cufco

J nfah 0g[m&rsm;
av#mfa=u;ay;jcif; (vlawGqkH;_H;r_twGufaiGokd@r[kwfypPnf;jzifhtpm;jyefay;onf)//

Compensation:

a&umwmukd zsufqD;jcif; okd@r[kwf a&umwmtokH;yaer_ukd &yffwef@jcif;/ 4if;onfa&umwm

wnfaqmufjcif; a&umwm*dwfESifha&umwmukd z,f&Sm;ypfjcif; ponfwkd@tusKH;0ifonf//

Decommission:
Displacement:

tkd;tdrfrJhjcif; (vlawG.tkd;tdrf ajr,mrSz,f&Sm;cH&jcif;)

Downstream:

jrpfatmufykdif;a'o (a&umwmatmufykdif;wGif wnf&Sdaoma'orsm;)

Fieldsurveys:

uGif;qif;avhvmr_ (vlawGeJ@pum;ajymjcif; udk,fawG@oGm;a&muf=unhf_jcif;jzifh tcsuftvuf

pkaqmif;jcif;)

a&umwm.qd;k usK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm;enf;yg;oGm;atmifvyk af qmifjcif;/ 4if;onfw&d p>mefab;rJah wmvkyf

aqmifjcif;/ a&umwmatmufykdif;a&v$wfjcif;/ a&umwma=umifhxdckdufepfemolrsm;ukd av#mfa=u;ay;jcif;ESifhb0
opfxlaxmifay;jcif;ponfwkd@tusKH;0ifonf//

Mitigation:

Non-governmental organization(NGO):

tpkd;&r[kwfaomvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;?

qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfolukd zdtm;ay;&efESifh vlxktm&kH pkdufvmatmif t=urf;rzuf

+idrf;csrf;onfhenf;jzifhvkyfaqmifjcif;?
Non-violent direct action:

Public development bank: tjynfjynfqi

dk &f mzG@H z;a&;b%f/ urBmb
h %f /tjynfjynfqidk &f mtar&duefz@HG zd;a&;b%f

ponfw@dk onfz@GH z;a&;twGut

f pk;d &ESiu
hf rk %
` rD sm;ukd aiGacs;iSm;ay;onf? tjynfjynfqidk &f mzG@H z;a&;b%fudk tpk;d &u
xdef;csKyfonf//

Re-operation:

jrpfa&ukd obm0wkdif; ykdrkdpD;qif;&eftwGufjyefvnfjzpfaponf//

Reparations:

a&umwma=umifhxdckdufepfemqkH;&SH;olrsm;twGuf aiGESifhypPnf;rsm;jyefay;onf//

Reservoir: a&umwma=umifh jzpfay:vmaom a&avSmifuef//

Resettlement:

a&umwmab;rS uif;v$wfonfhae&mokd@ vlawGukd ajymif;a&$@jcif;?

a&csKjd zpfonfh acsmif; ajrmif; jrpf ESihf a&uefrsm;wGif aexkid o

f nfh c&ktrsK;d rsK;d ESix
hf pd yfra_ =umifh
jzpfay:vmaoma&m*g?

Schistosomiasis:
Sediment:

tenftepf ( jrpfa&ESiyhf gvmaomoJ ausmufcJ ESit

hf npfta=u;)/ EH;_ ajr?

jrpf t ay:yk d i f ; a'o? 4if ; onf a&umwma=umif h jzpf a y:vmaom a&avS m if u ef E S i f h q nf t ay:
ykdif;&Sd{&d,mrsm; tusKH;0ifonf//

Upstream:

tjynfjynfqkdif&m a&umwmaumfr&Sif// 4if;onf vGwfvyfaom tjynfjynf

qkid &f m aumfr&Sijf zpf+yD; tem*gwaf &umwmwnfaqmufa&;twGuf avhvmr_rsm; tjcm;jzpfEidk o
f nfh enf;rsm;uk&d mS azG
jcif;ESihf t}uHycsurf sm;yvkyo
f nf? 4if;.aemufq;Hk tpD&ifcpH mukd ouU&mZf2000 ckepf wGix
f w
k af 0+yD;tpD&ifcpH mESiyhf wf
oufaom tcsut
f vufrsm;;ukd www.dams.org wGi&f &SEd idk o
f nf?
World Commission on Dams:

tcef;

ta=umif;t&m

pmrsuef m

a&umwmqkdonfbmvJ?

tcef; 1? qnf.tajccHtcsuftvufrsm; -------------------------------------------1

a&umwmqkdonfbmvJ -------------------------------------------------------2
a&umwm.vkyfief;aqmifwmubmvJ -------------------------------------------- 3
rnfoltusKd;&Sdoenf; rnfoltusKd;,kwfoenf; -------------------------------------- 4
a&umwmukd rnfokd@aqmufvkyfrnfenf; ------------------------------------------- 5
a&umwmaqmufvkyf&eftwGuf rnfolu aiGxkwfay;oenf; ---------------------------- 6

tcef; 2? a&umwm.tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; --------------------------------------- 7

Z,m;uGuf/a&umwm.tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; --------------------------------------8
ae&mrJholrsm;.tajctae ---------------------------------------------------- 10
a&umwmatmufykdif;&Sdvloef;aygif;rsm;.xdckdufr_rsm; --------------------------------- 12

tcef; 3? tjynfjynfqkdif&ma&umwmqef@usifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ---------------------------14

a&umwmv_yf&Sm;olrsm;.atmifjrifr_rsm; ------------------------------------------ 15
atmifjrifr_okd@aomfa&umwmonfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd+cdrf;ajcmufqJ --------------------------16

tcef; 4? a&umwmrnfokd@qef@usifrnfenf; ---------------------------------------- 17

oif.vSKyf&mS ;r_udk tpDtpOfqyJG g/ ------------------------------------------------- 18

a&umwmqef@usifa&;twGufta&;}uD;onfhAsL[mrsm;/ ---------------------------------20
a&umwmwnfaqmufonfhtqifhwkdif;wGifoifbmvkyfEdkifoenf; ---------------------------24

tcef; 5? a&umwmtjyif tjcm;pDtpOfrsm; ---------------------------------------29

pGrf;tiftwGuftjcm;tpDtpOfrsm; -----------------------------------------------29
a&twGuftjcm;tpDtpOfrsm; --------------------------------------------------32
a&}uD;r_udkpDrHcef@cGJ&ef twGuf tjcm;tpDtpOfrsm; ------------------------------------34

ed*kH; -------------------------------------------------------------------------36
a'oqkdif&mtquftoG,frsm; ---------------------------------------------------37

