Cpen Channel llow

ur AkepaLl S 8eddy
AssoclaLe rofessor
1hapar unlverslLy
aLlala (un!A8) 147 004
Cpen channe| f|ow
llow of llquld ln a channel/condulL where Lhe
llquld surface ls sub[ecLed Lo aLmospherlc
pressure
llow ls caused by Lhe slope of Lhe channel/condulL
and of Lhe llquld surface
rlnclpal forces aL work ln Lhe open channel flow
are lnerLla gravlLy and vlscoslLy
ln open channels veloclLy ls
zero on boLLom and on sldes
3dlmenslonal buL 1dlmenslonal approxlmaLlon ls
usually made
Cpen channe| f|ow
SLeady flow
flow characLerlsLlcs aL any polnL do noL change wlLh Llme
C noL changlng wlLh Llme
unlform flow
CondlLlon ln whlch depLh slope veloclLy and cross secLlon
remaln consLanL over a glven lengLh of Lhe channel
uepLh of flow ls noL changlng along Lhe lengLh and ls known as
normal depLh (y
n
)
Pead loss due Lo frlcLlon ls balanced by Lhe channel elevaLlon
drop
LCL ls parallel Lo Lhe llquld surface and v2/2g above Lhe surface
nonunlform or varled flow depLh of flow changes along Lhe
lengLh of Lhe open channel
varled unsLeady flow boLh depLh and dlscharge are changlng
9arameters of open channe|
LonglLudlnal proflle parameLers
Pydraullc gradlenL (AP/L) AP Lop free waLer surface level
dlfference L ls dlsLance beLween Lhe Lwo flow cross secLlons
consldered
8oLLom slope (AZ/L) AZ boLLom level dlfference wlLh
reference Lo a daLum
lor unlform waLer flow wlLh consLanL waLer depLh AP/L AZ/L
llow cross secLlon parameLers
8oLLom wldLh (b) slope coefflclenL (m) and depLh of flow (h)
llow cross secLlonal area
llow weLLed perlmeLer
Pydraullc radlus
eyno|ds number
8eynolds number for open channel flow ls
Cpen channel flow ls classlfled as lamlnar LranslLlonal and
LurbulenL on Lhe basls of Lhe n8 or 8e
lamlnar lf 8
e
ls 300
LurbulenL lf 8e ls 2000
CLherwlse LranslLlonal
v
p J R J R
R
h h
e
= =
. .
8
h
ls hydraullc radlus (cross secLlonal
area Lo weLLed perlmeLer of flow)
ulfferenL from hydraullc dlameLer 'u
h
'
and relaLed Lo lL by 48
h
u
h
roude Number (N

%
A dlmenslonless number (raLlo of lnerLlal force Lo gravlLaLlonal force)
and glven by
ClasslflcaLlon of open channel on Lhe basls of nl as crlLlcal subcrlLlcal
and supercrlLlcal
??c for nl1 and flow ls crlLlcal flow
??c for nl1 and flow ls subcrlLlcal flow
??c for nl1 and flow ls supercrlLlcal flow
r|t|ca| |ow
CharacLerlzed by unsLable surface and a serles of sLandlng waves (dlfflculL
Lo measure Lhe depLh of flow)
Cccurrs ln case of broad cresLed welr (and oLher welrs) channel ConLrols
(rapld changes ln crosssecLlon) over falls and when Lhe channel slope
change from mlld Lo sLeep
CrlLlcal flow condlLlons are used for flow measuremenLs
gy
J
N
F
=
'y' ls hydraullc depLh and deflned as A/1
'A' ls cross secLlonal area and '1' ls Lop wldLh of Lhe channel
nergy equat|on for open channe| f|ow
L S S
g
J
y
g
J
y
as S and S of terms in written be can equation energy
L
h
S
as written be can slope frictional similarly
L S Z Z
L
Z Z
S
as slope bed of terms in written be can head elevation in change
g
J
R
L
f
g
J
D
L
f h
here
h
g
J
y Z
g
J
y Z
f
f
L
f
h h
L
L
0
2
2
2
2
1
1
0
0 2 1
2 1
0
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
1
1 1
2 2
8 2
2 2
=
=
=

