﻳ Õ{ﺎﺼﺘﻗY ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ «ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ»{ﺎﺼﺘﻗY ﻪﺑ ﺖﺸﮔﺎﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ÕÁ ﻼﺗ Á ﻦﻴﻨﻟ ﺮﮕﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻴﻜﺗ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ﺎﺠﻨﻳY { .ﺖﺷY{ ﺪﻫYﻮﺨﻧ ﺎﻫﻦﻳY Y ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ÕYﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ {ﺮﻴﮕﺑ.ﻢﻳYÃ{ﺮﻛ sﺮﻄﻣ «ﭗﻧ» ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﭘ ﻪﭽﻧM ؛{ﻮﺷ ¥ﻮﻄﻌﻣ ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ﻰﺋﺎﺘﺳÁ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ Ç{Áﺪﺤﻣ { Yﺎﺑﻪﺑ ½YY{ﺮﭘﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ [ﻮﻛﺮــﺳ ﻢﻴﺘﻔﮔ ﻢﻫًﻼﺒﻗ ﻪﻛ ﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛ [ﻮﻛﺮــﺳ ﺪﻨﺘــﺴﻧYﻮﺗﻰﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ Y ½Yﺮﮔﺎﻛ ﺮﮔY {ﻮﺟÁ ﻦﻳY ﺎﺑ،ﺲﻛﺎﻣ [ﺎﻛ { µﺎﺳ Õﺎﻫµﺎﺳ ½YﺮﻜﻔﻨﺷÁ ﻦﻳY Y Õﺎﻴﺴﺑ !ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺒﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺐﺘﻜﻣ ½YﺮﻜﻔﻨــﺷÁﻪﺟﻮﺟ ½ﺎﻨﻳY ؛{ﻮﺒﻧ ﺎﻫﻰﮔ{ﺎــﺳ ﻦﻳYÃﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ½ﺎﻬﺟ ﺦﻳﺎﺗ { ﻪﻛ ﻰﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ Õﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ¥ﻼﺧ ﺮﺑ ،ÁﺮﻨﻳY Y .ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺑ ÃﺪﻧY ﺶﻴﭘ ﻪﺑ Y ﻢﺴﻴﺴﻛﺎﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺐﻛﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﻟ Á ﺲﻠﮕﻧYÕﺮﻜﻔﻨﺷÁ ،ﺪﻫ{ﻰﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ Y ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟY Õﺎﻫﺮﺸﻗ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺮﻳﺬﭘﺐﻴﺳM Á ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺮﻳﺬﭘﻪﻣﺪﺻ ﺮﻜﻔﻨﺷÁ ﻒﻴﻃًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺎﻫ½M { Á ،ﻢﻴﻨﻛﻰﻣ.{ﻮﺑ Ã{ﺮﻛ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﺎﻴﺴﺑ Y ﻢﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ﺎﻛ ÕÁﻮﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY Õﺮﻴﮔﻞﻜﺷ ﺎﻏM { ﺖﺴﻴﺴﻛﺎﻣ1936 µﺎﺳ { !{ﺮﻛ ﻦﻳ ﺰﻴﻧ ½YY{ﺮﭘﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ [ﻮﻛﺮﺳ ﺖﻬﺟ Y {ﻮﺧ ﺐﺳY ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ،ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ ﺎﻫÕﺎﻛﻢﻧYﺪﻧ Y ÃﺪﻨﻛM ﻰﺋﺎﻀﻓ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ {ﺪﻫYﻮﺧﺮﺑ ¹ﺎﮔ «ﻢﺴﻴﻧﻮﻤﻛ» Õﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ÕÁﻮﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY ﺦﻳﺎﺗ ﻦﻳY Y Á ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ½ﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﮕﻳ{ «½ﻮﻴــﺴﻳﺰﻧYﺮﺗ» Õﺎﻫﺎﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺷY{ ¹ﻼﻋY [ﺰﺣﺮﺗﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﻤﻫ Y Á ،Ãﺪﻴﺳ ÕÁﺮﻴﭘ ﻪﺑ ÕÁﻮﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY Õ{ﺎﺼﺘﻗY ﻞﺣYﺮﻣ ﻰﻣﺎﻤﺗ { ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﻪﻛ {ﺮﻛ ¹ﻼﻋYًﺎﻤﺳ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘــﺳY !ﺖــﺷY{ﻰﻨﻳﻮﻧ cﺎﻘﺒﻃ ÕÁﻮﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY { ،cﺎﻫﺮﺗ ﻦﻳY ﺎﺳY ﺮﺑ !ﺖﺳY ﻪﺘﻓ ½ﺎﻴﻣ Y ﺖﺸﮔﺎﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﻰﺗﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ cﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،ﻪﻜﻨﻳY.ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻰﻤﻧ ÕÁﺮﻴﭘ ﻖﺑﺎﺳ «ÕYÁژﻮﺑ» ÕﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟY Y Á ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ «ﻦﻳﻮﻧ» ﻰﮕﻤﻫ ﺮﻜﻔﻨﺷÁ Á Áﺎﺸﻛ ،ﺮﮔﺎﻛ :ﺪﻧYÃﺪﻧﺎﺳ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻮﻀﺣ½ﺎﮕﺘﺴﺑYÁ Y ﺎﻤﺷﺖﺸﮕﻧY ﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻰﻫÁﺮﮔ ÕﺮﮕﻴــﺸﺣÁ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ .{ﻮﺑ ½YÁYﺮﻓ ﻪﻬﺒــﺷ Á ﻚــﺷ ½ﺎﻨﻳY ½{ﻮﺑ «ﻦﻳﻮﻧ» { ﻪﺘﺒﻟYY cﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻦﻳY ﺖﻳﺮﺜﻛY ﻪﻛ {ﺮــﻛ ﻮﻣYﺮﻓ ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻤﻧ Y ﺖﻴﻌﻗYÁ ﻦﻳY ،{Y{ ﻪﺒﺗ µﺰﻨﺗ ﺮــﮔﺎﻛ Á Áﺎــﺸﻛ cﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻪﺑ Y «ÕYÁژﻮﺑ» ﻪــﺑﺶﻴﭘ ﻪﺑ ½ﺎﺷÕﺮﻜﻔﻨﺷÁ Õﺎﻫﻪﺸﻳ ﻪﻛ ½ﺎﻧM ﻞﻗYﺪﺣ ،½YﺮﻜﻔﻨﺷÁ Á .ﺪﻧ{Y{ﻰﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻖﺑﺎــﺳ ¹ﺎﻈﻧ { ½YÁﺎــﺸﻛ Á ½Yﺮﮔﺎﻛ ½ﺎﻤﻫﺮﻜﻔﻨــﺷÁ ﺐﻟﺎﺟ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻰﺒﻠﻄﻣ .ﺪﻧ{ﻮﺑ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘــﺳY Á [ﺰﺣ «ÕﺎﻫﻚﻴﭽﺗYﺎﭘM» ﻒﻳ{ {ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ،ﺖــﺸﮔﻰﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺒﺘﻛY [ﻼﻘﻧY Y«ﻦﻳﻮﻧ» ﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ¥ﺮﺻ ،{ﻮﺟÁ ﻦﻳY ﺎﺑ .{ﺮﻛ ﺪﻫYﻮﺧ sﺮﻄﻣ Y ÕYﻪﻳﺎﭘ Á ﻰﺳﺎﺳY Õﺎﻫﺚﺤﺑ { ﻪﻧYﺮﻜﻔﻨﺷÁ Õﺎﻫﺖﻳ{Áﺪﺤﻣ Á «ﻰﺘﻟÁ{»½ﺎﻨﭽﻧM ... Á ،ﻰﻔﺴﻠﻓ ،ﻰﺑ{Y ،Õﺮﻨﻫ ،ﻰﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ½Yﺰﻴﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ { Y ½M ﻰﺋMﺎﻛ¹ﺪﻋ ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻪﺑ ،ﻰﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟY ﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻚﻳ ½{ﻮﺑ.{ﻮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺪﻣMﺎﻛﺎﻧ ﺎﮔÁ Õﺎﻀﻗ Y ،ﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧﻰﻣ «ﻦﻳﻮﻧ» Y {ﻮﺧ ﻪﻛ ¹ﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﻳY .ﺪﻨﻛﻰﻤﻧ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﻫﺎﻴﻧ ÇﺪﻧÁMﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻛﺮﭘ½ﺎﻫ{ Õﺎﻫﺎﻌﺷ Á ،«ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ» ،ﻦﻳﻮﻧ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻰﺑﺎﻴﺘــﺳ{ ﻞﻴﺒﻗ Y ﻰﻠﺋﺎــﺴﻣ ،{ ﺪﺣ ½Yﻮﺗﻰﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻰﻟÁﻚﻨﻳY ﺮﮕﻳ{ cﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ .ﺖــﺷYﺪﻧ µﻮﺒﻗ ½Yﻮﻨﻋ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﻟÁ{ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ¥ﺬﺣ ½ﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ Y ﻰﺘــﺴﻴﺴﻛﺎﻣ ﻞﺻY ﻚﻳ ،ﺎﻤﻗ ﻦﻳY Y{ ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺪﻳ{ﺮﺗ Õﺎﺟ ؛ﺪﻧﺎﻤﺑ ﻰﻗﺎﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ «ﻦﻳﻮﻧ» cﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ Y ﻞﻜﺸﺘﻣ «ﻰﺘﻟÁ{»ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻛ {ﻮﺑ Õ{ÁM{ﻦﻣ ÕژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﻳY ﻚﻳ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﻢــﺴﻴﻨﻴﻟﺎﺘﺳY cﺎﻐﻴﻠﺒﺗ ﻰﻣﺎﻤﺗ ،ﺮﺗÃ{ﺎــﺳ cﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ !{ﺮﻴﮔ Yﺮﻗ «ﺖﻟÁ{» ﻦﻴﻤﻫ OﻪﻧYﻮﻳ{ Õﺎﻫﻮﺗﺎﺘﻜﻳ{ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖﺤﺗ Y Õﺮﻤﻋ ﻪﻛ ½ﺎﻴﻧYﺮﻳY ﺎﻣ !ﺪــﺷﻰﻣ ﻮﺼﺨﺑ {ﺮﻓ ﻚﻳ Õﻮﺗﺎﺘﻜﻳ{ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻤﻀﺗ {ﺮﺑﺎﻛ .{Yﺪﻧ Õﺮﻣ Á ﺪﺣ ﭻﻴﻫ Õﻮﺗﺎﺘﻜﻳ{ ¹ﺎﻈﻧ ﻚﻳ { ﻰﺋﻮﮔﻪﻓYﺰﮔ ﻪﻜﻨﻳY ½M Á ﻢﻳY{ µﻮﺒﻗ Y ﻰﻠﻛ ﻞﺻY ﻚﻳ ،ﻢﻳYÃﺪﻧYﺬﮔ ﻰﺘﺴﻴﺴﻛﺎﻣ ﺮﻜﻔﺗ Õﺎﻫﺮﻣ 1936 µﺎﺳ { ÕÁﻮﺷ {ﺎﺤﺗY ﺖــﺴﻴﻧﻮﻤﻛ [ﺰﺣ Çﺮﮕﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻣY18 { {ﻮﺧ ¥Áﺮﻌﻣ Yﺰﮔ { ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘــﺳY Áﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻚﻳ cﺎﻧﺎﻳﺬﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ «Yﺰﮔ» ﻦﻳY { .ﺪﻳ{ﻮﻧ ﻢﻫ { {ﻮﺧ Õ{YﺪﺒﺘــﺳY Á Õ{ﺮﻓ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ «Õﺎﻫﺎﻴﻧ» [ﻮﭼﺎﭼ { YﻂﻳYﺮﺷ «ﺦﻳﺎﺗ» ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛﻰﻣ ﺎﻋ{Y Á ﻪﺘــﺷYﺬﮔ ﺎﭘ ﺮﻳ ﺖﻟÁ{ Õ{ﻮﺑﺎﻧ {ﻮﻣ { Y ﺲﻠﮕﻧY ¥Áﺮﻌﻣ ﺰﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﺘــﺳY ،{ﻮﺑ ﻪﻴﺒــﺷ ﺮﻀﺘﺤﻣﺮﺑYﺮﺑ { ﺪﻳﺎﺑﻰﻣ «ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ» ﺖﻟÁ{ ﻚﻳ ﻰﻨﻌﻳ ،½YÁﺎــﺸﻛ Á ½Yﺮﮔﺎﻛ Y ﻞﻜــﺸﺘﻣ ﺖﻟÁ{ ﻚﻳ ﻚﻨﻳY Á ،Ã{ÁM {ﻮﺟÁ ﻪﺑ Õﺪﻳﺪﺟ