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tjynfjynfqkdif&mjrpfrsm;uGef,ufu Tv_yf&Sm;r_vrf;!$efpmtkyfukd ypk+yD;a&umwm. +cdrf;ajcmufr_cHae&aom
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tjynfjynfqkdif&mjrpfrsm;uGef,uf
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6

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8

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9

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10

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11

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12

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13

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14

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15

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16

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17

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onf? 'Dta=umif;ukdpOf; pm;Ekdifzdk@ atmuf
az: jyyg ar;cGef;tcsKd@ukdazmfjyxm;onf?

vd k & if ; &nf
rS e f ; csuf u d k a qG ;
aEG ; =upd k

oifbmukd atmifjrifcsifovJ?
} a&umwmukd &yfoGm;apcsifovm;?
} av#mfa=u;rsm;rsm;vkdcsifovm;?
} oif h v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; uk d xd c k d u f r nf h a&
umwmES i f h y wf o uf + yD ; qk H ; jzwf o nf h
udpPrSm oifyg0ifcsifovm;?
}

oif.yef;wkid t
f a=umif;ukd oif.twdik ;f t0kid ;f ESihf taotcsm aqG;aEG;yg? oif.yef;wko
fd nf awmif;qkd csuf ok@d r[kwf
v_y&f mS ;r_tjzpfo@dk ajymif;vJomG ;ayvdrrhf nf? Oyrm -Oug0mS efa&umwm &yfyg Oug0mS efudk vl@tzG@J tpnf; twGuf
ykdrkdav#mfa=u;ay;yg//

3? rnfolur[mrdwfjzpf+yD; rnfolu&efoljzpfoenf;?

r[mrdww
f nfaqmufa&;onf ta&;}uD;onfv
h y_ &f mS ;enf;r_AsL[mwckjzpfonf? uk,
d v
hf y_ &f mS ;r_urdk nfou
l ulnED idk rf nf
ud k p Of p m;yg?oif . atmif j rif r _ o nf o if . twd k i f ; t0k d i f ; &S d v l r sm; omref j ynf o l v l x k r sm;ES i f h t jcm;tzG J @ rsm;.
axmufcHray:wGif rlwnfaeayonf?
ukd,fhukdqef@usifr!hfolukdpOf;pm;yg? ukd,fhukdqef@usifrnfhol.tm;enf;csuf/tm;omcsufrsm;ukd&Smyg? olwkd@oifukd
bmawGqef@usifvmEdkifrvJqkdwmpOfpm;yg? ukd,fhukdqef@usifrnfholrsm;onf ukd,fhtwdkif;t0dkif;r[kwfonfholrsm;/
tpkd;& t&m&Sdrsm;/ a&umwmwnfaqmufrnfholrsm;ESifh a&umwmtwGufaiGa=u;xkwfay;r!fholrsm;yg0ifonf?

18

4? ukd,f.t"duypfrSwfu rnfoljzpfoenf;?

ukd,fvkdcsifwmudk ay;Edkifonfhvlukd pOf;pm;yg? a&umwmukdrnfolutqkH;tjzwfay;aeovJ? tpkd;&jzpfEdkifovkd

a&umwmwnfaqmufo!fh ukr%
` v
D nf;jzpfEidk w
f ,f? 'grrS [kwzf HG z;a&;b%fvdk aiGa=u;tzG@J tpnf;vnf;jzpfEikd yf gw,f?
'g[mypf r S w f v k d @ ac:w,f ? =oZmvG r f ; rk d ; zd k @ tvG , f u l q k H ; ypf r S w f u b,f t &mvJ ? wu,f v k d @ ud k , f h t pk d ; &uk d
=oZmv$rf;rkd;zdk@rvG,fulbl;qkdvkd&Sd&ifaqmufvkyfwJh aiGa=u;tzGJ@tpnf;awGuykdrdkvG,fulayvdrfhrnf?

5? oifyh pfrw
S .
f pdwu
f akd jymif;oGm;atmifrnfonfh
enf;AsL[mrsm;oHk;rnfenf;?
oifypfrw
S af y;xm;onfv
h l pdwaf jymif;+y;D oif.vSKy&f mS ;
r_vdkajzmif;jzrnfenf;? tpD&ifcHpmxkwfv#if olwdk@pdwf

ajymif;rnfavm? ygvrD efrmS v_y&f mS ;&if ykx

d ad &mufrnfavm?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh atmifjrifq;Hk aomv_y&f mS ;r_onf v_yf mS ;
r_rsm;aygif;+yD;yvkyfaom vkyf&Sm;r_jzpfonf? v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
twGuf tcsdefZ,m;owfrSwfyg? v_yf&Sm;r_wkdif;rSmb,fol
wm0ef&o
dS vJqw
dk mvlwidk ;f em;vnfatmif taotcsm&Si;f
jyyg? 'g[mv_yf&Sm; r_&J@enf;AsL[m jzpfw,f//

6? oif.v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf bm&HykHaiGvkdtyfovJ?

pnf;&kH;jcif;/ csDwufqENjyjcif;/ uGefAsLwmESifhtifwmeuf&,ljcif;/ w,fvDzkef;ESifh ykHESdyfjcif; ponfhvSKyf&Sm;r_wkdif;ukd

taxmufuly&eft&if;tjrpfvkdtyfonf? tzGJ@tpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf olwkd@tzGJ@0ifrsm;.tvaiGay:wGif&yf
wnfvm=uonf? azmifaw;&Sif;/ tvSL&SiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh ukd,fhEdkfifiHrS tjcm;olrsm;onfaiGvolrsm; jzpfonf?
tu,fIaiG&mS zd@k vt
dk yfvm&ifu,
dk Ehf ikd if &H dS t}uD;pm; NGOs xH usKd ;pm;qufo,
G yf g? aiG&mS zd@k enf;vrf;rsm;udk olw@dk
ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf//

igwdk@&Jvkyfief;
tpDtpOfawGukd &yfuGuf
xJuvlawGudk ajymjybk@d
tpnf;a0;wck
yvkyfr,f?

