You are on page 1of 26

"N'-l

n1Jnl n1JJY '1pn, .

il"'~ l'~'-l
"w
1"'117''''

DISCUSSION PAPER

1960-90 : '7lnW":l
("~JNl

11" '9il

'7TT"'iI:l m!Hilil

'l~D l'~~n "l~)

64

• OIl

1991

1.J. 1I!)j? H

GOLDA MEIR INSTITUTE


for Social & Labour Research
founded by

The Histadrut General Federation of Labour and Tel Aviv University Faculty of Social Sciences, Naphl_li Building Tel Aviv University 69978, Israel

3~~~-"n ~~~O'~~J1N

, ~Nn 1n 11 :m il'~nl illl~D ~'~n"

il,."

1960-90: ?Nt'V':! )1'19;' "1')) il'JNflil

.·l'~iJn·
n\vl;\vl ';N'\v'il jJ\VOil;10 iln'O~il l';iln ;}l n'l'\?jJ£)tll'\?' il"N'1 i1l'~Y.> il1ll}l ll'

;11'l nn';l

'P'}lll,

1973 1nN; il;n\V il\?Nili't ;,Y Nlil 'TplOil ,WN' O')'1nNil C'1W}lil
• ';"il

1J",::1 1'ilO l~Pl

lno~ .1')£); ';N'1W'- ,,'Ni1 pitJOi'tl';N'W'i1 j?\!)Oi1•.\'1'1" .il'Ol'''Nl O'~}l ;li'll

l"'S)i1

Ol illl;O i'ttl'ilWiln'O~ ,O')l'llN'il O'1W}ll il'T'" il;n 1973 n)\I.IY.> O"Nl ~mil O',lil il'ilW ,l",gil
'10\

'0£»); '~1J1i1 ;w ,1~mi1

;\1.1

,'1'lil

''1'}l'\vl 31'''\)''

iljJ~:ml ll' n.\'s:nn on',

1\1.1gN .tN i}l i1n'O~il l';i't31l ;'l10n

'jJ\vOil l'NS)Pil 1WNJ IN , 1973 ;W i't'l1lN;' 'lWO ',nN 1"l

ilN:J.iQJ1'O"Y

;;:m
1\!))))

il"Nil;

i'l'i'l (WW1Nnil O),lU10il C ':'1}lOil O"}lil\l.llot:i) O'.)10\!1i1UWl 1'r.mil C)Nl n

'i'Nl

.1l0i't n\V11iil J1'OlpO 31"'n' i"l}lglhIN' W'\!J


;ll'l J1l"n.lJ1 l1N (OjJ;nl)

tJ"'ltJOil

O'01,l'

;";'Yl\ il'~;'g)N:J. 'j?Ol'm; ll,n::1 13N "\?OmpNil

tlPil:J.l1.ltI',,;W n,Y9'8il tl':~b£)l'N;\!J il'lO

rnrron •pNl

.10t

'.:I£) ;)1 1",ni1


:l~i'

il'i1 1980 - 85 0' l'V:J.}l~10nil i1'~;9')Ni1 "Y'\!J : iliVnnil ow, .1"1Sli1;'i'l 2%-'l
O')\!) lsnNl

'.y i1ptnl
mw;

1"'£);'

"i'l

l~p

l1N U;\!J O')101Nil

)£); 'T'ili1CO nY.> ,i1lW; 200%-' n01Y' ni"'i"ltJ n'~ht)')

. ( 1973. ')£);'0

nuren iln'o~n

til)\!)

.l"1'~;£))'Ni1''0 lt 1WNO 11'''tJ'''''O m'illO nrn nmSl O)ON tlhY£)'Vil,il';»; J1Y)l) 1J11':l il".,:lil ilY~\!1ili1'J i1N') ,nNtJ:) i1.,11' .ilptnl .
")l'\!J:i

'WN:J. 1N

tI' J11YOWD y N'il I"'T

"1gotJ 1') on'il 'ijJ-i1"Yil

ON I'll O'Jl)m '£)OJ:)) ON l'l) n".\1il Oitl l11N:J.)t:I hlN~lhn .1' (il't";"N;

O"l)'Wtl O';lYil

O'~l}li1"100nl 50% ;W ,'1')0

ilN~'l1JW Nnlli;

.inN tlnN) l""1~l ;11'lil ,:1}1; O';'J100\!J' ll~'i1 "',,n

l~p "~,

"N fW"O'''''tI· mN~ln 'Y il.,n' J11'OnOilo iNn 1;,ti1; '0' O;lNl 31m,nN:1 O')Wl .,l}J ';N1W'il jJWtJil .N :nl:1'O 'nW)J :t'J1)lil
.:l ; j7l)~.\1' XlO '1l'\!J 1l1,Y 1'1l'l (

tNt) 1i"Yl)

;1)) "'0) Oil 31Y:> DmN O)1j71~\u il" ~i1 ,;)

1 QS5

;VJ

tJ"\?o'\?"on O"WPil

l' 'Y1

• lim,nNil O')\!Jl'1 O'\!J);\vl p\l.ltJil,))i'W ilt:lO'"11:)),0')1\!J

.tlm),

il").!l ""'InN"PWO

,\IJ ilt <)"'~:1 1t)"j?tI'

n1'ill

N; 1)1nNW

.}li ',:1 ilNil "Ni\!1'il p'!n.:m , 1985 "" l1i'~}1 ,il'!II'~l'N-i~'il ihN' • 1973 :1 ;"hil

''!J :ll~"il 11'l:;'l1:1i}l ,O'llO\!)il 1111W .)l~ON~ Ol,1l'Oil" ,:1}1' t'jhil

,\!.I :l"'!Jl::m \!.I):;'Oil'''l' "'NP'iON crrrn

111111iJ'lilil.Ol~l' 'll!ll'h :1lh 'P'}I:11 'OlN' :nh hli:l"!IIil1 ilM'n~il

n~NlD ilh'n~ ,\!) 'Nl~n l1":;":;'il il'1l"Oilil

p1~ l'''''h'

10ill1il N'N 011 pi N' ilt:11 , O'il~:;'il el' 110M'0 "i'l:1 illl'O , O'l\!.l ':11" ,',N'

ill'i'\!.I O'i'ilOilO , il't"':IlN

.11'l1i10;'

ili"" il'~'~l'Nn

:,:;,m N"

"),0'

:11\!.l ill1)l1\!.1il illlOl1il , rJO 1N illll l"i}l ) illW,

,mb

e'l\!) 'tI\!.I,Ol'=»

'tIOl-:' 'll!ll'hil :llhn , (''-:':It)l'' ",nil:l

20%

0 l1lh~ ''!J :1

'!II'

~!IIP-:'

inN-:' , O''!J'OMil111)\'.1 tNO 01110:;'l)}Ji' N'\!) O"l}!\!)' '~l -:'Wil;:1:;'l ilO'\!J, ill'l 'l'; ntl'

il"-:'}lil O,t ,O'N'g. pO'J!II'il

,111'l1Wn-:' C"l1l}!o\!)b O':1NWO1''1)£10 :ll\!) p'!Jr.m nM)til ,W O'l\!) \!JM,nOl1,m ,"lP0:l

ii,\!) "'):10 'l)'VJ" ,n'N 1))'}1ill'

il"POil Ol~O!ll: nWilhO nM'O!ll i:1)1' p\!JOil n'l}l l1N ,)J'lil' nlO •(il"'~il n")lo, ,:1)1' n'l'!II' n,',n O"p0)l O')l'i'J"P' ,-:",) P'!J););"I ',il')l l1)10\!)0l1",\!Jil .nnn il""i' " j"\!)OOil

,\!.I

')I

.11l'fil,)J0 111'lM11011il 111N:1il:1 l"!IIil

')I

i1111l "}lO l1l"i'ill 'il:1'Si1 M10'tI ,il"l}ln

pw

rnrrm o",..u'O

pWJ

l'lWDlil

O'l'll'}I p,,'o 'i"l,Ill)

1'1"hl1 •"il"..u'

