Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
2
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
3
Telecom Basics
Communication Voice and Data Analog and Digital Circuit Switched and Packet Switched Media - Copper Wire, Co-axial cable, Air, Optical Fibre Networks -PSTN, ISDN, PDN and Mobile Networks
Background to GSM
1G : Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
Analog, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD
GSM History
1987:
Initial MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) aside the drafting of technical specifications was signed by network operators of 13 countries: Validation and trials, of the radio interface. First system trials are demonstrated at the Telecom 91 exhibition.
1999:
1988:
2000:
1991:
GSM Specifications
12 SERIES OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 11 SERIES EQUIPMENT AND TYPE APPROVAL SPECIFICATIONS 01 SERIES GENERAL 02 SERIES SERVICE ASPECTS 03 SERIES NETWORK ASPECTS
05 SERIES PHYSICAL LAYER ON THE RADIO PATH. 06 SERIES SPEECH CODING SPECIFICATIONS
web
photo
ISDN PSTN
e-mail web
photo
web
photo
GSM
0
web
photo
10 sec
1 min
10 min
1 hour
Transmission Time
GPRS = General Packet Radio Service HSCSD = High Speed Circuit Switched Data EDGE = Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution UMTS = Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
throughput kbps
p
100 k
ket ac
EDGE
64 k
it rcu ci
HSCSD
UMTS
10 k
14.4 9.6
GPRS
1k
Circuit-Switched or Packet-Switched
Circuit mode
Packet mode B C
C
A
A
F
A
D A C
H F G
C D A C D A
G H
G H F
G H F
11
Duplex Technique
Duplex - How the up link and Down link of a user is separated FDD - Frequency Division Duplex
(eg:In GSM the up link and down link of a user is separated by 45MHz )
13
15
GSM 850 GSM 900 E-GSM (900) R-GSM (900) GSM 1800 GSM 1900
450.4-457.6 478.8-486
824-849 890-915 880-915 876-880 1710-1785 1850-1910
2x25
10 10
45 45 45 41 95 80
35 35
Frequencies are in MHz Carrier frequency = ARFCN = Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number
GSM 450
GSM 480
GSM 850
Downlink Uplink
876 880
460.4
467.6
488.8
496
869
894
MHz
915 915 890 915 P-GSM E-GSM GSM 1800 GSM 1900 1710 1785 1850 1910
R-GSM 921 925 935 960 960 960 1805 1880 1930 1990
Downlink
MHz
Traffic/Signaling Traffic
bla bla bla...
Signaling
RING !
riiiiing
Network
MS
MS BTS
AuC
BSC Um BTS
Downlink
Frequency
channel #
channel #
124
Duplex spacing = 45 MHz Frequency band spectrum = 2 x 25 MHz Channel spacing = 200 kHz
21
Time
0 4.615 ms 9.23 ms
Physical Channel
BTS With FH
time
BTS Without FH
n+1
TDMAs
n TS 0 n-1 MS2
7
MS1
MS3
1
FDMA
// 124
ARFCN
Channel Decoding
Interleaving
De-interleaving
Ciphering
Deciphering
BTS-1
BTS-2
Access Techniques
Uplink 890 MHz to 915 MHz Down Link 935 MHz to 960 MHz 25 MHz divided into 125 channels of 200 KHz bandwidth
UP 890.0 890.2 890.4 914.8 915.0
DOWN 935.0
935.2
935.4
959.8
960.0
26
4.616 ms
28
Fundamentals
960 MHz 959.8MHz
124 123 . 2 1
DOWNLINK
200KHz
0 1
GSM utilizes two bands(TDMAMHz. 890-915 Downlink of 25 frame) = 8 TS MHz band is used for uplink while the 935960 MHz is used for downlink. The frequency bands are divided into 200 KHz wide channels called ARFCNs (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Numbers) i.e. Data burst = 156.25 bit periods = 576.9s there are 125 ARFCNs out of which only 124 are used. Each ARFCN supports 8 users with each user transmitting / receiving on a particular time Delay 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 slot (TS).
