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DC LIU CHA ACID HU C

Tn ging vin: Phan Vn Chinh: Ging vin chnh. Tin s, Bc s Th y. Khoa Chn Nui Th y. Trng i Hc Nng Lm i Hc Hu Mc tiu ca chng: Sau khi hc chng Dc liu cha acid hu c, sinh vin phi bit c: nh ngha, phn loi, vai tr acid hu c, acid hu c tc dng khng khun thc vt bc cao, s dng cho ngi v ng vt trong cuc sng hng ngy v trong nn kinh t Quc dn. S tit: 5 tit Hnh: 5 Bng: 1 Tm tt ni dung chng: 1. Cch phn loi cc acid hu c. 2. Cc Phng php chit tch cc acid hu c. 3. Cng dng ca cc acid hu. 4. Cc dc liu cha acid hu c a vo bi ging . Cu hi n tp chng: 1. nh ngha acid hu c? 2. Phn loi acid hu c? 3. Cng dung ca acid hu c? 4. S phn b ca cc dc liu nu ra trong chng? 5. Cng dng v liu dngg ca tng dc liu? Ti liu sinh vin cn tham kho: 1.GS TS. Tt Li 1992 - "Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam" NXBKHKT. 2. Vin sinh thi ti nguyn sinh vt 1986-1995. Tuyn tp cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc. 3. Vin dc liu 1972-1986, 1987-2000. Cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc. 4. Tp ch dc liu hc 5. Phm Hong . Cy c Vit Nam. 6. V Vn Ch 1997. T in cy thuc, NXB Y Hc. 7. Dc in Vit Nam I, II, III. Gii thch thut ng: Dc liu ny c tc dng khng khun thc vt bc cao. Hin nay nhiu ni trng lm gia v, thuc, xut khu ra nc ngoi.

DC LIU CHA ACID HU C

1. NH NGHA Acid hu c l nhng cht c nhm chc carboxyl c cng thc chung: O R-C OH Mt s nguyn liu thc vt c hm lng acid kh cao nn c v tr chua r rt nh qa m, chanh, me... Acid hu c rt ph bin trong thc vt n ni cc nh ha hc trc y coi ac l thnh phn tt yu ca thc vt v khng cng nhn trong cy c cht kim. Acid hu c c th tn ti di dng t do, dng mui v c hoc ester. Tn cc acid hu c thng da vo tn cy (tn khoa hc) c pht hin thy acid ln u tin. V d acid oxalic c trong cy chua me - Oxalis sp., acid citric trong cy chanh - Citrus medica L., acid cinnamic

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trong qu - Cinnamomum spp, acid benzoic trong cy cnh kim trng - Styrax benzoic Dryand... 2. PHN LOI Ta c th phn loi acid hu c cn c vo s chc acid trong phn t, ri trong mi loi li chia thnh acid mch h, acid mch vng, acid thm. trong dc liu. Sau khi trung ha c th c ta mui bari ca acid oxalic hoc acid phosphoric nu trong nguyn liu c cc acid ny. Mun tch cc acid i v tricarboxylic th t dch nc ta em bc hi bt nc ri thm cn c cn 60o, mui bari ca cc acid di v tricarboxylic s kt ta, lc ta, ha tan li trong nc v cho qua ct cationit ta s thu c dng acid. 3. VAI TR CA ACID HU C TRONG CY Cc acid ceton, acid tricarboxylic ng vai tr quan trng trong chuyn ha ca cy. Ngi ta pht hin rng acid shikimic l cht trung gian trong qu trnh sinh tng hp cc cht c nhn thm trong cy. Ngi ta cn nhn thy cc acid lm tng p sut thm thu ca cc t bo. Nng cao cc acid hu c trong nhng cy mm lm gim s bc hi v gip cy tng kh nng chu hn. Cc acid phenol c tc dng chng nm v ng vai tr chng cc k sinh ca cy. Trong qu xanh nng acid rt cao, cng chn t l acid trong qu cng gim. 4. CNG DNG CC ACID HU C Cc qu c acid nh nho, chanh, cam, m mn... C tc dng thng tiu v nhun trng. Chng ta bit rng tht qu me - Tamarindus cng c tc dng nhun. Acid benzoic l thuc st khun nh v long m. Benzyl cinnamat c tc dng an thn. Acid salycylic l cht st khun, h st v gim au. Acid gallic l cht sn da. Acid cafeic v chlorogenic lm li mt. Acid -kainic, cucurbitin c tc dng tr sn. Acid hydrocarpic v chaulmoogric c tc dng cha bnh hi. CAC DC LIU CHA ACID HU C CHANH Citrus medica L. subsp. Limon Lour. H cam - Rutaceae.