tpnf;ta0;
udpPukd a=umfjimzdk@
u|efawmf ykdpfpwm
pkdufxlr,f

u|efawmfwkd@ukd
axmufcHrcH odEkdifzdk@
a'oE W&owif;pmawGehJ
qufoG,f=unfhr,f

uk,
d &f @J vyk if ef;tpDtpOfudk tm;vk;H em;vnfEikd af tmif a'ocHtzG@J pnf;rsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;yg?
19

 a&umwmqef @ usif o nf h

ta&;}uD;o!fhenf;AsL[mrsm;?

tcsKd @ enf ; AsL[mrsm;onf a&umwmwnf a qmuf o nf h tqif h w k d i f ; wG i f x d a &muf o nf ? atmuf a z: jyyg

vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf oif.v_yf&Sm;r_wGif tokH;yEdkif
ygonf?
v$wfa

wmf

pnf ; &k H ; ygvH _ @ aqmf y g?

uk,
d v
hf y_ &f mS ;r_ta=umif;ukd vlawGaxmufcv
H matmif
vl x k u k d p nf ; &k H ; v_ H a qmf y g? uk d , f h & J @ atmif j rif r _ [ m
vl a wG u k d r nf r #pk p nf ; Ed k i f o !f h t ay:rS m rl w nf a e
ayonf? tpdk;&ESifha&umwmwnf aqmufolawGu
uk d , f t zG J @ 0if t csif ; csif ; jy\em jzpf a tmif z ef ; wD ;
avh&o
dS nf? uk,
d t
hf zG0J iftwGi;f uk,
d t
hf odik ;f t0kid ;f ukd
nD!Gwfatmif wnfaqmufxm;EkdifvSsif a&umwm
aqmufvkyfolawGu oifwkd@udkuGJatmifrvkyfEkdifyg?

a&umwm
tvdkr&Sd?

wdk@b0udk
rzsufpD;eJ@/

vl a wG u k d pk p nf ; onf h e nf ; wenf ; u tzG J @ pnf ; xl

axmif j cif ; jzpf o nf ? tjcm;tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;ES i f h tquf t oG , f v k y f + yD ; uG e f , uf v k y f E d k i f o nf ? tpnf ; ta0;
vk y f a qmif j cif ; onf v_ y f & S m ;r_ v k y f a qmif & ef t wG u f vk y f i ef ; tpD t pOf a&;qG J j cif ; jzpf o nf ? tjcm; NGOs /
okawoejyKol/ a&S@ae/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh rdwfzGJ@&efvkdonf?
ukd,f.vSKyf&Sm;r_ta=umif;ukd vlrsm;ykdrkdod&SdEdlifzdk@twGuf csDwufqENjyjcif;/ oydwfarSmufjcif;/ 0kdif;0ef;ydwfqkd@jcif;
ponfw@dk ukd yvky&f ayvdrrhf nf? tu,fI a&umwmaqmufvyk o
f nfh tzG@J tpnf;wk@d u a&umwmESiyhf wfoufjyD;
qk;H jzwfcsucf sonft
h csed rf mS 'DvKS yf&mS ;r_onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh atmifjrifwmukd awG@&ayvdrrfh nf? &yfuu
G x
f rJ mS vlxk
tpnf;a0;usif;yyg//

owif;tcsuftvufjzef@a0yg

a&umwmESi4hf if;.tusK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm;

ukdvlxktm&kHpkdufvm&eftwGuf vuf
urf;pmapmif/ ykdpfpwm/ tpD&ifcHpmp
onfrsm;ukd yvkyyf g/ 4if;ypPn;f rsm;ukad &
umwmab;'%fcHae&o!fhvlrsm;/ om
refjynforl sm;/ vltcGit
hf a&; v_y&f mS ;ol
rsm;/ obm0ywf0ef;usiftcGifhta&;
v_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh tpkd;& t&m&Sdrsm;ukd
jzef@a0ay;oifhonf? 'Denf;[m ukd,f&J@
awmif;qkdcsufukdazmfxkwfzdk@taumif;
qkH;enf;vrf;jzpfonf//

a&umwm[m/
zGH@jzdK;a&; vm; ?
zsufpD;a&;vm;
vm=u!fhyg?

20

owif;rD'D,mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyg?
ukd,fay;csifo!fh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
ukd a&'D,kd/ owif;pmESifhwDAGDudktokH;y+yD;
jzef@jzL;yg? 'g[mukd,hf&J@awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd
em;axmifzdk@ tpkd;&ukdzdtm;ay;zdk@ tult
nDay; ygvrd rhf nf? owif;orm;rsm; ESiahf wG@
qHk+yD; 'Dta=umif;ESifh qifwlonfhtwdwfu
jzpfcJhonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh ukd,ft
a=umif;ukd ajymjyyg? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJy
vkyyf g? uk,
d v
hf y_ &f mS ;onfh ae&mok@d owif;
orm;rsm;uk d z d w f y g? uk d , f . v_ y f & S m ;r_ t
a=umif;ukd owif;orm;qD rSerf eS t
f a=umif;
=um;yg/ uk,
d .
f owif;b,fvjdk zef@jzL;rnfudk
tjcm; NGOs/ tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;awGqD
tultnD awmif;yg?

tpk;d &ESihf aiGa=u;axmufyo

hH nfh tzG@J
tpnf;ukd pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfr_jyKvkyfyg?

uk d , f & J @ pk d ; &d r f r _ a wG u k d t pk d ; &ES i f h aiG a =u;

axmufyHhonfhtzGJ@ tpnf;ukdajymjyyg? a'
oE W & tpk d ; &t&m&S d r sm;/ ygvD r mef t zG J @
0ifrsm;/ uGefu&uftzGJ@0ifrsm;ukd em;0if
atmif & S i f ; jyyg? uk d , f t pk d ; &ES i f h a iG a =u;
axmufyo
hH nft
h zG@J tpnf;ukd ypfrw
S x
f m; +yD;
vufrSwfxkd;vSKyf&Sm;r_rsm; yvkyfyg/ tu,fI a&umwmonf yk*~vdu okd@r[kwf tjynfjynfqkdif&mb%fuae
aiGa}u;&&Scd @J v#if 4if;tzG@J tpnf; rsm;ukd ypfrw
S x
f m; zk@d twGuf tjynfjynfqidk &f m NGOs rsm;ESihf vufwJG tvkyv
f yk yf g?

