TOPICS

Abacus Panini Pingala Antikythera Mechanism Heron of Alexandria 1492 John Napier

William Oughtred Boolean Algebra Blaise Pascal Gottfried Leibniz Joseph Marie-Jacquard Arithmometer Difference Engine

TOPICS
Analytical Engine Tabulating Machine Ramon Verea Comptometer Herman Hollerith Guglielmo Marconi Nikola Tesla Vacuum tube Philo Farnsworth

TOPICS
Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper ENIAC Computer Bug Pilot Ace William Shockley Douglas Engelbert Andrew Donaldbooth Williams and Kilburn Claude Shannon Howard Aiken Hideo Yamachito LEO Pilot Ace EDVAC John Backus & IBM Silicon chip COBOL Unimate

TOPICS
Spacewar computer game

Word Processor Hypertext Seymour Cray ARPANET 1970

1971 The CD

First video game Ethernet

BASIC Floppy disk Laser Printer

UNIVAC SQL

Gateways WYSIWYG

Xerox Alto

Gallery
Abacus
Antikythera Mechanism

ABC Mark I ENIAC Pilot ACE Transistor First Mouse Harvard-Mark III UNIVAC Unimate CDC 7600 Xerox Alto

Napier s Rods Pascaline Stepped Reckoner Power Loom Arithmometer Difference Engine Analytical Engine Comptometer Enigma Machine

Abacus

Antikythera Mechanism

Napier s Rods

Pascaline

Stepped Reckoner

Power Loom

Arithmometer

Difference Engine

Analytical Engine

Comptometer

Enigma Machine

Atanasoff-Berry Computer

Mark I

ENIAC

Pilot ACE

Transistor

First Mouse

Harvard-MARK III

UNIVAC

Unimate

CDC 7600

Xerox Alto

ABACUS
The abacus was the first known calculator, which was invented in 1000 to 500 BC in China.

Panini
He was a Sanskrit grammarian who gave a comprehensive and scientific theory of phonetics, phonology, and morphology. He introduced the forerunner to modern formal language theory

Pingala
In 500 BC, he invented the Binary number system.

Antikythera Mechanism
A kind of mechanical analog computer used to calculate the movements of stars and planets in astronomy. It has been estimated that it was built around 87 BC and was lost on 76 BC

Heron of Alexandria
Heron of Alexandria invents machines which follow a series of instructions. In about 60 AD, he constructed a three-wheeled cart that could carry a group of automata to the front of a stage where they would perform for an audience.

1492
When drawings by Leonardo da Vinci depict inventions such as flying machines, including a helicopter, the first mechanical calculator and one of the first programmable robots. He was never able to complete many projects but in reality the number of projects that he never finished are probably triple of what he did.

John Napier
In 1640, John Napier invents a system of moveable rods (Napier's Rods) based on logarithms which was able to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots.

William Oughtred
He developed slide rules in 1622 which could be used to multiply and divide using a pair of calipers. He was the first to see that a simpler method of multiplication and division could be achieved by placing two logarithmic rules side by side and using the position of the numbers relative to each other to calculate the results.

Blaise Pascal
In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19 invented the the "Pascaline", a mechanical adding machine. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven onefunction calculator(it can only add) but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate.

Gottfried Leibniz
In 1671, the German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz managed to build a four-function calculator that he called the stepped reckoner because, instead of gears, it employed fluted drums having ten flutes arranged around their circumference in a stair-step fashion.

Joseph-Marie Jacquard
In 1801, invented a power loom that could base its weave upon a pattern automatically read from punched wooden cards, held together in a long row by rope.

Arithmometer
In 1820, the Arithmometer was first mass-produced calculator invented by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar.

Difference Engine
In 1822, Charles Babbage was proposing a steam driven calculating machine the size of a room. This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables. It was hoped that Babbage's machine could eliminate errors in these types of tables. But construction of Babbage's Difference Engine proved exceedingly difficult.

Analytical Engine
Invented by Charles Babbage in 1834. The Analytical engine was made to use loops of Jacquard s punched cards to control an automatic calculator, which could make decisions based on previous computations.

Boolean algebra
Invented by George Boole in 1848. Using variables and symbols, Boole designed it as a language for describing and manipulating logical statements and determining if they are true or not.

Tabulating Machine
In 1853, Per Georg Scheutz and his son Edvard invented the Tabulating Machine. The tabulating machine effectively read the data, based on the configuration of the hole punches. The cards ran over a series of pools filled with mercury. Wires were pressed into the cards and followed through to the mercury.