Hnh 4.1. Chang (Citrus medica L. subsp). Cy chanh c ni k chng tinh du. y ch ni n thnh phn acid ca qu chanh. Dch qu p ra, sau khi loi ht, chim khong 30% khi lng ca qu. Dch ny cha khong 2% cc ng, 6-8% acid citric km theo mt t acid malic, ngoi ra cn c khong 60mg acid ascorbic trong 100g, cc flavonoid v cc vitamin nhm B. Ngoi chanh l i din chi Citris, cc loi khc trong thnh phn dch qu cng c cha acid citric km theo acid malic. Hm lng acid gim dn khi qu chn. BNG Gossypium spp., H bng - Malvaceae.

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Hnh 4.2. Bng (Gossypium spp) Cy bng c trnh by trong chng dc liu cha cellulose. y ch nhc li v thnh phn acid ca l bng. Trong l bng kh hm lng acid citric c th n 7%, c nhng cn trnh nghin cu chit xut acid citric t l bng, mt nguyn liu di do sau khi thu hoch bng si. Bn cnh acid citric cn c acid malic khong 4% v mt s acid khc vi hm lng thp nh: acid lactic, pyruvic, formic, ascorbic. THUC L Cc loi Nicotiana ch yu N. tabacum L, c nhiu th khc nhau, h C - Solanaceae.

Hnh 4.3 Thuc l:9 (Nicotiana, N. tabacum L), Trong l ngoi cc thnh phn khc cn cha mt lng kh nhiu acid hu c (15 - 20%) ch yu l acid malic km theo acid citric, cc acid phenol: acid cafeic v chlorogenic, acid quinic v mt acid c bit - acid nicotinic (= -pyridin carboxylic). ME Tamarindus indica L, h vang - Caesalpiniaceae.

Hnh 4.4. Cy me, Qu me (Tamarindus indica L) Cy me l cy g ln c trng hai bn ng m s thnh ph ly bng mt (ng nhm vi cy l me - Acacia concinna D.C, l c v chua lm nc rau n). Tht qu me sau khi loi ht l mt v thuc c tc dng nhun trng nh do thnh phn c nhiu acid hu c. Tht qu cha cc acid sau: acid tartric 9,6%, malic 2,34%, succinic 0,16%, citric 0,4%,

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oxalic 0,02%, lactic 0,007%, acid cha no 0,75%. Thnh phn ht me c cha nhiu glucosan v xylosan c th dng h vi hoc dng trong k ngh giy, thc phm. SN TRA V thuc sn tra l qu kh ca mt s cy thuc phn h To - Maloideae nh: - Sn tra Crataegus pinnatifida Bye. - D sn tra - Crataegus cuneata Sieb. et Zucc. Hai cy ny c Trung Quc, nc ta cha thy. Trung Quc ngi ta cn dng mt s loi khc thuc chi Crataegus. nc ta th ch bin sn tra t hai loi thuc chi Docynia cng cng phn h.