Oya'a=umif;t& w&m;pGJyg?

a&umwmukd &yfwef@atmifvyk o
f nfjzpfap/ av#maf =u;yk&d &Sad tmifvyk o
f nfjzpfap wcgw&H Oya' a=umif;t& w&m;
pGEJ idk o
f nf? a&umwmaqmufvyk o
f rl sm; rnfonfah e&mrSm Oya'csK;d azmufwmukd Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f +yD;&Smyg?
Oya'ynm&SiftzGJ@}uD; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf tca=u;aiGr,lbJ apwemESifh vkyfay;Edkifonf?

tjcm;jzpfEikd af jc&So
d nft
h pDtpOfudk tqdk yyg?

tjcm;jzpfEkdifajc&SdonfhtpDtpOfukd tqdkyEkdifzdk@twGuf twwfodynm&Sifrsm;ukd tultnDawmif;yg/ (tcef; 5

wG i f quf v uf a zmf j yxm;ygonf ? )

21

a&umwmukd &yfwef@&eftwGuf b&mZD;vfEkdifiHom;rsm; pnf;&Hk;vkyfaqmifjcif;?

a&onf
/f
tou&f iS af &;twGu
f?
o w f j zw f & ef r [ k w

yDvm;
a&umwm
xGufoGm;?
a&umwm
tvdkr&Sd?

yDvm; a&umwm
xGufoGm;?

1990 ckepfwiG f b&mZD;vfEidk if H rDewf*s&D mpf (Minas Gerais) jynfe,f&dS yD&mrf*g (Piranga) jrpfwiG f }oZm&So
d nfh
EkdifiHjcm;ukr`%Dwcku a&umwmwck wnfaqmufvkdonf? 4if;a&umwmonf v,f,mrdom;pk (133) pk
ajymif; a&$@cH&+yD;ig;zrf;vkyfief;ysufpD;oGm;onf? a&vrf;a}umif; ajymif;vJoGm;ojzifh a&umwmatmufykdif;&Sd
axmifaygif;rsm;pGGm&Sdaeaom vlrsm;udkxdckdufEkdfifonf//
a'ocHrsm; NGOs rsm;/ wuUov
dk o
f ak woer;rsm;/ bmoma&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm; r[mrdwzf @JG +yD; a&umwmukd
qef@usi=f uonf? a&umwma=umifh olw.
dk b0ukd rnfo@dk tusK;d oufa&mufEidk o
f nfudk pkaygi;f tajz&Sm=uonf?
dS nf? olw@dk awG@&cdS surf sm;ukd
olw@dk onf ukr%
` .
D avhvmcsuaf wGukd avhvm+yD; jy\emtrsm;tjym;ukd awG@&o
a&umwma=umifh obm0ywf0ef;usifxdckdufrnfukd pkd;&drfaeonfh tpkd;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;okd@r#a0onf?
rsm;ESihf okawoejyKpkorl sm;u a&umwmESiyhf wfouf+yD; olw@dk avhvmawG@&cdS surf sm;ukd vlxek m;vnf
atmif&iS ;f jyonf? a&umwmaqmufvyk o
f w
l @dk .w&m;0ifawG@&cdS suEf iS hf olw@dk .uk,
d w
f ikd t
f jrifrsm;ESihf E_id ;f ,SOzf @kd
twGuf v,form;rsm;tm; tultnDay;onf?
NGOs

'Dta=umif;ukd em;vnfzdk@ vlxktpnf;ta0;ukd taotcsmpDrHusif;yonf? tpnf;ta0;wGif yD&mrf*g

( Piranga) jrpfwiG f cav;oli,frsm; uAsm&Gwq
f jdk cif;/ a'ocHrsm;u ukr%
` x
D u
G o
f mG ; qkid ;f onfh qkid ;f bkwrf sm;
axmifjcif;/ a'ocHacgi;f aqmifrsm;u olw@dk .pk;d &drcf surf sm;ukd azmfxw
k jf cif;rsm;yvkyo
f nf? a'ocHrsm;.zdtm;
rsm;/ obm0ywf0ef;usif v_y&f mS ;olavhvm awG@&cdS surf sm; .a0zefcsurf sm;/ tpk;d &t&m&Srd sm;. pk;d &drcf surf sm;
onf a&umwmvkyfief; &yfwef@&ef ukr`%Drsm;udkzdtm;ay;onfh tcsufrsm; jzpfonf//
aemif E S p f t enf ; ti,f w G i f uk r ` % D w ck u a&umwmtopf w nf a qmuf v k d o jzif h vl x k u a&umwm
wk d i f ; xG m onf h ae&mrsm;rS m od r f ; ,l v d k u f j yD ; vuf r cH b l ; [k ajymonf ? (43) &uf = umonf h t cg
4if;wkd@.ynm&Sifrsm; Tae&mrS xGufcGmoGm;onf? a'ocHrsm;onf vkdtyfygu a&umwmudk qef@usifzdk@
jyifqif=uonf//