=
= =
=
Z
1
and Z
2
are elevaLlon heads
?
1
and y
2
are depLhs of flow
v
1
and v
2
are average flow veloclLles
u
h
ls hydraullc dlameLer
8
h
ls hydraullc radlus
S
0
bed slope
S
f
ls frlcLlon slope
nergy equat|on for un|form f|ow |n
open channe|s
llow depLh remalns consLanL (known as normal depLh y
n
)
llow depLh ls consLanL as long as slope cross secLlonal area and
surface roughness remaln unchanged
veloclLy ls unlform average flow veloclLy (v0)
lor unlform flow Lhe head ls equal Lo Lhe elevaLlon drop
Pere 'f' can be deLermlned from Moody dlagram or from
Colebrook equaLlon

f
g
C where R S C J
as written be can flow uniform for velocity flow this from
g
J
R
L
f
g
J
D
L
f L S L S S h
h
h h
f L
8
8 2
0 0
2 2
0 0
= =
= = = =
hezy formu|a
Appllcable Lo sLeady unlform flow and sLaLed as
Chezy coefflclenL ls compuLed from Mannlngs formula as
lor clrcular condulLs flowlng full lChezy coefflclenL can be
obLalned from uarcyWelsbach formula as
S R C J . . =
S ls slope of waLer surface/energy gradlenL/channel
boLLom (for sLeady unlform flow Lhe 3 llnes are parallel)
C ls Chezy coefflclenL
8 ls hydraullc radlus
6
1
1
R
n
C =
'n' ls Mannlngs 'n'
f
g
C
. 8
=
'g' ls acceleraLlon due Lo gravlLy
'f' ls frlcLlon facLor (read from Moody dlagram)
8 for clrcular condulLs flowlng full ls u/4
,ann|ngs formu|a
Appllcable Lo boLh plpe flow and open channel flow for unlform
sLeady flow (buL usually applled Lo open channel flow)
2
1
3
2
1
S R
n
J =
v veloclLy (m/sec)
8 hydraullc radlus (m)
S slope of Lhe energy grade llne
n Mannlng's roughness coefflclenL
2
1
3
2
S R
n
A
Q =
2
3
2
.

'
+

'

=
R
n J
S
8
3
2
1
. . 4
3
5

'
+

'

=
S
n Q
D
x
2
3
2
1
.
4

'
+

'

=
S
J n
D
lor clrcular plpes when flowlng full 8 wlll be u/4
lrom Lhls condlLlon u of Lhe plpe can be obLalned
as from Lhe Mannlngs formula as
'n' value ls
0022300273 for arLlflclal channel ln good condlLlon
002730033 for arLlflclal channel ln poor condlLlon
003013 for a naLural rlvers
Ia|ues of ,ann|ng
Lined Canals n
Cement plaster 0.011
Untreated gunite 0.016
Wood, planed 0.012
Wood, unplaned 0.013
Concrete, trowled 0.012
Concrete, wood Iorms, unIinished 0.015
Rubble in cement 0.020
Asphalt, smooth 0.013
Asphalt, rough 0.016
Natural Channels
Gravel beds, straight 0.025
Gravel beds plus large boulders 0.040
Earth, straight, with some grass 0.026
Earth, winding, no vegetation 0.030
Earth , winding with vegetation 0.050

'n is funclion of suifaco ioughnoss, channoI iiioguIaiily, slago... 'n is funclion of suifaco ioughnoss, channoI iiioguIaiily, slago...
6 / 1
038 . 0 d n = / is no/iun sizo of lo/ naloiiaI in n / is no/iun sizo of lo/ naloiiaI in n
omputat|on of roughness coeff|c|ent (how 19S9%
ChanneI Conditions VaIues
MateriaI InvoIved