2 3
4 5 6 7
124 123 . 2 1
45 MHz
UPLINK
200KHz
The technology
Therefore 1 TDMA frame = 156.25 x 8 = 1250 bits and has a duration of 576.92s x 8 = 4.615 ms 29
0 R
1 R
2 R
3 R
4 R
5 R
6 R
7 R
Downlink TDMA
BTS
T Down link
T Up link
MSs side
MS1 R
MS2
Timing Advance
1 - Propagation Delay
M2
d2
d1>>d2
M1
TS0
TS1
TS2
TS3
TS4
TS5
TS6
TS7
Bits Overlapping
TA
CAN
yes
W HEN the
WHAT ms-isdn
RX MS1 TX MS1 RX MS2 TX MS2 RX MS3 TX MS3 RX MS4 TX MS4 RX MS5 TX MS5 RX MS6 TX MS6 RX MS7 TX MS7 RX MS8 TX MS8
+3TS
W HAT GSM
yes
D
HOW
the
ms-isdn
Propagation Delay
W HEN
WHAT
32
+3TS - TA
WHAT GSM
yes
D
HOW
the ms-isdn
Propagation Delay
WHEN WHAT
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
35
MS
MS BTS
AuC
BSC Um BTS
GSM Network
SS External PSTN & PDN N/W VLR AUC HLR MSC MS Mobile Station BTS Base transceiver System BSC Base Station Controller MSC Mobile Switching Center BSS BSC HLR Home Location Register VLR Visitor Location Register BTS EIR Equipment Identity Register AUC Authentication Center MS OMC Operation And Maintenance Center EIR OMC
Switching System
GSM Architecture
GSM Air interface B S C
Abis interface
VMSC
SMSC
A interface
AUC PSTN
TRAU B S C
OMCS
BTS BTS
BTS
38
Mobile Equipment(ME)
Frequency and Time Synchronization Voice encoding and transmission Voice encryption/decryption functions Power measurements of adjacent cells Display of short messages International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI)
39
SIM
Portable Smart Card with memory (ROM-6KB to 16KB-A3/A8 algorithm, RAM- 128KB TO 256KB, EEPROM- 3KB to 8KB ) Static Information International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI) Personal Identification Number (PIN) Authentication Key (Ki) Dynamic Information Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI) Location Area Identity (LAI) Phone memories, billing information Ability to store Short Messages received
40
GSM
Contains: - IMSI
SIM-Card
Permanent data:
- Unique mobile subscriber identity through IMSI number and PIMSI for Packet Mode - Authentication parameter Ki, - Authentication algorithm A3, - Generating encryption key Kc algorithm A8, - PIN code.
GSM
Microchip with stored user information
Removable data:
- Temporary Mobile Subscriber Number, - Location Area Identification - Routing Area Identification (Packet mode)
Subscriber Identification
IMSI
Nature
International Mobile Subscriber Identity Conformity with E212
Identify a PLMN worldwide Identify the subscriber of a PLMN
MS - ISDN
Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Nb Similar to ISDN, Conformity with E164/E213
National Significant Mobile Number
Format Meaning
MCC
Mobile Country Code
MNC
Mobile Network Code
H1 H2
x x x ......... x x x
MSIN
CC
NDC
M1 M2
xx xx xx xx
SN
Country National Mobile Subscriber Code (where Destination (national definition) subscription Code * M1 M2 = nbr of logical HLR has been made)
Nb. digits
max 10
1 to 3
2 to 4
total max 15
GSM
NMSI LAI
Mobile Country Code 3 digits Mobile Network Code 2 digits
RAI
Country Code
Country Code
HO-number
Is a PSTN-like number to track the MS that hands over to another MSC during call-in-state
45
E D YP VE T O R PP A
TAC
Type Approval Code
FAC
SNR
Serial NumbeR
SP
(SPare)
E D YP OVE T R PP A
TAC
Type Approval Code
FAC
SNR
Serial number
SP
(SPare)
MS Classmark
Power classes Classmark
Revision level RF power Encryption algorithm Frequency Short message LoCation Services MS Positioning Method 8-PSK modulation Multi-slot class Multi-band * ** Typical value for car mounted Typical value for handheld