22

xkdif;&Gmom;rsm.okawoeycsufrsm;
vG e f c J h o !f h E S p f t enf ; i,f u xk d i f ; jref r me,f p yf & S d
oH v G i f j rpf wav#muf w G i f aexk d i f o nf h f v l r sm;u
tpk d ; &. a&umwmaqmuf v k y f a &;tpD t pOf u k d
qef @ usif wk d u f y G J 0 if = uonf ? a'ocH r sm;u
jrpfukdrnfokd@tokH; yaeonfukd od&SdEkdifzdk@uGif;qif;
avhvm&efqkH;jzwf=uonf?
aus;&G m 50 rS u&if w k d i f ; &if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;onf
ig;zrf;vkyfief;/ &kd;&mig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;/ aq;buf0if
opfyifrsm;/[if;oD;/[if&Gufrsm;ESifh tjcm;obm0
t&if;jrpfrsm; ESifhywfoufaom tcsufvufrsm;ukd
tcsd e f E S p f E S p f c G J = um pk a qmif ; cJ h = uonf ? NGOs
0efxrf;rsm;/ apwem0ef xrfrsm;u tcsut
f vufypk
a&;ESihf tpD&ifcpH ma&;om;enf;ukd tultnDay;onf?
ok@d aomf uGi;f qif;avhvmr_udk a'ocHrsm;u t"du vky=f uonf? jrpfwav#muf&dS ig;rsm;/ aq;buf0if tyifrsm;/
tjcm;tokH;0ifonfhtyifrsm;onf olwkd@rSDckdaeo!fhtpmjzpfonfukd &Gmom;rsm; od&Sdvmonf? jrpfonf
olwkd@b0twGuf &Gmom;rsm;u olwkd@.avhvmawG@&SdcsufawGukd oufaotjzpf tokH;yonf?
uk,
d b
hf mom b,fvdk okawoeyvkyrf vJ?
tqifh 1? Tvkyfief;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;o!fhvltm;vkH;ESifh tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfyg? a&umwm.'%fcH&onfh
&Gmrsm;rS vlrsm;rsm;yg0ifEkdifatmif zdwfac:yg? ukd,fhb0twGuf jrpftay:wGif b,fvkdrSDwnfae
w,fqkdwm ajymqkd+yD; bmokawoevkyfcsifwmukd qkH;jzwfyg?
tqifh 2 // okawoevky&f eftwGuf tzG@J rsm;zG@J yg? tzG@J wikd ;f wGif a'o u|r;f usio
f rl sm;yg0ifxnfo
h iG ;f oifo
h nf?
Oyrm-ig;ES i f h y wf o uf o nf h o k a woevk y f i ef ; wG i f y g0if & ef v k d t yf o vk d / [if ; oD ; [if ; &G u f
pkdufysKd;olrsm;uvnf; jrpfurf;wav#uf&Sd +cHrsm;ukd okawoevkyfoifhonf//
tqifh 3? okawoejyKvky&f efrnfonfeh nf;emrsm; tok;H yrnfudk qk;H jzwfyg? atmufwiG f t}uHOm%ftcsK@d ay;
xm;onf? ig;vkyfief;/ jrpfukd Zkeftvkdfuf ykdif;jcm;+yD; Zkefwkdfif;wGif okawoejyKzdk@tzGJ@zGJ@ay;yg/
ig;awGzrf;rdwkdif; ig;trsKd;pm;ukdpkaqmif;yg? ig;trsKd;pm;rsm;ukd a'otac:ta0:tvkduf pkaqmif;
Ekdifzdk@twGuf tpnf;ta0;vkyfyg? ig;awG.aexkdifusufpm;ykH/ig;t&G,ftpm;/ tav;csdef ponfh
ta=umif;ukd aqG;aEG;yg? tu,fIoifrh mS uifr&m&Sv
d #if zrf;rdonfh ig;trsK;d pm;wkid ;f ukd "gwyf &Hk u
dk yf g/
"gwyf u
Hk dk pmtkyw
f iG f uyfxm;jyD; 4if;ig;ESihf ywfoufonft
h csut
f vuf tm;vk;H ukd "gwyf aHk tmuf
wGif a&;xm;yg? jrpfurf;yg;&Sd O,Ofrsm;? jrpfukda'oZkeftvkdfuf ykdif;jcm;+yD; Zkefwkdfif;wGif&Sdonfh
+cHrsm;ukd wkid ;f xGmyg/ +cHurdk nfoyl idk /f bmawGpu
dk yf sK;d +yD; [if;oD[if;&Guaf wGudk rnfo@dk a&mif;cstoH;k
onf (okd@r[kwf) tpm;pmtwGuf (yHk) ponfwkd@ukd a&;rSwf&ygrnf? tu,fIa&mif;csygu
aiGrnfr#&onfudk a&;rSwyf g?
tqif h 4// awG @ &S d c suf r sm;uk d rS w f w rf ; wif y g? 4if ; uk d t ok H ; cs+yD ; 'D t a=umif ; tqk H ; jzwf a y;ol t ay:
rnfokd@rnfyHkv$rf;rkd; &rvJqkdwm qkH;jzwfyg//
23

a&umwmaqmufonfhtqifhwkdif;wGif oifbmvkyfEkdifoenf;?

a&umwmaqmuf o nf h t qif h 3 qif h p vk H ; rS m twd t us oif b mawG v k y f E k d i f o vJ q k d w m Ttcef ; wG i f

az: jyxm;ygonf/ t'Dtqifh 3 qifhrS a&umwmrwnfaqmufrSD jyifqifa&;umv/wnfaqmufqJumv ESifh
wnfaqmuf+yD; vnfywfa&;umvwkd@jzpfonf?

tcef; 1? jyifqifa&;umvonf

2 ESpfrS 20 ESpftxd okd@r[kwf 'Dtxufykd

=umEkdifonf?

'Dtqifrh mS bmawGjzpf vmEkid o

f enf;

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24

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25

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26

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27

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28

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(NGO)rsm;onf {&mra&umwm}uD ; rsm;tpm; jzpf E d k i f a jc&S d a om tjcm;tpm;xd k ; enf ; vrf ; rsm;ES i f h o uf
qdkifaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;=u+yD;jzpfygonf? ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomenf;vrf;rsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf
4if;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tokH;y+yD; olwdk@. tpdk;&rsm;udk zdtm;ay;cJh=uonf? olwdk@. }udK;pm;tm;xkwfr_onf
tE &W m,f rsm;+yD; rvdt
k yfaoma&umwmrsm;wnfaqmufru
_ kd wm;qD;&ef &yfwef@Eikd &f ef taxmuftulycJ=h uonf?
Ttcef;wGif u|efawmfwdk@onf a&umwmtpm; jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom tjcm;tpm;xdk;enf;vrf;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;+yD;
ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;rsm; &&Sd&eftwGuf tpdk;&r[kwfo!fhtzGJ@tpnf; (NGOs) ESifh vl@r_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;. vk y f a qmif a tmif j rif c J h a omv_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;ud k v nf ; tav;ay;azmf j yxm;onf ? oif & nf & G , f x m;aom
v_y&f mS ;r_EiS o
hf ifah v#maf omjzpfEikd af jc&So
d nft
h jcm;tpm;xd;k r_rsm;ESiq
hf ikd af om enf;vrf; (Idea) rsm; Ttcef;rS&&Sv
d rd hf
rnf [ k ar#mf v if h y gonf ? tb,f a =umif h q d k a omf a'owpf c k p D t vd k u f rwl n D a om vd k t yf c suf r sm;&S d y gonf ?
oifha'otwGuf taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;udk oifudk,fwdkif azmfxkwfa&G;cs,f &rSmjzpfonf?
u

pGr;f tif (Energy) twGuf

tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; tpd;k &onf pGr;f tifukd jynforl sm;tm;jznfph u

