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31 - 7 - 2011
"In honour of
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (Mother of Democracy)
And I honour all political prisoners
Those who stand for political integrity in
Burma."
Than Win Hlaing
July 31st 2011
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k &f aH wmfwyfzJ@G avhusi&hf m jrif;pD;uGi;f
Y tdE,
Nd t&m&S=d uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;/ Edik if w
H umoHwrefrsm;. om;
orD;rsm;ESihf yef'pfael;.ajr; tif'&D m*END. om;jzpfol qefa*s;*ENw
D k@d EiS hf
atmifqef;pk=unf awG@qakH vh&ydS gonf? trSwf 24 tuUbmvrf; (No.24
Akbar Road) &SdaetdrfwGif pEN,m;qufoif&ygonf? xdk oHtrwf ae
tdrfonf =uD;rm;I tvGefcrf;em;wifhw,faom yef;O,smOfysK;d xm;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
21
onfh jcH0if;us,f=uD;twGif; wnf&Sdygonf? tqifjh rifhqkH;tdENd, t&m

&Sd=uD;rsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aomtdrfrsKd;jzpfjyD; tpdk;&u jAdwdo#
vufxufuuJo
h k@d vSyaumif;rGepf mG xde;f odr;f xm;ygonf? a':cif=unf
udk txl;av;pm;aomtm;jzifh xdkaetdrfudk ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf txl;ESpo
f ufrufarmaom 0goemw&yfrSm
pmzwfjcif;yifjzpfonf? olr. pmtkyfpmayjrwfE;dk r_udk tm;ay;cJhaom
0ef=uD;csKyfOD;Ek. (pD;yGm;a&;t=uHay;yk*~Kdvf OD;tkef; 1931-1981) udk
atmifqef;pk=unfu tpOfav;pm; cspfcifaus;Zl;wifa=umif; r=um
c%ajymjyavh&o
Sd nf? awmifilZmwdzmG ;OD;tkef;onf &efuek w
f uUov
dk f
wGif ynmqnf;yl;I wzufrS ynmoif&if; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm
wdkufwGif owif;axmuftjzpfvkyfudkifcJhaom owif;pmq&mwOD;
vnf;jzpfonf? olonf 1934 ckEpS w
f iG f 0dZm bG@J &&Sjd yD; Oya'0dZm bG@J
twGuf &efukefwuUodkvfwiG f qufvufynmqnf;yl;&if; wuUodkvf
or*~wiG f bma&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&Gucf ho
J jl zpfonf? 1936 wGif wuU
odkvo
f r*~oydwfwdkufyGJESifh=uKHcJhjyD;aemuf Oya'pmar;yGJudk rajzjzpfcJh
awmhay? wuUodkvo
f ydwt
f jyD;wGif ynmawmfoiftjzpf ta&G;cH&jyD;
t*Fvefjynf vd'fwuUodkvfwGif vlr_0efxrf;ynm&yf oif=um;cGifh&cJh
onf? xdk@aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@rjyefawmhyJ ynma&;bGJ@udk qufvuf
qnf;yl;onf? t*FvefjynfwGifaexdkifpOftwGif; jrefrmEdkifirH S vGwfvyf
a&;twGuf ta&;qd&k efvma&muf=uaom Adv
k fcsKyaf tmifqef; trSL;jyK
aom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@tm; tultnDrsm;pGmay;cJhonf?
1948 wGif jrefrmEdkiif Ho@kd jyefvnfa&muf&jdS yD; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
ESihf or0g,r0ef=u;D tjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1949 wGif jrefrmEdik if .
H
yxrqkH; jAdwdefEkid fiHqkid f&m jrefrmEdik fiHoHtrwf=uD;tjzpf wm0efay;jcif;
cH&onf? 1955 ckEpS w
f iG f qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpq
k kid &f m jrefrmEdik fiH txl;
tm%mukefvJ$tyfjcif;cH&aom oHtrwf=uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$wm0ef
xrf;cJholjzpfonf?
OD;tke;f onf pmay0goemxkHov
l nf;jzpf&m atmifqef;pk=unftm;
22
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d f
zwfoifhzwfxu
dk fonfh jrefrmESihf t*Fvyd fpmtkypf m&if;&Snf=uD;rsm; OD;pGm
ay;olrsm;teuf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? atmifqef;pk=unf. tody
nm tawG;tac:ydik f; zG@HjzdK;wdk;wufr_udk ydkIowdjyKrdjyD; pdwf0ifpm;cJh
olrmS wcsed u
f emrnf=uD;cJah om &efuek fwuUov
kd o
f r*~. td;k a0r*~Zif;
t,f'w
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k fcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
twl wuUodkvfausmif;aezwf OD;ndKjr (1914-1985) yif jzpfonf?
aemufydkif;wGif OD;ndKjronf pme,fZif;avmuwGif tvGefemrnf=uD;
cJah om pmtkyrf sm;pGmudk a&;om;cJhonfh pma&;q&mwOD;jzpfvmygonf?
olu wjcm;olrsm;xufyifydkjyD; atmifqef;pk=unfzwf&ef t*FvdyfESifh
jrefrmpmtkyaf ygi;f rsm;pGmudk vrf;n$efay;cJo
h nf? OD;ndKjrvufaqmifay;
cJhaom tvGeftzdk;wefonfh [m;Awf*E0ifpmtkyfwGJwpkHvkH; (Harvart
Classic) udk tvGefwefzdk;xm;jyD; r=umc%zwfcJha=umif;vnf; atmif
qef;pk=unfu ,ae@wdik f owdw&&Sad eygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;jzifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf pmayavmuwHcg;udk zGihv
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jzpfygonf?
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Nd Edik fiH tjcm;a'orsm;rS Ak'<bmom0iftcsKdtwGuf jyef
vnftouf0ifvmjyD; jzpfa om tmaomu0d[m&onf ESpfpOfus
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Xmef;bm0empD;jzef;&mXme jzpfvmygonf?
a':cif=unfonf jrefrm/ xdkif;/ uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiHom; Ak'<bmom
bkef;awmf=uD;rsm;tm; rSefrSefyifhzdwf qGrf;uyfw&m;emavh&d.
S ? atmif
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
23
qef;pk=unf.tpfudk atmifqef;OD;vnf; ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif;

t*FvefraS &mufvmaomtcg TudpPrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u
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tarESifhorD;udk jrefrmrsm; cspfcifav;pm;onfhtwdkif; a':cif=unf.
vkyfazmfudkifzufoHwrefrsm;ESihf yef'pfael;rStpcsDI tdE,
Nd tpd;k &tzGJ@
0iftaygi;f wd@k uvnf; cspcf if
av;pm;=uygonf? tdENd,
wGif &&Scd aJh om tawGt=uKH
rsm;onf atmifqef;pk=unf
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jzpfcJhygonf? ,ckwdkif olr
onf tdEd,
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H ay: xm;
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wd@k rmS cdik rf mvsu&f ydS gonf?
xdt
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avmh'fbGJ@ &) jzpfygonf? ,cif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif oHtrwftjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhpOfu olESihf ol.ZeD; yufx&D&mS (Patricia) wdk@onf a':cif
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qef;opf &Sifoefvmygonf? odk@ESifh atmifqef;pk=unf atmufpzdk@'f
wuUov
kd fo@kd ynmoif&efomG ;aomtcg aygvEf iS hf yufx&D&mS wd@k u rdb
ud,
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hJ ? atmifqef;pk=unfonf olw@kd .
rdom;pk0ifwOD;uJhok@d olw@kd om;ESpfa,mufEiS hf orD;ESpaf ,mufw@dk . nDr
&if;csmwOD;uJho@kd jzpfvmygonf? xdrk o
d m;pktrd fwiG yf if 4if;wd@k .rdwfaqG
rsm;tjyif 4if;wd@k zdw=f um;{nfch aH om Edik fiaH &;orm;rsm;ESihf tpd;k &t&m&Sd
rsm;udk atmifqef;pk=unf odu|rf;cGifh&cJhygonf? xdkyk*dK~ vfrsm;. toGif
tjyif/ trltusi/fh tajymtqdkEiS fh xl;jcm;aom "avhpdkufuav;rsm;
udk atmifqef;pk=unf pdw0f ifpm;pGm avhvmcJ.
h ? xdkyk*dK~ vfrsm;rSm ol
24
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d f
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[kwyf gavm?
aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;twGif; atmifqef;pk=unfonf rdcif
&Sd&m e,l;a'vDok@d jyefavh&.
Sd ? od@k aomf wESpfwiG f usr&Sd&m t,f*s;D &D;
,m;jrdK@ (Algiers) odk@vmaeygonf? usronf e,l;a'vD ukvor*~
jyef=um;a&;XmerS t,f*s&D ;D ,m;Edik if /H t,f*sm&D;,m; (Algeria) jrdKawmf
odk@ajymif;a&$um tvm;wlXmewckzGifh&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&ygonf?
t,f*sD;&D,m;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif csm;vf'Da*gvf (Charles de Gaulle)
tpdk;&ESifh atAD,efpmcsKyf (Treaty of Evian) udk vufrSwx
f k;d jyD; vGwfvyf
a&;&cJo
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kef;uefr_aemufydkif; wajz;ajz;emvefxlqJEdkifiHjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh
t,f*sD;&D;,m;jrdKwGif ae&mxdik fcif; tvGef&Sm;yg;aejcif;/ ysufpD;,d,
k Gif;
aeaom&yfuGurf sm; aygrsm;aejcif;/ tajctaeaumif;rGefaom[dw
k ,f
rsm; enf;yg;aejcif;ESihf 0efaqmifrv
_ yk fief;rsm; vGepf mG rS uef@owfxm;jcif;
wdk@rSm tHh=ozG,f&mr[kwfyg?
zGiv
hf pS pf oH;Hk rsm;/ ukvor*~;Hk rsm;ESihf 0ifa&mufvmqJ pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm;omru t,f*s;D &D;,ef;vlrsK;d rsm;uyg tdraf e&mrsm;ESihf vkyf
ief;cGifae&mrsm;&Edkif&ef oJoJrJrJ vkH;yrf;&SmazGae&ygonf? t,f*sD;&D;
,m;wGif tcsdef=umjrifhpGm tajccsaexdkifcJhaom jyifopfvlrsKd; ajrmuf
rsm;pGmrSm wdik ;f jynfrS xGucf mG oGm;=ujyD jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;vlopfrsm;
rSm 0ifvmrpJjzpfygonf? xdo
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ief;trsKd;rsK;d wd@k wiG f 0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef a&G;cs,af om jyifopf
trsKd;om;vli,frsm;/ ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;/ axmufyaHh &;pDrHudef; t
vkyform;rsm;ESifh tvnftywfoufoufvmolrsm; jzpf=uygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf a&muf&SdvmcsdefwGif [Gm&DblrD'D,ef (Houari
Boumedirre) u tmrufbifbJvm; (Ahmed Ben Bella) tm; pHerlemxm;
avmufatmif aoG;xGufo,
H kdr_uif;rJhaom tm%modr;f yGJjyKvkyfum
jzKwfcsjyD; &uftenf;i,ftwGif;jzpfygonf? zdwf=um;cH&aom {nfhcH
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
25
yGrJ sm;pGmodk@ oGm;&rnfxuf atmifqef;pk=unfu t,f*s;D &D;,ef;vlrsKd;

rsm;ESifh awG@qu
kH m 4if;wd@k widk ;f jynftwGi;f jzpfysuaf eor#uadk vhvm&ef
ydkrkI
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a&;kef;uefr.
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uGyfuaJ eaomtzG@J tpnf;wckESihf usrwdk@qufo,
G yf gonf? pDrHued ;f w
&yf. wm0ef cHjzpfol vli,fwOD;vma&mufI 4if;wd@k vkyfief;ta=umif;
&Si;f jyygonf? vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf w
GJ Gif usq;Hk cJhaom&Jabmfrsm;. use&f pf
olZeD;rsm;twGuf aetdrrf sm;aqmufvyk af e=u&m t,f*s;D &D;,ef;vlrsK;d
rsm;omru EdkifiHwumrS vli,frsm;yg 0ifa&mufulnD&ef zdwfac:=udK
qdka=umif; ajymjyygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfvnf; xdkaqmufvkyfa&;
pcef;wGif &ufowWywf tawmf=um oGm;a&mufaexdkifum vkyftm;
ay;cJhygonf? oGefoif=uD;=uyfolrSm k&Sm;vlrsK;d jzpfjyD; vkyfazmfukid fzuf
rsm;rSm t,f*s;D &D;,m;/ jyifopf/ vufAEGe/f e,fomvefEiS hf *smreDpaom
wdik f;jynfrsm;rS vli,frsm;jzpfygonf? tpm;taomufESifh ae&mxdkifcif;
ay;aomfvnf; vkycf ray;yg?
atmifqef;pk=unf. rdwaf qGrsm;onf olrtm; umAD;vD; (Kabyle)
awmifwef;rsm;odk@ vufxufr*FvmwyGJ wufa&muf=unfh &_ ef ac:oGm;
zl;onf? usrwd@k EpS Of ;D twlwl qm[m&oJuE mW &tpyf&dS jrdKav;wjrdK
wdkifatmifvnf; c&D;&SnfxGufcJhygonf? aEG&moDtyl&Sdef jyif;xefvGef;
vSojzifh xdkxufvGefI roGm;EdkifcJhyg? aemuftvnftywf c&D;w&yf
taeeJ@ a&mracwfu aqmufvkycf Jhaom jrdKysu=f uD;&Sd&modk@ oGm;cJh.?
xdjk rdKysuw
f Gi;f &Sd v[mjyifZmwfH=k uD;. ausmufjym;cif;xm;aom w
vif;jyifay:wGif bifbv
J m;. opPmcHwyfrsm;u bifbv
J m; oufawmf
&Snfygap [laom pmvkH;=uD;rsm;jzifh a&;xm;ygonf? atmifqef;pk
=unf armfu
dk o
kd @kd c&D;xGufchjJ y;D pydeEf kid if aH wmifbufurf;ajcudv
k nf; ajc
csro
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kd avmuf a&mufcyJh gonf? xd@k aemuf ausmif;pmjyefusujf y;D
ausmif;ydwf&uftqkH;wGif atmufpzd@k 'fodk@ jyefoGm;Edik fcJhygonf?[lI
26
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d f
a&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf?
1962-63 ckES pf rsm;wGi f a':
atmifqef;pk=unfonf a'vDwuU
odv
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` mom&yfukd avh
vmqnf;yl ;cJhonf? 1964 ckESpfrS
1967 ckEpS ftwGi;f atmufpzd@k 'f wuU
odkv&f Sd [l;pfaumvdyfY '\eaA'/
EdkifiHa&;ody`HESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yf
rsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJjh yD; 0dZm *k%f
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h J nf? bG@J
a':atmifq ef; pkMunf
&&Sd jyD;aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf
atmufpzdk Ywuodkvf ynmoifMum;pOf onf vydki;f r# [l;pfaumvdyfwGif pm
oif=um;yd@k csonf? ,if;aemuf ordkif;okawoD [,l;wifum (Hugh
Tinker) ESiht
f wl okawoevkyfief;wdk@ aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1968 ckESpf
wGif vef'efwuUokv
d f ta&Sydkif;ESihf tmz&du avhvma&;Xme/ EdkifiHa&;
odyX`H meY ok awoe vufaxmuftjzpf wm0efxrf;&GufcJhonf?
xdk@aemuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk e,l;a,mufY aexdkifv#uf&Sd
aom bdvyfjyefoef;ESifhtwlaexdki&f ef e,la,mufjrdKodk@ a&muf&SdcJh
onf? bdvyfjyefoef; ac: 'dk&moef;at;onf t,f*sD;&D;,m;wGif (4)
ESpw
f mr# wm0efxrf;aqmifcjhJ yD;aemuf ukvor*~XmecsKyfo@kd jyefvnf
a&muf&adS ecsdejf zpfonf? bdvyfjyefoef;ESihf rdom;pkyrm&if;ES;D aeaom
z&ef@xa&*g (Frank Trager) u 4if; Edkiif w
H um qufqaH &;bmom&yf
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kd Yf a': atmif
qef;pk=unf bGJ@veG foifwef;wuf&ef ulnDpDpOfay;cJhonf? ygarmuQ x
a&*gonf tar&dueftpdk;&. axmufyhHa&;tpDpOfjzifh jrefrmjynfwGif
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kd a&pDrc
27
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&m,fuvnf; &Sdao;onf? odk@aomf a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@aetdrfrS
ukvor*~kH;udrk l 6 rdepfcef@ vrf;av#mufkHjzifh a&mufEdkifayonf?
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28
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'Dru
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29
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30
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32
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onf jAdwo
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'Dru
kd a&pDrc
33
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SH nf om;OD; jrifhqef;atmif
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wuUokv
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ac: uifrf (Dannaian Kim Arundel Aris) udk 1977 ckESpf/ pufwifbm
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rsm;tm;jyKpyk sKd;axmifjcif;/ &efuke&f drS dcifxHo@dk tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wd@k
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ayrsm; pIa&;om;vmcJo
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tkyfpmwrf;rsm;uvnf; wae@xufwae@rsm;jym;vmcJh&m tdrYf xm;p
34
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&myifr&Sdatmif jynfhv#aH eygawmhonf? uav;rsm;uvnf; pmzwf