•'(1M iMO'

P"'o

,11'0))'0- n'Np):1il

l1'llM"~n i1"\!JYl1ilCl!llO~ ,(nlN'phil

;y

l'l1l:;,,\!Jil ,y)

O'Oil PWOO C""tltli1

.illi1:>lil)il' ',Yl ,( N'~'il11110i1

"'00

'l' "NiW'il p\!Jtm l'lN hl,l,Iil' ilMl'l \!.!'l pn» iWN ,"il\;li'\!Jil'OilO" "'Mil:1 It .O"ii"l'il l'l"DNOl '''Oi' 'llv) 1111,O'Nlil C'il\!J)lil 1ilN' ',\;1':1';'-:' N:l 0'" l1\!)ilMO ilh'O!\l ;\!J nt 111MO, .nip lN

Oi" iliil

:l't)

I;!illil; l'N 1N .O"llpOil l',nn

O''OO'''''Oil 0'lll1ll

ilo,nil ,\!.! llN:>l l'iN

,j?lO)ll ilWP M11ll'WJN' ilY PWOil 111l1,MNn O'lV)il \!.IWl

1ln' o'i"!::))! il, e"':!w\!.!rnD!II' l'N . 1'!J!::))

1"1,\1w
1

l"ill1

•1l1")lO lmNl l"liill

'l)W 'Wl

Nlil ij71tJil 'WN' il~ hlN" rms-p

,O'l,'tlNil

O",W}lil hW'~W

'W£1N It,W 11311 .1"'£1~ "i'lil 011' 'W ,'£10:l It:n,W ill' NWll

rUJ":l 'i".Y:11 •

')I ')I

l'l':l''Oi'£'I0"",

il"N1 il:VSO 1t ilil:l),l hn')J~il l1'ONil '.Y n07wil

1973 'tlN'

nl£'1'i'tJ nlil1.Y'

(n.YllSl ll'P'tl)

,\!.' 0111\!1':1,'nw "N n£npl'ln l'lN 0"":3 ,tl)J"ltltJ ni'Ol

nDl}l')

rn:n,nNil

O'l\!1n b- 7 111ilN O'lll1lil '\!1 11£101nil. l01nw

(1986)
O'1P'tlil

OilW 1":3 ,tl'l'1l)l)J\!.'t) ilNO ilJ'il (.n"£1-11 'W "£'10' O'1"V£'IND '}ll, 85 ,\? l' l1~"jI

rntl£'l' ,"jill'"

11'l'l'l ,nN'

l1'l'WN,n l'IN

. 1985 i.Y llrnN ""W nrnsn '1tnl il'n"llD nN W'liil' OlW l'N ,"WtJ' l1Nt1l •"n'l'"p£'I01''''''' ')11 ;j71tJ.Y'llt.)

m"onil

hl'.Y1i11J1"1£'11i1j'1'n 'l,nl n'pDl N~

It nill.Y 'Nn,

O.nlNW ill".Y .i'l'lYl ',nw o"pnn, ,i'l'l)ln

'1)W 111)11,:1)1 j?WtJ;, ,110N'

:l'll'i'.n.Y l'llOlD

b"Pil

':1)1il .nN <)N) ':1.Yil l1N "O"'lODiI"

tJ,'Oo,,,'Otl

0"'01'

'£l':3 jI"V'l llS'lI

~W plD:1 Ol l'l"N'~)"'£'1 l'l')l1n It ilil:1.Y'


~)I 1.Y'£l1l1ilW O'll\?tlil

w'
')I

nNt 0),1 in' i'l),l'lStJ N'i'l lln'N

W1' il' N .O'O"l'

.1"'£'11 "iW,

O'D"milD ilO'

.l'1lNlil O'l\!J1 Cl n,nN

IN It ili'Dl

nlil1)liltJ 'I")!

ilO:3 (,\IP'

,m1)

i1'~i'l

O"i"tl

UN 2 p,nl i.Y "N,w'n l£)lNl)

:lOP'i'

N1il ilill.Yh

nN ilnilO 3 p,n

.O'llOWil nnw n"n.n' l'lN (",Nl1

p\!.'O:l il'ONi11iln'D~ il,'nn O'l'~n ,C'l"hNn UN l~l

').I

illltJ lW)llW

'PO)!il ,tltJn ,'i') ".Y'\?l

,\!.I
ili"'il "'Oi'tln

ilh'D~11 l1'Oln l'lN "'OOll'PN l'lM O'::l"10il

,1lill.Yil

rnru

O'nh)O po

,nN"

O",W.Y11l1\!.11'Wl

':J:l 'i'tlyn

O"'l'N1il 0'£)))1111':1 O"i:lilil

hN l'SO 4 j7~m .1,',£)n .i'ln'o~ 'l~i" Yllli1

O')ln'l'il nU'l' n"f1n 1)J j7'l'nil nn'Y.)s :)JP' . 2


':t'~iI'n ~)I mp'o)lDl nl£l'Ptl nl1'~)1 r:;,'tl C'tltl:ll'lO l.)N It
(1986a)

l'Iil~-l~ ~W m"i)l~

iOtm ."ON:J

msp

ili'j70~ .C')ltlWil l'nJlQ l'I~,"l'I~ 1)1 '~N'\!1'i1 j7\!1tlil;1/J i1n'tlSil

1i')I IN l'I~"l1 iI)lmn :'Ni\!1':l .TI'~:t1;l:;,i'l iln'tl~il n"Nn" (19Sb) iSO 't.tJ liONO 'l' 'P'l'~ :'Sll1i1l i'l'tn':J1Nn
~IQ

l'I~"\!1tlil cnl1'tlS" (1986b)

l'Iil~-ll

'W litlNO ;)11 "7~nn

.11t,~tl~ O'.Y'n1tli1," 922-19S2 1

pt.tJO i1l' 1S' iI'il


01

ill' ".=,"pnil il~W •"1)tlil n~'p!l~ ill' n~ni1 pwr.)jJ~W :'1"i'lOil lnl1'O~ iI'tn,:tlNil il)'10il eli' ')£I~ ') vn '~nJ. .'~ il' :'lSj7J.'~'£IN ~'Tl "~nl'ln' (mltlW '£10 inl') PWOl 'ilil'

'NiW' ,<'NJ. n'1m'il


. (25 ,~) 'l'Il' i'ntl

'T1NOi'htJ J.SpJ.

10%-' '\!1 J.SpJ. i~lni'l '1l It nll'o n"'N1

1973 'T}t:nSNlon Uln'osJ. PWbil l'Wbil il)'10il C1P inN'

;''''iltl iln'os .')W~

'~:"iIl

)lWNin "\!1}t:l \!1"W Nlnw 1:t ,}tS1DO:J w~ m

. '0")1 il1'tl mp:l l£I'1 nNS1' ,,;ni1:l iln'il '('N~ 11'1'il'i'li'l'01':;'1Nilli~1l1i'l 'tllj;Jt3i~U') l"tlnn '\V "1'lil ,iln'oSil ')"'0 ~:tJ. '1"'l '1" n'on' 'ill"W~ n,,') i'l"Nil ibn ,1"N1 1973

'\I)

rmut.)

,nil O"Nl

i'lN:t.iI"Nili1 .(1- Z O'tl'\vit1 ilN') \!1~l' l"nnill ('n"l m1t1o ilt1'i'l N'il :n1'nN ill'l'il N' il"Nilil n1't.:) O"N ntnwn "1'l)

in1' 11£1'in1l'i1i1 "1'lJ.