G af y;&ef
enf;vrf;tajrmuftrsm;&Sdonf? xdkenf;vrf;rsm;xJwGif pGrf;tiftokH;jyK
r_uakd v#mch sjcif;/ wnf&+dS yD;aom v#ypf pf"gwt
f m; ay;puf&/Hk v#ypf pf"gwt
f m;
jzef@jzL;ay;aom"gwf}udK;wef;ESifhpGrf;tift&if;tjrpftopfawGudkwnf
aqmufjcif; tygt0ifjzpfonf?

okH;pGJr_udkav#mhcs
r@wiG ;f Yaexdik =f uaom jynforl sm;/ vkyif ef;cGit
f wGi;f ESihf ukex
f w
k f puf&Hk
rsm;wGif pGr;f tifukd vkaH vmuf&Hk tok;H jyK&ef tm;ay;v_aH qmfjcif;jzifh tpd;k &
onf pGrf;tiftokH;jyKr_udk av#mhcsEdkifonf? Tenf;onf aiGtukef tus
enf;+yD; obm0ywf0ef;usiftwGuf a&umwmtopf/ v#yfppf"gwftm;
xkwfvkyf&kHtopf xyf+yD;wnfaqmufjcif;xuf ydkaumif;ygonf?
pGrf;tifac|wmaom enf;vrf;rsm;wGif jynfolrsm; v#yfppf"gwftm;tokH;
enf;aom rD;oD;rsm; ESifh pufrsm;iSm;&ef;tokH;jyKEdkif&ef ulnDaxmufyHhjcif;
tygt0ifjzpfonf? tpdk;&onfv#yfppftajrmuftrsm;okH;aompufudk
tokH;jyKaom ukr`%Drsm;ESifhjynfolrsm;udk tcGefaiGrsm; ydkrdkay;aqmifvkyf
aqmifEdkifonf?

rD;acsmif;awGurD;vH;k xuf"gwt
f m;
oufomonf?

tpd;k &u jynforl sm;ESiphf uf&rHk sm;wae@wmtwGi;f rwlnaD omtcsed w

f iG f v#ypf pfut
kd ok;H y&efvnf; wdu
k w
f eG ;f &onf?
odk@a=umifh v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;puf&kHESifh a&umwmrsm;pGmwnfaqmuf&jcif;enf;yg;oGm;ygrnf?

29

aqmuf v k y f + yD ; aom a&umwmrsm;ES i f h v#yf p pf " gwf j zef @ jzL;ay;aom "gwf } ud K ;wef ; yd k a umif ; rG e f a pjcif ; ?
v#yfppf}udK;wef;rsm;onf v#yfppf"gwftm; ay;puf&kHrsm;rS pGrf;
tifudk jynfolrsm;&Sd&m/ r@rsm;ESifh puf&kHrsm;qDodk@ o,faqmif
jzef@jzL;ay;onf? EdkifiHrsm;pGmwGif t&nftaoG;rjynfhrSDaom
v#yfppf"gwf}udK;wef;rsm;a=umifhv#yfppf pGrf;tiffawmfawmfrsm;
rsm;udzk efw;D jypfaeonf? v#ypf pf"gw}f udK;wef;rsm;udjk yefvnf y
jyifjcif;jzifh pGrf;tifrzef;wD;atmif tcgtm;av#mfpGmwm;
qD;Edkifonf?
wnf&dS +yD;aoma&umwmrsm;ESihf pGr;f tifxw
k pf uf&rHk sm;udv
k nf;
yd k r d k a umif ; rG e f a tmif jyKvk y f E d k i f o nf ? puf , E W & m;rsm;ud k
oef@pifjcif;/tnpfta=u;rsm;udkz,f&Sm;jcif;ESifhtjcm;enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmifyvkyfjcif;jzifh
v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;puf&kHrsm;onf v#yfppfpGrf;tifudkwdk;IxkwfvkyfEdkifygonf? TuJhodk@ yvkyfjcif;rsm;onfv#yfppf
xkwfpuf&kHtopf wnfaqmufjcif;xuftukeftusenf;I tcsdefwdkwdkESifhyvkyfEdkifonf?
yd k r d k a umif ; rG e f a om pG r f ; tif t&if ; tjrpf w nf a qmuf j cif ; ?
pGrf;tifxkwfvkyf&ef tcsKd@enf;vrf;rsm;onf {&mra&umwmrsm;xuf ywf0ef;usifESifhvl@todkif;t0dkif;udkxdcdkufr_
enf ; aponf ? Tjzpf E d k i f a jc&S d a omenf ; vrf ; rsmud k tok H ; jyK+yD ; pG r f ; tif r sm;ud k puf & k H } uD ; rsm;od k @ r[k w f
aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;qDodk@vnf; ay;aqmifEdkifygonf?
a&tm; v#yf p pf p G r f ; tif t ao;pm;
a&tm;v#yfppf tao;pm;a&umwmrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh rDwm
tenf;i,fomjrifo
h nf? 4if;wd@k uakd jr/ ausmufw;Hk od@k r[kwf opfom;ESihf
vnf; aqmufvkyfEdkifygonf? a&umwmi,frsm;onfa&odkavSmifuef
rsm;rvdkyg? odk@a=umifh 4if;wdk@onf jynfolrsm;udk tdk;rJhtdrfrJhrjzpfapyg?
jrpfa&pD;vnf; odomavmufatmif rajymif;vJomG ;yg?
tvGeaf o;i,faom ti,fpm;a&tm;v#ypf pfprD u
H ed ;f rsm;onf wpfcg wpf&H
a&umwmyif rvdkacs? 4if;wdk@onf jrpfrSa&wpfcsKd@udk *sife&dwfwm
(Generator) tm; vnfywfaponfh pGr;f tiftjzpf omajymif;vJ vdu
k o
f nf?

bdik t
f rkd ufpf pGr;f tif (Biomass Energy)

bdkiftdkrufpf pGrf;tif"gwf (BiomassEnergy) onftokH;rsm; aompGrf;

tif t&if;tjrpfwckjzpfonf? tyifrsm;ESifhwd&p>mefrsm;rSpGef@ypfypPnf;
tm;vkH;bdkiftdkrufpf (Biomass)wGifyg0ifonf? wd&p>mefESifh pdkufysKd;a&;
pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;ukd "gwfaiG@(Gas) xkwfvkyf&eftaqmuftOD;udk tyl
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f rkd ufpf (Biomass) udk us,u
f s,f
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f nf? }uHpu
kd yf sK;d a&mif;csonfEh ikd if rH sm;wGiukr`%rD sm;
onf}uH&dk;wHESifht&Gufrsm;udk rD;d_@+yD; v#yfppfpGrf;tifxkwfvkyfonf?
pyg;tcGH ESifh v$pmr_ef@rsm;udkvnf; xdkuJodk@tokH;jyKI&onf?