Earth n0

0.025

Rock Cut

0.025


Fine GraveI

0.024


Coarse GraveI

0.027

Degree of irreguIarity

Smooth

n1

0.000


Minor

0.005


Moderate

0.010


Severe

0.020

Variations of ChanneI Cross
Section

GraduaI

n2

0.000


AIternating OccasionaIIy

0.005


AIternating FrequentIy

0.010-0.015

ReIative Effect of Obstructions

NegIigibIe

n3

0.000


Minor

0.010-0.015


AppreciabIe

0.020-0.030


Severe

0.040-0.060

Vegetation

Low

n4

0.005-0.010


Medium

0.010-0.025


High

0.025-0.050


Very High

0.050-0.100

Degree of Meandering

Minor

m5

1.000


AppreciabIe

1.150


Severe

1.300


n (n
0
+ n
1
+ n
2
+ n
3
+ n
4
) m
3
,ann|ngs equat|on
Mannlngs equaLlon for flow can also be wrlLLen as
LefL hand slde Lerm ls based on channel geomeLry
1erms oLher Lhan Lhe 'S' (slope) ln Mannlngs equaLlon are
relaLed Lo channel cross secLlon and lLs feaLures
MosL efflclenL flow cross secLlon
ueflnlLlon of conveyance 'k'
value of k ls maxlmum when weLLed perlmeLer for a glven flow cross
secLlon ls mlnlmum
Palf full ls Lhe mosL efflclenL for clrcular cross secLlon
2
1
3
2
.
S
Q n
AR =
2
1
3
2
S Q or R
n
A
= =
auck|er,ann|ng quat|on for c|rcu|ar sewers
A ls cross secLlonal area of flow
8 ls hydraullc radlus
n ls roughness coefflclenL
'S' ls sewer slope or gradlenL
'C' ls sewage flow raLe (m
3
/sec)
u ls dlameLer of Lhe sewer
'd' ls depLh of sewage flow
is angle in radians
2
1
3
2
. .
1
. S R A
n
A J Q = =
2
1
3
2
2
) (
1
S D D
n
Q
r a
=
2
D A
a
=
D R
r
=

'
+

'

=

D
d
2 1 cos 2
1
7
8
3
2
1
4
1
8
3
8
3

'
+

'

=

S
Q
n D
r a
2
3
8
3
2

'
+

'

=
D
nQ
S
r a

2 2
.
8
1
D Sin D A
a
7 7 = =
D
Sin
D R
r
. 1
4
1

'
+

'

= =
7
7
@ract|ve @ens|on 'r' (boundary shear stress%
Shear force acLs ln Lhe dlrecLlon opposlLe Lo Lhe flow
CravlLaLlonal force acLs verLlcally down and has a componenL ln Lhe
dlrecLlon of flow
lor sLeady unlform flow shear force ls equal Lo gravlLaLlonal force
componenL oLherwlse veloclLy can noL consLanL
: ls LracLlve Lenslon or boundary shear sLress exerLed
by Lhe flowlng fluld
8 ls hydraullc radlus and is inclination angle oI sewer
L WP force Shear . . : =
W ls weLLed perlmeLer
L ls lengLh of plpe
: unlLs are n/m
2
or ascals a
) sin( . . . . 7 p L A g component force nal Gravitatio =
p ls denslLy of sewage
A ls cross secLlonal area of flow
is angle with the horizontal
) sin( . . . ) sin( . . . 7 p 7 p : R g
WP
A
g = =
@ract|ve @ens|on (boundary shear stress% for
c|rcu|ar p|pes
p ls denslLy of flowlng llquld
'g' ls acceleraLlon due gravlLy
u ls dlameLer of Lhe clrcular plpe
ls plpe lncllnaLlon angle (for very small
sln Lan and Lan ls Lhe plpe slope (S))
S D g Sin R g
R
. . . . p p : = =
S g
D
R
1

'
+

'