J.~p:J. i'l1''''ilW ilNitl n'N b't,.',l ~\V l'I't1l0:Ji1)'n:l ,,'Nl .l"i~ill rrrnsn ,0'\I)'wn nl.)W no1.Y' O')llWil nll\l)J. iln'DSil l'ltl';lJ. '''))'011n .1'il:J."i'li1 trren

i'I'il l"10il "i'l

n"Nil ,\V,,\!1i1l il'T1J.l'i11tllWl'1ll"Ni1il il'iI lntl'wnJ. 'lWil CiUil l i

nll''''D

nl'~'S'

i1N.,):J i1.,'\!1j7l'ili'l 'N'D "1'l)

11'on' il)l11tli'l ""Nil'

ilJ.'tm

C'.YlWiI nl)\!1) iln'O~il 'il.Y'W '\!1 J1):l'S'il itlln O"l)'\!1~ ilS'il


1\1)1;)

111:1jJ,YJ.) nn'J'J~il :lSP nWJ\v1Nl'In;

11DNnil:l "l'£l~l

,(no~'n

l'101\!111 i'I\!1.YO~ i1N1) il"O l\?',Sl'\!1l'll!l'tlD ':l

.O',N .'01S0i1 \V1P'J.!llC"t1n'n 0'1'"0)

ilt:m:l N'n nn'OS:l i'1"NilnW il'g'S:'ll

............. -------------------'"Y'O ~'y nl~~Wil '0' 1:>71 .11ilM'N70 7'0 ,.'Oli1 71"'1ittJ nln£)~ it71'l n':l'''pgNl'1 l'l'1h "~ ''0 1'.)I1Dil o"nil l',N ,)ll:1P o~'n ,"N O"ni1 ,',Nl 'W nn:mn rt1"'" l"'yDil

'}I

:0'0"1

'lWl 'P').!:l Nlll 'll,tJil

.1"'£)l'1 7'0 'tl)n

7l"ltl

tlOllO 1'l1il 'N7tJ ~l'O'n .11i1i1 l'n7'Sll ('t'£) 11:1)0'lltl1 iltJ'O,l O'll,nN:1 O",'O.Yil 'lWl nln£),'Q "}l!l

n'~'Nl
'i'no

O,"j71' ON . 1973

.,mb

i1'l'l~il

"").10 ilNSln~ it'1l'tJl .'t'Dil l'ilil

'W 'l'''PDNrJ

ll.hli1 no,).!; 1'''N t1nN:>:;" ').IlYJilnlliUl C nnlN:l )lS1D0i1,"'£1:1 "1"lil l1N D'ONl1D ON il"P

l"P rrn

,'ilil 7'0 71,'1i1 ").1''0'0 'iil l'l'Un!l lu~t

"'.Y''O llN (tlnNil 'O"'O~l) l1SPtll il~).IO:1m'O ilb I'DW1rJ .(i1t'~ ")l'Ol ili"'il ')11 1973

:1tll'T '11

nN 0''00 O'P'lO N7h D'llt1ln ;).1 'llitJ


'N ;"Ti"tJ

'''N' ",

l1N lnDO il'i1 l'll ill' l'lnN :n"S'l

,n,'

IN) ilDlpl'1

tlnN

'n"

l'il 'N"D

C"PDi1 'l'O1 .;,,,tJ '£I'l l"'Dil "i'l

"Y''O nM ;"YO '£I7=>11n:1 "1"1 ")1''0

")1 :1',Nl'

.Y'lStlil 'l1

• 'Y1£1:1 ,'ilil 'l1,,''O, ,'il:1 'N'tJ .,spn

1':1

')lDn

nlln,nil

lDt:1 lllnn; .'p'On 'l1W

,U,Dl b'i'tI)l10:1 'DOO ;'1'1:1 tt'tt1,YtJ'OtJ 'ONil l1,n 1973 tJ ~m:1.rrresn n1D1Wtt; .,CUN:l n
D1StJSD tt).lllln) 14+

'N"'l tt'O'''llN "'i'll

il"Nil .N :nll'tI '£ICD n"Nft; .,WNl 'pOY:1 "~"il .tI1DnnWiln ',Y"Ol ft't''''

""lOft ''0 'tln':1 'VWtJil tt1',,' .1 .tl1"lYl1 nJl eWDS ,n

II ltll .73 ,nN;

b'n"'O:10 O'illYiI e.,t l'll"j.7ft .'t ;:1j11tlYl'l:1 7.)J i'~tl:1 'l l')

' ':Jl

.:1 ;(n''').11''1

,ptt).l1"1

ilm

lp,nl

.,WN ,( iI·nl.Yi't l"I'7'~)l il1'"

po ~ltl'

il11l.YMl"Il).lYJ intttJl

.l"I'l'!)'Otl "TnNl"I}I!ll:ll C'YlWil n1lYJl iln'D~n ,n"NM' Mlun i

l,,,gn

71"T'l "}I''Ul il"Nn:1 ',tlNl n.,'Sl

rrn

1973 ,nN7 rJn'tJsn nO'7l:1 '''))'tllii't

e"l:1

7YJ Utll''On nN n.,"l

'O'ntJil7 ~l:J' ,,'W£l ''''OlD'M ll'O'n .( 3 .00 o,w.,n :1N') 07'W "N''O'i1 PWOtl'OO'S)lil ,'non

lP.Y ("~l.n rr:nN 7YJ o'n:"Ol)

1u"n

,nn'tlS;

l,',£m
1"1""'1"1

l~P lnlNl 1973 1mb ~lil~ 1''OtlC Mm l"'Dn ON

:l,',nn

~li'l

lSPl ll'"oN"n

1989 n)Wl t1'.Y'lO 1)":1 •(lln'Cil l"Il)YJN'~'il', 4

1961-72 M!)lpnl ',p) tN 'T.YnD~

fillW i1nlNl 'l'lg:1 i'l"l"lWW ( 87%-:'l n,,'U) il'')£')!)",)IO!) ltD

'~,.n.nO"
}n'l nlolo;

lp,nl' ,( il1'O,)I1pn)
tJ'O',lW 1'£)0 l'N

"~'i1 'O"lU n"~')l 'l}10 IN. 1973-l


1

i'l1'""

l1""l

11"£13 i1'ONi'lt1 nN on', )n'WN'W nl'o",Y ,;,

1';

il'l'lNi1 'lWDl

.1W0i13 ',3'1i'l .nN :1'""l 1:' 'l'l

i1l'£nnn 11NlO'"l"i1llP'O,Yt1"N"l'U'i1 p"-'O~ b'".,n'

n",Wi1 i1~1l,il",)Ii1 1'£10 N"

N'i1 "N'W't1 PWtl, l'll'1,n'il l'11lWnil l'11'y£nni1 nN n

i1lll DNno Ol'P ',)I ,Y':1~O(1986b) ,n"£l-1:1 1!); l'1')WN"l 111,)1:J 1 .iln'D~ ,,Y 'll'"tfiOi1 1':1' (il'O,,:JlNil 1':1' 0"',)li1 ,gOtl

l'1" lot

JllP'n-m ')£) ',)1

1':1 on'iI

,'"lp) i1",)Ii1 "ll'y'VJl'l

"'}I'\')

1'l Dl bNlltJ D"p) l"!ml

"1'ln

"l"W '''.\1 11110) N'i'lVJ'£l!) 11":J"i1 n"'.)Jgl i1l,n 1N .Wg)' l",ni1 'N;Ol ',i'lil 1':1' i1"l'il 1l,Y''U

1':1 pil:1l0

'''''''0'00

'101' N~r.ll 1:' ltl:' ;( w,n ,m'

0"":1 ',"'l:t· nllt:ll

ll'\n'tI~ '1I1 PWDi1 N'i1 »~'i1i1 '~D 'i",)Ill ,0"':":'

,,y i1,)1'£)Wb ,1'll i1",)Ii1

.l'ilit

l'l' n",)In
~Dl,)l :to

? i1'N 0',1Oi' '"nNO

i"!"l,,:1 l'1'1'0 i1}1£lWi1 .l'~'i1i1 ,~tl

jm W1i":1i1"~D In

.no,

D"£)1l10" tJ'tYllll nll'1lr.l i1,Y£lWi1i1 n"'D ,WN!) ,n.,':1,)1 nltWUl1l ,. ,n1nnnWi1i1"')lVJ:1 .b'!:mm ~ D'N,'li1

l' ,(n£)Wi1110" lU' ) i1'O"j.m "lOp n'Olnll


',,YWW',i1 ,n""pi1

i1'O,,:nN' n't'ln' i11ll O"'lli1

1'l

20- 60 O'N,'lil

tlnN tiN ,Ntl),.,'