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(1910-1945) jzpfonf?
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vef'efjrdKwGif ESpv
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36
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ZGefvwGif rsufpd tawmf tajctaeaumif;vmojzifh jrefrmjynfodk@

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a=umif; ponfjzifh rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;udk pma&;today;cJhonf?
od@k aomf &efuek jf yefa&mufI 10 vrjynfrh D 1988 ckEpS /f rwfvukef
ydki;f wGif jyif;xefaomavjzwfjcif;'%fudkcH&ygonf? a':atmifqef;pk
onf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfudk&yfxm;cJhum rdcifudkjyKpk&ef a&muf
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ywfaexdkicf ho
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a':cifMunf kyt
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'Dru
kd a&pDrc
37
jyefa&mufvm=ujyD; wuUokv
d fynm&SifavmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;w
ustcsdefY rdcif=uD;a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif; owif;a&mufvmyg
awmhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf a=u;eef;&&Sdjcif; csufcsif;yif
&onfah v,mOfjzifh rdcif =uD;tm;jyKpk&ef &efukefodk@ vdkufygcJhonf?
1988 ckEpS w
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a&muf&dv
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ausm*f sme,fwk@d wiG f t,f'w
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tk;H 0ifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? ociftkef;jrifu
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H ef;jrdK tpd;k &txuf
wef;ausmif;Y wdk@Armtpnf;tkH; auG;a=umfoHpm&Gufrsm; jzef@a0jcif;
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vwGif vufyw
H ef;jrKd tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifc&Jh m
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xdkifonf?
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f sif;yaom wwd,t=urd f jrefrm
Edik fiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifhodk@ wufa&mufcJhonf? 1938
38
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awmif;cH&onf? xdkESpfrSmyif wdk@Armtpnf;tkH;XmecsKyf tr_aqmif
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1947 ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;cJhjyD;aemufyidk f;Y use&f pfol
a':cif=unfrdom;pkESifh taea0;vmcJhjyD; wESpfwcgcef@om oGm;vm
qufo,
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tjzpfrS tjidrf;pm;,lI jrefrmEdkifiHo@dk jyefvnfa&muf&v
Sd mjyD;aemufyidk f;
wGif r=umc%qdkovdk qkHjzpfcJholjzpfonf? xdkpOfu a':atmifqef;pk
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1984 ckEpS f a':atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmEdik if o
H @kd acwWjyefa&mufchpJ Of
OD;tke;f jrifEh Sijhf yefvnfawG@qHck ho
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a,muftm; rdcif=u;D a':cif=unfu &Sijf yKay;cJo
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'Dru
kd a&pDrc
39
xdk@aemuf 1987 ckESp/f arvwGif a':cif=unfonf t*Fvefodk@

rsupf cd GJ&efomG ;a&mufcjJh yD; ZGefvqef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHo@dk jyefa&muf&v
Sd m
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jrifhu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; a':cif=unf. usef;rma&;tajctae
ESirhf ;D pmukeq
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vdrrfh nf ol rxifa=umif; zGifh[ajym=um;cJhonf? xdkpOfu a':cif=unf
onf touf 75 ESpf&SdjyDjzpfonf?
tu,fI rdcif=uD;wdrf;yg;cJah omf t*Fvefo@dk rjyefbJ jrefrmjynfrSm
aexdkifI wdkif;jynftwGuf wckckudk wm0ef,lvkyfay;apcsifa=umif;
xyfraH jym=um;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfonf 1988 ck/
'DZifbm 27 &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf?
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vlrsKd;twGuf apwemoef@oef@/ &nf&G,cf suf&Sd&/Sd cH,lcsujf yif;jyif;jzifh
Edik fiHa&;vkyfaqmifygu ol.udk,fa&;ud,
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onf? xdkpOf rwfvausmif;om;ta&;tcif;. aemufqufwGJ 'Drdku
a&pDvy_ f&mS ;r_rsm; ay:aygufaejyDjzpfonf?
40
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tcsKdwd@k . rar#mfvifhbJ cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;cJ&h onfh omref&efyaGJ v;wckudk
ta=umif;jyKI 1988 ta&;awmfykH pwifjzpfay:cJhavonf?
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armif;wdk@wGif aygufjyJzl;a&mifaom '%f&mrsm;&&Scd Jh=uonf? xd@k a=umifh
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41
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odk@azmfjyxm;onf?
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uav;rsm;udkqHyifqGJdkuf/ a&xJuefcs/ xbDu|wfIajy;onfh rdef;u
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17 &ufae@wGif pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sifudk zGJ@pnf;ay;cJh&onf? xdkaumfr&Sif
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yGm;cJhaom ta&;tcif;udk pkHprf;wifjy&rnfjzpfayonf? xdak umfr&Sift
zG@J udk jynfaxmifpkqk&d ,
S fvpforRwjrefrmEdik if H Edkiif aH wmfaumifprD S 1988
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rwfvta&;tcif;twGi;f Y tpk;d &. t=urf;zufjzKd cGi;f r_a=umifh ausmif;
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46
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rsm; rvkaH vmufra_ =umifh ,mOfwpD;wGif wifaqmif&rnfh tcsKyfom;OD;
a&xuf ydkIwifaqmifch&J jcif;/ 45 rdepfom armif;ESif&rnfch &D;udk vrf;
ydwfqdk@r_tajctaersm;t& 2 em&Dcef@=umatmif armif;ESif&r_rsm;
a=umifh jzpf&onf[lI azmfjycJhonf?
aoqkH;olrsm;udk AdkvfwaxmifjrdK@e,f/ jrdK@e,fjynfol@&Jwyfz@GJ rSL;u
19/ 3/ 88 &ufae@wGif AdkvfwaxmifjrdK@e,f/ jrdK@e,fw&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@odk@
aor_ aocif;zGifhjyD; ppfaq;ay;yg&ef wifjycJo
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ol=uD;tzG@J onf xdak e@wiG fyif jrdK@e,fwm0efcq
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"gwfaiG@ __dufrdIaomfvnf;aumif;/ tcsKyf,mOftwGif; wifaqmif&
rnfhOD;a&xuf ydkrdkwifaqmifcJhojzifh touf_rGef;usyfIvnf;aumif;
aoqk;H cJh&jcif;jzpfa=umif; awG@&SdcJh&onf? tqdkygudpPEiS fhpyfvsO;f I 19/
7/ 88 ae@wiG rf S xkwfjyefa=unmcJhjy;D xdkowif;xkwjf yef&ef =uef@=umae
&jcif;rSm jidrf0yfydjym;a&;udk axmuf_I qlylr_r=uD;xGm;ap&eftwGuf
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0ef=uD; OD;rif;a*gif EkwfxGufoGm;cJh&onf? xdk@jyif 1988 rwfvtwGif;
jzpfymG ;cJah omta&;tcif;wGif jzpfay:vmcJah omudpPrsm;twGuf wm0ef
ruif;=uonfh 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;armifarmifcESifh jynfo@l Oya'tusKd;aqmif
tzGJ@OuUX OD;jrifharmiftm; 1988 Zlvdkif 26 &ufae@wGif &mxl;rS Ekwf
yg,fcJhonf?
1988 rwfvtwGif;jzpfyGm;cJhaom ta&;tcif;ESifhygwfowfI
arv 9 &ufae@ ae@pGJyg Adv
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yg&daS ompmrsm;onf vlxt

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J nf? xdk@jyif OD;atmif=u;D onf
(1) udkif;-tckawmhaumif;Edik f=uao;&Jvm; [laom pmw
apmifudk 12/ 5/ 88 &ufae@wGif vnf;aumif;/
(2) tif;vsm;uefabmifjy\em[laom pmwapmifudk 8/ 6
88 &ufae@wGif vnf;aumif;/
(3) prf;acsmif;/ ajreDukef; &wemykHky&f iS fkHudprP sm;[laompmudk
22/ 7/ 88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif;/
(4) u|eaf wmfwk@d ESpOf D;xJtwGuo
f mjzpfonf[laompmudk 9/
7/ 88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif;
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88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif; jzef@a0cJhonf?
rnfodk@yifqkad pumrl xdktcsdefujzef@a0cJhaom OD;atmif=uD;. pm
wef;rsm;onf jynfov
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aompmwrf;udk wckcsif;avhvm=unfhygu atmufygtwdkif; awG@&Sd&
onf?
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aumifpD tm%modr;f jyD; 26 ESpt
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cJha=umif;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif=uD; EkwfxGufcgeD; ygwDOuUX=uD;u okH;ESpf
vkyfr,f/ ratmifjrifv#if Adkvfatmif=uD;wdk@vky=f uyg[k ajymcJha=umif;/
Edkiif Ha&;orm;vkyfazmfudkifzufwiG f OD;EkEiS fh ygwDOuUX=uD;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf
a[mif;atmif=uD;om&Sjd y;D usev
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vdkydwfxm;&jyDjzpfa=umif;/ 'kuQa&mufrnft
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azmfjyxm;onf?
(c) 8/ 6/ 88 &ufpGJjzifh a&;om;xm;aompmwrf;wGif ausmif;om;
48
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ta&;tcif;udk OD;pm;ay; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf? pmwrf;. ed'gef;t

ydik ;f wGif ,cifu ausmif;om;or*~taqmufttku
H kd jzdKzsuo
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l &m;cH
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ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;ESiyhf wfowfI ygwOD uUX=uD;taejzifh wm0efr
,l&ef/ 4if;udpP.w&m;cHrSm ygwDOuUX=uD;r[kwfa=umif;/ =udKukef;&yf
uGuo
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okH;pm;cJo
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d fa=umif;/ rdef;uav;
rsm;udk qHyifqGJ dkuf/ a&xJuefcs/ xbDu|wfIajy;onfh rdef;uav;udk
yif qHyifqGJI du
k af =umif;/ rdef;uav;tavmif;ESpaf vmif; a&xJuay:
vma=umif; ponfjzifha&;om;xm;&m trSefwu,faoqkH;cJhjcif;/ jyif;
xefpmG '%f&m&&SdchjJ cif;r&S[
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jyr_udk t_u
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=uD;.pmwrf;Y tif;vsm;uefabmifay:wGifjzpfonfhnu vltrsm;t
jym;aoqk;H cJah =umif;/ tavmif;rsm;udk nwGi;f csi;f rD;_@d cahJ =umif;/ aoqk;H
olrsm;ESifhywfowfI wvcef@=umrS rdbrsm;xH pmjzifhta=umif;=um;
a=umif;/ axmifxw
J iG v
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H ed ;f ykvyd rf sm;u 0ifu
kd af =umif;/ ausmif;
olrsm;udk t"rRusifha=umif;/ axmifxJwGifrsm;pGm nOf;yrf;ESdypf uf=u
a=umif;/ vlaygi;f 283 a,muf aoqk;H cJha=umif;ponfjzifh a&;om;xm;
&m zwf_&olrsm; wkefv_yaf jcmufjcm;um a'gocHjyif;cJh=u&onf?
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a[mif;atmif=u;D onf *syefEidk if rH S Edkiif aH &;orm;rsm;ESihf awG@qHI
k wdkif;
jynftusKd;aus;Zl;&Sdrnfhudp&P yfrsm;udk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cJha=umif;/ vuf&Sd
wm0efxrf;aqmifae=uaom0ef=uD;rsm;ESifh Edik fiHjcm;qufqHa&; tqif
rajyojzifh 4if;xHvma&mufawG@qjkH yD; OuUX=uD;xHwifjyay;&ef ajymqdk
jcif; jzpfa=umif;ponfjzifh a&;om;xm;avonf?
TuJhok@d OD;atmif;=uD;. jzef@a0pmrsm; jyifyavmuY ysHESHaecsdef
twGi;f rSmyif 1988 arv 13 &ufae@wGif (17/ 3/ 88 ) &ufae@u zG@J
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
49
pnf;ay;cJhonfh &efukefpufr_wuUov
dk fausmif;om;wcsKdESifh =udKukef;
taemuf&yfuu
G fvlxktcsKdwdk@ jzpfyGm;cJhaomta&;tcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;
onfh tpD&ifcHpmudk wifoGi;f cJhonf? xdktpD&ifcHpmwGif tcef; (14)
cef;cGJI pmrsufESm 292 rsuEf mS jzifh tao;pdwpf pkH rf;azmfxw
k f&&Scd sufrsm;
udk wifjyxm;onf?
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dk f
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rsm;udk t=urf;zufESdyfuGyfr_yifjzpfonf? 'kwd,trSm;rSm owif;pdppf
wif;=uyfr_jyKvkyfxm;onfomru owif;vdrv
f nfa=unmjcif;yifjzpf
onf? vkHxdef;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; jynfxJa&;0ef=uD;XmeESifh &JcsKyfwdk@u
tkycf sKyf&aomfvnf; rqv. tkyfcsKyfa&;,E &W m;zG@J pnf;ykHt& trde@f ay;
pepfonf a&maESmaecJhjyD; txufrS pGufzufr_rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf? &efukef
wdkif;Yvnf; a'oygwDOuUX/ wdik f;aumifpDOuUXESifh &efukefwkid f;ppfXme
csKyfwidk ;f rSL;[lI trdef@ay;Edkio
f nfh tm%mydik f (3) OD;&Sdonf? &efukejf rdK
vkHjcKHa&;twGuf wyfr (22)/ (44)/ (77) wdk@ukd qGJac:&mwGifvnf; wyfr
awmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf csucf si;f rodvu
kd &f bJ t"duk%f; ESrd Ef iS ;f &mY
vnf; vkx
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ESpo
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1988 arv 30 &ufae@wGif ausmif;rsm;jyefvnfziG fhvSpfonfhtcg
tusOf;axmifujyefvw
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t=uKHrsm;udk jyefvnf&iS ;f vif;=u&m ZGef 15 &ufae@rS 20 &ufae@txd
&efuek fwuUodkvf tyef;ajz&dyfomwGif qENjyyGJrsm; qufwdkufjzpfyGm;
cJhjyefonf? &[ef;oH Cmawmfrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ txufwef;
ausmif;om;rsm;ygrusef jynfov
l lxkyg tajrmuftrsm;yg0ifvm=u
onf?
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aomfvnf; oydwaf rSmufrr_ sm; wjynfv;Hk od@k ysH ESHomG ;cJo
h nf? ,if;ae@Y
50
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onf? prf;acsmif;jrKd e,fwiG f &JwyfzJ@G 0ifrsm;u at;csr;f pGm vufeufrhjJ zifh
qENjyaeolrsm;udk ypfcwfEdrS fESif;&m aoa=uxdcu
dk rf r_ sm;&Scd Jhonf? xdkae@
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twdkif;qufvufcsDwufoGm;&m [Hom0wDt0dkif;tausmf ajreDukef;
ta&mufY vkx
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1988 Zlvkdif 23 &ufae@wGif jrefrmhq&kd ,
S fvpfvrf;pOfygwD ta&;ay:
nDvmcH usif;ycJhonf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;Y ygwDOuUX OD;ae0if;onf
,if;Y tjypf&Sdra_ =umifh EkwfxGuf&aomfvnf; ppfwyfqdkwm rdk;ay:
axmifjyD;awm yh pfwmr[kwfbl;? ypf&ifreS af tmifypfw,f [k vlxEk iS hf
ausmif;om;rsm;udkped af c: jyD; ordki;f wGif trnf;puf=u;D xifatmif ajym
=um;oGm;cJhonf? Zlvidk f 24 &ufae@wiG f qufvufusif;yjyKvkycf Jhaom
rqvygwD ta&;ay:nDvmcH'w
k d,ae@tpnf;ta0;Y wyfrawmf pnf;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
51
kH;a&;aumfrwDrS nDvmcH &J

