Electrical Safety

Module 7 Introduction to 2009 PEC I Module 8 Grounded and Ungrounded System Module 9 - Fire Pumps
Jaime V. Mendoza, PEE, MTM Member Board of Electrical Engineering Chairman Distribution Management Committee, ERC
Module 7 Introduction to 2009 Philippine Electrical Code Part I

Introduction Purpose Basic Code rules, Important Definitions Why do Code rules changes? Requirements for Electrical Installations Working Space around Electrical Equipment Electrical Shock & Potential Difference
Carmelray Industrial Park I Canlubang, Calamba, Laguna
Electrical Safety Seminar for Jollibees Personnel
Safe Electrical Installations?
2009 Philippine Electrical Code

It is NOT a textbook. It gives NO background, reasons, application or illustration of rules and regulations set down in the Code. The code is more of a catalogue of rules for an electrical installation. The Code definition of term is NOT the same as a definition for the same word in a standard dictionary.

Historical Background
The first documented case of a Code as a requirement of rules was published on 16th Nov. 1881 entitled The Dangers of Electric Lighting. The first NEC was developed in 1897, eighteen after the invention of incandescent light bulb by Thomas A. Edison. Since 1911, the NFPA of Quincy, Massachussets, has been responsible for the maintenance and publication of the NEC. Regularly revised (every three years) to reflect the evolution of products, materials, and installation techniques. 21 Separate Committee, each consisting of 15-20 persons. Members of each committee meet several times, discuss proposed changes, accepting some and rejecting others, and rewrite (as required) the sections of the Code that were assigned to their committee. The 2009 PEC used the 2005 Edition of the National Electrical Code as referenced Code.

Purpose The primary objective of the code is to establish basic materials quality and electrical works standards for the safe use of electricity for light, heat, power, communications, signaling and for other purposes.
Practical safeguarding of persons and property from hazards arising from the use of electricity COMPLIANCE TO THE PEC WILL ENSURE SAFETY AND PREVENT ELECTRICAL FIRES

Intention
NOT intended as a design specification or an instruction manual for untrained persons.
The term untrained persons can be interpreted to mean anyone who does NOT have an understanding of electricity and electrical construction. It can also mean that the Code assumes a person reading or studying it knows and understands basic Ohm Law, Kirchoffs Law, the triangle of fire, etc.
Qualified Person

The PEC is a safety standard, NOT a design guide. Electrical designs must comply with the requirements of PEC to ensure safety. Energy management, maintenance, and power quality issues arent within the scope of the PEC. Consideration should be given for future expansion of electrical systems but this is not a Code requirement.
Electrical Safety Standard - PEC
10

Scope
Covered- the installation of electrical conductors, equipment, and raceways, monitoring, signaling, and communications conductors, equipment, and raceways; and optical fibers and raceways installed within or on, to from:
Public and private buildings. Electric Gen. Plants Industrial plants Transformer stations Permanent & Temporary S/s Airfields Railways switchyard Yards, carnival, parks, parking and other lots Quarries and mines Watercraft Dockyards Trailers Mobile Homes and recreational vehicles Offshore facilities
11

Not covered
Installations in railway rolling stock, aircraft, or automotive vehicles Installations of railways for generation, transformation, transmission, or distribution of power used exclusively for operation of transmission stock
Interpretation
The Board of Electrical Engineering shall render the final decision in the interpretation of any portion of the PEC, in case of controversy.
12

Classification of Code Rules 1. Wiring Design Rules 2. Installation Rules 3. Manufacturing Rules
13

CLASSIFICATION OF CODE RULES Wiring design rules used to determine sizes and rating of circuit conductors and devices. Example:
1. Branch circuit conductors supplying a single motor shall have an ampacity not less than 125% of the full-load current. Section 4.30.2.2 2. The disconnecting means for motor circuits shall have an ampere rating of at least 115% of the full-load current rating of the motor. Section 4.30.10.10(a)
14

CLASSIFICATION OF CODE RULES
Installation rules Example:

1. A disconnecting means shall be located within sight from the motor controller. Section 4.30.102 2. In class II Division I Locations, motors, generators, and other rotating electric machinery shall be dust ignition proof or totally enclosed pipe ventilated and shall be approved for class II locations. Sections 5.02.8
15