Ramon Verea
He invented a fast calculator with an internal multiplication table in 1878.

Comptometer
An invention of Dorr E. Felt in 1884. the first adding device to be driven solely by the action of pressing keys, which are arranged in an array of vertical and horizontal columns.

Herman Hollerith
In 1890 , invented a counting machine which increment mechanical counters. His machines were used for the 1890 census and accomplished in one year what would have taken nearly ten years of hand tabulating. In 1896, he founded the Tabulating Machine Company to sell his invention, the Company became part of IBM in 1924.

Guglielmo Marconi
Radio signals were invented by Guglielmo Marconi in 1895. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy. By 1899 he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel and two years later received the letter "S", telegraphed from England to Newfoundland.

Nikola Tesla
In 1898, he took out patents for wireless radio transmitters, and now is credited with being the first person to patent radio technology.

Vacuum tube
The Vacuum tube was invented by Lee De Forest in 1907. The Vacuum tube was used in the First Generation of computer. It is more electric power consuming and delicate because more electric power is needed to heat filament.

Philo Farnsworth
Television Electronic was invented by Philo Farnsworth in 1923. He is perhaps best known for inventing the first fully-functional allelectronic image pickup device the "image dissector", the first fully-functional and complete all-electronic television system, and for being the first person to demonstrate such a system to the public.

John Logie Baird

In 1924, Electro Mechanical television system was invented by John Logie Baird. Baird's 30 line images were the first demonstrations of television by reflected light rather than back-lit silhouettes.

Kurt Godel
In 1931, he constructed formal systems allowing for self-referential statements that talk about themselves about whether they can be derived from an enumerable set of given axioms through a computational theorem proving procedure.

Alan Turing
Developed the concept of a theoretical computing machine in 1937. A fairly simple typewriter-like contraption capable somehow of scanning, or reading, instructions encoded on a tape of theoretically infinite length. The device in this inspired mind-experiment quickly acquired a name: the Turing machine.

Konrad Zuse
In 1938 He created the Z1 Computer, world's first program-controlled computer. He had a lot of contributions like the Z3, world s first fully functional programmable computer, world s first computer startup company, and world s first commercial computer.

George Stibitz
His inventions include an electrical device for finding root polynomials, a tone generator and computing equipment. He constructed a breadboard digital calculator in 1937, which he named "Model K"for Kitchen table.

Hewlett Packard
William Hewlett and David Packard started Hewlett Packard(HP) in 1939. HP originally focused their efforts on creating a wide range of electronic products for industrial and agricultural use. They eventually focused on high quality electronic test equipment.

John Vincent Atanasoff & Clifford Berry

They built the world's first electronic-digital computer at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer(ABC) represented several innovations in computing, including a binary system of arithmetic, parallel processing, regenerative memory, and a separation of memory and computing functions.

Enigma
The first cipher machine, Enigma A, came onto the market in 1923. It was a large and heavy machine with an integrated typewriter and weighed about 50 Kg. Adolf Hitler uses the Enigma encryption machine in 1943.

Colossus
Colossus electronic computing devices used by British codebreakers to help read encrypted German messages during World War II. They used vacuum tubes to perform the calculations. It was designed by engineer Tommy Flowers. Alan Turing develops the the code-breaking machine Colossus in 1943

Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper

Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University. The MARK series of computers began with the Mark I in 1944. The computer, controlled by pre-punched paper tape, could carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and reference to previous results.

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly develop the ENIAC, the first large-scale general-purpose electronic computer. The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, along with 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, 6,000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints.

Computer Bug
The term computer bug as computer bug was first used by Grace Hopper on September 9, 1945. She was working on the Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator, when the machine was experiencing problems, an investigation showed that there was a moth trapped between the points of Relay #70, in Panel F.

Pilot ACE
In 1947, Donald Watts Davies joins Alan Turing to build the fastest digital computer in England at the time, the Pilot ACE(Automatic Computer Engine).

William Shockley
The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by William Shockley. This was perhaps the most important electronics event of the 20th century, as it later made possible the integrated circuit and microprocessor that are the basis of modern electronics.

Douglas Engelbart
He invented the computer mouse, and though most computer users do not know his name, they certainly know of his creation. This is not his only contribution to technology, however, and he has been an important theorist and inventor for more than four decades.

Andrew Donald Booth

Andrew Donald Booth invents magnetic drum memory in 1948. It was early form of computer memory that actually did use a drum as a working part with data loaded to the drum. The drum was a metal cylinder coated with recordable ferromagnetic material. The drum also had a row of read-write heads that wrote and then read the recorded data.