abmfarmifoifu
h OD;atmif=u;D
. 41 rsufESmygpmESifh ywf
owfI xnfhoGif;ajym=um;
oGm;cJhonf? 4if;. wifjy ajym
qdkcsurf mS wuUokv
d o
f r*~ t
aqmufttkHudk 1962 ckESpf/ Zl
vdkifv 8 &ufae@wGif azmufcGJ
zsufqD;onfhjzpf&yfrSefudk &Sif;
tmPm&Sifa[mif;
vif;ajym=um;cJhjcif;onf o
Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;
rdkif;wGif rSefuefaomjzpf&yfudk twdtvif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;&Sdonfh
EdkifiaH &;upm;uGufjzpfa=umif;/ ,if;udpPwGif AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; atmif
=uD;onf OuUX=uD;tay: ausmif;om;ESifhjynfolvlxku txiftjrif
vGJrSm;r_jzpfay:atmif v_H@aqmfcsufomjzpfonfudkawG@&Sd&a=umif;/ 4if;
onf wdkif;jynf. pGrf;tm;pk=uD;okH;&yfjzpfaom jynfol/ wyfrawmfESifh
Edik if aH wmfacgi;f aqmif=u;D rsm;udk jyKd uGJatmifprD cH sujf zifh ,if;or*~upd u
P kd
tcGifhaumif;,lum jynfou
l dk qlyx
l uGap&ef zefwD;cJhjcif;jzpfa=umif;/
xdk@tjyif rwfvESifhZGefvta&;tcif;rsm;wGif jzpfay:cJo
h nfh tajctae
rsm;udk r[kwfrrSev
f rd fnmpGyfpJI
G jynforl sm;xifa,mifxifrmS ;jzpfap&ef
pmwrf;rsm;udka&;om;I jynfolESiafh usmif;om;rsm;udk jzef@a0cJah =umif;/
wcsdefwnf;wGif acgif;aqmifyidk f;ESifhwyfrawmftwGif; aoG;uGaJ tmifjyK
vkyfjyD; OuUX=uD;tay: opPmapmifhod cspcf ifav;pm;oa,mif csOf;uyf
um 4if;tm%m&&Sd&ef =uKd ;yrf;cJha=umif;/ olonfOuUX=uD;tay: opPm&Sd
onf[ak jymqdka&;om;aeaomfvnf; OD;Eku EdkifiaH wmfuk d awmfvSefyek f
uef&ef jynfyod@k xGufcGmrnfhudpPudk OuUX=uD;tm; qufvufwifjyr_
r&SdcaJh =umif;/ 1970 jynfEh pS w
f iG f OD;Ek. jynfajy;olykeftcsKd jrpf0u|ef;ay:
a'ood@k 0ifa&mufc&Jh mwGiv
f nf; wyfrawmfEiS jfh ynfow
l @dk y;l aygi;f I axmf
ydkifppfqifa&;jzifh tjy;D tydkifacsr_ef;cJhonfudk wyfrawmfonf wyfcGJESpfcGJ
52
oef;0if;vIi
d f
pmolykeu
f kd wyfom;tvk;H t&if;ok;H jyD; acsr_ef;jcif;onf ra&mif&mqDv;l
jzpfaea=umif;/ olykeftiftm;rsm;aom&Srf;jynfe,fa'owGif wyftif
tm;enf;enf;ESifh ppfqifa&;0ifaeonf[k ajymqdkcaJh =umif;/ 4if;onf
at;csrf;om,maom trmcHe,fajrwGif jynfajy;olyek frsm; =uD;xGm;
vmapaomqENjzifh rd;k om;aomt=uHtOm%fukd OuUX=uD;xHo@dk a&;
om;wifjycJha=umif;/ olonf wdkif;jynfudk wu,fcspfjrwfEdk;ol rsKd;cspf
yk*~Kdvt
f ppftrSefjzpfv#if Todk@a&SaemufrnDnGwfaom ajymqdka&;
om;r_ukd rjyKvkyo
f ifah =umif;/ OuUX=uD;onf Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESiht
f wl
vGwfvyfa&;wdu
k yf 0JG ifchJ rHk #omru wdik ;f jynfwGif ta&;=uKv
H mwdik f; wm
0ef,cl Jhonfhacgif;aqmifjzpfa=umif;/ txl;ojzifh 1958-59 ckESpfwGif
wdkif;jynfwGiftdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpfjzifh wm0ef,lapmifha&Smufay;cJhjyD;
1962 ckESpfwGif wdkif;jynftpdwfpdwfjydKuGrJ nfh tajctaersm;a=umifh
xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufc&hJ a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh OuUX=uD;taejzifh ygwDEw
k f
xGuu
f pd u
P kd jyefvnfpOf;pm;ay;yg&ef wifjyyga=umif; aqG;aEG;oGm;onf?
od@k aomf Zlvdkif 25 &ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaom nDvmcH wwd,ae@
ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0; qk;H jzwfcsufcsrw
S fcJh&m vrf;pOfygwOD uUX=uD; OD;
ae0if;ESifh ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;pef;,kwdk@tm; ygwDwm0efrS
EkwfxGucf Gihjf yKjyD;/ ygw0D iftjzpfrS tem;,lcGihjf yK&ef/ jynfol@qENcH,yl JrG jyK
vkyf&efwdk@twGuf qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf?
Zlvdkif 26 &ufae@wGif ygwDA[dkaumfrwD '\rt=udrf tpnf;t
a0;udk jynfo@l v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;cef;rYusi;f yjyKvyk &f m A[dk aumf
rwD0ifrsm;u OD;pdefvGiftm; ygwOD uUXtjzpf wifajrmufcJh=uonf? xdk@
tjyif Edkiif aH wmf0ef=u;D csKyf OD;armifarmifcESihf jynfol@Oya'tusKd;aqmif
tzGJ@OuUX OD;jrifharmifwdk@tm; tcsKyfum;twGif; vlaygif; 41 a,muf
avrGef;usyfaoqkH;r_EiS fhywfowfI jzKwfcsvdkuo
f nf? xdk@aemufZlvkid f
27 &ufae@wGif qufvufusif;yjyKvkyfcJhaom pwkwt=udrf jynfol@
v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;rSvnf; OD;pdev
f iG t
f m; Edkiif aH wmfaumifpD OuUX
ESihf Edik if HawmforRwtjzpf a&G;cs,w
f ifajrm ufch=J uonf? xd@k tjyif Edik if H
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
53
awmfaumifpt
D wGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;xGe;f wifw@kd uv
dk nf;aumif; a&G;cs,f
cJh=uonf? Zlvdkif 28 &ufae@wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf vlpkvla0; rjyK
vky&f [k xkwfjyefxm;aomtrdef@udkqef@usifjyD; a&$wd*kHb&k m;Y oydwf
pcef;zGifhvSpI
f pkkH;qENjycJh=uonf?
Zlvkid f 29 &ufae@ta&mufwGif ppftpd;k &rS OD;atmif=uD;ESihf taygi;f
tyg 9 OD; (OD;=unf[ef/ atyDowif;axmufOD;pdef0if;/ OD;cifndK/ OD;=unf
armif/ OD;ba&$/ OD;cspu
f ku
d k/d OD;xGe;f a&$/ OD;atmifjrif/h OD;aZmf0if;OD;) wd@k tm;
Edkiif Hawmfudkxdyg;rnfhtE W&m,frS =udKwifumuG,fonfhy'k frjzifh xdef;
odrf;vdkufonf?
tajctaerSm wjznf;jznf;ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmum tpdk;&qef@usifa&;
auG;a=umfoHrsm;onf vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? 1988 Zl
vdik f 28 &ufae@rpS I &efuek jf rdK@awmfpnfyifom,ma&;e,ferd w
d ft
wGif;&Sd jrdK@e,frsm;Yynmoif=um;aeaom ausmif;rsm;odk@ysH ESH@a&muf&Sd
vmonf? qENjyausmif;om;rsm;onf ,if;ae@rS =o*kwfv 2 &ufae@
txd a&$w*d &Hk ifjyifawmfay:wGif oydwpf cef;rsm; zGiv
hf pS cf =Jh uonf? qENjy
ausmif;om;rsm;onf bk&m;&ifjyifay:wGif pkpnf;um vma&muf=u
aom vlxyk &dwo
f wftm; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;a0iSjcif;/ tpdk;&qef@
usifa&;a[majymjcif;/ pmuyfjcif;wdk@udk jyKvkyfcJh=uonf?
ausmif;om;tiftm;pkESifh jynfolwdk@ pkkH;rdaomtcg bk&m;ay:rS
wqifh &efukejf rdKtwGif;&Sd jrdKe,ftcsKdwGif vSnhv
f nfqENjycJh=uonf?
xdk@a=umifh rqv tpd;k &onf 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv
f 3 &ufae@wiG f
EdkifiHawmfaumifp.
D a=unmcsuftrSwf 588jzifh &efukew
f idk f; ppftyk f
csKyfa&;Oya'udk xkwjf yefco
hJ nf? xd@k tjyif Edik fiaH wmf. pDrcH ef@crJG t
_ m%m
ESifh w&m;pD&ifr_tm%mrsm;udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf Adv
k fcsKyf=uD; apm
armiftm; tyfEiS f;cJo
h nf? umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyo
f nf Edik fiHawmfaumifpD
a=unmcsuf 588 yg vkyfyidk fcGit
fh & xdkae@rmS yif umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf
kH;. ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=unmcsuftrSwf (2)udk xkwfjyefI &efukefwdkif;
ppfXmecsKyf/ wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwkid f;rSL; Adkvrf SL;csKyfrsKd;nGe@f tm; rdru
d ,
dk fpm;
54
oef;0if;vIi
d f
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk aqmif&u
G f&ef tm%mv$Jtyfay;cJhonf?
od@k jzifh 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv
f 3 &uf n 7 em&DrpS I 1988 =o*kwf
v 24 &ufae@txd &efukefwkid f;ppfXmecsKyf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@rsm;udk
atmufygtwdkif;xkwfjyefcJhonf?
(u) &efukefwidk f;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trde@f trSwf (188)
jzifh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a'oowfrSwfjcif;ESifh ppfa'orSL;rsm;cef@tyfjcif;?
(c) &efuek w
f ikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 288)jzifh
pDrHcef@cGJr_ESifh w&m;pD&ifr_wdk@EiS fhywfowfI n$ef=um;csufxkwfjyefjcif;?
(*) &efuek w
f ikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 388)jzifh
ppftyk fcsKyfa&;a'owGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;?
(C) &efuek w
f ikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkycf sKyfa&;trde@f trSwf (488)jzifh
jynfo@l vyk fief;ppfaq;a&;tzG@J tqifq
h ifw
h @dk ukd pDrcH ef@caJG &;udpPrsm; quf
vufaqmif&u
G fapjcif;?
(i) &efuek w
f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSwf(688)jzifh
nrxGu&f / vrf;rsm;ay:wGif vlig;a,mufEiS hf ig;a,mufEiS t
hf xuf oGm;
vmv_y&f mS ;jcif;rjyK&trdef@rsm; xkwjf yefjcif;?
(p) &efuek w
f ikd f;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 988)jzifh
ppftkycf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 688)jzifh xkwjf yefwm;jrpfcsurf sm;tm;
kyfodrf;jcif;?
1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 5 &ufae@twGif; ppftkycf sKyfa&; t=uH
ay;tzG@J tm; wyfrawmfrt
S &m&Sd=u;D wOD;ESihf jynfo@l Oya'tusKd;aqmif
tzGJ@rS wOD;tygt0if ckESpfOD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;aqmif&Gufco
Jh nf? xdk@jyif um
uG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adkvcf sKy=f u;D apmarmifonf &efuek w
f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyf wdik ;f
rSL;tm; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfkH;. a=unmcsuftrSwf(2) t& v$Jtyf
xm;aomtm%mt&yf&yfuu
dk sio
hf H;k apvsuf atmufygtwdkif;ppftyk f
csKyfa&;tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
(u) AdkvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;n$ef@ - OuUX (wdik f;rSL;/ &efuek fwidk f;ppfXmecsKy)f
(c) OD;&J0if; - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ &efukefwdki;f a'oygwDaumfrwD)
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
55
(*) OD;ausmfodef; - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ &efuek fwdkif;jynfol@aumifpD)

(C) AdkvfrLS ;=uD; atmifcif - tzG@J 0if (jrdKawmf0ef/ &efuek fjrKd awmf
pnfyifom,ma&;tzGJ@)
(i) Adv
k rf LS ;=uD; oef@Zif - tzG@J 0if ('kw,
d wdik ;f rSL;/ &efuek w
f ikd ;f
ppfXmecsKyf)
(p) Adv
k frSL;=uD; cifjrifh - tzG@J 0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (1) ppfa'o)
(q) AdkvfrSL;=uD; odef;xGef; - tzGJ@0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (2)
ppfa'o)
(Z) Adv
k rf LS ;=uD; omaX; - tzG@J 0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (3) ppf
a'o)
(ps) Adv
k rf LS ;=u;D rsK;d aqG - tzG@J 0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (4) ppfa'o)
(n) 'kw,
d Adv
k rf SL;=u;D odef;jrifh - tzG@J 0if (OuUX/ wdkif;w&m;ol=u;D
tzG@J )
() OD;rsKd;n$ef@ - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ wdkif;vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@)
(X) OD;qef;jrifh - tzGJ@0if (&JaxmufcsKyf/ jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@XmecsKyf)
() AdkvfrSL;=uD; aZmfrif;- tzGJ@0if (n$e=f um;a&;rSL;csKyf/ rD;owf
OD;pD;Xme)
() a'gufwm OD;pdef&D - tzGJ@0if (&efukew
f dkif;usef;rma&;OD;pD;Xme)
(%) 'kwd,Adv
k frSL;=uD; atmifoef; - twGif;a&;rSL; (ppfOD;pD;rSL;yxrwef;)
(w) 'kwd,Adkfvrf SL;=uD; wiftkef;- wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (vuf
axmufppfOya'csKyf/ &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf)
,if;uJhok@d ppftkycf sKyfa&; a=unmusifhokH;jcif;udk rqv tpdk;&u
EdkifiaH wmfvHjk cKHa&;ESifh jynfol@tdk;tdrfwdk@udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef t
vdk@iSm urBmhEdkifirH sm;wGif usifho;kH vsuf&Sdaom usifhxkH;rsm;ESifhtnD jynf
axmifpk qdk&S,v
f pforRw jrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'yk'fr
(76) t& tyfESi;f xm;aom vkyfykid cf iG rfh sm;udk ok;H pGJvsuf xkwfjyefcahJ om
Edkiif aH wmfaumifp.
D a=unmcsut
f rSw(f 588)t&jzpfonf[q
k o
kd nf?
56
oef;0if;vIi
d f
,if;odk@ ppftkyfcsKyfa&; a=unmcJhjyD;aemuf ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m

ausmif;om;rsm;or*~u ppfOya'xkwjf yefcsuu
f kd zDqefum &Spaf v;vk;H
taxGaxGoydw=f uD;twGuf v_@H aqmfa&;pmapmifrsm; pwifjzef@a0cJho
vdk vlaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmuvnf; qENjycJhonf?
Todk@jzifh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;pwifonfh 1988 =o*kwfv 3 &ufrS 8