CLASSIFICATION OF CODE RULES
Manufacturing rules Example: Section 4.30.1.7 A motor shall information: be marked with the following
1) Manufacturers Name 2) Rated Volts and Full-load Amperes 3) Rated Frequency and Number of Phases, if an alternating current motor, etc. 4) Rated full-load speed
16
Various Categories of the Code Rules which apply in a Motor and the Circuits
17
Components that Create a Fire or Explosion
In the Installation Rules , one element of the Triangle of Fire is removed to make the installation safe.
18

Why do Code Rules Change?
Existing provisions became unsafe New technologies New products New methods or techniques
(needs for CPE)
19

Why do Code Rules Changes?
Existing provisions became unsafe
w/ Adaptor
20

Existing provisions became unsafe
21

New technologies
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit Non-metallic Conduit
equipment grounding conductors
22

New products
GFCI and AFCI
a) Dwelling Units (GFCI) 1. Bathrooms 2. Garages 3. Outdoors 4. Crawl spaces at or below grade level 5. Unfinished basements 6. Kitchens for countertop appliances 7. Wet bar sinks
23

New methods or techniques

Plywood
24

Type of Changes 1. New Provision/Definition 2. Revision 3. Relocated 4. Reorganization 5. Universal Change 6. Deletion (310.5)
25

New Definitions
AHJ Authority Having Jurisdiction Bonding Jumper, System Coordination (Selective) Guest Rooms Guest Suite Handhole Enclosure
26

New Provision
2.10.1.8(b)(2) GFCI Protection Other than Dwelling Commercial and institutional kitchens for the purposes of this section, a kitchen is an area with a sink and permanent facilities for food preparation and cooking. (Culinary Schools)
27

New Provision
2.10.1.8(b)(5) GFCI Protection Other than Dwelling (5)Outdoor , where installed to comply with 2.10.3.14 Heating, Airconditioning, and Refrigeration Outlet
28

Revised -definition
Dwelling Unit one or more rooms for the use of one or more persons as a housekeeping unit with space for eating, living, sleeping, and permanent provisions for cooking and sanitation. PEC 2000 Dwelling Unit a single unit, providing complete and independent living facilities for one or more persons, including permanent provisions for living, sleeping, cooking, and sanitation. (PEC 2009)
29

Revised
2.10.1.8(a)(8) GCFI Protection Laundry, utility, and wet bar sinks where the receptacles are installed to serve the countertop surfaces and are located within 1.8 m (6 ft) of the outside edge of the sink. Laundry, utility, and wet bar sinks where the receptacles are installed within 1.8 m (6 ft) of the outside edge of the sink.
30

Relocated
Solidly Grounded PEC 2000 Grounded, Solidly PEC 2009
31
Reorganization Article 2.20 Branch-Circuit, Feeder, and Service Calculations

2000 Article 2.20 Part I. General II. Feeders and Services Sections 2.20.1.1- 4 2.20.2.1 - 14 2009 Article 2.20 Part I. General Sections 2.20.1.1 -5
II. Branch Circuit 2.20.2.1 - 7 Load Calculations III. Feeder and Service Load Calculations 2.20.3.1 - 23
III. Optional 2.20.3.1 - 7 Calculations for Computing Feeder and Service Loads IV. Method for 2.20.4.1 - 2 Computing Farm Loads
IV. Optional Feeder2.20.4.1 - 9 And Service Load Calculations V. Farm Calculation 2.20.5.1- 4
32

Universal Change A universal change throughout the Code is the replacement of computed load and demand load with calculated load. For example, the term demand load is being replaced with calculated load to improve clarity and to reduce confusion, especially when related to calculated load and demand factor. The term calculated load includes demand factor, the concepts of diversity, and historical data.
33
Receptacles
A.
Tamper-Resistant Receptacles in Dwellings Unit (NEC 2008 - 406.11)