,,.'tl
on'l

ltl1Nl ~'N'YJ i1tl ,i1't'I":JlNi1 ;w ,'i'li1 .(n)'"tli1 Dli' 'l9' n"1li1 n"l'i1 "l

"ll»Wtl ,,,,, ".,l

i1'i1' i111l)Jh nDlwm ~l"ln l'1N

l"IN,n'i1 l'l l"nNw no nt) nn'D~n l',nn no, ll1tl' Nlil 'lOll

jm l"I'tJ1"0:1Ni11i1 ,D"',)lil ,W n"'Ilmn D'01£)" bn,w ,,,)

''''''P l''!lNtl

D'l1,u,,,n V11£)D l"'O

nl'£I'~nOil l'11'lltll'0t1 ;W i10N1'1i1i1 1'1"01 .1'1""i'h n'Ol'!)l}It' n'~p:"£lO O',U3 l"~t1 'llwn ON .pWOtl 7V1 D"np'O,)lJ1,}lOIQO) i1'~}li1~W n'N b'l"gNOW "h ,"''Ol3N \li1"

N' i1l "~"

1'1l'llDl'Dt'1 nlONnlOl i1,:>Wi1i1 no,

,w

n'~lIi1 ")I''O\') lWOh:1 i1N') llN ,'Nl .1Dt '30 ~l'

.1"'Dn

'l101Nl 'TnO:>"'O'!! ""

lNl!1' (O",.»n ;to 1nN llil

ll',on

~l"l l~Pl

C"llWi1 nN D"'lODi1 D'l"'Di1

.nrrltVil nl~i'll 11N'n 3.1 01' rtt.m;o

1mb i10;:1) ';N1W'il PWOi'l ;w 111n'0~ ,oilpn

p1~l

l)'N1W 'g,

,ilWi" i'ltllO

;\1}

iln;mn

1N n~;ln'

n')ot

n}.'mn It ONrt "'l ,nN; O"W}.' ')W;

il'i1 N; 1N ,O"'~'~il ,01" Ol

in nl:nwn nn;

ilWP "'lW"il

;'0

m;'nn

l'.,p ;:>;

.rme

n"'N

o'io,}.'n nNt i'lmpn n'i'N

O'l,n

O')ln)il ;)1 lononJ.

O;lNl .It n'tj,O

il;NW; m')1oVJo

m".\.Iil }."~n;l wn,nil 'WN .nN ".,:1,

1"

1nlNl .,Nn':7 rnnen

C';l:J' 1).N ,l)nlW";

.11"'N'n 'i"}.'l In'''tl'O ,l''ll'O.,l' ,gOO n,tYl ""i'0il ,tlon nN 1nl) 'WN:J

n'!)'~o.,,~,n'~i')'£) ;'0

,t

i1;'nn nNt ilWl') UN .nl')lWN'

Nti1 wonw) illW l'1'0'0J.i1 l1.,lOtlil

nN C'l':J'1Cil C"'P'.\.Ii1 O,.,'''POil nw'O nN i1'~i'l ;W

,nJ)

"l'11' 'nlNtl

;",j

'i'0'.\.IiI

nl'~p)ln

l'UO
i"

))'0')

.(Kendrick and Vaccara .1980 -1 Griliches.1979

;'00;

ilN'1) 'P1Jl'i1 nlN~lni1 1N ,O;lNj-llp

l1tlO n1'~i')'s)l iI'''ilil

WOn'ti) 1:>;1 n'''tI'''''o

nlilt

ilW,YC; l'n l;lpnilW

NWmJ o;yn)

lOj

.1;N O'Cl'll'l '1'))':1 i1n':JWil il'~P)lgil N'iWJ

lOl'P ;'Ol ,"'~' n'~i':nn (nnN ilNWVOJ) O'i01NW nO'N jJ10.\.llbill O'NW1)il',:1.\.1 :.nml'lll1i10jJ;n

;j

"",ynil;

il;l;Yil n')";'O'Oil

1':17

l'l'N'PNil il.Y'Sli1i1 ONntl ;W ,.,wnNil l'l .nl')'llD

p'n

ill' lltlO lW"il 1Nj

(1)

,mil

"1 '£)" "


'N;tJ

(J(t)

(Yll'll; .v~100 ilill,V nlY'll '£100) ili1l,V tlOl\!Jn

1 ill'iO

l",lllOlil .,,:l}l (1) ilN1W)O l'IN lln:l

.1".,nil ~'i'l

:l~i' nN l~"tl

'WNJ

W'O'W~ ill1}1tl "':l}ll

P'

(0:+.8=,)

tlnNil 11"}I'tIi'1 IN 1)~:ljJ1 ('lll' T

il.Yl:lj:'i'1N1WTI) :"Wn)," b'll1'l10l

(2)

Yt= Ae

At

kt e

0:

E~

:':li') log ni') ON . k=K/l

-1

y=V/l

,VJNJ

(3)

log Yt=log A

+ At + 0: log kt

+Et

ON\!)nlNi'

131')n'\!)N., .(3) ilNllVJO '}I nltltl:ll10il m'tl'l" ilmj:'n~ b'tln'J1tll l,',nil ~ll'l l~i'l "n'tl

l'llO ill'~O

1 il~l"

1960-89

C"'Otliiil

O"ll'VJiltl b'O~.YnO

lp?n) log k '10 OiPOil :111"lO N' "1))'

}i1m':ljJl10 l'ilW nlN~ll1il "n"lllOlil" ilmpl'lJ 'n ~lil ,0.84 Nli1 .h~lnl llnil 'Ill .O£lN"},OJ l1ly')

Nlil (Jot 'W OijJOi1) iON)i1 .>. -1 ,':lljJ1)nO no'

l''tIN'i1

:'ONi ')nWO i'1Wl'Ill:l t}!'l ,"1n:1 "l'll , t:I'llO\l.li'1ll'O "lll}l '\!)',Wi1l 73- 89 n

"nltl "O":l'O"n ',l,\l

nN

N"l'

'.Y

irum, j),:1

'lltln ,65-67

1131'onnllW ',l.Y hO"

N'i1 i1i'tnill n"i".Yi1 ilN~lllil .l'N nlnlpn ,11N' hlllll.Yn' ilOlO' Cl 10' l",nn }!"il l~on'U ilN')

U:!Jl ,illobill 1973 -n l,',ni1 ,,1'l

:1~i':l n''OO'i il'ONil n,n pNW "'.Y

O'jJil:110Ol'N 80-89

1'1'

73-89 nmi'l1il 1':1 C'?1:lilil 'J ON,C'llOI.Yil 1)\!.IJ ,nl' h

il:'1'~' il)'il il'~P)'£Iil "\!.IN~il~'))lO "l".,£Iil ~li'), :'1~P" l':'1~ "l".,£Iil no.,,, 1'l il)n~Nil O,.,''l1Pil il7N 1':17 ilt.l.,il ~))

"P')I:1

0' )I'!l\!)Y.lil 0'0.,,),

1'~ l'n:lil~

m'\!)!lN \!.I' "\!)N~ lN/l

7\!) O'mlt.l:l niY.lN)il ilNll\!)Y.lil ne» nN

~)l1 •')' )!l7\!) il'P0:1 1~ ilt l'N .ilY.ll07 "P')):'1


(3)

:lot!;l on')

ilNll'l1tl n"'tl

'i' 7.)) .'l)'W

,.,'),1'' '

l7l.tlil\!l n1),l!lln l.tllN O'77~ b'''Pl il"~:l

.tISl'l11" 2 il~llJ .'l)'\!.Iil "').I'\!I l"1Nl~"Y.l

"\!INJ

-rn

il,'O.,),.,il ~w )ll~':'1il "b,.,:1\!)"iltJ 0'(7))hO "\!.INJ\!Jl'n)il7 7\!.1i1)1£1\!.1ilil ll'''O'IJIJO i1)'n~o l'nlil' 1'l ,n')