&ufae@txd &efuek fjrdK@tygt0if jrdK=uD; 19 +rdKY jidr;f csrf;pGm qENjy
awmif;qkdaeaom vlxk=uD;tm; vkHjcKHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u ypfcwf&Sif;
vif;r_a=umifh &[ef;&Sifvl ausmif;om;rsm; axmifcsDaoqkH;cJh&onf?
1988 =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@ ordkif;wGifrnfh taxGaxGoydw=f uD;udk jynf
olvx
l koed ;f csq
D ifEc$J =Jh uonf? xdkae@nae 5 em&DwiG f jrKd awmfcef;ra&S&Sd
ajruGufvyfY qENjyolrsm; pka0;a&muf&SdvmjyD; awmif;qkdr_rsm;udk
awmif;qdjk cif;/ tpd;k &qef@usifa&; ajymqdjk cif;rsm;jyKvyk u
f m a&muf&v
Sd m
aom vlx=k uD;tm; qENjyacgif;aqmifrsm;u tvSnfhusw&m;a[m
ajymae&m &efukefwdkif; wdkif;rSL;u tjrefq;kH vlpck GJ&ef toHcsJ pufrS a=u
jimcJhonf? vlx=k uD;u rdrt
d pDpOfwdkif; ra=umufr&GH/ rwkerf v_yf quf
vufjyKvkyfc&Jh m n 11 em&DwGif enf;AsL[mwckESifh ajcjrefwyf&if; (2)
&if;wdk@onf jrdK@awmfcef;rrSaeI armif;jyefaoewfrsm;jzifh w&pyfypfcwf
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
57
r_a=umifh vlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm xyfrHaoG;ajruscJh&jyefonf? =o*kwf

v 11 &ufae@wGif tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pk/H or*~/ toif;tzGJ@rsm; at;csrf;
pGm qENjyaeonfv
h x
l t
k m; ppfwyfu xyfrHypfcwf&m vlxkaxmifaygi;f
rsm;pGm aoa=u'%f&m &&Sdcho
J nf?
,if;odk@ &ufpufpmG ypfred @f ay;cJah om Edik if aH wmforRw OD;pdefviG ftm;
jynfyowif;pmapmifwckjzpfonfh wdkif;rf (Time) r*~Zif;=uD;u (8/ 8/
88) xkwfwGif om;owform;odk@r[kwf vlowform; (The Butcheer)
tjzpf a&;om;cJhavonf?
xdkae@rSmyif emusnf;a'gojzpfaeaom vlxk=uD;u &efukefwdkif;
twGif; jrdKe,f&pJ cef;rsm;udk pD;eif;0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuu
f m rD;_d@zsufqD;
cJ=h uonf? xd@k twl 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv
f 10 &ufae@wiG f jrefrmjynfjrdK
=uD;rsm;Y qlyltkHuGr_rsm; qufwdkujf zpfyGm;cJhonf?
xdkodk@aom tajctaet&yf&yfa=umifh =o*kwfv 12 &ufae@wGif
OD;pdefvGio
f nf rqvygwDOuUXtjzpfrv
S nf;aumif;/ Edik if aH wmfaumifpD
OuUXtjzpfrv
S nf;aumif; EkwfxGufoGm;cJh&onf?
jynfwGif;jynfyEdkifiHrsm;wGif emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf=um;cJhaom OD;
pdefvGifonf rGefjynfe,f/ aygifjrdKe,f/ aumhu&if&GmwGif tzOD;a&$&if/
trda':rm=uD;wd@k rS 1924/ Zefe0g&v
D 22 &ufae@wiG f zGm;jrifco
hJ nf? y
nmt&nftcsi;f edryhf g;I ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf wyf&if; (1) wyf
cGJ (3) Y wyfom;tjzpf 0ifa&mufppfrx
_ rf;&if; *syefacwf r*Fvm'kH ppf
wuUov
dk Af kv
d o
f ifwef;wwd,odk@ wufa&mufcho
J ljzpfonf? xd@k aemuf
ajcvsifwyf&if;(3)/ csif;aoewfudkifwyf&if;/ trSwf (4) aoewfudkif
wyf&if;wdk@Y toD;oD;xrf;&GufcJholjzpfonf?
,if;aemuf taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf 'kwdkif;rSL;/ taemuf
ajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyw
f idk ;f rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ jl zpfonf? xdkrw
S qifh
or0g,r0ef=uD;Xme/ ydk@aqmifqufoG,af &;0ef=uD;Xme/ jynfxJa&;ESifh
omoema&;0ef=u;D Xmewd@k Y 0ef=u;D tjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;&Gucf o
hJ v
l nf;
jzpfonf?
58
oef;0if;vIi
d f
xdk@aemuf EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHawmf

aumifpt
D wGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ rqvygwD wGzJ uftaxGaxG
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rqvygwD OuUXESifh EdkifiHawmforRwtjzpf EkwfxGuo
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(u) aoqk;H olrsm;? ? trsKd;om; (106) OD;/ trsKd;orD; (8) OD;/
pkpkaygif; (114) OD;?
(c) '%f&m&olrsm;? /? oHCm (6) yg;/ trsKd;om; (304) OD;/
trsK;d orD; (26)OD;/ pkpkaygif; (336)OD;?
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(2557) OD;/ trsK;d orD; (381) OD;/ pkpak ygi;f (2965) OD;wd@k jzpf
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'Dru
kd a&pDrc
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xdkumvtwGi;f t=urf;zufrr_ sm;a=umifh ysuq

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usyf (2843983)
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awmfykHonf &efukefjrdK@wckwnf;wGifomr[kwfbJ EdkifiHtESH@/ +rdKe,ft
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jzpfysuaf eaom Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ jynfo@l a&;&mpDrcH ef@cGaJ &; tajc
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60
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(i) OD;bjidrf; - ('kwd,OuUX/ tvkyform;tpnf;tkH;/ A[dkOD;pD;
tzG@J XmecsKyf)
(p) OD;cspfaqG - ('kwd,OuUX/ awmifolv,form;tpnf;tkH;
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(Z) OD;vSxGe;f - (jynfo@l vw
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'Dru
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aumifpOD uUX a'guw
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63
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(2) AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;apmjrifh
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- w&m;r#waoma&G;aumufyJG tjrefqkH;usif;yay;?
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- em,u
(2) ref;0if;armif (EdkifiHawmforRwa[mif;) - OuUX
(3) AkdvfrSL;atmif (v$wfawmfOuUXa[mif;) - 'kOuUXa[mif;
(4) ol& OD;wifO;D (Adkvcf sKy=f u;D a[mif;) - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(5) OD;oef;pdef (ygvDreftwGif;0efa[mif;) - wGJzuf taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;
(6) OD;atmif (jrif;jcH) - aiGxdef;
(7) ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&) - tr_aqmif
(8) ocif cifatmif (om,m0wD) - tr_aqmif
(9) ocifodef;az (0g;c,fr) - tr_aqmif
(10)OD;atmifa&$ (tjidrf;pm;AdkvfrSL;csKyf) - tr_aqmif
(11) OD;apmjrifh (AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(12)OD;cifarmif (0ef=uD;a[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(13) OD;xGef;pdef (jrdwf) - tr_aqmif
(14) Adkvrf SL;xGef;wif (v#yfppftzGJ@ OuUX) - tr_aqmif
(15)OD;baqG ('kwd,twGif;0efa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(16)OD;n$ef@atmif (ygvDreftwGif;0efa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(17) ocifcspf ('kOuUX bm;aumifp)D - tr_aqmif
(18) OD;bxGe;f (OuUX&efuek fa&S@aersm;aumifp)D - tr_aqmif
(19) OD;&Jacgifne$ @f (ygvrD eftrwfa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(20) OD;oka0 (,cifygvDref 'Drkdua&pDygw0D if) - tr_aqmif
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f m0rfudka[m(tjidrf;pm;oHtrwf=uD;) - tr_aqmif
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ay:ayguv
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wef;ausmif;/ awmifOuUvmytrSwf (2) tajccHynm txufwef;
ausmif;/ '*HkjrdKe,f jynfol@aumifpDHk;/ '*Hjk rdKe,fygwD,lepf;Hk / vom
jrdKe,fygwD,el pfHk;/ vrf;rawmfjrdKe,fygwD,lepfk;H eSifh jrdKe,fjynfol@
aumifpDHk; ponfwdk@udk ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh or*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u
oydwpf cef;rsm; zGifhvSpfv_yf&mS ;vmcJh=uonf?
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tzGJ@u a=unmcsuftrSwf 188 jzifh jrdKe,fjynfol@aumifpDHk;rsm;/
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olrsm;udk z,f&mS ;=u&ef xkwfjyefa=unmonf?
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76
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G dk
wdkif;jynfu ,Hk=unfvufcH=urnfr[kwfyg?
jynfolvlxv
k ufcHrnfh =um;jzwftpd;k &zG@J onfEiS w
fh jyKd ifeuf qENjy
r_rsm;/ oydwaf rSmufrr_ sm;&yfpjJ yD; tpd;k &,E&m;rsm; jyefvnf vnfywf
jcif;/ a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;rsm; jyefvnftouf0ifvmrnf[k u|Eykf f
wdk@ ,Hk=unfygonf?
xdk@a=umihf pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxal xmif&efESifh 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnf
wnfaqmufI taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;&ef =um;jzwftpdk;&
tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;ay;&efom &Sdygawmhonf?
tajctaerSm tcsde&f Sdoa&G qd;k &Gm;aombufok@d ul;ajymif;aeyg
ojzifh tcsed rf qdik ;f bJ =um;jzwftpd;k & tjrefqk;H zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef awmif;qdk
ygonf [lI azmfjyxm;onf?
xdk@o@dk yef=um;csurf sm;/ awmif;qdck sufrsm; xkwfjyefcJhjyD; r=umrDrSm
yif jynfolvlxw
k &yfv;kH vrf;ray:xGuI
f wygwDtm%m&Sif pepf
zsufodrf;a&;/ =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&; auG;a=umforH sm; ydkrku
d s,f
avmifcJhygawmhonf?
xdkpOftwGif; tpd;k &wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm; awG@qHk
aqG;aEG;aecsdefrSmyif AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;atmif}uD; vufrSwfa&;xd;k xm;
aom udk,fwidk fvufa&;jzifhpmudk rdwWLul;pufjzifh trsm;jynfolt=um;
jzefah 0vmonfudk awG@&./ xdkpmwGif OD;atmif}uD;u a&G;aumufyGJ
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
87
aumfr&SifzGJ@ay;jcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJusif;yrnfhtpdk;&. a=unmcsufudk

rdrd,k=H unfa=umif;/ odk@jzpf&m oydwfrsm;vnf; anmif;vmjyDjzpfI o
ydwfveS f=u&efwu
dk fwGef;a=umif;/ tu,fI rdrdwifjyonfhtwdkif; a&G;
aumufyGJvkyfray;v#if rdrdudk,fwkid faq;Hka&SrSm tpmiwfcHum rdrd
udk,w
f dkif "gwfqDavmif;rD;_djyD; qENjyrnfjzpfonf [k a&;om;xm;
onf? a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifu OD;atmif}uD;. ay;pmonf tjyKo
abmaqmifonf[k ,lqum auseyf0rf;omcJ=h uonf[k od&onf?
xdkpOftwGif; 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@wGif jrefrm
EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~odk@ OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;
pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;wdk@u tdwfzGihaf y;pmwapmifukd ay;ydk@cJhonf? xdk
pmtjynfhtpHkrSm
(1) 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@wGif tpdk;& a&G;cs,f
cef@tyfxm;aom a&G;cs,fwifajrmufyaJG umfr&Siu
f ,ae@Eidk if w
H Gif 'Dru
dk
a&pDwu
kd yf J0G ifae=uaom tiftm;pkrsm;udk OD;aqmifra_ y;ae=uaom OD;
Ek/ OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;/ ausmif;om;rsm;
tzGJ@ESifh &[ef;tzGJ@rsm;tm; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cJhygonf?
(2) xdkodkhawGhqHkaqG;aEG;tjyD;Y vl}uD;rif;rsm;or*~rS tqdkyg tzGJ@
toD;oD;rS vl }u;D rsm;udk aq;wuUov
dk f (1) ausmif;cef;rod@k zdwfac:I
aqG;aEG;cJhygonf? tqdkygaumfr&SifY rdrdw@dk . cdkifrmaom&yfwnfcsuf
t& =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;[lonfhtajccHrludkom qGJudkifI ajym
=um;cJah =umif; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; &Si;f vif;ajym=um;cJhygonf?
(3) ausmif;om;rsm;u vl}uD;rsm;. &yfwnfcsufudk vufcH}udK
qdkygonf? odk@&mwGif ,ckwdkif tpdk;&. tcsdefqGJr_udk pdwfr&Snfr_/ pdwf
"gwfjyif;xefwufuGr_wdk@jzifh TaqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyfonfah e&mYyif vl}uD;
rsm;u =um;jzwftpdk;&w&yfudk zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef wifjyawmif;qdkcJhygonf?
vl}uD;toD;oD;uvnf; TudpPudk rdrw
d k@d .tzGo
J @dk wifjy&efvdkonfjzpf
I qdkif;iHh&ef jyefvnfaqG;aEG;ygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; tpdk;
&zGhrJ _udk tcsdef=um=umrqdkif;vdkojzifh (48) em&DtwGif; jzpfatmif jyef
88
oef;0if;vIi
d f
=um;ay;yg&ef yef=um;cJhygonf?
(4) ,ae@ tajctaew&yfwiG f =um;jzwftpd;k &zGJ@pnf;&efrmS trSef
wu,f vdktyfcsuq
f dkonfudk tzGJ@tm;vHk;a&m/ jynfolw&yfvk;H uyg
vdkvm;awmif;wonfhtcsuf jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif vuf&Sdtpdk;& r
jyKwaf o;bJ tpd;k &opfw&yfukd rdrdw@dk qENt&zGJ@pnf;ygu =um;jzwftpd;k
&r[kwfbJ pifjyKd iftpdk;&w&yfjzpfvmEdkiyf gonf? Tod@k jzpfygu awmfvSef
a&;wGif tcsdeftcgroifhbJ ajcvSr;f rdygu rvdkvm;tyfaom [ef@wm;
aESmif,
h Surf E_ Sihf tjcm;tE&m,frsm; jzpfvmEdkiyf gonf? xdk@a=umifh vuf&dS
tpdk;&tm; z,f&Sm;jyD; jynfolwdk@vdkvm;aom =um;jzwftpdk;& jzpfay:
vmrSom jynfolwdk@tyfESif;onfhtm%m&yfjzifh ,ae@jzpfay:aeaom
tajctae tcuftcJtm;vHk;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEidk frnft
h jyif jynf
oltm;vHk;vdkvm;aom ppfrSefonh'f Drdkua&pDtpdk;&w&yf jzpfay:vm
atmif w&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyJjG yKvkyfay;Edik f&ef vdktyfonfh tpD
trHtm;vHk;udk jynfolw@dk tvdkus jyKvkyfay;Edkif=uygrnf?
(5) Tod@k jzpfygI ausmif;om;rsm;vdktifqENukd usaemfw@dk oabm
aygufpmemygonf? vdkvm;aom&nfrSef;csufjcif;vnf; wlnyD gonf?
odk@&mwGif azmfjyjyD;cJhonft
h csut
f vufrsm;tay: av;eufpmG pOf;pm;
&rnfjzpfygaoma=umifh ,cktcsdefwiG f qENrapmrdzkhd av;pm;pGm arwm
&yfcHygonf[lI azmfjyxm;onf?
xdk@aemuf 1988 ckEpS f/ pufwifbmvwGif aumfr&Siv
f }l u;D rsm;onf
EdkifiHawmforRwa'gufwmarmifarmiftrSL;jyKaom EdkifiHawmf aumifpD
0ifrsm;ESifh awG@qcHk Jh=uonf? tqdkygy*k ~dKvfrsm;ESifh awG@qkcH JhpOf aumfr&Sif
tzG@J 0ifv}l u;D rsm;u rqvygww
D iG f wyfrawmf/ jynfo@l &EJ iS hf 0efxrf;rsm;
yg0ifaeonfhudpPudkpHkprf;&m EdkifiHawmforRw a'gufwmarmifarmifu
aumfr&Sit
f aejzifh rnfhok@d aqmif&Guaf pvdak =umif; t=uHay;yg/ t=uaH y;
onhftwdkif; aqmif&Gufygrnf[k ajym=um;cJhonf?
xdkhaemuf aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm;t=uHjyKonfhtwdkif; EdkifiHawmf
aumifpOD uUX a'guw
f marmifarmifonf a=unmcsuf 1488 udk xkwf
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
89
jyefum jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;onf Edik fiHawmftay:opPmxm;I jynfol@