Frederic Calland Williams & Tom Kilburn

Frederic Calland Williams & Tom Kilburn develop the SSEM "Small Scale Experimental Machine" digital CRT storage which was soon nicknamed the "Baby in 1948. The machine was not intended to be a practical computer but was instead designed as a testbed for the Williams tube, an early form of computer memory.

Claude Shannon
Claude Shannon builds the first machine that plays chess in 1949. Computer chess acts as solo entertainment as aids to chess analysis, for computer chess competitions, and as research to provide insights into human cognition.

Howard Aiken
Howard Aiken develops the HarvardMARK III in 1949. The Mark III used a device called a "coding box" that translated problems into machine input for processing.

Hideo Yamachito
In 1950, The first electronic computer, the Tokyo Automatic Calculator (TAC), was created in Japan by Hideo Yamachito.

LEO
Raymond Thompson and John Simmons develop the first business computer, the Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) at Lyons Co in 1951.

UNIVAC
UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I),the first commercial computer made in the United States and designed principally by John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly in 1951.

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

The EDVAC begins performing basic tasks. Unlike the ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal in 1951. Their idea was to have the program for the computer stored inside the computer. This would be possible because EDVAC was going to have more internal memory than any other computing device to date.

John Backus & IBM

John Backus & IBM develop the FORTRAN(Formula Translator) Computer Programming Language in 1954. It works well with high precision numbers and has a large number of trigonometric routines.

Silicon chip
The first integrated circuit, or silicon chip, was produced in 1958. It is Jack Kilby who created the first silicon chip, 2 years after Dummer had failed to do so. Robert Noyce is considered a co-inventor of the silicon chip. This is because he came up with his own version of the integrated circuit, a year and a half after Kilby.

COBOL
The Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) programming language is invented in 1960. It was one of the earliest high-level programming languages. COBOL is ideally suited for the solution of business problems.

Unimate
In 1961, the first industrial robot was online in a General Motors automobile factory in New Jersey. It was called UNIMATE.

Spacewar Computer Game

The first computer game Spacewar Computer Game invented BY Steve Russell & MIT in 1962.

Word processor
IBM introduces the first word processor in 1964

BASIC
John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz develop Beginner s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Language (BASIC) in 1964.

Hypertext
Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson coin the term "hypertext in 1965. Hypertext is the presentation of information as a linked network of nodes which readers are free to navigate in a non-linear fashion. It is commonly known as Hyperlinks.

Floppy Disk
IBM creates the first floppy disk in 1967. A floppy disk is a data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible ("floppy")magnetic storage medium sealed in a square or rectangular plastic carrier lined

Control Data Corporation

Seymour Cray developed the CDC 7600, the first supercomputer. It lasted longer than any other supercomputer design. It had the highest performance of any computer from its introduction in 1969 till the introduction of the Cray 1 in 1976. It was upward compatible, but had more PPUs.

Laser printer
The laser printer was invented at Xerox in 1969 by researcher Gary Starkweather, who had an improved printer working by 1971 and incorporated into a fully functional networked printer system by about a year later.

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

The U.S. Department of Defense sets up the ARPANET. This network was the first building blocks to what the internet is today but originally with the intention of creating a computer network that could withstand any type of disaster in 1969.

1970
In 1970, Intel introduces the world's first available dynamic RAM (Random-Access Memory) chip and the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004.

1971
E-mail: E-mail was invented by Ray Tomlinson Liquid Crystal Display ( LCD ): Liquid Crystal Display ( LCD ) was invented by James Fergason Pocket calculator: Pocket calculator was invented by Sharp Corporation

First Video Game

In 1972, Atari releases Pong, the first commercial video game. The extraordinarily simple-yet fun and addictive electronic tennis game where two players rotate knobs controlling the vertical movement of there paddles, to bop a digital ball back and forth.

The CD
The compact disc is invented in the United States in 1972.

ETHERNET
In 1973, Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs created the Ethernet, a local-area network (LAN) protocol. The Ethernet is the system that allows computers to communicate with each other and devices such as printers and scanners. The network is closed to those who are not connected to the LAN.

Xerox Alto
The Xerox Alto was a landmark step in the development of personal computers in 1973. It was the first computer to use the desktop metaphor and mouse-driven graphical user interface (GUI). It was an important milestone in the development of personal computers.

Gateways
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn develop gateway routing computers to negotiate between the various national networks in 1973.