Why do you think it is a tamperresistant receptacle?
..To increase safety for children.
..maybe that your son, daughter, or grandchildren that you will save
34
Tamper-Resistant Receptacles
Insertion of an object in any one side does not open the shutter (left), but a two-bladed plug or grounding plug compresses the Spring and simultaneously opens both shutters (right)
35
Accessible, Readily
Accessible, Readily
36
Accessible, Readily
37
Not Located in Bathrooms
Overcurrent protection devices must not be located in the bathrooms of dwelling units, or in guest rooms or guest suites of hotels or motels.(2.40.2.5
38
Vertical Position
Enclosures for overcurrent devices must be mounted In a vertical position, unless this isnt practical. (2.40.3.3)
39
Accessible
Accessible (as applied to equipment) Admitting close approach; not guarded by locked doors, elevation, or other effective means.
40
Within Sight
41
Overcurrent
42
Wiring Methods
43
Wiring Methods
44
Wiring Methods
45
Receptacles
General Receptacle Placement 210.52(A)
46
Receptacles
Maximum Distance to a Receptacle
210.52(A)(1)
47
Receptacles
Wall Spaces 600 mm (2 ft) in Width210.52(A)(2)(1)
48
Receptacles
Receptacle placement in a kitchen
49
Extension Cords
50
Clothes Closes Luminaires
51
Clothes Closes Luminaires
52
Luminaire as Raceway
53
Decorative Lightings
Faulty or inadequate decorative lighting causes the majority of Christmas tree fires. ( Do not used indoor Christmas lights for outside or outdoor decorative lightings.)
54
Faulty Wirings?
BUNDLED NON-CONDUITED NONWIRES ON A STEEL TRUSS

55
Faulty Wirings?
56
1.10 Requirement for Electrical Installations

1.10.1.2 Approval of Equipment
57
Electrical Installation
58
1.10.1.10 Circuit Impedance
59
Short-Circuit Current Rating
60
Short-Circuit Current Rating
61
1.10.1.11 Deteriorating Agents
62
1.10.1.12 Mechanical Execution of Work

a) b)
Unused Openings Subsurface Enclosures

Conductors must be racked to provide ready and safe access in underground and subsurface enclosures into which persons enter for installation and maintenance.
c)
Integrity of Electrical Equipment and Connections
63

(a) Unused Openings
Unused cable or raceway openings must be closed with a fitting that provides equivalent protection.
64

(a) Unused Openings
65

1.10.1.12(c) Integrity of Electrical Equipment and Connections
Internal parts of electrical equipment must be covered to avoid damage from paint or other substances.
66

1.10.1.12(c) Integrity of Electrical Equipment and Connections
Integrity of Electrical Equipment Section 1.10.1.12 ( C )
67
1.10.1.14 Conductor Termination
68
69
70
71
Conductors must be spliced by a listing splicing device and they are NOT required to be twisted together prior to the installation of a twist-on wire connector.
72
Twist-on Connectors
73
1.10.1.22 Identification of Disconnecting Means
74
1.10.2.1 Spaces about Electrical Equipment
75
1.10.2.1(a) Spaces about Electrical Equipment
76
77
78
Example of the 30 inch minimum working space at the rear of equipment to allow work on nonelectrical parts, such as the replacement of an air filter,
79
Permitted reduction from a Cond. 3 to a Cond. 2 Clearance according to 1.10.2.1(a)

80
81
82
83
Unacceptable arrangement of a large switchboard. A person could be trapped behind arcing electrical equipment.
84
85
86
1.10.2.1(d) Illumination
87
1.10.2.1(f) Dedicated Equipment Space
88
89
90
1.10.2.2(b) Prevention of Physical Damage
91
92
Electric Shock
Electric shock is the physical simulation or trauma that occurs as a result of electric current passing through the body.
93
Electric Shock
Human completing the path for current the earth

Human in parallel with equipment grounding conductor during ground fault
94
Electric Shock
Electric Shock Severity
1.
Path of Current through Body Length of Time Current Flows Amount of Current through Body
2.
3.
95
Electric Shock
Current flow through body tissues delivers energy in the form of heat. The magnitude of energy may be approximated by
J = I2Rt
where J = energy, joules I = current, amperes R = resistance of the current path through the body, ohms t = time of current flow, seconds
96
Effects of AC Electric Shock
ELCB!!!
Level (in milliamperes) of current through the body