0efuo
kd m xrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfojzifh ygwDppkH epfwGif usiho
f ;kH cJo
h nfh tpOf
tvmESifhtnD jynfol@wyfrawmf/ jynfol@&Jwyfz@GJ paom umuG,fa&;
wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;/ jynfhol@0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;/ EdkifiHydkifpD;yGm;a&;/
bkwfaumfydka&;&Sif;tzGJhtpnf;toD;oD;rS 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmf
bmrS vpmcHpm;=uaom tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;onf ,ae@rpS I rqv
ygwDtygt0if rnfonfhEidk fiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;0ifr# rjzpfap& [lI
xkwfjyefcJhonf?
xdk@ae@rSmyif rqvygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;at;udkonf
jynfol@wyfrawmf/ jynfol@&JESifh 0efxrf;rsm;tm; vrf;pOfygwD ygwD0if
tjzpfrS EkwfxGufcGifhjyKcJhonf?
90
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tcef; (3)
ppfwyftmPmodr;f ydu
k jf cif;
xdk@aemuf jynfolvlxk. qENjyr_rsm;onf vHk;0&yfwef@jcif;r&SdbJ
qufvufI =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;udk awmif;qdkaeojzifh rqv
ygwDOuUXESifh EdkifiHawmfaumifpOD uUX a'guw
f marmifarmifonf EdkifiH
awmftm%mudk vH;k 0xde;f odr;f EdkifpGrf;r&Sdonft
h wGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;
csKyf AdkvfcsKy}f u;D apmarmif (aemifAkv
d cf sKyfrSL;}uD;) tm; ppfwyfrS tm%m
odrf;ydkuf&ef tcsufjyvdkufawmhonf?
Todk@jzifh jynfolw&yfvHk;awmif;qdkaeonfh =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@
pnf;ay;a&;udk rsuu
f GufjyKum 1988 ckEpS f/ pufwifbmv 18 &ufae@
wGif Edkiif Htm%mudk vufeuftm;ud;k jzifh odrf;ydkufvku
d fawmhonf? jref
rmhEikd if Ha&;ordki;f wGif ppfwyftm%modr;f r_ oHk;}urd &f cSd o
Jh nf? 1958 ckESpf
wGifw}udrf/ 1962 ckESpfwiG f w}udrfESifh ,ck 1988 ckESpw
f Gifw}udrf jzpf
onf?
,if;odk@ tm%modrf;ydkufchjJ yD;aemuf ,if;ae@rmS yif trde@f trSwf
188 jzifh EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ac: e0wudk zGJ@
pnf;a=umif; a=unmcJhonf? e0wtzGJ@wGif (1) Adv
k fcsKyf}uD;apmarmif
- OuUX
(2) 'kAv
kd fcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$
- tzG@J 0if
(3) Adv
k fcsKyfarmifarmifcif
- tzGJ@0if
(4) Adv
k fcsKyfwifxeG f;
- tzGJ@0if
(5) Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf atmif&aJ usmf - tzG@J 0if
(6) Adv
k cf sKyf bke;f jrifh
- tzG@J 0if
(7) Adv
k cf sKyf pdeaf tmif
- tzG@J 0if
(8) Adv
k cf sKyf cspaf qG
- tzG@J 0if
(9) Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf ausmb
f
- tzG@J 0if
(10)AdkvfrSL;}uD; armifoifh
- tzGJ@0if
(11) AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifat;
- tzGJ@0if
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
91
(12)AdkvfrSL;csKyf Om%fvif;
- tzGJ@0if
(13) AdkvfrSL;csKyf jrifhatmif
- tzGJ@0if
(14) Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf jroif;
- tzG@J 0if
(15) Adv
k rf SL;csKyfxeG ;f =unf
- tzG@J 0if
(16)AdkvfrSL;csKyf at;aomif
- tzGJ@0if
(17)AdkvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;nGef@
- tzGJ@0if
(18)AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifnGef@
- twGif;a&;rSL; (1)
(19) Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;wifO;D
- twGi;f a&;rSL; (2)
ponf yg0ifcho
J nf?
1988 pufwifbmv 18 wGif e0wtzGJ@}uD;onf a=unmcsuf
trSwf 288 jzifh jynfol@v$wfawmf/ EdkifiHawmfaumifp/D 0ef}uD;tzGJ@/
jynfo@l w&m;ol}u;D tzJ@G / jynfo@l Oya'tusK;d aqmiftzG@J / jynfo@l vyk if ef;
ppfaq;a&;tzJ@G / jynfol@aumifpDtqifq
h ifrh sm;udk zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k af =umif;
a=unmvdkufjyD; 'k0ef}uD;tm;vHk;udkyJ wm0efrS&yfpJa=umif; a=unmcJh
onf?
,if;aemuf xdkae@rSmyif a=unmcsut
f rSwf 388 jzihf jrefrmEdik fiH
onf vGwv
f yfIwufuGaomEdkifijH cm;a&;0g'udk qufvufusiho
f k;H rnf
[k a=unmcJo
h nf? wqufwnf;rSmyif trdef@trSwf 288 jzifh jynfol
vlxkw&yfvHk; vdkuef m&efEiS fh Xmeqdik f&m0efxrf;/ tr_xrf;rsm;udk quf
vufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef trdef@trSwf 388 wdk@udk xkwfjyefcJhonf?
trde@f 388 t& 0efxrf;tm;vH;k onf 1988 pufwifbmv 19 &uf
ae@rSpI vkyfief;cGifodk@ jyefvnf0ifa&muf=u&efEiS fh pufwifbmv 26
&ufae@txd vkyfief;cGifr0ifygu wm0efr&S yfpJrnfqdkonfhtrdef@rsm;udk
quf wdkufxkwfjyefcJhonf?
pufwifbmv 18 &uf wae@wnf;rSmyif a=unmcsuf (188)/
(288)/ (388) ESihf trde@f trSwf (188)/ (288)/ (388) wd@k ukd
qufwku
d fxkwfcJhjyD; e0wppftpdk;&tjzpf pwifouf0ifv_yf&Sm;vmcJh
onf?
92
oef;0if;vIi
d f
e0wOuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifonf 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfvnf;

aumif;/ Edkiif aH wmft}u;D tuJtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ umuG,af &;0ef}u;D ESihf
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyt
f jzpfvnf;aumif; ,lxm;onht
f jyif Edik if Hjcm;a&;
0ef}uD;tjzpfyg ,lxm;vdkufao;onf?
e0wppftpdk;&onf tm%modrf;ydu
k fjy;D jyD;csi;f ta&;awmfyk}H u;D udk
rif;rJhpdkufvy_ f&Sm;r_}uD;tjzpf _jriftykycf s uifyGe;f wyfum enf;vrf;
aygif;pHkjzifh+zdKcGif;um zrf;qD;ta&;,lr_rsm;udk quf wdkufvkyfaqmifcJh
onf? tm%modrf;tpdk;&jzpfaomfvnf; rqvESifh rqvacgif;aqmif
rsm;tm;vH;k pm&if;0ifrsm;jzpfcaJh oma=umifh rqvzufrS t}uD;tus,f
ckcHumuG,fay;I &yfwnfc=Jh uonf? ,if;odk@ rqvygwDtm; ckcHum
uG,af y;&yfwnfchaJ omajumifh e0wtm; ae0if;wyf [kyif jynfow
l hdk
u avSmifajymifac:a0:cJh=uonf? xdk@jyif EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_ wnf
aqmufa&;tzGJ@}uD;udk vlxku jidrfyd tzGJ@[k uifyGef;wyfcJh=uovdk
,if;wd@k csrw
S v
f yk fuidk af eonfh vrf;pOfay:vpDESifh vkyaf qmifcsurf eS o
f r#
udkvnf; uvdefaphjirf;qif jidryf dvrf;pOf [kyif avSmifajymif ac:a0:cJh
=uonf?
xd@k aemuf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 19 &ufae@ rGe;f vGJ 1 em&DwGif
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme '*H&k dyfomY e0wtzG@J u aumfr&SiftzG@J 0ifrsm;
tm; zdw=f um;I tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJhonf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;odk@ e0
w OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif (aemifAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;/ ,ckuG,v
f Gef)
trSL;jyKonfh tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfjuD;oef;a&$ (,ck
etzOuUXAdkvfcsKyfrLS ;}uD;)/ Adv
k fcsKyfarmifarmifcif(a&) / Adkvcf sKyfwifxeG ;f
(av)/ AdkvfcsKyf pdefatmif (,ckuG,fvGe)f / Adv
k fcsKyf cspfaqG/ twGif;a&;
rSL; (1) Adv
k rf SL;csKyfcifneG /hf twGi;f a&;rSL; (2) Adkvrf LS ;}u;D wifO;D (vky=f uHc&H )
wdEkh iS hf aumfr&SiOf uUX OD;baX;trSL;jyKonfh aumfr&SiftzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpf=u
aom OD;apm=um'd;k / OD;pef;armif/ OD;ausmfneG @f EiS hf aumfr&Sit
f wGi;f a&;rSL;
OD;at;armifwdk@ wufa&mufcJh=uonf? tzGJ@0if q&mcs,fonf tpnf;
ta0;odk@wufa&muf&ef vrf;ydwfaeonft
h wGuf cGihyf efco
Jh nf? tpnf;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
93
ta0;wGif e0w OuUXu rdrdwdk@wyfrawmfESifh 0efxrf;rsm;onf rnf

onhEf kid fiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;. tzGJ@0ifrsm;r[kwfawmha=umif;/ rdrdw@dk onf
=um;aetzGt
Jh pnf;rsm;jzpfjy;D jynforl sm;udk tvkyftau|;jyK&rnfh tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ ,ckjynfolrsm; vdkvm;awmifhwaeonhf ygwDpHk
'Dru
dk a&pDukd tjrefq;Hk taumiftxnfazmfay;Edik af &;twGuf ygwDpkH 'Drkd
ua&pDt axGaxGa&G;aumufy}GJ uD;udk tvGwfvyfq;Hk / tr#wqHk;ESifh t
jrefq;Hk jyKvkyaf y;&ef aumfr&Sit
f zG@J 0ifvl}uD;rsm;udk arwm&yfcHa=umif;/
aumfr&Sif.vkyfief;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;jyD; aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifvl}uD;rsm;u
rnfo.
l rsuEf mS udrk # raxmufxm;bJ ormorwfusus "rR"d mefusus
w&m;tr#wqH;k aqmif&Gufay;apvdkyga=umif;/ aumfr&Sif. vkyfief;rsm;
ESifh pyfvsOf;I rdrw
d k@d onf tzG@J tpnf;taejzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ wOD;
csif;taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ }udK;udkifr_/ vrf;nGefrv
_ kH;0jyKvkyfrnf
r[kwaf =umif;/ a&G;aumufyJOG ya'/ enf;Oya'rsm;a&;qGJ&mwGif aumf
r&Sit
f zG@J 0ifv}l uD;u awG@qakH qG;aEG;vdak om tzG@J tpnf;udjk zpfap vl}u;D
rsm;u awG@qHkaqG;aEG;vdkaom tzGJhtpnf;udkjzpfap/ yk*K~d vfwOD;csif;udk
jzpfap awG@qaHk qG;aEG;t=uOH m%frsm;&,ljy;D vGwv
f Gwv
f yfvyfa&;qGJEkid f
a=umif;/ aumfr&Sifu a&;qGJaxmufcHay;ydk@onfhOya'rsm;udk tjrefqk;H
jymef;ay;rnfjzpfyga=umif;/ ygwpD k'H rD u
kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}GJ u;D
atmifjrifpGmusif;yEdkifrnfh vdktyfonfhtultnDrsm;udkvnf; tjynfh
t0ay;oGm;rnfjzpfyga=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf?
Todjkh zifh e0wtzGJ@onf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 18 &ufpJGyg
a=unmcsuftrSwf 188 jzifh ygwpD Hk'Dru
dk a&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumuf
yG}J uD;ukd }uD;rSL;usif;yay;&ef a'guw
f marmifarmif vufxufu zG@J pnf;cJh
aom a&G;aumufyu
GJ sif;ya&;aumfr&Siu
f kd qufvufwm0efay;tyfch&J m
aumfr&Sifonf rdrd.vkyfief;rsmudk taumiftxnfazmfEkid fa&;twGuf
e0wtzGJ@u 1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv 21 &ufae@wGif ygwpD k'H rD u
kd a&pD
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGu
J si;f ya&;r&SiOf ya' (e0wtzGJ@ Oya'trSwf
180) udk jymef;ay;cJhonf?
94
oef;0if;vIi
d f
xdk@aemuf aumfr&Sio
f nf jynforl sm;ESihf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;. t=uHjyK
csufrsm;udt
k ao;pdwaf vhvmjy;D jynfo@l vw
$ af wmf a&G;aumufyOJG ya'
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&Gufuav;taeeJah wmifrS xnfv
h u
dk af o;w,f/ 'g[m usrwd@k tay:rSm
apwem&Sdvdk 0g'jzef@csda&; vkyfay;csifwmvm;qdkwm tcsKd@uawmh xif
NLD
102
oef;0if;vIi
d f
rSmayghav/ a&;xm;wm=unfhvdkufvdkh&d&S ifawmh apwemeJ@vkyfwm r

[kwyf gbl;qdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f?
'Dawmh vkyfom;jynfol@aehpOfowif;pmeJ@ jrefrmhtoHudk wzuf
owf usrwdk@udk wdkufcdkufzdk@oHk;pGJae&if usrwdk@rSm vGwfvyfpGmyHkESdyf
xkwaf 0ydik fciG hv
f akd ew,fqw
kd m xif&mS ;ygw,f? e0w taeeJ@ wu,f
yJ rSefrSefuefuefvkyfcsifw,fqdk&if usr tck owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm
ajymoGm;wJhtcsufawGudk rSefrSefuefuef jynfjh ynfhpHkpHk owif;pmxJrSm
ygvmr,f? jrefrmhtoHrSm ygvmr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&ifawmh usrwdk@taeeJh
a=omf usrwdk@uawmh rSm;jyDyJ/ e0w[m wu,fyJ apwemrSefrSefeJ@
vkyf aewmyJvk@d ajymzdk@ usrtqifoifyh gyJ? 'Dawmh 'DrmS vkyo
f m;jynfo@l
ae@pOfu vl}uD;rsm;vnf;&Syd gw,f/ usrajymwJt
h csut
f vufrsm;udk rSef
rSefuefuef jynfhjynfhppHk Hk xnfhay;vdk@&dS&if usr e0wudk xyfjyD;awmh
awmifrS awmif;yefvdkuOf D;r,f/ usrtxifrSm;oGm;ygjyD/ txifvGJomG ;
ygjy/D e0w[m apwemrSerf eS ef J@ vkyo
f mG ;ygvm;qdjk yD; usrajym&Jygw,f
[lI tzG@J csKyf;kH Y 1989 ckEpS /f ZGev
f twGi;f jyKvkycf ahJ om owif;pm&Si;f
vif;yGJY ajym=um;oGm;onf?
,if;aemuf r=umrDrmS yif e0wtpd;k &u a=unmcsuf (289)
jzifh tmZmenfae@ usif;yrnfu
h dpPEiS fh ywfoufI xkwjf yefa=unmvm
cJhonf?
a=unmcsuftjynfhtpHkrSm (1) Edkiif aH wmfjird f0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@u ygwpD k'H rD u
kd a&pD
taxGaxG a&G;aumufyJGrsm;jzpfajrmufatmifjrifa&;udk rjzpfrae &nf
rSe;f csuf csrw
S af qmif&u
G af eygonf? xd@k tjyif Edik if aH wmftpd;k &onf Edik f
iHawmfESihyf wfoufonfh ae@}uD;&uf}uD;rsm;udk tcrf;tem;jzifh usif;y
vsuf&d&S m 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae@wGif usa&mufrnfh (42)
ESpaf jrmuf tmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;udv
k nf; ,cifEpS rf sm;uJo
h @kd Edik if H
awmfrS }uD;rSL;usif;yrnfjzpfygonf?
(2) EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@rS pI EdkifiHawmf
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
103
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ e,fcsJvufyg;apwdk@. vkyf=uHcH&ojzifh usqHk;cJhaom

tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;.r o
d m;pkrsm;/ oHwreftzG@J tpnf;rsm;
ESihf ygwDpk'H rD ku
d a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJu
G si;f ya&;aumfr&Siw
f Gif rSwf
yHkwifcJhonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u ,if;tcrf;tem;odk@ wufa&muft
av;jyK=urnf jzpfygonf?
(3) (42) ESpaf jrmuf tmZmenfae@ tcrf;tem;od@k wuf
a&muf&ef tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.rdom;pk ud;k pktm; usi;f ya&;
aumfrwDu zdwf=um;cJh&m atmufyg tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.
rdom;pk&pS pf u
k tcrf;tem;odk@wufa&muf&ef pmjzifh jyef=um;cJhjy;D jzpfyg
onf?
(u) 0ef}uD;ocifjr. rdom;pk
(c) 0ef}uD; OD;bcsKd. rdom;pk
(*) 0ef}uD; OD;&mZwf .rdom;pk
(C) 0ef}uD; OD;b0if; .rdom;pk
(i) 0ef}uD; ref;bcdkif .rdom;pk
(p) 0ef}uD; rdkif;yGefapmfbGm; p0fpHxGef;. rdom;pk
(q) twGif;0ef OD;tkef;armif. rdom;pk
(Z) &JabmfudkaxG;. rdom;pk
(4) 1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f 16 &ufae@wiG f usi;f yonfh (42) eSpf
ajrmuf tmZmenfae@ 0wfpHkjynfh tcrf;tem;avhusifhonfh tcrf; t
em;odhk tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. txufazmfjyyg rdom;pk&Sppf u
k
wufa&mufcJh=uaomfvnf; Adkvcf sKyfatmifqef;. rdom;pkonf 0wfpHk
jynfhavhusifhrt
_ crf;tem;odk@ wufa&mufcjJh cif;r&Sdonft
h jyif (42) eSpf
ajrmuftmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;odk@wufa&mufrnf[v
k nf; ,ckcsdef
txd ta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;rjyKao;a=umif; awG@&Sd&ygonf?
(5) ygwDpHk'Drku
d a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&;aumfr&Sif
wGif rSwfyHkwifxm;aomEdkifiHa&;ygwrD sm;tm; usif;ya&;aumfrwDu
zdw=f um;cJ&h m/ Edik if aH &;ygwD (70) u 42 ESpaf jrmuf tmZmenfae@tcrf;
104
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tem;od@k wufa&muf&ef pm&if;ay;xm;jyD;jzpfygonf? tcrf;tem;od@k

wufa&mufrnfEh ikd if Ha&;ygwrD sm;. trnfpm&if;udk ae@pOfxw
k f owif;
pmrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;jyD;jzpfygonf?
(6) EdkifiHawmfrS }uD;rSL;usi;f yonfh tcrf;tem;jyD;pD;aomtcg t
pOftvm&SdonfEiS fhtnD jynfolvlxkrSvnf; rdrdqENtavsmuf tm
ZmenfArd mefwiG f tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; tav;jyKEdik &f ef
pDpOfxm;&SdjyD;jzpfygonf? od@k ygI at;csrf;pGm*g&0jyKvkad om jynfov
l lxk
taejzifh rdrdwdk@qENt& wOD;csi;f aomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;qHk; ig;OD; pk
aygi;f Iaomfvnf;aumif; tmZmenfArd mefo@kd vma&mufI *g&0jyKEdik yf g
onf?
(7) tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;tm; jynfov
l x
l rk S at;csr;f pGm
*g&0jyKEdkif&ef vdktyfygonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&; tjrwfxkwfvdkaom
ta=umif;jzifh pDwef;vSnv
hf nfcsDwufjcif;/ auG;a=umfatmf[pfjcif;/ ql
yl&efvH@_ aqmfjcif;/ qlylv_yf&Sm;jcif;/ jynfov
l x
l t
k m; t"rRpnf;Hk; ac:iif
jcif;/ pkHk;jcif;rsm;rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfvdkufonf? Twm;jrpfcsufudk
azmuf zsuu
f sL;vGeyf gu w&m;Oya't& xda&mufpmG ta&;,lrnfjzpf
a=umif; a=unmvdkufonf?
trde@f t&
(armifudk)
twGif;a&;rSL;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzJG@
xdk@tjyif (19-7-89) &ufaehwGif vkyfom;jynfol@ae@pOf owif;
pmYvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;pOfrSm e,fcsJ
t*Fvyd facwfu csay;cJah omvrf;pOfjzpf/ wyfrawmfonf e,fcsJ udk qefh
usifjyD; vGwfvyfa&;udkumuG,faeaomtzGJjzpf/ tmZmenfAdrmefodk@
jynfolrsm; vma&muftav;jyK&mwGif rdrdwdk@.vHkjcHKa&;tpDtpOf t
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
105
wGi;f rSjzpf&rnf [laom acgi;f pOfjzifh azmfjyxm;a=umif; awG@&S&d jyef

onf?
xdk@aemuf 1989 Zlvikd f 19 &ufae@ eHeufwiG f a':atmifqef;pk=unf
u jynfolvlxk rvdktyfaom xdcdkufepfemr_rsm; ray:ap&eftwGuf
tmZmenfae@ csw
D ufrnft
h pDtpOfukd zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k o
f nf? tmZmenf
ae@tcrf;tem;udk tzGJ@csKyfHk;Yom usif;yjyKvkyfoGm;&ef nGef=um;cJh
onf?
106
oef;0if;vIi
d f
tcef; (4)
yxrqk;H aetdrt
f us,fcsKyfumv
xdk@aemuf ae@wae@ 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvkid f 20 &ufae@wGif a':atmif
qef;pk=unfESifh OD;wifOD;wdk@tm; EdkifiHawmftm; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;vdk
olrsm;. ab;te&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&SmufonfhOya'yk'fr 10 (c)
t& aetdrfwGif wm;qD;rdef@xkwfI wm;qD;xm;jcif; cHcJh&onf?
xdo
k k@d ta&;,ljcif;ESifhywfoufI Zlvidk fv 21 &ufae@wGif e0w.
t}udrf 50 ajrmuf owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJY 1989 ckESp/f Zlvidk f 20 &ufae@ eHeufrSpI a':atmifqef;pk=unf
ESifh ol&OD;wifO;D wdk@tm; Edik fiHawmftm; aESmuf,Suzf sufq;D vdkorl sm;.
ab;tE&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&Smufonfh Oya't& ta&;,lvdkuf
&a=umif;/ TOya'onf EdkifiaH wmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh Edkiif aH wmf
vHjk cHKa&;udkjzpfap/ trsm;jynfolw@dk . at;csrf;om,ma&;udjk zpfap xd
yg;rnfhte&m,frS }udKwifumuG,fEdkif&efvnf;aumif;/ Edkifio
H m;rsm;.
rlvtcGit
fh a&;rsm;udk rxdcu
dk fapbJ Edik fiHawmftm; aESmifh,u
S zf sufqD;
vdo
k rl sm;.ab;tE&m,frS umuG,&f efvnf;aumif;/ jymef;xm;aom
Oya'jzpfa=umif;?
,if;yk*Kd~ vfEpS Of ;D tm; tqdyk g Oya'yk'rf 10 (c) t& vkyyf ikd cf iG hfrsm;
udk usio
fh ;kH jyD; wm;qD;r_jyKvyk x
f m;a=umif;/ Tyk'rf 10 (c) t& ta&;,l
jcif;cH&oltm; wESpftxd wm;qD;r_jyKvkyfEdik fonf[k jymef;xm;
a=umif; Todk@wm;qD;r_rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;qdk&mY (u) rnfonfhae&ma'owGif raexdki&f [k owfrSwjf cif;/
(c) rnfonfhae&ma'owGifom aexdkif&rnf[k owfrSwfjcif;/
(*) oGm;vmr_udk vdktyfovdk wm;qD;jcif;/
(C) owfrSwfonfht&m0wKrsm;udk vuf0,fxm;&Sdjcif; (odk@r
[kwf) toHk;jyKjcif;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;wd@k udk jyKvkyfEdkifa=umif;?
azmfjyygOya't& if;wd@k tm; ta&;,l&mwGif um,uH&iS frsm;
onf vuf&aSd exdkifvsu&f Sdaom tdrftoD;oD;wGifom aexdkifI tdrfjcH
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
107
jyifyodk@xu
G cf mG oGm;vmcGirfh jyKyga=umif;/ if;. tdrfaxmifpx
k w
J iG f yg&Sd
aom w&m;0ifrdom;pkrsm;om jyifyodk@ tapmifhta&Smufjzihf oGm;
a&mufEdkifa=umif;/ odk@aomfvnf; ,if;wdk@tm; EdkifiHjcm;oH;Hk rsm;/ EdkifiH
a&;ygwDrsm;/ Edik fiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh qufoG,folrsm;xHok@d oGm;a&mufcGifh
rjyKyga=umif;/ jyifyyk*~dKvfrsm;udkvnf; vludk,fwdkifaomfvnf;aumif;/
w,fvzD ek f;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; vma&mufqufo,
G jf cif;rjyK&ef uef@
owfwm;jrpfxm;a=umif;/ um,uH&Sifrsm;tm; vdt
k yfonfh aq;0g;
ukor_ESifh usef;rma&;udpPrsm;udk aqmuf&Gufay;&ef EdkifiHawmfu wm
0ef,lxm;a=umif;?
TuJhodk@ ta&;,laqmif&Gucf Jh&jcif;onf azmfjyygyk*K~d vfEpS fOD;. O
ya'csKd;azgufvyk f&yfrsm;a=umifjh zpfa=umif;/ txl;tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfudk
tE W&m,fjzpfaprnfhtajctaersm;jzpfay:atmif aqmif&GufcJhjcif;
a=umifhjzpfa=umif;/ if;tjyif wdik f;&if;om;jynfolrsm;ESifh wyfrawmf
udk aoG;cGjJ yD; wdik ;f &if;om;jynfolrsm;u wyfrawmftay: rke;f wD;atmif
aqmif&GufcJhjcif;rsm;a=umifh jzpfa=umif;/
1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v
f 19 &ufae@ nae 6 em&DwiG f VOA jrefrm
ydki;f tpDtpOfY a':atmifqef;pk=unf.a=unmcsufY 'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ jynfolvlxk toufaysmufatmifvdk@ usrwdk@
b,fawmhrS rvkyyf gbl;/ jynfov
l lx&k J toufudk trsm;}u;D wefz;dk xm;
ygw,f? e0wvdk wefzk;d rxm;wJh tkyfpkr[kwyf gbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk@v@dk usr
wdk@Ekid fiHrSmqdkvdk@&Sd&if ppftpdk;&tkycf sKyfr_qdkjyD; a=unmcsuf[m zufqpf
0g'awGp;dk rdk;aejyDqkw
d m tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? usrwdk@ jynfol jynf
om;awG[m zufqpf0g'atmufrmS ke;f uef&rSmyJ? 'Dru
kd a&pD&zdk@twGuf
'Dzufqpf0g'atmufrSmow&d d&S eSd @J qufjy;D kef;uefoGm;zd@k jzpfygw,f [k
yg&Sda=umif;/
Todk@ r[kwfrrSefpGyfpGJcsufrSm jynfol@wyfrawmfudk zufqpfESifh
Edi_ ;f ,SOfxm;ojzifh tvGefem=unf;p&maumif;a=umif;/ jynfoEl iS hw
f yfr
awmfonf zufqpfudk rsm;pGm&GH&Sm rkef;wD;a=umif;/ xdk@a=umifh jynfol
108
oef;0if;vIi
d f
ESifhwyfrawmf vufwjGJ yD; zufqpfuq

dk ef@usifwku
d fcu
dk cf Jh=ua=umif;/ if;
.ajymqdkr_rsm;onf zufqpfe,fcsJudk aoG;pnf;nDnGwfpGm wdkufcdkucf Jh
=uaom jynfolESifh wyfrawmfudk aoG;uGJatmif wrifzefwD;ajymqdkr_
rsm;jzpfa=umif;?
Todk@aom wyfrawmfudk zufqpfwyfrawmf[k ac:a0:orkwf
vdkujf cif;onf wyfrawmfEiS fhjynfoltm; &efwu
dk fay;jcif;/ rormaom
&nf&G,cf sufjzifh vdrfnmpGyfpGJykwfcwfjcif;yifjzpfajumif;/ EdkifiaH wmftm;
tE&m,fodk@usa&mufap&ef =uHaqmifzefwD;jcif;jzpfa=umif;?
a':atmifqef;pkjunfonf 1989 Zlvkid f 10 &ufae@wiG f yef;bJwef;
jrdKe,f trSwf 163/ taemf&xmvrf;&Sd vl@abmifopf'Dru
dk &ufwpf yg
wDHk;cef;wGif rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mYvnf; EdkifiHolEidk fiHom;rsm;udk aemufxyfvufeufESihf ESdrfESif;r,fqdk&if
awmh usrwdk@u zufqpftpd;k &vdk@ a=unm&rSmyJ [k ajymqdkchaJ =umif;/
Todk@ajymqdkjcif;onf e0wtzG@J tpd;k &onf wyfrawmftpdk;&yifjzpfI
wyfrawmftm; jynfolu trkef;yGm;ap&ef ajymqdkjcif;jzpfonfrSm xif
&Sm;yga=umif;?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu 'Dwyfrawmf[m vlwa,muftwGufr[kwb
f l;/ tzGJ@tpnf;
twGuf r[kwfbl;qdkwmvJ xyfwvJvJajymcJhw,f/ wyfrawmf vrf;
rSm;oGm;rSmudkvJ azaztifrwefrS pdk;&drfoGm;w,f/ 'DavmufawmifrS
pd;k &draf e&ufeJ@ bmjzpfv@kd vrf;rSm;oGm;&wmvJ? OD;ae0if;[m wyfrawmf
udk vrf;rSm;ay:rSm wifay;vdkufw,f? tJ'Dawmh ,ck wyfrawmfxJrSm
&Sw
d hJ wyfrawmfom;rsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm; pOf;pm;yg? wyfrawmf&Jzcifqkw
d m
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qdkjyD;awmh twdtvif;a=unmxm;jyD;/ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;[m wyfrawmfukd b,fvt
kd aetxm;rSm b,fvjkd zpfapcsif
ovJqkw
d m jyefjyD;oHk;oyfyg? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wyfrawmfvm;/ Adkvf
ae0if;wyfrawmfvm;qdkwm qHk;jzwf&awmhr,f [kvnf; txufyg
rde@f cGef;wGif ajymqdkcJha=umif;/
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
109
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 1989 ck/ Zlvkid v

f 8 &ufae@ wGif if;.
aetdrfY xdik f;EdkifiHrS ae;&Si;f (Nation) owif;pm owif;axmuf uGeef m
a*gpuD;ESihf awG@qakH qG;aEG;&mYvnf; OD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmftm; }udK;
udkifvsuf&Sdonf? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifonf OD;ae0if;. vdkvm;csuf
twdkif; vdkuI
f vkyfudkifae&onfrSm xif&Sm;aeonf? wyfrawmfonf
vlru
dk ftvkyfuk d vkyfudkifae&onf? vltdkwpk tm%mwnfjrJa&; t
wGuf vkyfuidk fae&onf[k ajymqdkcJha=umif;/ if;ajymqdck sut
f m; 1989
Zlvdkif 15 &ufxw
k f ae;&Sif;owif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf wyfrawmf. *k%o
f u
d mQ usqif;atmif
ESifh wyfrawmfudk jynfolrsm;u qef@usifv_yf&Sm;um v_H@aqmfaoG;xdk;
ajymqdkcJhonfrsm; tajrmuftjrm;&SdcJha=umif;/ TuJhodk@ wdkif;jynf zdk
z&Jjzpfap&ef =uHaqmifr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI wyfrawmfu t}udrf}udrf
onf;nnf;cHcsKyfwnf;cJha=umif;/ OD;wifOD;ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwk@d
OD;aqmifaomtzGJ@u Zlvkid fv 19 &ufae@wGif jynfolrsm;tm; tmZm
enfrsm;tm; *k%fjyKrnft
h pDtpOfudk ppf0g'Dwk@d u vufeuftm;udk;jzifh
acsre_ ;f &ef}uKd ;yrf;aea=umif;/ tmZmenfae@ukd xyfraH oG;pGe;f ap&ef ywf
pufpmG =uHaeonf[kv_H@aqmfjyD; wyfrawmfudk jynfolESifh &efwu
dk fay;
cJha=umif;?
OD;wifOD;onf ucsifjynfe,fok@d vSnhv
f nfpOfu awG@&SdcJh&aom
udpPrsm;ESifh ywfoufI wyfrawmfESifh wdkif;&if;om;jynforl sm; aoG;uGJ
atmifEiS hf wyfrawmftay:wGif jynfov
l x
l u
k em=unf;rke;f wD;atmif
if; wd@k tzGJ@. 5 }urd af jrmufowif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJY ajymqdkoGm;cJhonfukd
awG@&yga=umif;/ xdkowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh
OD;wifO;D wd@k onf a&Swef;vkyt
f m;&Sirf sm;toHk;jyKaomudpEP iS hf ywfouf
I wyfrawmftm; vlrqefaom/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom/ pD;yGm;a&;
aomif;use;f aomtzGJ@tpnf;wckozG,f yk v
f ;kH ay:aygufap&ef ajymqdkcJh
a=umif;/ xdk@tjyif OD;wifOD;onf r_cif;wyfz@GJ rS w&m;pGJqdkxm;aom
pdk;odrf;yg ajcmufO;D tr_ukd ppfaq;aeonfh tif;pdet
f usO;f axmifteD;&Sd
110
oef;0if;vIi
d f
txl;w&m;&H;k od@k 1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v