For GMSK modulation GSM GSM GSM Class 400/850/900 1800 1900 1 1 W** 1 W** 8 W* 2 0.25 W 0.25 W 5W 3 4W 2W 2 W** 4 0.8 W 5 For 8-PSK modulation GSM GSM GSM Class 400/850/900 1800 1900 2W E1 1W 1W 0.5 W E2 0.4 W 0.4 W 0.2 W E3 0.16 W 0.16 W
50
52
54
55
Abis
LAPD
A
BSSAP
Um
LAPDm
MAP
C D
MAP
POTS
57
58
GSM Protocols
CM MM RR LAPDm LAPD BTSM BSSAP DTAP MAP MTP SCCP TCAP ISUP - Connection Management - Mobility Management - Radio resource - LAPD for mobile - Link Access Procedure for D channel - BTS Management Part - BSS Application Part (BSC - MSC) - Direct Transfer Application Part (MS - MSC) - Mobile Application Part - Message Transfer part of SS7 - Signalling Connection Control Part of SS7 - Transaction Capabilities Application Part - ISDN User Part
59
MS
BTS
BSC
MSC/VLR
HLR
GMSC
CC
MM
RR
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTIFIERS USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
61
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
62
63
Channel concept
Physical channel: One timeslot of a TDMA-frame on one carrier is referred to as a physical channel. There are 8 physical channels per carrier in GSM,channel 0-7(timeslot 0-7) Logical channel: A great variety of information must be transmitted between BTS and the MS,for e.g. user data and control signaling.Depending on the kind of information transmitted we refer to different logical channels.These logical
64
COMMON CHANNELS
DEDICATED CHANNELS
BROADCAST CHANNELS
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH/EFR 65
Logical channels
Logical channels
Control channels
BCH
CCCH
DCCH
Synchronization Channel-SCH
This is used by the MS to synchronize to the TDMA frame structure within the particular cell. Listening to the SCH the MS receives the TDMA frame number and also the BSIC ( in the coded part- 39 bits). 67 Repeats once in every 10 frames.
Paging Channel-PCH
The information on this channel is a paging message including the MSs identity(IMSI/TMSI).This is transmitted on Downlink, point-to-multipoint.
70
71
Traffic Channels-TCH
TCH carries the voice data. Two blocks of 57 bits contain voice data in the normal burst. One TCH is allocated for every active call. Full rate traffic channel occupies one physical channel(one TS on a carrier) and carries voice data at 13kbps Two half rate (6.5kbps) TCHs can share one physical channel.
73
GSM Channels
GSM Channels Traffic Channels (TCHs)
Broadcast Channels (BCHs) Full rate Half rate
Control Channels
Downlink
Downlink
Uplink
TCH /F
AGCH
CBCH
RACH SDCCH
FACCH
SACCH
Traffic Multiframing
Signaling Multiframing
Traffic Multiframing 74
BTS
Frequency correction Synchronization Broadcast control Access request Subscriber paging Answer to Access request Broadcast info Dedicated Signaling Sys InFo 5, 6 + SMS Traffic (speech data) Associated Signaling
FACCH
MS
FCCH SCH BCCH RACH PCH AGCH FCCH CBCH
SDCCH SACCH SACCH SDCCH
TCH
FACCH
Traffic (speech-data) Associated Signaling Radio Measurement + SMS Dedicated Signaling Broadcast info
CBCH
M.S. Pre-synchronization
TCH
AGCH
75
Measures:
- power level of the communication - quality level of the communication - level on the beacon frequency of
the neighboring cells
Timing Advance Power Control SMS
FACCH MESSAGES
Connection establishment from
SDCCH to TCH
SDCCH MESSAGES
Request for a SDCCH assignment Request for the end of channel
commutation
Characteristics of the future used BS
assignment
Order of commutation from SDCCH to
