The Universal Quantum Fluid

Fran De Aquino

Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil.Copyright

©

The quantization of gravity showed that the matter is also quantized, and that there is an

elementary quantum of matter

, indivisible, whose mass is

kg

73

109.3

−

×±

. This means that any body is formed by

a whole number

of theseparticles (quantization). It is shown here that these elementary

quanta

of matter should fill all the space in theUniverse forming a

Quantum Fluid continuous and stationary

. In addition, it is also explained why theMichelson-Morley experiment was not able to detect this Universal Quantum Fluid.

Key words:

Quantum Fluids, Quantum Gravity, Quantum CosmologyPACS: 67.10.-j; 04.60.-m; 98.80.Qc

1. Introduction

Until the end of the century XX,several attempts to quantize gravity weremade. However, all of them resulted fruitless

[1,2]

. In the beginning of this century, it wasclearly noticed that there was somethingunsatisfactory about the whole notion of quantization and that the quantizationprocess had many ambiguities. Then, a newapproach has been proposed starting f rom thegeneralization of the

action function

*

. Theresult has been the derivation of a theoreticalbackground, which finally led to the so-sought quantization of gravity and of

matter

[3]

. The quantization of matter shows thatthere is an

elementary quantum of matter

whose mass is

kg

73

109.3

−

×±

. This means thatthere are no particles in the Universe withmasses smaller than this, and that any body isformed by

a whole number

of these particles.Here, it will be shown that these elementary

quanta

of matter should fill all the space inthe Universe, forming a

quantum fluid continuous and stationary

.

In addition, it isalso explained why the Michelson-Morleyexperiment

found no evidence of the existenceof the universal fluid

[4]

. A modified

Michelson-Morley experiment is proposed inorder to observe the

displacement of theinterference bands.

2. The Universal Quantum Fluid

The quantization of gravity showedthat the matter is also quantized, and that

*

The formulation of the

action

in Classical Mechanicsextends to Quantum Mechanics and has been the basisfor the development of the

Strings Theory.

there is an

elementary quantum of matter

,indivisible, whose mass is

kg

73

109.3

−

×±

[3]

.Considering that the inertial mass of

the

Observable Universe

is

kgG H c M

U

5303

102

≅=

,and that its volume is

( )

3793034334

10

m H c RV

U U

≅==

π π

, whereis the

Hubble constant

,we can conclude that the

number of these particles in the Observable Universe

is

1180

1075.1

−−

×=

s H

( )

110

125min0

particlesm M n

iU U

≅=

By dividing this number by , we get

U

V

( )

2 / 10

346

m particlesV n

U U

≅

Obviously, the dimensions of the

elementary quantum of matter

depend on itsstate of compression. In free space, forexample, its volume is

U U

nV

.Consequently, its “radius” is

mn R

U U

153

10

−

≅

.If particles with diameter

N

φ

fill all

space

of then . Thus, if then the number of particles, withthis diameter, necessary to fill all is. Since the number of

3

1

m

1

3

=

φ

N m

15

10

−

≅

φ

3

1

m

particles N

45

10

≅

elementary quantum of matter

in theUniverse is

346

/ 10

m particlesV n

U U

≅

we canconclude that these particles

fill all space

inthe Universe, forming a

Quantum Fluid continuous and stationary

, the density of which is

( )

3 / 10

327min0

mkgV mn

U iU CUF

−

≅=

ρ

Note that this density is smaller than the

2

density of the

Intergalactic Medium

( )

326

/ 10

mkg

IGM

−

≅

ρ

.

The density of the Universal QuantumFluid is clearly

not uniform

along theUniverse, since it can be stronglycompressed in several regions (galaxies,stars, blackholes, planets, etc). At the normalstate (free space), the mentioned fluid is

invisible

. However, at

supercompressed

state, it can become

visible

by giving origin

to the

known matter

, since matter, as we haveseen, is

quantized

and consequently, formedby an

integer number

of elementary quantumof matter with mass . Inside theproton, for example, there are

(

min0

i

m

)

( )

45min0

10

≅=

i p p

mmn

elementary quanta of matter

at supercompressed state, with volume

p proton

nV

and “radius”

mn R

p p

303

10

−

≅

.Therefore, the solidification of thematter is just a

transitory state

of thisUniversal Quantum Fluid, which can turnback into the primitive state when thecohesion conditions disappear.Due to the cohesion state of the

elementary quanta of matter

in the

UniversalQuantum Fluid

, any amount of

linear

momentum

transferred to any elementary

quantum

of matter propagates totally to theneighboring and so on, in such way that,during the propagation of the

momentum

, theelementary

quanta

of matter do not move, inthe same way as the intermediate spheres inNewton’s

pendulum

(the well-known devicethat demonstrates conservation of

momentum

and energy)

[5,6]

. Thus, whether it is aphoton that transfers its

momentum

to theelementary

quanta

of matter, then themomentum variation due to the incidentphoton is

λ

h p

=Δ

, where

λ

is itswavelength. As we have seen, the diameterof the elementary

quantum

of matter is. According to the

UncertaintyPrinciple

the variation can only bedetected if. In order to satisfy thiscondition we must have .This means that

momentum

variations, in theelementary

quanta

of matter,

caused by photons with wavelength cannot be detected.