=
p
:
2
1
3
2
2
) (
1
S D D
n
q
R a
=
6
13
3
8
2
1

'
+

'

= S
g

n
q
R a
p
:
13
6
13
16
13
6
2
1

'
+

'

'
+

'

= q
g

n
S
R a
p
:
S g
D R
R
. . p
:
= =
|ow ve|oc|ty |n open channe|s
veloclLy lf ls ln Lhe scour veloclLy range boLh bed and slopes of Lhe
channel scour can be calculaLed by
Scourlng depends on Lhe Lype of bed and slopes of Lhe channel
03 m/sec ls nonscour veloclLy for flne sand beds
19 m/sec ls nonscour veloclLy for rough gravel and boulders
Llnlng of Lhe bed and slopes can lncrease nonscour veloclLy llmlLs
Llnlng wlLh concreLe lncreases Lhe nonscour veloclLy Lo 2023 m/sec

2 / 1
1 8

'
+

'

=
f
gd s k
J
H
'k' depends on the material being scoured
(0.04 for unigranular particles and 0.06 for
sticky interlocked matter)
's' is specific gravity of the particles and 'd' is
particle diameter
f is Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (influenced
by surface roughness and reynolds number,
etc. typical values 0.02-0.03
hanne|s w|th compound sect|ons
Channel shape changlng wlLh Lhe depLh of flow
Mannlngs 'n' can be dlfferenL for dlfferenL secLlons
veloclLy can be dlfferenL for dlfferenL secLlons
1oLal dlscharge ls obLalned Lhrough summlng up Lhe dlscharge
Lhrough dlfferenL secLlons
i
n
i
i
i
i
i
i
A J Q
S
P
A
n
J

=
=

'
+

'

=
1
2
1
3
2
1
est or most econom|c hydrau||c cross
sect|on for open channe| f|ow
8esL or mosL economlc hydraullc cross secLlon for open channels
occur aL Lhe mlnlmal weLLed perlmeLer (or aL Lhe maxlmum
hydraullc radlus) for a speclflc flow cross secLlon
lor recLangular channels
width depth has
channel gular rec for tion cross flow economic most and Best
gives :ero to derivative the equating
y
y b
y
A
dy
dp
y to respect with derivative taking
y
y
A
p
y b p perimeter wetted
b y A tion cross flow
2
1
tan sec
2
.
2
2
2
. sec
2 2
=
= =
=
=
=
est or most econom|c hydrau||c cross
sect|on for open channe| f|ow
lor
7 . . 2 R P =

'
+

'