after handover
Connection establishment to BS after
TCH
SMS
handover
Validation of an handover
76
- frequency number - slot number - frequency hopping description - Timing Advance (1st estimation) - MS identification
BCCH MESSAGES
System Information type 1, 2, 2bis,
Specific information
RACH MESSAGES
Service request:
PCH MESSAGES
messages containing a mobile
- emergency call - answer to an incoming call - outgoing call - short message - call re-establishment - inscription
77
GPRS Channels DL
PBCCH PPCH PAGCH PNCH PDTCH PACCH PTCCH UL PDTCH PACCH PTCCH
BSC PCUSN
PRACH
Control channel
26 traffic frames = 120 ms 0 1326 frames 0 0 1 1 2 3 2 4 3 51 x 26 traffic frames = 6.12 s 26 x 51 control frames = 6.12 s 22 46 47 23 48 24 49 50 25 1 2 3 4 21 22 23 24 25 0 1 2 3 4 46 47 48 49 50
80
81
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T
time
T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 A0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 A1
time
T : TCH
Ti : TCH
sub-channel no. i
A : SACCH
Ai : SACCH
sub-channel no. i
: IDLE
82
Downlink
51 frames = 235 ms
D0 D0
D1 D1
D2 D2
D3 D3
D4 D4
D5 D5
D6 D6
D7 D7
A0 A4
A1 A5
A2 A6
A3 A7
time
Uplink
51 frames = 235 ms
A5 A1
A6 A2
A7 A3 A : SACCH
D0 D0
D1 D1
D2 D2
D3 D3
D4 D4
D5 D5 : IDLE
D6 D6
D7 D7
A0 A4
time
D : SDCCH
83
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
B
time
BTS
Uplink
Physical Channel
ARFCN (n) TS (s)
MS
FCCH
F : FCCH
S : SCH
B : BCCH
R : RACH
: IDLE 84
FS FS
D2 D2
D3 D3
FS FS
A0 A2
A1 A3
time
Uplink
51 frames = 235 ms
D3 D3
RR RR
A2 A0
A3 A1
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
D0 D0
D1 D1
RR RR
D2 D2
time
: AGCH
R : RACH
A : SACCH
D : SDCCH
: IDLE 85
86
0 1
10
20
30
40
50 0 1
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
TTTTTTTTTTTTATTTTTTTTTTTT 01 12
TTTTTTTTTTTTATTTTTTTTTTTT 12 25
25 0 1
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
88
Speech
Step 2
Interleaving
De-interleaving
Step 3
Burst formatting Burst deformatting
Step 4
Ciphering
Deciphering
Step 5
Modulation
Demodulation equalization
Step 6
Transmission
Diversity
89
90
91
BSS
64 kbit/s
Listening Effort Required Complete relaxation possible, no effort. Attention necessary, no appreciable effort. Moderate effort. Considerable effort. No meaning understood with feasible effort.
93
Speech Coding
BP
BAND PASS 300 Hz 3.4 kHZ
A/D
Every 125 s value is sampled from analog signal and quantised by 13 bit word Data rate = 13/125*10 -6 = 104 kbps
SPEECH ENCODER
CHANNEL CODING
To modulator
Every 20ms 160 samples taken Data rate = 160 * 13/20ms = 104 kbps 3 crc bits
1A
1B
50
132
78
Four 0 bits for codec
50 3
132
78
1A = Filter Coeff block ampl, LTP params 1B = RPE pointers & pulses 2 = RPE pulse & filter params CHANNEL DECODING
LP
D/A
SPEECH DECODER
94
Speech blocks
20 ms
20 ms
A
Codec dependent
B
Codec dependent
C
Codec dependent
456 bits
456 bits
C
8 Sub blocks of 57 bits
456 bits
A A A A 5 6 7 8
Interleaving
B B B B B B B B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C C C C 1 2 3 4
8 Bursts
Normal burst
A5 B1
A6 B2
A7 B3
A8 B4
B5 C1
B6 C2
B7 C3
B8 C4
57 bits
26 bits
57 bits
Tail
Information
CRL
Training
CRL
Information
Tail
95
96
Speech blocks
20 ms
20 ms
A
Codec dependent
B
Codec dependent
C
Codec dependent
228 bits
228 bits
C
4 Sub blocks of 57 bits
228 bits
A A A A 1 2 3 4
Interleaving
B B B B 1 2 3 4
C C C C 1 2 3 4
4 Bursts
Normal burst
A3 B1
A4 B2
B3 C1
B4 C2
97
0 8 448
1 9 449
2 10 450
3 11 451
4 12 452
5 13 453
6 14 454
7 15 455
57 Rows
3