111'):ll't' : 1 i17:l":'1 N!;I, 1nNO .l1'IJO"

O')'lIl 11'iSlil l1i'"

ilN.,) 5-1 4 nliltJ)):'1 17N rnmp1l '11\!.1 llinN :17 O'\!.I' \!I' .1J.n)'n~o l'ilil '\!.I iiOJjJ ,p,nJ)

( 3 ilil!:),YilNi) lln'!:)il n1)\!.Il11973 inN'w .tiN l111ilOil •("MllUN +BREAK"hll'l\!JO 0'1J1,'£I:1 l1ilil ,\? iON)il OiPOilW

rcr }llbil

i'l'~p'Sl'ontm

O.3-~ iNO :ll'P

"~m
il"'~

.n'N~U'il lll"ltl ilJ1JO\!.lilO) ,1""lSli'l'\!I "i'),il ").I''l1 :',n,

tiN ptnl:)\!.1 nn (.,~'nl il)lOni1

l~

ON ron 11'''''~l:)il

",!)) O"'!l'~il

01' .nnn'n'

')11 O'\!.I'\!.IiltInw 1'V0:'1 5% .

'ill

'11)\!.I"'y'\!J ,nN'

'Y ,oY (TFP

b'Jlt)\!)il l11)\!.I:lJ ilN,)l. 1%-' ~W ilO'~ ",n '

."":1 'Il'l

lmN~ ,."

po

1N (,l11'Oi'l 311)'0'

"N hlill),l b'N'O 1- 3 b'tl'ilI'.tI ..,m' "'INi"

lil ',N1W'il p\!IOil '10 mtl'O!:l l~P :O"t.1'O:1ilO')11l)il ~}f ',N l1J!llWl 11n,oo 3 il'llJ .tIll,iO 'l'l'tll i"

(gl/)

\!.I!l)' 1Smi1 ,'i'l

''0 O'nJlOl.

lil'

(gy)

)'''nnl

"i'l

,10 o'm'O:J

.nl)W 1':1 ,n1' il:lll10 i"111~ll.0'))lW~ O'W'Wil.tInw 1'l 'i").I:1) O')l'tlNil O','\?))i"1l'l\!l,,\!1:1 \!.I"WOl'llf1!ll O'JlnWil nnw lWO:l tlO~ "N.,W'il PWOil ilVJ.YtJ'.(O'Jlt)\!Iil l'l1)\!J7C',Y:1Wil

lil .(
"l

O'Olil 11U\!.I,lll'l'Oil l'1n'pn N'~lil' 60-72 O')W, en=ro)

t.1'O:1il.1l£llP.n~w lSPilO l'llOl\!ll1il",') l~i'

\lilil .n'\:IO'i

i"1"~~ llJN'il l"'Sli"1,W i1n'n~i1 lill n"'N)l'~)l:ni'il

ilil:1}fi"1 .1lnlVJn;O'Olil l'lmpl'll 8.61. h01))7 b')10\!1i'l .nU'Vl i:1':'13.3% 'W 'l'l)W "}f'YJl

. ~'~:lil tl!llp.11:lC'tltlN il'Z,""~tl:J m:ny, inN tltlNO mn!l:l TFP rn 4.4:1. .11t.llY' 1.5:1.:1 i"I'1) il1i' i1n')J~' l"'!lil inN,Ib

,\lJ i'lOlil1il •inN'


n'n~'

1hN N'il i1tl'tJ~i1~,Y TFP;'l'

n,Y!l'l'i1illitlNO

il!llp.11:1 50:1.-0

tJ'tI:til nmp.11:l ('l'i))'

l"t.l.11i'lt.)''l'i.11 .11Ni1Ni) 80%-0 ' }n'l\!J

l1i'~,Y' i1l1'l'Ni)l 'l'Ni:t 1973 tNt.) "NiW'il i''l'tJil 'W )1Ni)pil .11Ntin"

1:1.

1973

. TFP i1

.i'ln't.:I~i'l,Y lt i11'i' ,

'0

.l"i!li'l ntlNi'l' C'tJ"lil 3.2 nY~Wilill,1973 itlN' rl1\!m pi 1)'i1 "~" l'N l"i~i1 ii' n'~i')l~ iltJ:I 1,Y O"j?il j?,nl UN';'

'11O':l.11l.11UiI n''''~tltltl 'WN:J ,"N ii"}!:l

n'lOO:1 11tJ)W '!:I' )l'i!lt1 ,O"N1 3"",,:J .111,Ym.11 t)OlN; '.11'0' ;W

nl,Yg1l'li':1t1i'l' lnl':l

IN ,nll:Ji'O

TFP-;"l.11Nntl'O:l:l tltl"

1"')

nl'l',Ylno .1'1l)'1n ~W n1ltl .111:l1'N .111t.lltl ')n1l 0

i'l\!Jj7 h~j7i1 tl11tlJ O"l)'\!J 1h::1)ON 1tll't.):ll) ilii1 "\!Jj7i1:1'!:IN ,C"Nl .O"ll?U::'" O"l)''lJ' " lW1W))W minN .111":1" ,.,PNtJ n1,Ygll1l':l'''O'ililtl'' 0")'"),,, O"l.l'W

1':1

l'hli'l'

'TNn

.""N,.,n O'j?O,YiI"tntl" . O""t.liiil O'l.l'Wi1nN Otl'? "':1'0 N; 'Nil:t i1t iI'i1' i"l)'1.li'liln1Pll:tl 'Ni'l"

' '0 iliptll

;,y

'y'!l\!Ji'l'

PWOil 1973 inN'\!} pl'l' N; ,.111'hNO','tl:1 . 'll")'''i"l "ll),ltl 'i'n .0'l"')''O il'~P'i)'N C'l)W il~" IN ,{ON'

'l)'Wi'l :J~j7:l 0"1.)\!}' l"ion 't.)lNtlO li:tlNtl 'ltl i1l":I) i1t.lWl.l

"i'll "N.,W'I1

m''''l

'"ni11

Ol\!J )'N •(lwnill

ilNi)

l'l't))"tl:1N n'll~m'"

,'N

l:1\!J il'lli"l

. "N.,W'iI P'l.ltlil ;W .11'll'U'''i"l '11n'1 ili"" tI't.l"'y ",


Helliwell et

iI'y!l1l'l"<)01) '''''l
al

N'N ll)'N 'NiW':l l"inl "'n,,\l.I ""Ni1il

"i:Jw"nw ili,YWilil.,11l i1tl ,'iP ,('l''yt.)i"l 0;1,Y, i1l11:m)

.1985 i1Ni) 1973-)

i:J.WtJ .,tJl'j) iliilO:J. "nil

'J1\!1N.,i1i:J.W~ O'Sll'lWO b''U,,\lj "ill nltllOil

pr1''U PSlO l'N . (Denison, 1979,

':J.N (Bruno. 1984 i1N., ,ilOn;tJi1 )P}! 'N.,\!1':l 'tlnlil\l.l i1'li)Nil i'}l "'SlN i'tJN:J i" 'N'W':1 1"'!:Ii1'Uil}! ili',m

:11') .0' )lO\l.lilh1)W l'htJ:J. inl'

,=> : .,i:1llil'

..11'l'l1,Yt.l\!J0 nWW1Nl'ln,iI'!:Im ny ill'llN) iltl,))

nW,Yll'lOi1 nll'itl

";,,, ptn

l1PS'

Onl'~

i1'i1' '\!,.IN O"'~O

0'0.,))

iil~" l"'~il :O"i

l1ii1t? ll"Nil O,.,"l

ON 131')

is''
NO£llj7'" ,.,nN

\!,.Il~'tli1l1N 111n:m, O';"'S\l1 O'l"""'''j7il O"))'\V' 'N" llN N" il,N O'll1WO/O'O,,)\V l'1S

?'N"\V'l n'\vN.,

ilOW\v "il"nwn 0)i1 n'N;'