Hnh 4.5 Sn tr, Qu sn tr (Crataegus pinnatifida Bye). Cng dng Y hc dn tc c truyn coi v sn tra l thuc kch thch tiu ha, cha y bng. Trong ty y, dng cm hoa lm thuc b tim, lm mnh tim, lm chm co bp tim. Ngoi ra cn thy c tc dng lm gim huyt p, chng co tht, lm gin n ng mch vnh.

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CHNG 5

DC LIU CHA NHNG CHT KHNG KHUN THC VT BC CAO

Tn ging vin: Phan Vn Chinh: Ging vin chnh. Tin s, Bc s Th y. Khoa Chn Nui Th y. Trng i Hc Nng Lm i Hc Hu Mc tiu ca chng: Sau khi hc chng Dc liu cha nhng cht khng khun thc vt bc cao, sinh vin phi bit c: Khi c sinh vin cn ch y: chun b mu trc khi th tc dng khng khun, cc phng php th khng khun, ch phng php khuch tn v phng php pha long. Cc nhm hot cht cha trong dc liu c tc dng khng khun thc vt bc cao, s dng cho ngi v ng vt trong cuc sng hng ngy v trong nn kinh t Quc dn. S tit: 2 tit Hnh: 3 Bng: 1 Tm tt ni dung chng: 1. Cc cht st khun nh Iod, Cresol, Nalri hypochlorid.... 2. Cc cht st khun gm cc Sunlfonamid, cc cht khng sinh. 3. Cc cht khng k sinh trng st ret. 4. Cc cht khng ly amib v cc n bo khc. 5. Cc cht khng nm mc. Cu hi n tp chng: 1. Thnh phn tc dng khng khun? 2. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc dc liu c trong chng? 3. ng dng ca cc dc liu ? Ti liu sinh vin cn tham kho 1. GS TS. Tt Li 1992 - "Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam" NXBKHKT. 2. Vin sinh thi ti nguyn sinh vt 1986-1995. Tuyn tp cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc. 3. Vin dc liu 1972-1986, 1987-2000. Cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc. 4. Tp ch dc liu hc. 5. Phm Hong . Cy c Vit Nam 6. V Vn Ch 1997. T in cy thuc NXBY Hc Gii thch thut ng: Khi nim "Khng sinh'' c nh bc hc Louis Pasteur nu ra ln u tin.

DC LIU CHA NHNG CHT KHNG KHUN THC VT BC CAO

CC DC LIU CHA NHNG DN CHT LACTON THCH LONG NHU - Ranunculus sceleratus L, h mao lng - Ranunculaceae. Thch long nhu l mt loi c mc hoang sng mt nm. Cy cao 15 - 50cm, thn mm, mt ngoi thn c kha dc. L gc cy ch thnh 3 - 5 thy, l pha trn x thnh di nh, cnh hoa mu vng nht. Qu ng, t hp thnh mt qu kp. Cy thng mc b rung, b ao v ma xun. 1. Thnh phn tc dng khng khun Protoanemonin. Mun chit protoanemonin, dc liu em ct ko bng hi nc, phn

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Hnh 5.1.Thch Long Nhu (Ranunculus sceleratus L) nc ct em lc vi chloroform li em ct di p sut gim. Mun tinh ch th lp li quy trnh trn. Protoanemonin l mt cht lng mi kh chu, kch ng da. Protoanemonin chng b dimer ha thnh anemonin. Cht ny kt tinh c, c chy 158oC v khng ct ko c vi hi nc. Anemonin km tc dng nhiu ln so vi protoanemonin. Protoanemonin cng khng c trong t nhin m sinh ra do enzym thy phn ranunculin, Ranunculin l mt glucosid. 2. Tc dng khng khun Protoanemonin c th trn 36 loi vi khun, tt c u b c ch nng 1:6000 1:350.000. Cc loi vi khun th thuc cc chi: Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Diplococcus, Mycobacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Vibrio, 9 loi nm c th thy b c ch nng 1:50.000 - 1:300.000. Anemonin c tc dng khng khun yu hn nhiu so vi protoanemonin. Tuy nhin Staphylococcus aureus v Shigella dysenteriae b c ch nng 1:12.500 v Trypanosoma equiperdum khng mc c nng 1:50.000. Ngoi thch long nhu, ranunculin cn gp trong nhiu cy thuc h mao lng. Trong y hc dn tc c truyn, thch long nhu dng cha t thp. Lin X c c nghin cu ch phm di dng tim tnh mch dng trong Th y cha cc trng hp vt thng c m v lu ln so. Ti Allium sativum L., h hnh - Alliaceae.