97
Potential Difference
Potential difference between a grounded Water pipe and an ungrounded motor.

98
Motor ground-fault. A hazard now exists.
99
The hazard results in an electric shock.

100
Another shock hazard exists.

101
Shock hazard eliminated by installing a bonding jumper.

102
Module 8 Grounded and Ungrounded System

A.
Grounded Systems
1) 2) 3) 4) Electrical System Grounding Grounding of Electrical Equipment Bonding of Electrical Equipment Bonding of Electrically Conductive Materials and Other Equipment 5) Effective Ground-Fault Current Path
B.
Ungrounded Systems
1) Grounding of Electrical Equipment 2) Bonding of Electrical Equipment 3) Bonding of Electrically Conductive Materials and Other Equipment 4) Path for Fault Current
103
Grounded and Ungrounded System

Sec. 250.1.4 is divided into two parts
Part A Grounded System

Part B Ungrounded System

104
2.50.2.7 Conductor to be Grounded AC Systems
105
2.50.1.4 General Requirements for Grounding & Bonding
106

A.
1.
Grounded Systems
Electrical System GroundingElectrical systems that are grounded shall be connected to earth in a manner that will limit the voltage imposed by lightning, line surges, or unintentional contact with higher voltage lines and that will stabilize the voltage to earth during normal operation.
107
Lightning Theory
108

A.
2.
Grounded Systems
Grounding of Electrical Equipment
Normally non-currentcarrying conductive materials enclosing electrical conductors or equipment, or forming part of such equipment, shall be connected to earth so as to limit the voltage to ground on these materials.
109

A.
3.
Grounded Systems
Bonding of Electrical Equipment Normally non-currentcarrying conductive materials enclosing electrical conductors or equipment, or forming part of such equipment, shall be connected together and to the electrical supply source in a manner that establishes an effective ground-fault current path.
110

A. Grounded Systems
4. Bonding of Electrically Conductive Materials and Other Equipment
Normally non-currentcarrying conductive materials that are likely to become energized shall be connected together and to the electrical supply source in a manner that establishes an effective ground-fault current path.
111

A.
Grounded Systems
5. Effective Ground-Fault Current Path Electrical equipment, wiring, and other electrically conductive material likely to become energized shall be installed in a manner that creates a low-impedance circuit facilitating the operation of the overcurrent device or ground detector for high impedance grounded systems. It shall be capable of safely carrying the maximum groundfault current likely to be imposed on it from any point on the wiring system where a ground fault may occur to the eletrical supply source. The earth shall NOT be considered as an effective ground fault current path.
112
113
Earth is Not an Effective Ground-Fault Current Path
114

B.
Ungrounded Systems
1. Grounding of Electrical Equipment Normally non-current-carrying conductive materials enclosing electrical conductors or equipment, or forming part of such equipment, shall be connected to earth in a manner that will limit the voltage imposed by lightning or unintentional contact with higher voltage lines and limit the voltage to ground on these materials. Bonding of Electrical Equipment Normally non-current-carrying conductive materials enclosing electrical conductors or equipment, or forming part of such equipment, shall be connected together and to the supply system grounded equipment in a manner that creates a lowimpedance path for ground-fault current that is capable of carrying the maximum fault current likely to be imposed on it.
2.
115

B.
Ungrounded Systems
2. Bonding of Electrical Equipment
116

B.
Ungrounded Systems
3. Bonding of Electrically Conductive Materials and Other Equipment
Electrically conductive materials that are likely to become energized shall be connected together and to the supply system grounded equipment in a manner that creates a lowimpedance path for ground-fault current that is capable of carrying the maximum fault current likely to be imposed on it.
4. Path for Fault Current

Electrical equipment, wiring, and other electrically conductive material likely to become energized shall be installed in a manner that creates a low-impedance circuit facilitating the operation of the overcurrent device or ground detector for high impedance grounded systems. It shall be capable of safely carrying the maximum ground-fault current likely to be imposed on it from any point on the wiring system where a ground fault may occur to the electrical supply source. The earth shall not be considered as an effective ground fault current path.
117
2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors

A.
Arrangement to Prevent Objectionable Current The grounding of electrical systems, circuit conductors, surge arresters, surge protective devices, and conductive normally non-current-carrying metal parts of equipment shall be installed and arranged in a manner that will prevent objectionable current over the grounding conductors or grounding paths.
118