0'01')

l"'£li"1 nn'os~ "N'\V'il

O"))'Wil l1N 1'lOil' i'\Vo, O"i'I'1' ,nN'

C'O)O 1lN ',n\!,.l) lWi" ."i:ll1i1 O';""~ "N

lot

')£1 'll

O"111YO\vO

n1S.,Ni1 110lY' ) O'll1't10 7W :lh,

0'0',1

,n' )\vl(. hOlOil ,(111\V}l111t:1il

1'110 O}l 0"1'0) .il"}I' il'S'~l'Nl

111Olt.)i1,11ON;' 'ii1W n,nN

llij70hi1

,1'N l1l\l1"i'

'N lt ili'O:1 10'Nllil\l1 ':l ON


t:I)

il'~'~)'N'W ,0"Nl lil"NO

":10,0"''''01)

0"1l'

htltl"nOn

ilY£lU1ilOSY\l1;', mil il'S'~)'NiI ,P\l1lJi1 'Y ".1""N'i" rrmsn

.O'''ll'tlOl O'i'll)) O'lSP:1 111):110P'N "N

,:l.lit.'l ON ihl't.)l

111:l''tIiI

'tI'

n'}I~'tIil ("N''O'il

P'OOi1 10:1) i1N');J "}In, . l1"'~ON ibNW 'li

'0' 1:1 P'OOl

,\!.I 1mtl:1 iI)'il 1110S1}ll 1'll"'YiI i:l."t.l


"SHOE-LEATHER"

AND

"MENU"

COSTS 'iP

) j"S"~)'N" ,1)'\!.1 10'

O'tll'1"O\!,.ln"tlN'j7i1 j7WO~ l11n')t 'Ni" l"'~l

nl"W'i1 ~l'P

;'''S'S))'N l11"'"

"'l"iUW . m"'tli1l

ilN'l O',Sl'

Oil\!.l O'l1ll'YiI '\!.I:J. 'i"}ll 0'011)i'I O'Ylrytil "')l n''''hilil '\!.I

Y')~"

1i1W ( O""}I

0'll1\!.101 O'illll llU)"'~ 'W "il

Oi1\!.1,D"tln'i'I 'N n'ilil ,Wl

o,.,'no'

,11')W1; 111"";'il

p,' an

l1'WN' :l11l'tl 'l1Wt.) ,0''''01 iltl'l O"'P'}liI

0':1'~');Jil inN

, "p't.l.l lU1:1 111'0))'0 111""lI£I l1l'"'' l1'i"Oil ltll N" illl,).lOWi1 l1N lnn" l::>,ill ":1))'£Ii'1"'''i'tlil

jm "PNOl
nNSj:m

1il 1l1Nilil

l1l1"" illrt'tlt.l ll"'j70il l,'Silt.l Yl1)n .,li

l'

It.l'

j,,~b£))'Nil Oll 1il0l1n, "il'tl ""ptl,

,O'1nN O"'''i'0 '\!,.I~N ."'£Jil '~"t:)iI

'l)'\!,.Il N'il 'lliOil ~\!,.I:1'tl))'£Jil ilt :O"PNl

"11,,}!" ,'Ul m"i'0il O"l)'W

ilt l'NW ll}!'" neon O',Nl

'Y

1'1;' il)'T

il'S'£I)'Nil l"il"

.pwnl.

~'il 11')0:1

111)'i1l "'''',).I'Dl It.J::>) llS)"n 111'ilJ t6nill .(noli:l1

(ilY" )

OY mi1'0l1;" il"11.

l1",PO

il,Ymn:J. ':11iO ON 1::> lY.l:J,"Y~~t.J"iI '1t.J'0'

il"'}1

ilWnY.lilOl lt lN, ",).Il£l);J"iI il\?Oil'W

'O))'£lil "\?j7tl;,

'l}!'

l"l"'j70 '\!,.I l1')otr\

',i\

(,,<'N:J. il'ilW

il'~'

tI')).o il)l'

,0''Tll.Y l"l,w,n ,,~,) "ilONl1n 111NSlil"J\!,.Il l1'111)lt.:>WO 1"1l7.Y

10

,01'i'iI

i'''~l

,':Jl'li1 'l:J l"sl

O'll.\l'\:)i) .l"'£lin .1N:JOi1';.\1"tm

i1n'Y.>Sil .\1 i1".\I;' 710 i1J'l)l~\W'~,WN:1 7 N', (,986) 11',£1-):1,\!.I 1111':1Y tiN ll,POVJ:J

'n:JlJi1 ;"'.\1;' ;.\W i"

."l',n"i'N 1Nn, N~ll:m l1N O':J£llil1311::11001'li11 1ll~Yly')i1'l',:1tl J

lin

il".\I;'

,;,w

''::It'

:m!1n ,tI'WN' :i1'S'~)'N1 il" Y ,0')l1Wnil 'lW ':1,\, tI"7::1 rni1l'N 'l1" rmrm tIl£l'PO l'll',::1'::1111.\15)111' l'll"\!}i" l1'~i'W):) il'~'~l'Ni1

O;"'N On"l1il7 '0' p" O'Y)~'00j') O'll1\!JO'N' O')n\!Jc O)'O'\!J Nli1

N', (OU"I 1)1 l':1il' 0"):)'11):)nN l'N\!.I) 1;N 111)l~ll1'0"'''P'1l'N::J '\"0 '\!JO"):J"i1 O"'\)'lil inN •ens.\l tIlnl::J:1i'"

nr

1N

l"'£Ii1 '.\I

O;,\!J lll'::1 n11nNli) 111NllW):):1 el'llN ",::1' i1N11Wn ,,£l'\),

'0

111') N'VJ 'IN

l"'£li1 'Y O'Y'£IVJOil0'1nN

O'\)lW5)0"110

1N' O'1Y.>lN l)N ,l'l')\!J .i'l'S'~)'Nil 'Nil i'l")lil 0)1 O"Wl"'i' ,W n')ll ntJw;, ')!l, mnn il)W''O 1::Jl1'lN .nnN "'£1:1 .tllNl ,o'n11'\ 01l1NO 4 i1'ltJ wn.nW;'l

1N:J il::Jlt il)l'N'O ,111'l"',0'0

'Y£l\vln 1"'£]1 "1',\ill

(ill' 1£1t101 O"D'W IN) ,<1N' O',W;, '£It)t:)\!J pIl' .l'lm'ltn) l'llOljJIl:1mn!l'

'l'\!.I)lWO'ltP);' ,,::I 11Tlt.l111,n:1)111NSUl N) " l'lon"tlni1 'It ',oot> l'Y

1W'p'.\In 111NSlh;,l1N m'so

N'i'l "!'1l':1 iljJtl1;, ilNSll1il .(nl'SP'£l'OSlO

,*0

1M1 l'llOl

'Tl1N ~:1P' i'i'l:110 "N\!J) i'l'S'£))'Nil 01i'O lS'li1VJ l11'O'l.,iI '::Il :il'S'!))'N'

0')\!.Ii'l \!.Innl ill1'i1W '£l:J) 20% il1:11)ln N'il iln'Y.>Silnn,

'0

'tt)VJ h'S'O)'N

")I'\!.I\!J ,\!In,

N'iI mYO\!.loil .(-0.01) (!1l)"nNil

l1'VJnm1 l'l'Tll)lO\!JO "11' l1N "",m'U no,

0.2%-:1 l"'Oil

11.\l'W l1N 1"'0

200% ")In,

i1n'il 1980-85 l'l

n.\lsmr.m il'S'5))'NilVJ

ItIlO,\!J tlMN Tl111i')'l'l'Ol tI'l1)\!J;,

1M "il"''JO'i1il'' i'1l\!J

tiN l'l'Unl

nnp,

Tl11nN tl1',Sl O')l\!} O"W£l 1)'0') ,iI'7)1' 1VJN:J :iln;~;, N~'