Hnh 5.2.Ti (Allium sativum L) Ti c ngun gc t Trung , hin nay c trng khp th gii lm gia v. Ti cng l 1 dc liu c bit dng t lu, hin nay trong y hc hin i ang khai thc s dng. 1. Thnh phn ha hc C ti kh cn cha 50 - 60% nc, 2% cht v c. Lng glucid kh nhiu: 10 - 15% ng kh v saccharose, ch yu l polysaccharid loi fructosan (cha n 75% tnh theo kh). Trong ti cn c 1 lng nh cc vitamin (Acid, B1, B2, B3 v C). 2. Cng dng t lu i, ti ngoi cng dng lm gia v cn l dc liu cha cc bnh t, dch hch, giun sn v lm thuc thng tiu. Ti cn c coi l 1 v thuc trng sinh ca mt s dn tc vng Ty Tng. Ngy nay ti c dng ch yu lm thuc chng x m ng mch, lm h cholesterol v lipid mu, thuc chng nhim trng ng h hp v ng rut, tr, i tho ng. Ngi ta dng nc ti tht tr l amid, l trc trng v tr giun. Ch bng

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cch gi ti, ngm 2 gi vi nc si ngui, t l 5-10%, lc. Nu tr l, mi ngy tht 1 ln, thi gian iu tr 5 - 7 ngy. Nc ti cn dng cha vim mi, vim m o. Dng dng trong: a) Cn ti, ch theo dc in Vit Nam b) Vin nang cha alliin Ngi ta tng hp c nhng cht tng t c gc R khc nhau v nhiu cht thy c tc dng. Di y l mt s cht. Nng tc dng khng khun ca cc cht RSOSR (milimol trong 10 lt) R Vi khun b khng Me Et nPr iPr nBu nAm Allyl Salmonella typhi 1,5 1,5 3 6 6 1,3 1 Shigella dysenteriae 1,5 0,6 2 6 4,5 0,3 Staph aureus 3 1,5 2 3 0,5 0,1 0,6 3. Thnh phn c tc dng khng khun Cht curcumin, thc ra y l mt hn hp gm: Doferuloylmethan hay l curcumin chnh danh (Curcumin I) (60%). Curcumin II hay monodesmethoxy - Curcumin (24%). Curcumin III hay didesmethoxy - Curcumin (14%). 4. ng dng Ti dng trong c tc dng cha vim d dy, rut, dng ngoi cha mn nht. Cng nh cynarin, cc cht curcumin c 2 nhm cinnamoyl trong phn t nn cng c tc dng li mt. O LN HT (IU) - Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae).

Hnh 5.3. o ln ht (Anacardium occidentale L) 1. Thnh phn c tc dng khng khun Acid anacardic. Natri anacardat c ch Streptococcus pyogenes nng 1:200.000 Bacillus anthracis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae v Staph, haemolyticus aurers 1:20.000. 2. Hypericum uliginosum Hypericum uliginosum H.B.K. thuc h c ban - Hypericaceae. Cy ny c nhn dn Mehico s dng t lu cha tiu chy. Thnh phn c tc dng khng khun kh mnh ln cc vi khun gram dng l Uliginosin A v B. Cng thc hai cht trn c xc lp nm 1968 v sau tng hp c. Phn t c cu trc phloroglucinol v acid filicinic tng t nh aspidin, flavaspidin hoc rotlerin.

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