A.
Preventing Objectionable Current To prevent a fire, electric shock, or improper operation of circuitprotection devices or sensitive equipment, electrical systems and equipment must be installed in a manner that prevents objectionable current from flowing on conductive materials, electrical equipment, or grounding and bonding paths.
119
2.50.1.6(A) Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors
120
121
122
123
124
125
126

C.
Temporary Currents Not Classified as Objectionable Current

Temporary current resulting from accidental conditions, such as ground faults, shall not be classified as objectionable current for the purposes specified in 250.6(A) and (B).
127
128

D.
Limitations to Permissible Alterations The provision of this section shall not be considered as permitting electronic equipment for being operated on AC systems or branch circuits that are not connected to an equipment grounding conductor as required by this article. Currents that introduce noise or data errors in electronic equipment shall NOT be considered the objectionable currents addressed in this section.
Section 2.50.1.6(d)
129

D.
Limitations to Permissible Alterations The provision of this section shall not be considered as permitting electronic equipment for being operated on AC systems or branch circuits that are not connected to an equipment grounding conductor as required by this article. Currents that introduce noise or data errors in electronic equipment shall not be considered the objectionable currents addressed in this section.
130
Types of Grounding
System Grounding Equipment Grounding These two are kept separate except at the point where they receive their source of power, such as at the service equipment or at a separately derived system!!!
131
2.50.2 System Grounding

2.50.2.1 AC Systems to be Grounded
A.
250 V
AC System of Less than 50 Volts shall be grounded under any of the ff. conditions where:
1) Supplied by transformers, if the transformer supply exceeds 250 V to ground Supplied by transformers, if the transformer supply is ungrounded Installed outside as overheads
2)
3)
132
2.50.2 System Grounding

2.50.2.1 AC Systems to be Grounded
B.
AC systems of 50 V to 1000 V that supply premises wiring and premises wiring systems shall be grounded under any of the ff conditions, where the system:
1) Can be grounded so that the maximum voltage to ground on the ungrounded conductors does not exceed 250 V: 240 V 1 phase, 120/240 V -1-phase, 3 wire and 208/120 V, 3-phase, 4-wire 2) Is 3-phase, 4-wire, wye-connected in which the neutral conductor is used as a circuit conductor: 208/120 V, 3phase, 4-wire, and 480/277 V, 3-phase, 4-wire 3) Is 3-phase, 4-wire, delta-connected in which the midpoint of one phase winding is used as a circuit conductor: 120/240 V, 3-phase, 4-wire, and 240/480 V, 3-phase, 4-wire
133
2.50.2.1(B) Systems rated 50 to 1000 V that are required to be grounded
25 0V
134
2.50.2.1(B) Systems rated 50 to 1000 V that are required to be grounded
250 V
135
2.50.2.1(c) AC Systems of 1 kV & Over

AC systems supplying mobile or portable equipment shall be grounded as specified in 2.50.10.9. Where supplying other than mobile or portable equipment, such systems shall be permitted to be grounded.
136
2.50.2.1(D) Separately Derived Systems
137
2.50.2.1(d) Separately Derived Systems
138
2.50.2.1(e) Impedance Grounded Neutral Systems Impedance grounded neutral systems shall be grounded in accordance with 2.50.2.17 or 2.50.10.7
139
2.50.2.2 AC Systems of 50 to 1000 V NOT required to be Grounded
2.50.2.1(b)
140
2.50.2.2 Ground Detectors

Ungrounded AC systems as permitted in 2.50.2.2(1) to ((4) operating at Not less than 120 V and Not exceeding 1000 V shall have ground detectors installed on the system.
Ground Detectors (lights)
141
2.50.2.2 Ground Detectors
All relays and alarm Circuitry not shown

Ground detection is required on ungrounded systems
142
2.50.2.5 Grounding ServiceSupplied AC Systems

250.24(A) System Grounding Connections A premises wiring system supplied by a grounded AC service is required to have a grounding electrode conductor connected to the grounded service conductor , at each service, in accordance with 250.24(a)(1) through (A)(5).
143
2.50.2.5 Grounding ServiceSupplied AC Systems