=

D
y
2 1 cos 2
1
7
R y =
is angle in radians
nergy of a f|ow cross sect|on
Lnergy of flow for open channel flow aL any polnL can be glven as
Slnce flowlng aL aLmospherlc pressure pressure Lerm ls noL parL of Lhe
equaLlon
Also known as speclflc energy equaLlon
Lnergy of flow can also be measured wlLh respecL Lo a daLum
oLher Lhan Lhe boLLom of Lhe channel as
Also known as LoLal energy
Speclflc energy can also be expressed ln Lerms of C
g
J
Y E
2
2
=
'?' ls depLh of flow from Lhe boLLom Lo Lhe polnL
'v' ls veloclLy of flow
g
J
Y Z E
2
2
=
'Z' ls helghL of channel boLLom from Lhe daLum
2
2
2gA
Q
Y E =
C ls flow raLe
A ls cross secLlonal area of flow
pec|f|c energy d|agram
cr|t|ca| subcr|t|ca| and supercr|t|ca| f|ow
Appllcable for a glven cross secLlon and dlscharge
loL of speclflc energy as funcLlon of depLh
Speclflc energy equaLlon lncludes a sLaLlc energy Lerm and a klneLlc
energy Lerm
lor Lhe same dlscharge aL a cross secLlon
sLaLlc energy llnearly lncreases wlLh lncreaslng depLh
klneLlc energy hyperbollcally decreases wlLh lncreaslng depLh
Speclflc energy ls closer Lo Lhe klneLlc energy aL smaller depLhs
decreases wlLh lncreaslng depLh and afLer reachlng a mlnlmum value
lncreases wlLh lncreaslng depLh
Closer Lo Lhe sLaLlc energy aL larger depLhs
k s
E E
g
J
Y E = =
2
2
Ls ls sLaLlc energy
Lk ls klneLlc energy
pec|f|c energy d|agram and cr|t|ca| depth
pec|f|c energy d|agram
cr|t|ca| subcr|t|ca| and supercr|t|ca| f|ow
uepLh aL whlch speclflc energy ls Lhe mlnlmum ls crlLlcal depLh
lor flow depLhs lesser Lhan Lhe crlLlcal depLh Lhe flow ls supercrlLlcal
flow and for hlgher depLhs Lhe flow ls subcrlLlcal
lor every speclflc energy (oLher Lhan Lhe mlnlmum speclflc energy)
Lhere are Lwo depLhs (one ln subcrlLlcal reglon and Lhe oLher ln
supercrlLlcal reglon)
WlLh lncreaslng dlscharge Lhe speclflc energy curve shlfLs Lo Lhe rlghL
and upwards
1aklng derlvaLlve of Lhe speclflc energy equaLlon and equaLlng Lo zero
glves Lhe crlLlcal energy condlLlon
near Lhe crlLlcal polnL a small change ln speclflc energy can cause large
dlfference beLween alLernaLe depLhs and vlolenL flucLuaLlons ln
flow levels hence flow near crlLlcal depLh ls avolded

c c
c
c
Y E
g
q
Y
Y g
q
channel the of width unit a For
BY g
B Q
so and BY A channel gular rec For
gA
B Q
dY
g
J
Y d
dY
dE
g
J
Y E
2
3
1
.
1
tan
1 0
2
2
. min
3
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
=

'
+

'

=
=
=
=
= =

'
+

'

=
=
8 ls boLLom wldLh of channel
?c ls crlLlcal depLh
'q' ls flow per unlL wldLh of channel
Lmln ls mlnlmum speclflc energy
|ow |n ound ondu|ts
7 7 7 cos sin
2
= r A
7 sin 2r T =
7 . . 2 r P =

'
+

'

=

D
y
2 1 cos 2
1
7
7
y
T

i
7 7 cos . . sin . r r =
is angle in radians
radua||y var|ed f|ow
(I% and ap|d|y
var|ed f|ow (I%
2
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
2
F
f
F f
f
b
f
L
b
b
f
N
S S
dx
dy
N
gy
J
here
dx
dy
y
J
g
J
dx
dy
S S
dx
dy
y
J
dx
dJ
this from
dx
dJ
yb
dx
dy
bJ
gives y and J to respect with ation Differenti
C ybJ
equation continuity to According
dx
dJ
g
J
dx
dy
S S
S
dx
dZ
S
dx
dh
dx
dH
dx
dJ
g
J
dx
dy
dx
dZ
dx
dH
g
J
y Z H
S S

=
=

'
+

'

=
=
=
=

'
+

'

=
= = =

'
+

'

