ALU

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

ALU
.

. . (
) . ( ) OR,AND,XOR
( : )

. .


.
) (Control Unit
) (Instruction Register
) .(RAM .

Main Memory

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

STATUS REGISTER

1 -4
-:
-1

Floating Point

-2
-3

:
(
( & 2.5516 & 2.336
108

) 0.258974 & 8856.3658

.

.
.


.

486 ( ) SX486
(
386 Math co-processor
) ( )
.

:


( )
.
.
:
: Carry bit .
: Zero bit .
: Positive bit . - : Negative bit .

:
.

(
)
.
.


( " ")
109

32
.
** Register

-:
- 1 :

-2 :

-3 : Status Register

:
) (registers
.

AX
Accumulator

BX
Base
register

CX
Counting
register

( )



.

(
AX

( )

.

110

DX
Data register

DI
Destiny
Index
register

SI
Source
Index
register

BP
Base
Pointers
register

SP
Battery
pointer
register

( ) :
Overflow


I/O Bus
.

( )


( )

( )
BX
.
( )

.
.

8086
IP
. Flags

.

. .




111

.
.
:

2 -4

Floating Point:

.
mantissa .exponent
:
(
)
( ) 125 :

125 = 0.125 10 3 = 1.25 10 2 = 12.5 10 1

( 10
:

( ( E

112

125 = 0.125 E 3 = 1.25 E 2 = 12.5 E 1

( ( 0.00127 :-

0.00127 = 12.7 10-4 = 1.27 10-3 = 0.0127 10-1

) ) 10 ( ) E

0.00127 = 12.7 E-4 = 1.27 E-3 = 0.0127 E -1

( )
. :

M EP
.(Mantissa

Mantissa

)or Fraction
M

Exponent Sign
Exponent
E .
P () ).(Exponent or Characteristic

113

Sign

.
.
( ) 110.110 :

.110110 23
) (Word


.

:
314,600,000 and 0.0000451 : :
3146E5 and 451E-7

3 -4
:


. :
.

.1

.2

.3
.
.5 .
.

.6
.
.7
. .

114

.
.
.4 CPU
.

.
.8 .

"".

1 -3 -4 .

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
***
:
.1 Input Mode .
.2 Output Mode .
.3 . Beginning new Operation
.4 .Memory Read
.5 .Memory Write
.6 .Instruction Fetch
.7 .I/O Read
.8 .I/O Write

2-3-4 .


:
115

Operation Code

Operands Address

M = 2

** .. .
:
** .
( - ).

Program Counter

. Instruction Register
.

( ):



( CPU )
.

:
( ) instruction fetch
.1 (
. RAM .CPU
* .
*
. .
.
116

.
* .
*
.

1 .

.2 :

:

*
* .
*

( ).

.
* ( ) : Instruction Decoder


8
256

..

.

( )
.

117

: .

-:

.
( )pointer instruction ( )instruction fetch

( )decoder instruction
( .)
( )ALU


MS

Word



.
MHz - 700 MHz - 600

3- 3- 4 pipelined

.
. ( system
.)clock
.
.
( )
.

()pipelining
118

50


50
50
.

( ) stages
pipelining

( ) MMX 6
14
( ) .

119

.
:

) .
.

:

.

..
!!! pipelining
.

120

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8

.
.

.

-9
()
( )
() 30.85
() 3085E2 3085E-2 308510-2
()
( )
()
( - )
()

( )
-10
() (
() 1

121

()

() ( OR,AND,XOR
(
-11 :

( AX ) (- ( - )CX ) DI
12

- 13
()

()

()

( )

122

).