That is to say that thepropagation of these photons through theUniversal Quantum Fluid is equivalent to itspropagation in the

free space

. In practice, itworks as if

there was not the UniversalQuantum Fluid

. This conclusion is highlyimportant, because it can easily explain whyin the historical Michelson-Morleyexperiment there was no displacement of theinterference bands namely because thewavelength of the light used in the

Michelson-Morley experiment was

fact that ledMichelson to conclude that the hypothesis of a stationary ether was incorrect. Posteriorly,several experiments

[

m x

15

10

−

≈Δ

p

Δ

h

≥ΔΔ

x p

m x

14

102

−

≈Δ≤

π λ

m

14

10

−

>

λ

m

7

105

−

×=

λ

7-13]

have been carriedout in order to check the Michelson-Morleyexperiment, but the results basically were thesame obtained by Michelson.Thus, actually there was nodisplacement of the interference bands in theMichelson-Morley experiment because thewavelength used in the experimentwas, which is a value clearlymuch greater than , and therefore,does not satisfy the conditionderived from the UncertaintyPrinciple. The substitution of light used inthe Michelson-Morley experiment byradiation with is clearlyimpracticable. However, the Michelson-Morley experiment can be partially modifiedso as to yield the displacement of theinterference bands. The idea is based on thegeneralized expression for the

momentum

obtained recently

[

m

7

105

−

×=

λ

m

14

10

−

m x

14

102

−

≈Δ≤

π λ

m

14

10

−

≤

λ

3]

, which is given by

( )

4

V M p

g

=

where

22

1

cV m M

gg

−=

is the relativisticgravitational mass of the particle and

V

itsvelocity; the

general expressionof the correlation between the gravitationaland inertial mass

;

0

ig

mm

χ

=

χ

is the correlationfactor

[3]

.Thus, we can write

( )

511

22022

cV mcV m

ig

−=−

χ

Therefore, we get

3

( )

6

ig

M M

χ

=

The Relativistic Mechanics tells us that

( )

7

2

cUV p

=

where is the

total

energy of the particle.This expression is valid for

any

velocity

V

of the particle, including

U cV

=

.By comparing Eq. (7) with Eq. (4) weobtain

( )

8

2

c M U

g

=

It is a well-known experimental fact that

( )

9

2

hf c M

i

=

Therefore, by substituting Eq. (9) and Eq. (6)into Eq. (4), gives

( )

10

λ χ

hcV p

=

Note that this expression is valid for

any

velocity of the particle. In the particularcase of , it reduces to

V

cV

=

( )

11

λ χ

h p

=

By comparing Eq. (10) with Eq. (7), weobtain

( )

12

hf U

χ

=

Note that only for

1

=

χ

Eq. (11) and Eq.(12) are reduced to the well=knownexpressions of DeBroglie

( )

λ

hq

=

andEinstein

( )

.

hf U

=

Equations (10) and (12) show, forexample, that

any

real particle (materialparticles, real photons, etc) that penetrates aregion (with density

ρ

, conductivity

σ

andrelative permeability

r

μ

), where there is anelectromagnetic field

(

, will have its

momentum

)

B E

,

p

and its energy

U

reduced bythe factor

χ

, where

χ

is given by

[3]:

( )

13110758.1121 1121

4432327200

⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ ×+−= =⎪⎭⎪⎬⎫⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡−⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎜⎝ ⎛ Δ+−==

−

rmsr iig

Bc f cm pmm

ρ σ μ χ

where is the

rms

value of the magneticfield

rms

B

.The remaining amount of

momentum

and

energy

, respectively given by

( )

λ χ

hcV

⎟ ⎠ ⎞⎜⎝ ⎛ −

1

and

( )

hf

χ

−

1

, are

transferred to

the

imaginar y

particleassociated to the

real

particle

†

(materialparticles or real photons) that penetrated thementioned region.It was previously shown that, when the

gravitational mass

of a particle is reduced toa range between

i

M

1590

.

+

to ,i.e., when

i

M

1590

.

−

159.0

<

χ

, it becomes

imaginary

[3]

,

i.e., the gravitational and theinertial masses of the particle becomes

imaginary

. Consequently, the particle disappearsfrom our ordinary space-time. It goes to theImaginary Universe. On the other hand, when thegravitational mass of the particle becomes greaterthan

i

M

1590

.

+

, or less than , i.e.,when

i

M

1590

.

−

159.0