f 4 &ufae@wiG f vma&mufjyD; OD;
aiGvid_ t
f m; csucf sif;tmrcHray;r_EiS hf ywfoufI vufeuftm;ud;k jzifh
tEdkifusifhaejcif;jzpfonf [k wyfrawmfESifh jynfolukd aoG;uGJatmif
ajymqdkchaJ =umif;/ OD;wifOD;onf wdkif;jynftwGif; wnfjidrrf _ysujf ym;ap
&ef/ qlylr_rsm;jzpfyGm;ap&ef ajymqdkcJhonfrsm; trsm;tjym;&SdcJha=umif;/
xd@k a=umifh Edik fiaH wmfESihf jynfow
l @kd .tusK;d pD;yGm;/ touftk;d tdrpf nf;pdrf
vHkjcHkwnfwHha&;twGuf ,ckuJhodk@ if;wdk@ESpfOD;tm; wm;qD;ta&;,l
vdu
k f&jcif;jzpfa=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf?
aetdrt
f us,cf sKyjf zifh xde;f odr;f jcif;cHae&pOf a':atmifqef;pk=unf
onf 1989 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (22) &ufae@wiG f ygwDpk'H Drdkua&pD taxG
axGa&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf jydKifrnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhonf?
a=unmcsuftjynfhtpHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
Edik if aH &;}udK;yrf;r_rsm;a=umifh 1989 Zlvikd f 20 &ufae@rpS I xde;f
odrf;cHcJh&ygonf? txdef;odrf;cHae&vsufESifhyif rdrdtzGJ@csKyf. 'Drdku
a&pDenf;vrf;t& qHk;jzwfcsufudk av;pm;aomtm;jzihv
f nf;aumif;?
wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@. trSew
f &m;ESifh udkufnDaomvdktyfcsufrsm;udk
wwfpGr;f oa&GulnDjznfhpGufvdkaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pD
udv
k v
k d m;aom jynfov
l x
l .
k ZGo
J wu
d kd *k%jf yKaomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/
1989 ck 'DZifbmvwGif A[ef;jrKd e,f trsK;d om;'Dru
dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf jynf
ol@vw
$ fawmfudk,fpm;vS,favmif; pdppfa&G;cs,fa&;tzGJ@.qH;k jzwfcsuf
udkvku
d femI a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if ,SOfjydKifvo
dk lwOD;tjzpf trnfpm
&if; wifoGif;vdkufygonf? [lI xkwfjyefcJhonf?
od@k aomf wdik f;&if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw
G af &; (wpn) ygwDtm; ud,
k f
pm;jyKI &efukefwidk f;/ A[ef;jrdKe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) wGif a':atmif
qef;pk=unfESifh ,SOjf ydKi&f eftqdkjyKxm;jcif;cH&ol OD;vbef*a&mifrS uef@
uGuv
f m$ wifoiG f;cJ&h m/ yef;qd;k wef;trSwf (1) wGif zGihv
f pS pf pfaq;cJo
h nfh
&efukefwidk f; a&G;cs,w
f ifajrm ufyu
GJ sif;ya&;aumfr&SifrS vufcHppfaq;I
a&G;aumufyGJOya'yk'fr 10(i) jzifhjidpGef;onf[kqdkum a':atmifqef;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
111
pk=unf. trnfpm&if;wifoGi;f v$mudk y,fcsco

Jh jzifh 0ifa&muf,OS fjydKif
cGifhr&&SdbJ jzpfcJh&onf?
aemufqHk;rSwfykw
H ifcGifhjyK&ufjzpfonfh 1989 azazmf0g&D 28 txd
(5)v cef@twGif; rSwyf w
kH ifciG hjf yKcJo
h nfh Edik if Ha&;ygwDtzG@J tpnf;aygif;rSm
236 zG@J jzpfonf? xdk@aemuf rSwfyw
Hk ifxm;onfh Edik if Ha&;ygwt
D zGJ@tpnf;
rsm;onf ygwDwGif pnf;H;k a&;wdk@udk aqmif&u
G fc=Jh u&mY ygwDtcsKd onf
ygwDwGif;tajctaet&vnf;aumif;/ tjcm; EdkifiaH &;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;zG@J pnf;vdI
k rdrdwdk@ EdkifiaH &;ygwrD SwfyHkwifxm;jcif;udk y,f
zsufcGifhjyK&ef aumfr&Sifodk@av#mufxm;ojzifh Edik fiHa&;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;
aygi;f (102) zGJ@udk y,fzsufay;cJhonf?
xdk@jyif v$wfawmfrJqENe,f 3 e,f txd 0ifa&muf,SO f+ ydKif
Edik jf cif;r&So
d nfh (6) ygwED Sihf Edkiif Hawmftm; vufeufpGu
J kid I
f awmfvSeyf kef
uefaeaom ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD tzG@J tpnf;. ajray:tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;jzpfonf[x
k w
k jf yefI trsK;d om;EdkifiHa&;wyfaygif;pk (rew) rEav;
jrdK/ jynfol@wk;d wufa&;ygwD &efukejf rdK/ tjrJprd f;vli,frsm;tzGJ@ rHk&mG jrdK
ponfh (3) ygwDtm;vnf; e0wtzGJ@u y,fzsufcJhonf?
,if;aemuf ygwDpHk'Dru
dk a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJu
G dk 1990 jynfh
eSpf arv 27 &uf we*FaEGae@Y wjynfv;Hk wGif w+ydKifeuf eHeuf 6 em
&DrS nae 4 em&DtwGif; usif;ycJhonf?
e0wppftpdk;&onf 1990 jynfhESpf ygwDpHk'Drku
d a&pD taxGaxG
a&G;aumufy}JG uD;udk usif;yjyKvyk fonftxd Edik if Ha&;ygwt
D zGJ@tpnf;rsm;
wifjyawmif;qdkcho
J nfh rw&m;csKyfcs,fuef@owfrde@f rsm;jzpfaom (2
88)/ (888) wd@k udk vHk;0kwo
f rd f;ay;jcif;r&Sb
d J usi;f ycJo
h vdk wpnygwD
udk bufvku
d frsuEf mS omay;cJ&h ef trsKo
d m;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@. pnf;Hk;v_yf
&Sm;r_rsm;udk trsK;d rsKd;tzHkzHk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jy;D rS (t"dujydKifjrif;udk
}udK;wkyx
f m;jyD; wjcm;+ydKifjrif;awGudk v$waf y;jy;D t+yKd ifckid ;f ovd)k wzuf
owfprD Hcef@cJG usi;f ycJjh cif;jzpfonf? od@k aomf jynfov
l lx}k uD;w&yfvk;H u
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112
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=unfacgif;aqmifonfh NLD tzGJ@rS wpn tay: pD;csif;xdk;tEdkif,l

atmifyGJcHedkifa&;twGuf rdrdwdk@. tonf;=um;u rJwjym;udk rSefrSef
uefueftoHk;csjyD; toHwdwfqENjyyGJ}uD;w&yfyrm jywfjywfom;om;
azmfjycJ=h uonf? od@k uvdk jynfolvx
l }k uD;. wcJeuf axmufct
H m;ay;
r_a=umifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf jrefrmEdkiif H a&G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Sifordki;f Y rnfonft
h cgrS &&Scd Jhzl;aom atmifjrifr_rsKd;jzifh a&G;
aumufyGJ}uD;wGif tjywftowf atmifycGJ HEdkifcJhayonf?
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJYG 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifonfh
Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; 93 zGJ@teuf trsK;d om;'Drku
d a&pDtzJ@G csKyo
f nf
0ifa&muf,SO+f yKd ifco
hJ nfh 447 rJqENe,fY 392 OD; tEdik &f &Scd ho
J nf? wjynf
vk;H wGif rJqENe,f 485 ae&m&So
d nft
h euf NLD ygwDonf 392 OD; tEdkif
&&SdonfhtwGuf wjynfvHk;wGif 82 &mcdkifE_e;f tEdkif&&Sdum armfuGef;
xlEdkifcJhonf?
1990 jynfEh Spfa&G;aumufyGJwGif v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f t
enf;qH;k wOD;ESit
fh xufa&G;aumufwifajrmufc&H onfh Edik fiaH &;ygwD tzGhJ
tpnf;aygif; (27) zG@J a&G;aumufwifajrm ufc&H onf? a&G;aumufyJG wif
ajrm ufc&H onfh v$waf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,Of ;D a&rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf?
(1) trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGJ@csKyf
- 392 OD;
(2) &Srf;wdkif;&if;om; 'Dru
dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf
- 23 OD;
(3) &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
- 11 OD;
(4) wdik f;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwD
- 10 OD;
(5) rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@
- 5 OD;
(6) trsKd;om;vl@tcGifhta&;'Drku
d &ufwpfygwD
- 4 OD;
(7) csi;f trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
- 3 OD;
(8) ucsijf ynfe,ftrsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDuGe*f &uf
- 3 OD;
(9) jynfaxmifpkytdk0fh trsK;d om;tzGJ@csKyf
- 3 OD;
(10) trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDygwD
- 3 OD;
(11) Zdrk D;trsKd;om;uGe*f &uf
- 2 OD;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
113
(12)em*awmifwef;a'owdk;wufa&;ygwD
- 2 OD;
(13) u,m;jynfe,fvlrsKd;aygif;pHk'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 2 OD;
(14) watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf - 2 OD;
(15)u,ef;trsKd;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@
- 2 OD;
(16) 'Drkdua&pDygwD
- 1 OD;
(17) 'Dru
k d &ufwpfwuUov
kd b
f @JG &ESihf ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; tzG@J
- 1 OD;
(18)rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ@
- 1 OD;
(19)u&ifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
- 1 OD;
(20)&Sr;f jynfu;kd uef@'rD du
k &ufwpfygwD
- 1 OD;
(21) jynfaxmifpk"EktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
- 1 OD;
(22)ureftrsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
- 1 OD;
(23) r&mjynfol@ygwD (ryy)
- 1 OD;
(24) jynfaxmifpt
k rsK;d om;rsm;'Dru
kd a&pDygwD
- 1 OD;
(25)jrdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om;nDnw
G af &;tzG@J (rcrnz) - 1 OD;
(26)vm;[ltrsKd;om;zGH@jzdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
- 1 OD;
(27)jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
- 1 OD;
xdk@aemuf a&G;aumufyw
GJ Gif 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifjyD; v$wfawmf ud,
k f
pm;vS,fwOD;r# a&G;aumufwifajrmufcsif;rcH&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwD (63)
ygwDtm; e0wrS 1992 Zefe0g &D 22 &ufae@&ufpJyG g trde@f trSwf 292
jzifh zsuo
f drf;cJhonf? xdk@jyif a&G;aumufyw
GJ Gif v$waf wmfuk,
d fpm;vS,f
tenf;qHk;wOD;ESifhtxuf a&G;aumufwifajrmufcH&onfh EdkifiaH &;ygwD
(20) tm; e0wtzG@J rS 1992 rwf11 &ufae@ &ufpyJG g trde@f trSwf
792 jzifh zsuo
f drf;cJhjyefonf?
od@k aomf a&G;aumufyw
GJ iG f wOD;r#ta&G;rcH&aomfvnf; e0wtpd;k
&u w&m;0if &yfwnfcGihaf y;cJhaomygwD (3) ckrmS udk;uef@'Dru
dk a&pDESifh
114
oef;0if;vIi
d f
nDnGwfa&;ygwD (Kokang Democracy and Unity Party)/ 0 trsKd;om; zGH@

+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (Wa National Development Party)/ jynfaxmifpk u&if
trsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (Union Karen League) wdk@jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh w
&m;0if&yfwnfvsu&f daS om Edik if aH &;ygwD (10) ygwrD mS atmufygtwdkif;
jzpfonf?
(1) trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGJ@csKyf
(2) wdik f;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwD
(3) &Sr;f wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
(4) jynfaxmifpkytdk0ht
f rsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
(5) &Sr;f jynfu;kd uef@'rD du
k &ufwpfygwD
(6) +rdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzGJ@
(7) vm;[ltrsKd;om;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
(8) jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
(9) udk;uef@'Drdkua&pDESifh nDnGwfa&;ygwD
(10)0 trsKd;om;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
ponfwdk@ jzpfonf?
1990 jynfEh pS af &G;aumufyw
JG iG f woD;yk*~vtrwfavmif; ajcmufO;D
ta&G;cH&onf? ,if;wdk@rSm (1) a'gufwmr_xef / xef;wvef+rdKe,f jynfol@v$waf wmfrq
J EN
e,f/ csif;jynfe,f?
(2) OD;0if;&Sed f / ajrmif+rdKe,f/ jynfo@l vw
$ fawmf rJqENe,f trSwf
(1) ppfudkif;wdkif;?
(3) OD;yDwmvif;yif/ jyifOD;vGif+rdKe,f jynfo@l v$wfawmfrJqENe,f
trSwf(2) rEav;wdkif;?
(4) a'gufwmpef;atmif/ t*Fyl+rdKe,f jynfol@v$wfawmfrJqEN
e,ftrSwf (2) {&m0wDwkid f;?
(5) OD;vseftkyf/ [m;cg;+rdKe,f rJqENe,f/ csif;jynfe,f?
(6) OD;odef;az/ uef@bvl+rdKe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf(1) ppfudkif;wdkif;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
115
wdk@ jzpf=uonf?
e0wppftpdk;&onf rnfo@dk rS ar#mfvifhrxm;rdonfh &v'frsKd;
jzifh trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu tjywftowftEdik &f &So
d mG ;r_tay:
tHh=owkefv_yfoGm;cJh&jyD;aemuf tzG@J csKyftay: enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh zdESdyfa&;udk
apmif;ay;vkyfaqmifvmcJhayonf?
e0wppftpdk;&u a&G;aumufyGJtjyD;Y a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdki f&
&SdchaJ om EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;onf (1) aiGa=u;tiftm;jzifh trwfae&mrsm; 0,f,x
l m;Edik o
f nfh bm
oma&;tpGe;f a&mufrsm;u bmoma&;e,fajr cGx
J u
G af &;udk jyifqifvm
=uonf? ratmifjrifv#if vufeufudkifwdkufrnf?
(2) vlrsKd;a&;tjrifusOf;ajrmif;onfhygwDrsm;uvnf; e,fajrrsm;
udk cGJxGuf&efjyifqifvm=uonf? cGifhrjyKv#if aomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh
aygi;f rnf/ vufeufudkifwdkufrnf?
(3) tm%m&vmrnf[k ar#mfvifhaeaomEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf
taemuftkyfpkoH kH;rsm;/ jynfyrS taemuftkypf k udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh
&if;&if;ESD;ESD;qufqHvm=ujyD; taemuftkyfpu
k dk tvGet
f u|H rSDcdktm;
udk;&ef jyifqifvm=uonf?
(4) taemuftkyfpkt}udKuf vdkufvkyfaeaomfvnf; vuf0J0g'D
rsm; v$rf;rdk;aeaomfygwrD sm;onf tm%m&Sifpepfudk xlaxmif&ef }udK;
pm;ae=uonf?
(5) wyfrawmfu tm%mrodr;f Edkif&eftwGuf ppf;Hk udk &efuek +f rdK
tjyifbuf tif;wdik fo@kd a&$&ef =unf;/ a&/ av/ wyfrawmfukd =unf;wyf/
a&wyf/ avwyf oD;jcm;pD cGJxw
k zf @JG pnf;&ef/ 'kw,
d Adv
k frLS ;}uD;ESihf txuf
tqifrh sm;udk wyfrawmfrSxw
k yf ,fypfjyD; tcsKdudk cHk ;Hk wifI ta&;,l&ef
wdk@udk aqG;aEG;=uum wyfrawmfudk +zdKcGJypf&ef/ zsufodrf;ypf&eftxd
=uHpnfvm=uonf[I
l tajctjrpfr&Sd pGyfpJGjyD; zGwv
f #momef
ESpcf OG m%fjzifh uvdraf phjirf;pifum tEdik &f trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
tm; tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;a&;udk cg;cg;wl;wl; jiif;qefco
Jh nf? xd@k aemuf
116
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,ckusif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyGJonf tm%m (3) &yfpvHk;udk &&Sdrnfh