;,n . l1')Y.)t 1l l"I'i".\Il mil l"'£lil 7.\1 iI")lil 7\!.1i1)1£1Wi1i1VJ ;,N') !llinil n""o''''Jtm

O"l)'VJl b'Wn!lVJY.) 'WN:J l'll)\!Jln inl'l . J'1""',tl1Nil l"Inil

!llN~lnil\!J Nll"l 4 il'l"O 1':1) il".\Il

N", (iI't)l~:J1N/i1")I ")I'W:J l':J1 0'IO,n1n 0"000:1 t1nNn '111'1 NIOln' t,nN '~nl ,:1N ,111'l ;,ptn

(111'::1 111Nl) 'l)'W ,W inN 1

1"').Ii1 ").1'\!.I:l,tl'VJ NO,\l'T' '


.ll"£I;'

C'1W)lil tI\V"W 17i1nlVJ .,,::It' l'iS

il)J£lWi1 'illt

"1'l

:JSpl

11

,':11'n 1961 :1) 1% ~VJ i1'il il")lil '1')I'VJ:1 '1nl':1 ',i)i'l


'1':10 \.t,nN '~n7 i'lllVJ m:l) il'il Nlil (O'VJ1'VJmo) 1N ,

'll'VJil (1990 ~~"

N~) l"i:tVJ

O'lW illlOVJ:tP'1'

.(

"',VJ

1965-l

.l'llN::t.il O'lVJl 'nu.lowo 101Nl 'i)' nN l''1,Yil' 0'~1'1 ON ,nl'l 7'T')il '11)lW- 9aliya 'il' 1"'0;' nl'''ll'''il

il"7)1il '11,Y'WON '10W" N' ilt OipOW 11')il' TNO 1il 5 ililO)l-:t l'llN~milW 'NTl1' :l,'1P 7VJ n";Wilil

,W) 0.02 'W trrpon

W''1'O: il'7,Y:1'nl}loWO 71i'l "n'

,O"'}li1 '10tl0:1 50% 'W '31lVJ",'l

NO)l1' ONW Nlil (O"'}lil ,5ltlo::t. .inN t1nN:1

n1'0 "

tiN 11''15li1i') "

'}I

31'nl)lO\tlO il)lnWil \tI' i1",,Y:l O"llW'lO .1"l

ON '1''1l iW5l\!Jiln ntlnl'on '10'7')

1t 'O~ ili'O

i1nlN:l ( "robust"

,.r",

IN)"i1nl'O:J." l1l'N ilitJNlVJ np",tm

(2) il110)l' 4 il':l":1

(1) ililO)lO 0''1l1)l 'WN'W :l7 O'W7 VJ' .i1'~70l'N' ")I'W nN l~"tJ;, ,1mnn (il";,\Il '1)\tI7 il"7,\1n no'o n.Y~lOOi1 ;,"7}lil no'1W l' ')I ,\I'l~O' 2.9-7 1.5% rumn n'O~lil n,Y~lOOilil"'}li1 no,

iI",Y 1"'0:1 'Olll,,'NiI '''')iI 1"'10:1 "i')7 "'on

1511N:1 tltll'l

1.4 0
'tJl")

l'li'tlilO_'1;,m, VJ' O;'Nl .(l"'Oil 'li'l' Ol norm)

(1) i1Tlt.l,Y:J. O'io1Nn ;W i1:JlOlilnlpi1llnil no., :li'}l l'

7,\1l'll'lPtl5l l'lllj7t1D UN ;( (4) ililO}ll

'}l ilptn1 il"'1l il,Y5lWil il"',Y:1 O"'l'VJ'W 1'11'0':1 W' 'tl'l


~}I

il)lllj71 ill'll)l il")' nn., 'W il,YOVJilil n")lil:1

i''''' C',,,'

"01' 0"'"

':IN l'N 7:lN .1".,0i1 "i'l 1l"5l;,

•'311' n:1'il i"o,Yo 'i'1'l0 ".,~n iI'iI ilt Nwn .1t.lt ,.,'N'

12

,nO!lr ,WN O')'W O'£l)}lt1:1:>,mw N~N, nnN nwpo 'W,)' N' ilt "'''Ptl n"ln.n . 3 n"W}l.n. Z • .n'N~pn . 1 :Oil il~N' ,.n'i'mil n£llp.nn ')~

,.v ni'nN

O~'N ."'PO.)l N~ n"!lr:1

.0'n,,'Wl ,noo. 6 .il"):1. 5 .0'0l ,own. 4 .n"wp.nl ~W .nl'O.,)" OilO inN ~:> ,tl}! l)!lr.,il c'P}llC))}! ~:>~ il"Nilil 'iO'O '}l i'O}!' n)o '}l 11}l\!J7 )"O.nil 'W ~li'lil ,NO)'i' iW'Wl ,)"O.nil "i'l "}l'W , (TFP) ~'l:>il l"'Oil~lil .,'.Y'W

1~. 9731

89 il£l1p.nil"':1,Yl1,hOil .nnw il~}l 'ONi ').nWO'}l ,ilill,)!

.nN N'~lil', 61- 7Z O')Wl i ()l,Yl ,Y!lrlOOil l".,on

~'j')

"}l'W :

(30

'WN:J

.1,no;, h1)W ,1'.11'Oil .n1)Wl 1,',on "i'l . 73- 89 O')Wl 11',on "i'l 1n') "~:> 10U':~ . 4 il'l"l .0""11il O')nWOil nw"w nl)!lr10 ,i~'l ',,YW : ',,YW :
130+(31 130+(32

.n''''N'n lllb:J lTl)ll:>W ,.n1'O,1.,n nlN!lrln "'lWil"l lln'Oil nl)WW 111N" W' •O~1N .O'~l}lil 11WW

,).I ilY"

lY'OWil(1973 l ,nil) 1'l O"~') O"i:1il

lill n"Nnrt 'W ilO!lr}ll lil O"'\)Ptlrt nrvn O'~l)ln "l rnN'pni1 ()J,Y'

",g .rm)lpTlil ')£1 '.v O"l.)Wil'W .n,,,t,,,,,,tli1 .nlP;'~lt1l


"'y'W

':J~

.1973

.,mb lin

1'11'0:1nl)Wl lil l"onil "i'l

,\I) (npil:llt;)) n'''t7'.,

ili'"

.,nOOil C))}jlWi')I 7:;' •i't"W)I.n;,C)),Y1 ;")lil 9),Y Oil ili iiO '~';r il'l'i' ':>il l.))lO)WO'£I))lil

'Sl.n) 1n ""W

~'i'l

")l'W OW,.:!1:l'l' i'n'il


iii "'''i't7lW

N1ilW1":> ,11'!lr,'IN' il.,pO Nlil il'):li'1 9))1 l"'£ll


lill

;,)'t7) 73 inN'

ilwn,nn

'ON~ l11'),}lO\!Jo.(4 ouv.,n mot')

.nlOlWn .,111') 'VO!lWil' O'~"!!t l'il O')lOWil .nl:W C)10lWilWl"OW ,n''''''tl:1N

n')l~l)\)

13

i1i):1)) n:> ~)) n1:>))nt:Jil7 iliWP ilitl)) n':l in1' lni)

1t i1,Y£l1n'O ilNil

.ilpu:m ilmN i!it"7 n)o il')) n1'J'''1J nn')t'

7)) 1973:1 i'ONO

'01))W 11:11"~ nlOipno

i1N':1i1 i'ON •b'n"'Oi10 .101'0

II i1"Ni1il '10'OW ;o'!Jnn

N'S) N;

',Y1 ,'j?O,Yil i1'Jptm

'0

N"

71t

1111 l1N illliltJ il"'O,Yni1 <)l,Y 7'0 i1;N' O');)li

<)),Y0) . ('tNO b'Pil:11tJ nl£llj?J1 1':1 O"i:1i1ill)

,;1:> 'j?O,Yil itltJil

.i1t 1:11)):1l; O'Y.lli 0'01 (O'l.tl'Or.li1 " il"Nili1

''0)

;li'li1

'i1)!'W ';:1'0 .tIli'im'O ,y))"1J))