diagonal interleaving
bit interleaving
burst
b0 b1 b56 b0 b1 b56
98
Burst Formatting
Normal Burst
0 1 2 1 frame: 4.615 ms 3 4 5 6 7
DATA
3 57
S
1
S
1
DATA
57 3
Guard Band
8.25
Guard
99
Burst Formats
Frequency Correction Burst (FCCH)
Tail 3 bits Data 142 fixed bits (0) 156.25 bits duration (0.577 ms) Tail 3 bits Guard Period 8.25 bits
Guard Period
100
Burst Formats
Normal Burst
Tail Data 1 Training Sequence 26 bits 1 Data 57 encrypted bits Tail Guard Period 3 bits 57 encrypted bits 3 bits 8.25 bits
Dummy Burst
Tail Dummy Sequence 3 bits 58 mixed bits Training Sequence 26 midamble bits Dummy Sequence Tail 58 mixed bits
Guard Period
Tail 8 bits
Training Sequence
Access Burst
Data Tail Guard Period 68.25 bits
101
Ciphering
Burst to be transmitted
Data S S Data
Plain data: Ciphering sequence: XOR: Ciphered data (transmitted): Ciphered sequence: XOR: Recovered data:
Received burst
Data
Training S sequence
Data
102
Interleaving
Encoded speech blocks - Diagonal Interleaving
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
Tb 3
Coded Data 57
F Training Sequence F 1 26 1
Coded Data 57
Tb 3
Gp 8.25
103
Burst
The information format transmitted during one timeslot in the TDMA frame is called a burst. Different Types of Bursts
Normal Burst Random Access Burst Frequency Correction Burst Synchronization Burst
104
Normal Burst
156.25 bits 0.577 ms
T 3
Coded Data 57
S 1
T. Seq. 26
S 1
Coded Data 57
T 3
GP 8.25
:Used as Guard Time :It is the Data part associated with the burst :This indicates whether the burst is carrying Signaling data (FACCH) or user info (TCH). :This is a fixed bit sequence known both to the BTS & the MS.This takes care of the signal deterioration.
105
156.25 bits 0.577 ms T 3 Training Sequence 41 Random Access Burst 156.25 bits 0.577 ms T 3 Fixed Bit Sequence 142 Freq. Correc. Burst 156.25 bits 0.577 ms T 3 Coded Data 39 Training Sequence 64 Coded Data 39 T 3 GP 8.25 T 3 GP 8.25 Coded Data 36 T 3 GP 68.25
Synchronization Burst
106
Uplink
MS > BTS
0
Offset
7
107
Timing Advance
MS1 0 near MS2 0 far 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 MS1 0 near MS2 0 far 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 6 7
At BTS 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
At BTS 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
108
26-TDMA Multiframe
26 TDMA Frames (24 TCH, SACCH, Idle) 120 ms (26 * 4.62ms)
51-TDMA Multiframe
26 TDMA Frames (FCCH, SCH, BCCH, SDCCH, CCCH) 235.6 ms (51 * 4.62ms)
109
Hyper Frame
2048 * 51* 26 TDMA Frames 3 Hours, 28 Minutes, 53 Secs and 760 ms
110
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
111
Mobility Management
Mobility Management (MM) Location updating- normal,periodic, IMSI attach Paging Security Management
Preventing unauthorized users- authentication Maintaining Privacy of users- ciphering
Network Attachment
Cell Identification
MS scans complete GSM frequency band for highest power Tunes to highest powered frequency and looks for FCCH. Synchronizes in frequency domain Get training sequence from SCH which follows FCCH. Synchronizes in time domain. Accesses BCCH for network id, location area and frequencies of the neighboring cells. Stores a list of 30 BCCH channels
113
Network Attachment..
PLMN Selection
Get the operator information from SIM.
Cell Selection
Selected cell should be a cell of the selected PLMN Signal strength should be above the threshold. Cell should not be barred
Location Update
Register with the network by means of location updation procedures.