30

aepGr;f tif (Solar Power)

qdv
k myefe,fvf (Solar Panels) ae.pGr;f tifukd odak vSmif&ef qdv
k myefe,fvu
f kd
tdraf cgirf ;kd ay:wGif wyfqif+yD; a&udt
k ylay;&efEiS hf v#ypf pfprG ;f tifxw
k v
f yk &f ef
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udkydkIodkavSmifEdkif+yD; pGrf;tifydkxkwfEdkifonf?
avpGr;f tm; (Wind Power)
avpGrf;tm;onf {&mra&umwmrsm;xufobm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdcdkuf
r_tE &W m,fenf;yg;aponf? Oa&myEdik if rH sm; (Oyrm- *smreD ESiphf yde)f wGipf rG ;f
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k v
f w
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f nf? ,cktcsed w
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tdE,
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pGrf;tifxkwfvkyf&ef avwmbdkifrsm;udk wnfaqmufae=uonf?
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f marmvfprG ;f tif (Geothermal Power)
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f marmvfa&ylukd ajrrsuEf mS jyifo@kd ta&muf,al qmifEikd o
f nf? +yD;aemuf
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tok;H jyKonf? zdvpfyikd Ef iS t
hf aJ pvfApfa'g Edik if rH sm;onf 4if;wd@k v#ypf pfprG ;f tif.
25 &mcdkifE_ef;eD;yg;udk a*smfomarmvft&if; tjrpfrSxkwfvkyfonf?
,l * ef " gwG i f tpd k ; &r[k w f o !f h t zG J @ tpnf ; rsm;u yd k r d k a umif ; rG e f j cif ; ?
tjcm;pG r f ; tif x k w f e nf ; vrf ; rsm;ud k azmf x k w f o uf a ojyjcif ; ?
,l*ef"gtpdk;&ESifh urBmhb%fonf ,l*ef'gpGrf;tifvdktyfr_udk jznfh
pGuf&eftwGuf bwf*sm*vD a&umwmudk vdktyfonf[k ESpfrsm;pGm
ajymaecJh=uonf?odk@aomfvnf; ,l*ef'g&Sdntpdk;&r[kwfo!fhtzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;onfobm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdcdkufr_enf;+yD;jynfolawG
twGuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomtjcm;pGrf;tifxkwfenf;vrf; rsm;udk&Sm
azGcJh=uonf? xdka=umifh olwdk@onf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ okH;Edkifaom
tjcm;pGrf;tifxkwfenf;udk pwif&SmazG cJh=uonf?
{+yDv 2003 wGif ,l*ef'g&Sd tpdk;&r[kwfo!fhtzGJ@ wpfzGJ@jzpfaom National Association of Professional
f marmvftifem*sED iS yhf ufoufaom aqG;aEG;yG}J uD;wpfcu
k kd jyKvkycf +hJ yD; 4if;pGr;f
Environmentalists (NAPE)onf a*smo
tifxw
k ef nf;onf ,l*ef'gtwGuf taumif;qk;H jzpfonf[k pOf;pm;qkyu
f ikd =f uonf? urBmwpf0rS ;f a*smo
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aqG;aEG;yGJ+yD;qkH;+yD;aemuf ,l*ef'gpGrf;tif0ef}uD;Xmeonf tzGJ@wpfckzGJ@+yD;EdkifiHtwGuf tjcm;pGrf;tifxkwfenf;udk
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ydkrdkaumif;rGefwJh pGrf;tifxkwfenf;rsm;udk tckpOf;pm;ae=u+yDjzpfonf?
31

a&twG u f t jcm;a&G ; cs,f p &mrsm;

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vnf;Ta&rSyrm% tawmfrsm;rsm;onft&nftaoG;csKd@wJhaomqnfajrmif;rsm;ESifh a&jzef@jzL;jcif;pepfa=umifh
a&rsm;jzKef;wD;aeonf? +rdK@wGifaexdkifolrsm;vnf;r=umc% a&udktusKd;rJhzefwD;ae=uonf? tu,fIa&udkaumif;
aumif;rGefrGef pepfwuspDrHokH;rnfqdkv#ifa&vdktyfr_twGuf tvkHtavmuf&Sdrnfjzpfonf? atmufygrsm;onf
taxmuftuljzpfrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonf?
u

aomufo;Hk jcif;av#mch s
pD;yGm;jzpf }uD;rm;aom pdkufysKd;a&;onfa&csKdyrm%rsm;pGmudk tokH;jyK&+yD; yrm%rsm;pGmudkvnf; zefwD;ypfonf?
{&mrpdkufcif;rsm;twGuf a&oGif;v$wfajrmif;rsm;onf pdkufcif;wGif tyifrsm;vkdtyfonfxuf a&udkr=umc%
ydk@aqmifay;onf? ydkv#Ha&rsm;onfajrqDv$mudkysufpD;aponf? a&udkac|wm&ef tjcm;a&oGif; a&v$wfajrmif;
trsK;d tpm;udk tok;H jyKI&Edik o
f nf? a&tpufusa&oGi;f v$waf jrmif;(Drip Irrigation) onfa& udyk I
kd tusK;d &Sad tmif
tok;H jyKonf? tb,fah =umifq
h akd omf 4if;onf a&udt
k yif.tjrpftxdwu
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rdom;pkokH;rdk;a&cH,lpkaqmif;&mwGifokH;Edkifonf? pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf a&umwmi,frsm;/ wmwrHrsm;wnfaqmuf I
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k cf if;xJo@kd yd@k vw
$ Ef ikd o
f nf?

