SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN SEKSYEN 18 SHAH ALAM

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2/2011

Name : Form : I/C No. : Subject Teacher :

Nur Afiqah bt Jamal 5 Hamzah 940709-14-5902 Pn Norizan bt Kassim

CONTENTS
Title Appreciation Objectives Introduction Outcomes
y Part I y Part II y Part III

Page 3 4 5

6 9 18 21 24 28 29 30

Further Exploration Reflection Conclusion Reference Attachments

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APPRECIATION

First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and health to do this project work.

Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project. Internet, books, computers and all that. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank my teacher, Pn. Norizan bt Kasim for guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but he taught us patiently until we knew what to do. He tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the project work.

Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me and sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done.

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OBJECTIVES

The aims of carrying out this project work are: to apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems to improve thinking skills to promote effective mathematical communication to develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increases students interest and confidence to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning to develop positive attitude towards mathematics

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INTRODUCTION

Cake is a form of food, typically a sweet, baked dessert. Cakes normally contain a combination of flour, sugar, eggs, and butter or oil, with some varieties also requiring liquid (typically milk or water) and leavening agents (such as yeast or baking powder). Flavorful ingredients like fruit pures, nuts or extracts are often added, and numerous substitutions for the primary ingredients are possible. Cakes are often filled with fruit preserves or dessert sauces (like pastry cream), iced with buttercream or other icings, and decorated with marzipan, piped borders or candied fruit. Cake is often the dessert of choice for meals at ceremonial occasions, particularly weddings, anniversaries, and birthdays. There are countless cake recipes; some are bread-like, some rich and elaborate and many are centuries old. Cake making is no longer a complicated procedure; while at one time considerable labor went into cake making (particularly the whisking of egg foams), baking equipment and directions have been simplified that even the most amateur cook may bake a cake.

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PROJECT OUTCOMES
Part I
As we know in cake baking and decoration usually mathematics is used to calculate the proportions of different ingredients.For example, a frosting recipe that calls for 2 cups cream cheese,2 cups confectioners' sugar and cup butter has a cream cheese, sugar and butter ratio of 4:4:1.Identifiying ratios can also help make recipes larger or smaller.Beside that, mathematics also use as few measuring cups as possible.For example,instead of using a 3/4cup,use a cup three times.Futhermore, mathematics use to calculate the surface area of the part of the cake that needs frosting. For example, a sheet cake in pan only needs the top frosted,while a sheet cake on tray needs the top and four sides frosted.A round layer cake requires frosting on top,on each layer and on the sides.If we think in greater detail, we will find that the math in the cake is not only just in the ingredients only, but we may find that there are many more that we can discover how math is used to make cake as shown below:-

1. How mathematic is used in cake baking and cake decoration

Di a m et er

Radius

Circumference

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2. Mathematics is used to form many cake shape like cylinder , cuboid , cone and more shape

From the various shape,we can get many formula to find the volume such as:D D D volume of cylinder= volume of cone= volume of cuboid= or or

3. Calculus (differentiation)
To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate min. or max. amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. size of cake produced.

4. Progressions
To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration.

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Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration.

Diagram 1

1) A kilogram of cake has a volume of 38000cm3, and the height of the cake is to be 7.0 If cm, the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school 3800 is Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake 3800 x 5 = (3.142)( ) x 7 (3.142) = ( ) 863.872 = ( ) = 29.392 d = 58.784 cm

2) The inner dimensions of oven: 80cm length, 60cm width, 45cm height a) The formula that formed for d in terms of h by using the formula for volume of cake, V = 19000 is: 19000 = (3.142)( )h

= d

d=
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Height,h 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

Diameter,d 155.53 109.98 89.79 77.76 69.55 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18 TABLE 1

ANSWER : b) i) h < 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive. b) ii) The most suitable dimensions (h and d) for the cake is h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling. QUESTION : c) i) The same formula in 2(a) is used, that is 19000 = (3.142)( )h. The same process is also used, that is, make d the subject. An equation which is suitable and relevant for the graph: 19000 = (3.142)( )h =

= d d= d= log d =  log d = log h + log 155.53

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Table of log d =
Height,h 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 Diameter,d 155.53 109.98 89.79 77.76 69.55 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18

log h + log 155.53

Log h 0.00 0.30 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.78 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0 Log d 2.19 2.04 1.95 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.69

TABLE 2

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Graph of log d against log h

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(2)c (ii) Based on the graph: a) d when h = 10.5cm h = 10.5cm, log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d = 47.86cm b) h when d = 42cm d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140, h = 13.80cm

3) The cake with fresh cream, with uniform thickness 1cm is decorated a) The amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake, using the dimensions I've suggested in 2(b)(ii) h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm Amount of fresh cream = VOLUME of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = Vol. of cream at the top surface + Vol. of cream at the side surface Vol. of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream ) x 1 = (3.142)( = 2375 cm Vol. of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3.142)(54.99/2)(8) x 1 = 1382.23 cm Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm

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b) Three other shapes (the shape of the base of the cake) for the cake with same height which is depends on the 2(b)(ii) and volume 19000cm. The volume of top surface is always the same for all shapes (since height is same), My answer (with h = 8cm, and volume of cream on top surface = = 2375 cm):

1 Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid)

height width length 19000 = base area x height base area = length x width = 2375 By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50, width = 47.5, height = 8) Therefore, volume of cream = 2(Area of left and right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front and back side surface)(Height of cream) + volume of top surface = 2(50 x 8)(1) + 2(47.5 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 3935 cm

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2 Triangle-shaped base

width

slant height

19000 = base area x height base area = base area = 2375 x length x width = 2375 length x width = 4750 By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50) Slant length of triangle = (95 + 25)= 98.23 Therefore, amount of cream = Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Volume of top surface = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346.68 cm

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3 Pentagon-shaped base

width 19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon therefore: 2375 = 5(length x width) 475 = length x width By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19) Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface = 5(19 x 8) + 2375 = 3135 cm

c) Based on the values above, the shape that require the least amount of fresh cream to be used is: Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used.

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When there's minimum or maximum, well, there's differentiation and quadratic functions. The minimum height, h and its corresponding minimum diameter, d is calculated by using the differentiation and function. Method 1: Differentiation Two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in 2(a)), and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in 3(a)). 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) (2)

V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)rh From (1): h =

(3)

Sub. (3) into (2): V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)r( V = (3.142)r + ( )

V = (3.142)r + 38000r-1 ( ) = 2(3.142)r (

) =0

0 = 2(3.142)r (

) -->> minimum value, therefore

= 2(3.142)r =r

6047.104 = r r = 18.22 Sub. r = 18.22 into (3): h= h = 18.22 Therefore, h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44cm

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Method 2: Quadratic Functions Two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function. Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3.142)rh From (2): f(r) = (3.142)(r + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142) = (3.142)[ (r + c=0 = (3.142)[ (r + h) h ] = (3.142)(r + h) (3.142)h (a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = (3.142)h, corresponding value of x = r = --h) Sub. r = --h into (1): 19000 = (3.142)(--h)h h = 6047.104 h = 18.22 Sub. h = 18.22 into (1): 19000 = (3.142)r(18.22) r = 331.894 r = 18.22 Therefore, h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm ) ( ) ] -->> completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h and (1) (2) f(r) = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)hr

I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily.

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Diagram 2 Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is 10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. Given: height, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm radius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake 31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599, a = 31, r = V = (3.142)rh, a) By using the formula for volume V = (3.142)rh, with h = 6 to get the volume of cakes. Volume of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th cakes: Radius of 1st cake = 31, Radius of 2nd cake = 27.9, Radius of 3rd cake = 25.11, Radius of 4th cake = 22.599, volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31)(6) = 18116.772 volume of 2nd cake = (3.142)(27.9)(6) =14674.585 volume of 3rd cake = (3.142)(25.11)(6) =11886.414 volume of 4th cake = (3.142)(22.599)(6) =9627.995

The volumes form number pattern: 18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995, (it is a geometric progression with first term, a = 18116.772 and ratio, r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = = 0.81)

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b) The total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg ( total mass < 15 kg, change to volume: total volume < 57000 cm ), so the maximum number of cakes that needs to be baked is
     

Sn =

Sn = 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81 57000 =

   

1 0.81n = 0.59779 0.40221 = 0.81n og0.81 0.40221 = n n=

  

n = 4.322 therefore, n 4 Verifying the answer: When n = 5: S5 = (18116.772(1 (0.81)5)) / (1 0.81) = 62104.443 > 57000 (Sn > 57000, n = 5 is not suitable) When n = 4: S4 = (18116.772(1 (0.81)4)) / (1 0.81) = 54305.767 < 57000 (Sn < 57000, n = 4 is suitable)

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In the making of this project, I have spent countless hours doing this project.I realized that this subject is a compulsory to me. Without it, I cant fulfill my big dreams and wishes. I used to hate Additional Mathematics for the first time It always makes me wonder why this subject is so hard I always tried to love every part of it but It always an absolute obstacle for me Throughout day and night I sacrificed my precious time to have fun Now I realized , its really hard to score in Add Maths But with a lot of exercises and revision I believe that I will get an A for Add Maths.

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Conclusion
Geometry is the study of angles and triangles, perimeter, area and volume. It differs from algebra in that one develops a logical structure where mathematical relationships are proved and applied. An arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant A geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio Differentiation is essentially the process of finding an equation which will give you the gradient (slope, "rise over run", etc.) at any point along the curve. Say you have y = x^2. The equation y' = 2x will give you the gradient of y at any point along that curve.

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Reference
Wikipedia www.one-school net additional mathematics textbook form 4 and form 5 www.scribd.com

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