114
MS
BTS
Action
Security - Authentication
MS
Ki RAND
A3
SRES
MS BTS AuC
Authentication center provides RAND to Mobile AuC generates SRES using Ki of subscriber and RAND Mobile generates SRES using Ki and RAND Mobile transmits SRES to BTS BTS compares received SRES with one generated by AuC
116
Security - Ciphering
MS
Ki RAND A8
Kc MS Kc Data
A5
A5
Data sent on air interface ciphered for security A5 and A8 algorithms used to cipher data Ciphering Key is never transmitted on air
117
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
118
119
GSM Actors
NSS BSS
BSC BTS
MSC
VLR
HLR
AUC
Mobile subscriber Fixed subscriber
PLMN Selection
Yes
Yes
No Creation of a found PLMN list manual mode The user selects a PLMN from the displayed PLMNs automatic mode The MS selects the first PLMN from the preferred PLMNs list (if it is not in the forbidden PLMNs list) Cell Selection succeed? Yes End of PLMN selection No (automatic) Selection of the next preferred possible PLMN
No (manual)
PLMN Selection
Select the best frequencies according to the power level Memorize the beacon frequencies in the precedent selection
No
Look for the cell with the best C1 in the suitable cells list IMSI Attach End of Cell Selection Rejected? No Yes PLMN set in the forbidden PLMN list
Cell Selection
Purpose: get synchronization with the GSM network prior establishing any communication.
1
BTS-5
BTS-4 1
1
H FCC
2 3 4 BTS-1
BTS-3
SCH
CH BC
BTS-2
This cell
Immediate Assignment
MS
1
BTS
CHANNEL REQUEST CHANNEL REQUIRED CHANNEL ACTIVATION
4
BSC
MSC
RACH
Immediate Assignment
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
AGCH
CM SERVICE REQUEST
SDCCH or TCH
LOCATION UPDAT. REQU.
OR
6
SDCCH or TCH
BSS
2 4 TMSI 6
MSC
5 2 4 TMSI 5
LAI
HLR
IMSI VLR id 3
VLR
IMSI TMSI LAI
BSS
2 3 4 2 TMSI New TMSI 3
MSC
New LAI
VLR
IMSI TMSI LAI
BSS
2 BSC 5 7 2 TMSI New TMSI 5
MSC
New LAI
HLR
6 new VLR id
subscriber data
128
IMSI Attach
1
CHANNEL REQUEST IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
BSS
2 BSC BTS 3 4
3 LOCATION UPDATING
MSC
5
4
VLR
6
129
IMSI Detach
1
CHANNEL REQUEST IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
BSS
2 BSC BTS 4 3
IMSI DETach INDication
MSC
VLR
130
Outgoing Call
Great Britain France
Telephone network
Germany
BSS BSC
BTS
Terminating MSC
Gateway MSC
VLR
HLR
FT
131
BSS
MSC VLR
PSTN
CM SERVICE REQUEST
3 3
CM SERVICE REQUEST
Sending Number
SETUP
5 7 6
CALL PROCEEDING
IAM
Ring Ringing
ACM ANM
8 10
CONNECT ACKnowledge
ACM = Address Complete Message ANM = ANswer Message IAM = Initial Address Message
132
BSC1
5
4 3 1
BTS12
6
BTS21
MSC/ VLR
GMSC
PSTN
BSC2
2
BTS22
LA2
HLR
BSC3
BTS23
BTS31
133
5 9
PAGING REQUEST (TMSI) PAGE (TMSI + LA) Send info to I/C (MSRN)
6
Routing Information (MSRN) Send Routing Information (MSISDN)
1
MSISDN
8
PAGING REQUEST 10 (TMSI + LA) IAM (MSRN)
3 7
11
BSS
VMSC
PN
GMSC
IAM 2 (MSISDN)
ISDN
: Initial Address Message : Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital network Number : Mobile Station Roaming Number
: : : :
International Mobile Subscriber Identity Gateway MSC Visitor MSC Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
134
VMSC
IAM (MSRN)
GMSC
2
PSTN
IAM 1 (MSISDN) Dialing
PAGING REQUEST
5
Ringing
10 12
BSS
Call in progress
2
MSC
PSTN
DISCONNECT
DISCONNECT RELEASE
RELEASE
4
RELEASE COMPLETE
5
CHANNEL RELEASE 6
7
Release
Release tone
136
BSS
1 3
MSC
REL 6 RLC
PSTN
Purpose: informs the mobile then releases radio and network resources. On hook
137
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139
* MS Allocate tunesSDCCH Page RESP on MS Ch. REQ SDCCH * Assgn overRACH CMP ( AGCH overTMSI + LAI) BTS * Phone rings
Connect traffic Ch.to trunk GMSC frees SDCCH Query VLR Page RES Page Assgn CMP for LAC and Assign. REQ Paging TMSI the area (+TMSI) Route to MSC Alerting Network MSC BSC
AuC
PSTN
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
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142
143
Power Control
BTS commands MS at different distances to use different power levels so that the power arriving at the BTSs Rx is approximately the same for each TS - Reduce interference - Longer battery life
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Handover
Means to continue a call even a mobile crosses the border of one cell to another Procedure which made the mobile station really roam Handover causes
RxLev (Signal strength , uplink or downlink) RxQual (BER on data) O & M intervention Timing Advance Traffic or Load balancing
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Handover Types