=
=
=
oth depth and velocity oI Ilow
varies very slowly over relatively
larger distance but the Iree water
surIace remains stable
ap|d|y var|ed f|ow and hydrau||c [ump
8apldly varled flow (8vl)
Large changes ln flow depLh over shorL dlsLances
CharacLerlzed by slgnlflcanL 3u and LranslenL effecLs
Can be seen aL slulce gaLes welrs waLer falls ln places of abrupL
flow cross secLlon changes eLc
CuLflow from slulce gaLes can be a free ouLflow and supercrlLlcal flow
or lL can a drowned ouLflow (wlLh hydraullc [ump) and subcrlLlcal
downsLream flow
llow over sufflclenLly hlgh obsLrucLlon ln open channels can be crlLlcal
upsLream flow of sharpcresLed vnoLch welrs ls subcrlLlcal lL becomes
crlLlcal as lL approaches Lhe welrs and lL ls dlscharged as a
supercrlLlcal flow
Pydraullc [ump
ulscharge of llquld from a hlgh veloclLy zone lnLo a low veloclLy
zone resulLs ln
abrupL llquld level rlse
Slowlng down of rapldly flowlng llquld and plllng upon Lhe Lop of lLself
(hydraullc [ump)
lrreverslble loss of some of Lhe klneLlc energy Lhrough Lurbulence as
heaL
ydrau||c [ump
Cccurs aL flow LranslLlon from supercrlLlcal flow Lo subcrlLlcal flow
(8vl wlLh depLh changlng from crlLlcal depLh Lo crlLlcal depLh)
Accompanled wlLh vlolenL Lurbulence eddylng alr enLralnmenL
energy dlsslpaLlon and surface undulaLlons
Cccur only when Lhe lroude's number (n
l
) ls greaLer Lhan 10 Lhe
[ump becomes more LurbulenL and more energy ls dlsslpaLed wlLh
Lhe lncreaslng lnlLlal n
l
AL Lhe polnL where flow reaches crlLlcal flow gravlLy waves of waLer
fall Lo move upsLream and bulld up Lo resulL ln Lhe sudden lncrease
of waLer level (hydraullc [ump)
1wo Lypes sLaLlonary hydraullc [ump and Lldal bore (a cascade of
movlng hydraullc [umps)
lmporLanL characLerlsLlcs of Lhe hydraullc [ump are
uepLh of flow before and afLer Lhe hydraullc [ump
Lnergy dlsslpaLlon (Lurbulence level eddy formaLlon and alr
enLralnmenL levels) ln Lhe hydraullc [ump
ydrau||c [ump
'h
0
' 'h
1
' are flow depLhs before and afLer Lhe [ump
'v
0
' ls flow veloclLy before Lhe [ump
'lr' ls Lhe lroude number
'g' ls acceleraLlon due Lo gravlLy
Depth rat|o of hydrau||c [ump
Where
nergy dess|pat|on (unct|on of N or r% and
ract|on of nergy Loss (L%
draulic 1ump Characteristics
Froude Number of
upstream flow
Ratio of

Characteristics of jump
Energ
dissipated
^ 1.0 1.0 No jump (Ilow must be supercritical) none
1.01.7 1.02.0 Standing or undulating wave 5
1.72.5 2.03.1 Weak jump (series oI small rollers) 5 15
2.54.5 3.15.9 Oscillating jump 15 45
4.59.0 5.912.0 Stable clearly deIined well-balanced jump 45 70
~ 9.0 ~ 12.0 Clearly deIined, turbulent, strong jump 70 85
ln sLandlng waves a serles of small rollers develops
When lroude's number ls 1723 flow ls ln Lhe pre[ump condlLlon waLer
surface ls smooLh veloclLy ls reasonably unlform and energy loss ls low
CsclllaLlng [ump occurs when nl ls 2343 produces a large wave of
lrregular perlod LhaL can Lravel downsLream for mlles and damage Lhe
basln banks avolded ln Lhe deslgn of sLllllng baslns
8alanced [ump occurs when nl ls 4390 besL for effecLlve dlsslpaLlon of
energy (energy losses are 4370)
Cccur when nl ls 90 1he [ump ls effecLlve buL rough and Lnergy losses
are 7083
Cpen hanne| |ow D|scharge
,easurements
ulscharge
Welr
broad cresLed
sharp cresLed
Lrlangular
venLurl llume
Splllways
Slulce gaLes
veloclLyArealnLegraLlon
2
5
2
tan . 2
15
8
H g c Q
d
7
=
3/ 2
2
2
3
d
Q C b gH
1
2
d g
Q C by gy
SharpCresLed Welr
1rlangular Welr
8roadCresLed Welr
Slulce CaLe
2
3
3
2
H g b c Q
d
=