1:110:11mi NSl' N1i1 .tI1N';:Ipnil<)l,Yi1);)N~ ,l'11j?i1l10 l'bl n'on' 111)"P 111£llj?J'1il1':1

l1).'mnw

.tI1P'£)OY.l111'Ni l'N,

.ilt C)))! ';:I,Y il~n It i1il:1).'l iliNln'O 0)

14

LOG(GOP /L): 'l~m

ml'l\!Jrl - O. L. S nl'tl'~'

1961- 89 'Ptl)''' "tJi'tJil

1
-0.91 (-13.6) MITUN

2
-1.37 (-24.7) -0.07 ( -4.4) 0.50 (10.0)

3
-1.35 (-23.8)

5
-1.34 (-24)

-1.37 (-25) -0.07 ( -4.4)

BREAK

0.51
(9.5)

0.50 (7.8) 0.047


(9.8)

0.47

(7.5) 0.045 (9.2) -0.031 ( -8.5) -0.01 ( -4.6)

TIME

0.001
(0.3)

0.05
(9.8)

0.045
(9.2)

TIME*BREAK

-0.03 (-11.6)

-0.033 (-11.2)
-0.01 ( -4.6)

-0.032
(-8.7)

TIME*MITUN

TIME*D80-89

-0.001 ( -1.0)

-0.001 ( -1.0) 0.18 (2.0) 0.997

LOG(K/L)

0.84 (6.5)

0.14 (1.6) 0.997

0.18
(2.0)

0.14 ( 1.5) 0.997

R2

0.97

0.997

3
5.2 (7.4) -3.8 (-2.4)

4
5.2 (7.6)

5
5.3
(7.7)

x
MITUN

2.7 (4.2)

4.8 (6.5)

BREAK

-3.2 (-5.0)

-4.0 (-3.5) -4.0 (-5.0)


-3.4

MITUN+BREAK

(-3.5) -0.94 (-0.9)

080-89
91<-

0.2
( 1.9)

(1. 7)

0.14

0.26 (2.9) 0.55 0.50

0.27 (3.6) 0.55 0.52

0.23 (2.6) 0.57 0.52

R2 ADJUSTED

0.12
R2

0.45 0.41

0.09

t - ':"~ O",llOl

rm::ni'Il
GOP
1961-90 1961-72: whole period exc. 1965-66 1973-89 1973-79 1980-89 1990 All figures: 5.8 9.4 10.8 3.3 3.9 2.8 6.4

'1D' 11'1'Dl
IABOR

nrres

(~)

GOPI

CAPITAL

IABOR 2.2 3.6 4.4 1.2 0.8


1.5

TFP

3.6
5.8

6.1 8.6 8.4 4.6 6.3 3.3 1.4

2.4 4.2
5.1

6.4

2.1

1.0 1.4 0.8 4.4

3.1 1.4 4.1

2.3

annual rates of change.

i1n'l1J~" (TFP)

"''I'!J~
to GOP
41% 47% 30%

"j'Ji1

'W
67% 80% 48%

i11Jl,ni1 (:1)

to GOP /lSJ.}:xjr

1961-90 1961-72 1973-89

20

:4
('~:":)j1l"'~l""l

i1J:l"

.,,)'VJ) TFP :"'l'l i1)l'lVJO- COCHRANE-ORCUTT- l'l)'O.,l., 1961- 89 'i'O)'i1 ""i'0i1

Z
2.4 (4.0) -0.012 (-2.2)

3
1.64

4
2.9
(4.1)

5
2.73
(3.6)

x
INflATION AUYA

1.4

(1.0) -0.012 (-2.0) 0.049 (1.3)

(1.2) -0.011
(-1.9)

-0.012 (-2.3)

-0.012
(-2.2)

A AlIYA

0.073 (1.9) 0.02


(1.9)

9all!la

AUYA/POP A (AllY A/POP)

1.22
( 1.3)

2.23 (2.0)

R2

0.48

0.49

0.48

0.50

0.50

tl'N~pn

;,"'tI~1tl

in1:J. n n rri 1VJ ill P

~ovm
0'01

;"):J.

"'In0):) o'm.,I!.I'

C)lV
INTERCEPT MITUN BREAK

7.133" -2.9 -2.733

7.022--3.488 -6.257*'

4.4' -4.3 -1.929

8.433" -7.533 -8.374"

1.888 2.277 -2.165

1.811 -4.044 -1.246

1llN~pn

ilnVJ~tl

rmann rrnvpm 13.5"

;oVJn 0'01

ill):J.

"'In00 D'nl"'l'VJl

C))))
INTERCEPT MITUN BREAK

7.377" -2.911 -2.642

14.844" -12.11' -11.750·

10.92"

15.366" -21.90'· -15.73u

9.177" -7.611n -4.754"

-10.833** -5.388· -9.741** -7.163"

nlN"pn

;'''I!.I)lll

ml:J.nn n"'llVJpll

"oVJn

il'):J.

"'InOO O'll'"'I1!.I1

o'm
0.966 -6.3 -0.990

C)),Y
INTERCEPT MITUN BREAK

9.022" -3.155 -3.504

6.811"" -0.311 -4.269"

5.90" -0.566 -2.529

11.277" -9.244 -10.56"

4.077" -1. 744 -2.594

.95% ~\V lr.ltJ nr.lil .99% ~\!) lOti nOil

pilllO pilllr.l

• ••

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

GOP
10.2 12.6 7.9 9.8 5.3 -0.8 -1.9 20.9 14.0 10.4 12.0 12.0 3.9 4.0 2.1 3.2 2.5 6.5 S.3 -0.8 4.7 2.3 4.1 1.3 2.9 4.1 7.0 0.6 1.9 6.4

GOP/lab 4.2 6.5 4.4 4.7 3.1 1.9 7.9 5.3 9.6 9.5 7.6 4.3 7.3 4.1 1.7 3.1 2.0 3.8 -0.1 0.6 2.4 2.0 0.7 -0.8 2.8 1.9 3.2 0.3 0.5 4.1

Capital
10.1 11.9 9.5 8.8 10.4 8.7 5.6 3.8 7.1 8.2 8.1 10.4 8.0 8.9 7.2 6.3 5.1 4.2 4.5 5.3 3.0 2.9 3.4 4.9 3.3 2.6 2.4 3.1 2.5 1.4

Labor' 6.0 6.1 3.5 5.1 2.2 -2.7 -9.8 15.6 4.4 0.9 4.4 7.7 -3.4 -0.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 2.7 5.4 -1.4 2.3 0.3 3.4 2.1 0.1 2.2 3.8 0.3 1.4 2.3

TFP 2.9 4.6 2.5 3.5 0.4 -1.7 3.0 9.1 8.7 7.1 6.4 3.4 3.7 -0.4 1.2 0.5 3.3 0.2 -1.5 2.2 1.2 0.7 -1.7 1.7 1.8 3.6 -0.6 0.2 4.4

1.2

All figures: annual rates of chanqe, TFP: Total Factor Pro:luctivity (share of labor: 0.68)

23

24

a
C)

Z
~

eo co
CD

<r!

:s
u
~ ~ Q

co co
N

'o::f'l

co

a co eo
l"--

'-' 0

CD

e~
l:--N

z--

a
CD

l:---

co co
CD

co
N CD

a a.
0
......-! l{1

l()

l:---

a.

m .
N

CD

25

CD

Z
~ ~

eo co
CD

:E

co
~

co
C\l

co a
eo

~ ~ ~

co

t--.
CD

t--. ~
l:'-C\1

t--.

t--.

eo

CD CD CD

CD
C\l

CD

a
0

m
t--.

a
,......j

a m

m
C\1

CD
0

io C\l

Q)

co co co
~
CD

er.::
O-t

co
C\1

co a co co
~ ~
CD

~ z-,
C\1

~ ~

co
CD CD CD CD
C\1

CD

. a
00

ID

a co

io

a a

l('"')

l:'-.

co.

a a
<0

io LD

CD

In

You might also like