Internal Handover (Intra-BSS) Within same base station - intra cell Between different base stations - inter cell External Handover (Inter-BSS) Within same MSC -intra MSC Between different MSCs - inter-MSC
146
Handover Types
MSC BSC GMSC
BSC
C-3
BSC MSC
C-4
C-1
C-2
BSC
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HO performed
BSC
Acknowledges and alloctes TCH (facch) if 1. Check for HO passed 2. Channel avail in new BTS
BTS 2
Periodic Measurement Reports (SACCH) MS tunes into new frequency and TS and sends HO message to new BTS (facch)
Release TCH
Cell 2
Periodic Measurement Reports (SACCH)
BTS 1
Cell 1
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..
..
..
149
Serves as a Beacon for the Cell Country Code (CC) and the Network Code (NC) Location Area Identity (LAI) List of neighboring cells which should be monitored by MS List of frequencies used in the cell Cell identity
Back 150
Location Updates
Location Updates can be classified into two:
Periodic Location Updates:
This occurs as per the timer set by the network operator. If the MS does not perform this update the MSC marks the MS as Detached on the VLR.
1.
The MS is monitoring the BCCH and has all the decoded information stored on the SIM ( including the LAC) As soon as the mobile is on a TCH it sends the signal strength indication on the corresponding SACCH The BSC monitors the signal strengths and on analysis sends a handoff request on FACCH. The handoff process is completed on the FACCH. After the completion of call, the MS starts monitoring the BCCH again. On finding the LAC (stored on SIM) and that decoded from the BCCH to be different , the MS requests a Location Update through SDCCH.
2.
3.
4.
Back 152
Discontinuous Transmission
Discontinuous Transmission(DTX) allows the radio transmitter to be switched off most of the time during speech pauses. A Silence Indicator Block is transmitted at 500bps, which generates a comfort noise Down Link interference is decreased. Up link battery is saved
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Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping permits the dynamic switching of radio links from one carrier frequency to another. Base Band Hopping At the BTS each the timeslot is shifted to another transceiver, which is transmitting at the hop frequency. User will be connected to different Transceivers depending on hop sequence. Synthesis Hopping At the BTS transceiver changes the frequencies used. The user will be connected to only one transceiver. Decreases the probability of interference Suppresses the effect of Rayleigh fading 154
Add-on to GSM network : rate for GSM Evolution Enhanced Data PCU; Packet EDGE is an enhancement of GPRS and CSD technologies. Segmentation/re-assembly and scheduling Radio channel accessthe current GSM technology - same TDMA frame structure, Universal Mobile Telecommunication Standards Based on control and management TransmissionService Architecture retransmission.- providing the us Innovative error detection and : VHE Concept same bandwidth (200 kHz). Power control and feelmodulation instead services independent of the same look 8-PSK of its personalized of GMSK. Uses Surf the Internet while on the move SGSN: GPRSRequires good propagation conditions. network and terminal. mobility High Speed Circuit Switched Data Encryption Allows upto:48 kbps (EGPRS) and upto 28.8 kbps (ECSD) on every Global Convergence Fixed/Mobile, Telecom/Datacom, public/private User Data Rate:14.5kbps W@P Gateway : Charging Multimedia driven market. Mobile radio channel Adaptation SMS Use multiple timeslots (max=8), GGSN : Data:EDGE helps GSM-Only( operators to compete with UMTS. of the information to the mobile Interface -numeric characters the Wideband160 torate 2GHz Internet MHz per carrier), -max. 2Mbps bearers - PDN, Rate : 9.6kbps band 5 hence = 115.2kbps. Compression of theUMTS data User Data max UMTS Needs a over the air interface duplexor in MS for Buffering of the information One time slot Max user data rate : 21.4 kbps simultaneous Tx and Rx Dynamic rate adaptation to suit the radio conditions at EDGE EDGE that time ( 9.05 kbps, 13.4 kbps, 15.6 kbps 21.4 kbps)
Data Application
Wireless Data
GPRS GPRS
W @ P
Mobile Network 98
Internet 99 2000
W@P Gateway
W@P Service
Time
155
2001
References
Wireless and Personal Communication Systems. Vijay.K.Garg and Wilkes Overview of the GSM System and Protocol Architecture, IEEE Comm. Magazine, Moe Rahnema. The GSM System for Mobile CommunicationsMichel Mouly & Marie-Bernadette Pautet Overview of the GSM Comm- John Scourias.