32

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bDbifrsm;u jrpfudkjzwf+yD;wnfaqmufcJhzl;onfh ajr/a&umwmi,fav;wpfckudkjyefvnfwnfaqmuf=uonf?
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r_&Sdygoenf;?

oifha'owGif rd&dk;zvmtokH;jyKaeaom rdk;a&odkavSmifenf;rsm;

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oifha'oa&&&Sdr_ wdk;jrifhvmEdkifrnfvm;?

tu,fIvlawGtrsm;}uD;u olw@kd u,
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Edik cf rhJ nfqv
kd #iaf &umwmwnfaqmufjcif;udk &yfwef@atmifvyk &f ef
taxmuftuljzpfaprSmvm;?

33

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36

Regional Contacts
International Rivers Network
1847 Berkeley Way
Berkeley CA 94703, USA
Phone: + 1 510 848 1155
Email: info@irn.org
Web: www.irn.org
a&umwm udk qef@usifaom a'ocHtzJG@tpnf;rsm;/
NGOs rsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;yg?
East and Southeast Asia
Rivers Watch East and Southeast Asia
Ms. Joan Carling, RWESA Coordinator
Cordillera Peoples Alliance
P.O. Box 975
2600 Baguio City, Philippines
Phone: +63 74 442 2115
Email: joan@cpaphils.org
Web: www.rwesa.org
ta&S@ESifhta&S@awmiftm&SrS jrpfa&acsmif;rsm;udk
ysufpDaprnfh pDrHudef;rsm;udk &yfwef@oGm;&ef qef@usif
v_yf&Sm;onfh a&umwmpDrHudef;a=umifh xdcdkufqHk;&Hk;
cH&aoma'ocHvlxkrsm;ESifh NGOs uGef,ufrsm;?
Ms. Pianporn Deetes
Living Rivers Siam
78 Moo 10, Suthep Road, Tambol Suthep
Muang Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Phone: +66 53 278 334
Email: pai@chmai2.loxinfo.co.th
Web: www.searin.org
a'ocHwdk@. obm0t&if;tjrpfwdk@udk ydkifqdkifcGifh
tcGifhta&; udkaxmufcHyg? ta&S@awmiftm&S
ukef;ajray:&Sd jrpfrsm;ESifh obm0jzpfwnfaer_
ysufpD;r!fhtE W&m,fudk qef@usifyg?
Friends of the Earth Japan
3-17-24-2F Majiro Toshima-ku
Tokyo 171-0031, Japan
Phone: +81 3 3951 1081

Email: finance@foejapan.org
Web: www.foejapan.org
*syef EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmifGufa&;b%f(JBIC) .
rl0g'ESihf pDru
H ed ;f wd@k ukd apmif=h u!fh pDppfyg?
South Asia
Mr. Himanshu Thakkar
South Asian Network on Dams, Rivers
and People (SANDRP)
86-D, AD block, Shalimar Bagh,
Delhi 110 088, India
Phone: +91 11 2748 4654
Email: ht.sandrp@gmail.com
Web: www.sandrp.in
tEdN,EdkifiH&Sda&umwmaqmufvkyfr_ tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk rSsa0zvS,fcsif;ESifh a&umwmudkqef@usifaom
tzGJ@rsm;udkqufoG,fEdkifygonf?
Mr. Gopal Siwakoti Chintan
Water and Energy Users FederationNepal
G.P.O Box 2125
60 New Plaza Marga
Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: +977 1 442 9741
Email: gopalchintan@gmail.com
Web: www.wafed-nepal.org
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a=umifh a'ocHvlxktay: qdk;usdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk
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Mr. Amjad Nazeer
Sungi Development Foundation
H.7A, Street 10, F8/3
Islamabad, Pakistan
Phone: +92 51 228 2481
Email: amjad.nazeer@sungi.org
37

Latin America
MABMovimento dos Atingidos por
Barragens
HIGS Quadra 705, Asa Sul, Bloco K,
Casa 11
Brasilia/DF, Brasil CEP: 70350-711
Phone: + 55 61 3242 8535
Email: mab@mabnacional.org.br
Web: www.mabnacional.org.br

Web: www.sungi.org
yguDpPwef EdkifiH&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk &SmazGoyfrSwfjcif;ESifh
zGH@jzdK;a&;pDrHudef;rSvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
tusdK;cHpm;&atmif ulnDpDpOfay;aomtzG@J?
Africa
African Rivers Network
C/- Mr. Frank Muramuzi
National Association of Professional
Environmentalists (NAPE), Uganda
P.O. Box 29909, Kampala, Uganda
Phone: + 256 77 492362
Email: nape@nape.or.ug
Web: www.nape.or.ug

Ms. Elba Stancich

Taller Ecologista
Casilla de Correo 441
CP 2000 Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
Phone: + 54 341 426 1475
E-mail: info@taller.org.ar
Web: www.taller.org.ar

Mr. Hope Ogbeide

Society for Water and Public Health
Protection (SWAPHEP), Nigeria
248 UseluLagos Road, Ugbouto, Benin
City, Nigeria
Phone: + 234 803 742 4999
Email: swaphep@yahoo.com

Mr. Gustavo Castro Soto

Edupaz
Periferico Pte.178B, Cda.Cuatro
Caminos
Col. San Martn; 29240
San Cristbal de Las Casas
Chiapas, Mxico
Phone: + 52 967 631 5474
E-mail: guscastro@laneta.apc.org

Ms. Liane Greeff

Environmental Monitoring Group,
South Africa
PO Box 13378
7705 Mowbray, South Africa
Phone: + 27 21 448 2881
Email: rivers@kingsley.co.za
Web: www.emg.org.za
Europe
European Rivers Network
8 rue Crozatier,
43000 Le Puy, France
Phone: + 33 471 02 08 14
Email: info@rivernet.org
Web: www.ern.org

38

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Tvrf;nGefpmtkyfukdf Aviva Imhof, Ann Kathrin Schneider ESifh Susanne Wong w@kdu a&;om;+yD; Susanne Wong
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Kevin Woods (xki
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- Design Action Collective

- Inkworks Press

jzef@a0 - International Rivers Network, 2006

1847 Berkeley Way, Berkeley CA 94703, USA
Tel: +1 510 848 1155, Fax: +1 510 848 1008, info@irn.org, www.irn.org
ISBN-10: 0-97188-584-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-97188-584-4