SQL
In 1974, IBM develops SEQUAL (Structured English Query Language ) now known as SQL. It is a standard programming language used for accessing and maintaining a database. The key feature of the SQL is an interactive approach for getting information from and updating a database.

What You See Is What You Get

In 1974, Charles Simonyi coins the term WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) to describe the ability of being able to display a file or document exactly how it is going to be printed or viewed.

Microsoft Corporation
The Microsoft Corporation was founded April 4, 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800.

Apple
Apple Computers was founded Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs in 1976. In 1977, Apple Computer s Apple II, the first personal computer with color graphics, is demonstrated.

MODEM
In 1977, Ward Christensen writes the programme "MODEM" allowing two microcomputers to exchange files with each other over a phone line.

1980
IBM hires Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system for a new PC. They buy the rights to a simple operating system manufactured by Seattle Computer Products and use it as a template to develop DOS.

WordPerfect
In 1982, WordPerfect Corporation introduces WordPerfect 1.0 a word processing program.

1982
The Commodore 64 becomes the bestselling computer of all time.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is introduced in 1982. SMTP is generally used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server. This is why you need to specify both the POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when you configure your e-mail application.

Domain Name System (DNS)

In 1983, Domain Name System (DNS) pioneered by Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris and Craig Partridge. Seven 'top-level' domain names are initially introduced: edu, com, gov, mil, net, org and int.

1983
Microsoft Windows introduced eliminating the need for a user to have to type each command, like MS-DOS, by using a mouse to navigate through dropdown menus, tabs and icons.

1984
Apple introduces the Macintosh with mouse and window interface. William Gibson coins the word cyberspace when he publishes Neuromancer. Cyberspace is the electronic medium of computer networks, in which online communication takes place.

1985
Paul Brainard introduces Pagemaker for the Macintosh creating the desktop publishing field.

1990
In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau propose a 'hypertext' system starting the modern Internet.

The World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is launched to the public on August 6, 1991. In 1993, at the beginning of the year only 50 World Wide Web servers are known to exist. The World Wide Web Consortium is founded by Tim Berners-Lee to help with the development of common protocols for the evolution of the World Wide Web in 1994.

1994-1995
Yahoo: created on April, 1994. Java: Java is introduced Amazon: Amazon.com is founded by Jeff Bezos EBay: EBay is founded by Pierre Omidyar. Hotmail: Hotmail is started by Jack Smith and Sabeer Bhatia.

1997
Altavista introduces its free online translator, Babel Fish. Microsoft acquires Hotmail.

1998-2002
Google: Google is founded by Sergey Brin and Larry Page on September 7, 1998 PayPal is founded by Peter Thiel and Max Levchin. It was then acquired by eBay. Xbox: Bill Gates introduces the Xbox on January 7th 2001 Approximately 1 billion PCs been sold.

2005-2006
September 12, 2005: eBay acquires Skype. Skype announces that it has over 100 million registered users.

REFERENCES
http://www.history-timelines.org.uk/events-timelines/07computer-history-timeline.htm http://www.helium.com/items/1823707-leonardo-da-vinciworks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese-abacus.jpg http://www.antikythera-mechanism.com/ http://www-groups.dcs.stand.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Panini.html http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/Hero.html http://historycomputer.com/MechanicalCalculators/Pioneers/Schickard. html http://inventors.about.com/od/rstartinventions/a/radio.ht m

REFERENCES
http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/neDnL9_sK6SohU5 KeIkfZw http://historycomputer.com/MechanicalCalculators/Pioneers/Lebniz.htm l http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/ http://web.arch.usyd.edu.au/~sriz8189/computing7.html http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/pic_arithmometer.htm http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Boolean_algebra.aspx http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/sec/888/Comptomet ers/ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blhollerith.ht m

REFERENCES
http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/08/ajb/tmve/ wiki100k/docs/Philo_Farnsworth.html http://inventors.about.com/od/britishinventions/a/Joh nBaird.htm http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,9 90624,00.html#ixzz1Pi9lH692 http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/zuse.html http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/StibitzRelay-Machine.htm http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa050898.h tm http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/may98/May98.html

REFERENCES
http://users.telenet.be/d.rijmenants/en/enigma. htm http://www.computer50.org/mark1/gal1.html http://www.eingang.org/Lecture/edvac.html http://www.inforingpress.com/computer_inform ation/fortran.htm The History of the Silicon Chip | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_55104 05_history-silicon-chip.html#ixzz1PmULaBAU