250.24(a)(1) General The grounding electrode conductor connection is required to be made at any accessible point from the load end of the service drop or service lateral to and including the terminal bus to which the grounded service conductor is connected at the service disconnecting means.
144
2.50.2.5(a)(1) General
Grounding electrode conductor connection at accessible location
Grounding electrode conductor connection in wireway
145
2.50.2.5 (a)(2) Outdoor Transformer

Where the transformer supplying the service is located outside the building, at least one additional grounding connection is required to be made from the grounded service conductor to a grounding electrode, either at the transformer or elsewhere outside the building.
WHY?
146
Module 9- Fire Pumps

The general philosophy behind Code articles is that circuit protection will shut down equipment before letting the supply conductors melt from overload. Art. 6.95 Fire Pumps depart from this philosophy. The idea is that the fire pump motor must run, no matter what; it supplies water to facilitys fire protection piping, which in turn supplies water to the sprinkler system and fire hoses.
147
6.95.1.1 Scope
a)
Covered 1) Electric power sources and interconnecting circuits 2) Switching and control equipment dedicated to fire pump drivers
b) Not Covered 1) The performance, maintenance, and acceptance testing of the fire pump system, and the internal wiring of the components of the system 2) Pressure maintenance (jockey or makeup) pumps
148
6.95.1.3 Power Sources for Electric-Motor Driven Fire Pumps

a)
Individual Source
1) Electric Utility Service. A separate service from a connection located ahead of but not within the service disconnecting means. 2) On-Site Power. An on-site power supply, such as generator, located and protected to minimize damage by fire is permitted to supply a fire pump.
149
a) Electric-Utility Service Connection

150
a) Electric-Utility Service Connection

151
2) On-Site Power Production Facility

152

b)
Multiple Sources
1) Generator Capacity. Shall have sufficient capacity to allow normal starting and running 0f the motor(s) driving the fire pump(s) while supplying other simultaneously operated load. 2) Feeder Sources. 3) Arrangement. The power sources shall be arranged so that a fire at one will not cause an interruption at the other source.
153
2) Feeder Sources
154
6.95.1.5 Transformers
Dedicated transformer and overcurrent protection sizing can be broken down into three requirements.
1. The transformer must be size to at least 125% of the sum of the loads. 2. The transformer primary overcurrent device must be at least a specified minimum size. 3. The transformer secondary must not contain any overcurrent device whatsoever.
155
6.95.1.5 Transformers
The overcurrent device in the primary of a transformer supplying a fire pump installation. The device is required to be sized to carry the locked-rotor current motor(s) and associated fire pump accessory equipment indefinitely.
156
6.95.1.6 Power Wiring

a)
Service and Feeder Conductors. Supply conductors must be physically routed outside buildings and must be installed in accordance with Article 2.30. Where supply conductors cannot be routed outside buildings, they must be encased in 2 inches or 50 mm of concrete or brick.
157
6.95.1.6 Power Wiring

b) Circuit Conductors. Fire pump supply conductors on the load side of the final disconnecting means and overcurrent device(s) must be kept entirely independent of all other wiring. They can be routed through a building using one of the following methods:
1) Be encased in a minimum 2 inches or 50 mm of concrete 2) Be within an enclosed construction dedicated to the fire pump circuit(s) and having a minimum of a 1-hour fireresistant rating 3) Be listed electrical circuit protective system with a minimum 1-hour fire rating.
158
6.95.1.6(c)(2) BC Conductor Size

Fire Pump Motor Branch Circuit Conductor Size
From Table 4.30.14.5(b)
Branch circuit conductors to a single fire pump motor must have a rating not less than 125% of the motor FLC as listed in Table 4.30.14.2 or 4.30.14.4
159
6.95.1.7 Voltage Drop
The voltage drop at the line terminals of the controller when the motor starts (locked-rotor current), must not drop more than 15% below the controllers rated voltage.
160

Fire Pump Motor Voltage Drop
161

Fire Pump Conductor Size Voltage Drop
162
Thank You !!!!

&
GOOD Morning!

Electrical Safety

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Module 7 Introduction to 2009 PEC I Module 8 Grounded and Ungrounded System Module 9 - Fire Pumps

Module 7 Introduction to 2009 Philippine Electrical Code Part I

Carmelray Industrial Park I Canlubang, Calamba, Laguna