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Erlang Concept
Erlang is the unit of statistical resource use
Average number of busy channels during the period of observation (usually, the peak hour).
Erlang B At any time, more than 1 user may request the same resource simultaneously. The use of such a resource is associated with a blocking rate. Erlang C When more than 1 user request at the same time, instead of rejecting the extra calls, there is a queuing system.
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160
Cell Patterns
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Cell Sectorization
TRI
OMNI
BI
Link Budgeting
Calculation of the maximum coverage range of each cell in a specific environment. Definition of planning tools parameters. Based on the path loss calculation between the MS and the BS in both ways. This calculation considers: RF parameters of MS and BS, system parameters (diversity gains...), propagation parameters (shadowing), physical installation parameters (antenna height), environment classification.
- What is the maximum EIRP? - What are the losses in transmission and reception? - Is diversity used?
- Beyond which distance the communication will cut off? - Is indoor coverage guaranteed? - Is frequency hopping used? - What is the minimum equivalent sensitivity? - What is the maximum equivalent output power? - What are the body losses?
Overview
Propagation Parameters: - Incar, Indoor penetration factors - Frequency 900, 1800, 1900 MHz - Antenna Height - Environment Design Parameters: Overlapping margin
Radio Link
Specific Tx Cable Losses Combiner losses Tx PA Output Power Antenna Gain Rx Sensitivity Tx PA Output Power
Rx Diversity Gain
MS
Base Station
Duplexer Combiner Power Amplifier DLNA:Diversity Low Noise Amplifier Other factors for MS Body Losses Common cable losses
25W PA
35W PA
20W PA
30W PA
S8000 Indoor S8000 Outdoor S4000 Indoor S8000 Indoor S8000 Outdoor
S2000E S4000 Indoor S4000 Indoor S2000H S4000 Outdoor S2000E S2000H S4000 Outdoor S2000E S2000H S4000 Indoor S4000 Outdoor
S4000 Indoor
S8000 Outdoor
Combiners
H2D
D Hy/2
TX
TX
TX TX TX TX
2-Way Hybrid Combiner with Duplexer 2-Way Hybrid Combiner with Duplexer allows Synthesized Frequency Hopping
4-Way Cavity Combiner with 4-Way Cavity Combiner with Duplexer Duplexer allows Baseband Frequency Hopping
Cable Losses
At the BS, for a 7/8 foam dielectric coaxial cable: 4 dB/100 m (900 MHz), 6 dB/100 m (1800 MHz), Common cable losses for 40 meters: 2.5 dB (900 MHz) and 3.5 dB (1800 MHz). Jumpers (up and down the feeder) 0.5 dB (800 MHz), 1 dB (1800 MHz).
-2 dBi for Handheld 2 dBi for Car Kit 0 dB for Handheld 2 dB for Car Kit 3 dB for Handheld 0 dB for Car Kit
Outdoor Minimum Field 95%: -80 dBm Coverage Range 95%: 810 m
Cable Loss 0 dB RX
TX
RXm
RXd
-100 dBm
Options
Rx Diversity Gain: 5 dB Overlapping Margin: 0 dB Mobile
173
3.0 dB 0.0 dB
18.0 dB
Fading
Example of Field Strength Variation for GSM 1800
-10 -20 -30 Measurement Free Space
-40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 0 -100 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Distance (m)
Clutters
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178