v$wfawmfrsK;d r[kw/f zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qG&J efomjzpfonf? ta&G;
aumufcH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'udk a&;qGzJ @kd omwm0ef&o
dS nf? tm%mudk tvdktavsmuf &&Srd nf
r[kwf [kqdkjyD; yxrqH;k t}udrf ajymifvdrfajymifpm; ajymqdkcho
J nf?
tu,fI wpn ac: wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwDom
tEdkif&&Sdrnfqdk v#if 1947 ckESpf zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya' od@k r[kwf 1974
zG@J pnf;yHkOya'udv
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kd yfovdk ,m,Djyifqifr_jyKvkyjf y;D tm%mudk jrefjref
qefqefvG,v
f G,u
f lul v$Jajymif;tyfvdkuI
f ay:aygufvmonfh v$wf
awmfopfrSzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'opfudk a&;qGJaprnfjzpfaomf
vnf; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfygwu
D ,ckuho
J @dk tjywftowf t
Edik &f &So
d nfonft
h ay: e0w ppftpd;k &onf ay:ay:xifxif npfywf
vmjcif; jzpfonf?
ppftpdk;&. tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;jiif;qefaer_ukd a':atmifqef;
pk=unfu a&G;aumufyGJusif;jyD;&ef a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumiftxnf
azmfay;zdk@vnf; vdkao;w,fqdkwJhtcsufygyJ? a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fukd t
aumiftxnfrazmfwm[m xrif;pm;zdwf/ xrif;yGJjyif/ pm;yGJrmS xdkicf kid f
jyD;rS rpm;&bl;qdkjyD; xrif;[if;awGjyefodrf;oGm;ovdkygyJ? {nfo
h nfawG
udk apmfum;wJv
h yk &f yfyg? 1990 a&G;aumufy&GJ v'fukd t aumiftxnf
razmfay;wm[m jynfolw&yfvHk;udk vdrfvnfvSnhjf zm; apmfum;&m
a&mufygw,f?
tm%mydkiaf wG[m rdrw
d @dk oabmruswhJ a&G;aumufy&JG v'fqk&d if
vspfv#L_vku
d /f vdkcsifw&Jh v'fjzpfvmEd;k Edk; a&G;aumufyt
JG opfawG usi;f
yvdkuef @J vkyaf er,fq&dk ifawmh wdik ;f jynf&J tem*wfe@J upm;&m a&muf
ygvdrrfh ,f? wdik f;jynf&Jtem*wfqdkwm[m upm;&r,ht
f &m r[kwfyg
bl;? wav;wpm;eJ@ apmifha&SmufoGm;&r,hft&momjzpfygw,f? 'g
a=umifh 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumiftxnfrazmfbJ aemuf
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
117
a&G;aumufyGJtopfusif;ya&;udk trsKd;om;'Drku
d a&pDtzGJ@csKyfu vHk;0
vufcrH Smr[kwb
f ;l vd@k qHk;jzwfxm;wmjzpfygw,f [lI wdwv
d if;vif;
ajym=um;cJhonf?
NLD tm; rJxnfa
h y;cJhaomjynfov
l x
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118
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vGwv
f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEidk fiHjzpfonf?
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H 0Srf;
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jym;cJo
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jynfom;tm;vHk;tusKd;iSm wyfrawmfu Edik if aH wmftm%mt&yf&yfudk
vH;k 0wm0ef,lcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmftygt0if EdkifiHawmf tm%m
ydik t
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nmjyD; EdkfifiHawmf. ta&;udpPt00udk wm0ef,laqmif&Gufcho
J nf?
(3) Edik fiHawmfjird 0f yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J onf Edik if HawmftwGi;f
jird 0f yfydjym;a&;/ w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;ESihf e,fajrat;csr;f om,ma&;wd@k ukd
xda&mufpGmxdef;odr;f Edkif&ef vdt
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_ nfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf rnfonfhzGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udkr# vdu
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fh ;Hk aomtzGJ@tpnf;r[kwb
f J EdkifiaH wmf
udk rm&S,af vm (Martial Law) jzifh tkycf sKyaf eaom tzG@J tpnf;jzpfa=umif;/
EdkifiHawmfjidr0f yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J tpdk;&onf ppftpdk;&tjzpf
tkyfcsKyfvsuf&aSd =umif;ESihf ukvor*~tygt0if urBmhedkifiHtoD;oD;rS
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(7) Edik if w
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120
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oHk;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhjyD; EdkifiHtoD;oD;ESifh cspf=unfpGm qufqH
vsu&f do
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H csi;f csif; oHwrefqufqHa&; wdk;wufaumif;rGeaf p
&ef jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd rnfonfhoHHk;udkr# ,cktcsdeftxd ydwfyifjcif;r&SdbJ
qufvufxm;&SdcGijfh yKjyD; yHrk SefqufqaH eonfeh nf;wl EdkifijH cm;wdki;f jynf
rsm;wGif jrefrmoHHk;rsm;udkvnf; kyfodrf;jcif;rjyKbJ qufvufzGihv
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(8) jrefrmEdik if Honf ukvor*~tzG@J 0ifEidk fiHjzpfonfeiS t
fh nD urBmh
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rsm;udv
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wrefwcsKd. oHwrefusi0fh wfazmufzsufr_rsm;udkvnf; oabmxm;
}uD;pGmjzifh oHwreftrnfESifh EdkifiHtrnfrsm;udk xkwfazmfjcif;rjyKbJ rdrd
wd@k jynfwiG ;f a&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGuzf ufjcif;rjyK&ef t}urd }f urd f ajym=um;
cJhonf? xdk@jyif oHwrefenf;vrf;rsm;ESifhtnD oufqdkif&moHHk;rsm;odk@
vnf; ta=umif;=um;cJhonf? ,if;odk@aqmif&Gujf cif;jzifh Edik fit
H csi;f csif;/
tpdk;&tcsi;f csif; qufqHa&;ysujf ym;aprnfhudpP&yfrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;Edik cf hJ
aoma=umifh ,ae@txd rnfonfhjy\emrS ay:aygufcJhjcif;r&Sdyg? oH
wrefwcsKd . vky&f yfa=umifh rdrdw@dk tpd;k &tay: txiftjrifvrGJ Sm;r_rsm;
udkvnf; oabmxm;}uD;pGmxm;I oHwrefenf;jzifhom ajz&Sif;aqmif
&GufcJhonf?
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
121
(10)Edik fiaH wmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J onf EdkifiHawmf. wm

0efudk ,lco
Jh nft
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nDnGwfrr_ +ydKuGJa&;/ tcsKyftjcm tm%mwnfwcHh dkifjrJa&;wdk@udk pGJjrJpGm
udkifpGJaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? wzufwGifvnf; vufeufpGJudkif qlyl
aomif;use;f olrsK;d pHkukd wyfrawmfom;rsm;. touf/ aoG;/ ac|; ajrmuf
rsm;pGmay;vSLvsuf xdk;ppf}uD;rsm;jzifh acsr_ef;cJhonfrSm tm;vHk;tod
yifjzpfonf? wyfrawmfonf Edkifi Ha&;tzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfojzif h qlyl
aomif;use;f olrsm;ESifh Edik fiaH &;enf;t& aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif; jyKvkyfchjJ cif;
r&Sdyg? odk@&mwGif vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudk pGef@v$wI
f tvif;0ifvmol
rsm;udkrl aumif;rGefpmG vufcH}udKqdkI jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;a&; vkyf
ief;rsm;udk tzGJ@tpnf;jzifh aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? EdkifiHawmfjidr0f yfr_
wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf EdkifiHa&;tpdk;&r[kwfojzifh rnfonfh vuf
eufukid faomif;usefoltzGt
Jh pnf;ESifhr# EdkifiHa&;enf;t& aphpyfaqG;aEG;
jcif;jyKvky&f ef ta=umif;r&Sad y?
(11) EdkifiaH wmfjidr0f yfrw
_ nfaqmufa&;tzG@J onf ygwpD Hk 'Drdkua&pD
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJu
G kd usif;yEdkif&ef ygwpD 'Hk rD u
dk a&pD taxGaxG a&G;
aumufyGJusif;ya&;aumfr&SiOf ya'udk jymef;vsuf ygwDp'Hk Drdkua&pD t
axG xGa&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifudk zG@J pnf;ay;cJhonf? a&G;aumufyJ0G ifvdk
aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifEdkif&ef EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;
Oya'udk jymef;cJhonf? xdk@jyif vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom ygwDp'Hk Drdk
ua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGu
J sif;yEdik f&ef jynfol@v$wfawmfa&G;
aumufyGJOya'udkvnf; jymef;ay;cJhonf?
(12)jynfo@l vw
$ af wmfa&G;aumufyOJG ya'yk'fr (3)wGif v$waf wmf
udkrq
J ENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESifhtnD a&G;aumufwifajrmufvdkufaom
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;&rnf [lI jymef;yg&do
S nf?
,if;jymef;csuEf iS t
hf nD v$wfawmfac:,lz@GJ pnf;jcif;udk Edik if Hawmf jird 0f yf
r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@u aqmif&Gufay;rnf? xdkodk@ v$wfawmfac: ,l
Edkifa&;twGuf ygwpD k'H Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usif;ya&;aumf
122
oef;0if;vIi
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r&Sifu aqmif&Guf&efupd P&yfrsm;/ a&G;aumufyJw

G iG f ta&G;cH&onfh ygwD
rsm;ESihf a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f ta&G;cH&onfh yk*K~d vfrsm;u aqmif&u
G &f ef udpP
&yfrsm;udk Oya'/ enf;Oya'rsm;ESit
hf nD aqmif&u
G x
f m;=u&ef tcgtm;
avsmfpGm owif;xkwfjyefa&;tzGJ@u &Sif;vif;cJhjyD;jzpfonf?
(13) ,ae@ ygwpD kH 'Dru
kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usi;f yjy;D pD;onfh
aemufykdif;wGif v$wfawmfac:,la&;/ tm%mv$aJ jymif;a&;udpPrsm;ESifh
pyfvsO;f I pmapmifrsm;xkwaf 0aejcif;/aqG;aEG;jiif;cHjk cif;/ jynfytoHvi$ hf
Xmersm;rS a&Saqmifvrf;jyvkyjf cif;/ aoG;xd;k v_H@aqmfjcif;/ w&m;r0if
pm&Gufpmwrf;xkwfa0jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfae=uonf?
(14) v$waf wmfac:,la&;eSifh ywfoufI txufwiG f &Sif;vif;azmf
jycJhjy;D jzpfonf? tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;udpEP iS hf pyfvsO;f I Edik if aH wmfjidrf0yf
ydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J OuUX u wdik ;f rSL;rsm;/ wyfrrSL;/ jynfe,fEiS hf
wdik ;f jidr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@OuUXrsm;tm; tcgtm;avsmpf mG
ajym=um;cJhonhfrdef@cGef;rsm;wGif nGefjycJhjyD;jzpfonf? EdkifiHawmf jidrf0yfyd
jym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) taejzifhvnf; 1990 jynfh
ESifh Zlvdkif13 &ufae@wGif usif;yonfh (100) }udraf jrmuf owif;pm&Sif;
vif;yGJY wdwdvif;vif;ajymqdkcJhjyD; jzpfonf?
(15)Edkiif Ha&;tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfonf jynfol@v$wfawmfw&yf ay:
ayguv
f mHkjzifh Oya'jyKr_tm%m/ pDrHcef@crJG t
_ m%mESihf w&m;pD&ifr_ tm
%m[laom tcsKyftjcmtm%m (3) &yfudk tvdktavsmufr&&SdbJ
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yftay: tajcjyKIom &,lEdkifa=umif; txl;
&Sif;vif;&ef vdkrnfr[kwfyg/ 1947 ckESpfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'
onf 1947 ckESp/f pufwifbmv 24 &ufae@wGif wdkif;jynfjyKvw
$ af wmf
uvufcHI Oya'tjzpf twnfjyKcJhonf? odk@aomf xdktajccHOya'
tm%mwnfjyD; trSefwu,f tusKd;oufa&mufonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH
vHk;0vGwfvyfaom tcssyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifi Hawmfjzpfa=umif;
a=unmonfh 1948 ckESp/f Zefe0g&v
D (4) &ufae@wGifrjS zpfonfukd Oya'
a=umif;t& txift&Sm;awG@Eikd o
f nf? Edik if w
H ck. zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
123
w&yfonf vGwv
f yfa&;r&rD a&;om;xm;onfh Oya'ESifh vGwfvyfa&;
&&SdonfhaemufrS a&;om;xm;onfh Oya'[lI ESpfrsKd;&So
d nf? vGwfvyf
a&;&&Scd Jh=uonfh urBm@Ekid fiHtoD;oD;wGif tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vuf
qkyv
f ufuikd f&jy;D rSom wdik ;f jynfjyKvw
$ af wmfuadk c:,lI zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'udk a&;qGJ=uonfh tpOftvm&So
d nf? jrefrmEdkifiw
H Gifrl wdkif;jynf
jyKv$wfawmfwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyD;rS vGwfvyfa&; a=u
nmcJh&onf? xdko@dk aqmif&GufcJhjcif;onf xdktcsdeu
f edkifiHacgif;aqmif
rsm;taejzifh jAdwo
d #w@kd xrH S jird f;csr;f aomenf;jzifh vGwv
f yfa&;udk tjref
&,lvkad omqENa=umifh aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif; rSm xif&Sm;onf?
(16)1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'udk avhvmygu vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;
aemufa&;qGjJ cif;jzpfjyD; jynfol@qENc,
H yl jGJ zifh jymef;cJah omOya'jzpfonf
udk rnfolr#jiif;qdkjcif;jyKEdik frnfr[kwfyg?
(17)1947 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'onf vGwv
f yfa&;r&rD a&;qGJ
onfh Oya'jzpfjyD; 1974 ckEpS zf @JG pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'onf vGwv
f yfa&;&jyD;
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'Dru
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(C) tmCmwuif;pifaom taxGaxGo[Zmwjzpfr_udk a&S_
a&;rl ponfwdk@udk udkifpG&J rnf[kvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk@cH,lxm;ayonf?
12? jynfol@udk,pf m;vS,frsm;jzifh yg0ifzGJ@pnf;onfh jynfo@l v$wf
awmfudk ac:,lzJ@G pnf;&ef awmif;qdyk dkifcGifhrSm jynfolvlxk. tajccHrl
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&ef jynfol@u,
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tESpfom&rsm;t&vnf;aumif;/ Edkifi HwumusifhxHk;usifhenf;rsm;ESifh
avsmn
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v$waf wmfukd ac:,lz@GJ pnf;ay;&ef trsK;d om;'Dru
dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyfu jynfo@l
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132
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%mv$aJ jymif;a&;udk t}urd }f udraf wmif;qdk ajym=um;oHreS o
f r#ukd e0w
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d "du
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f Gyfrr_ sm; wdk;
jrifhvmcJhonf?
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0if tzGJ@csKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ t+rdK+rdKte,fe,fu v$waf wmfudk,fpm;
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ta&;,lcH&r_rsm;udk qufwdkufjyKvkyfvmcJhonf?
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f csKdu 1990 jynfEh pS /f pufwif
bm/ atmufwkb
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awmfudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKd axmif'%fcsrSwfcH&onfhtjyif v$wfawmf
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ojzifha=unmjcif;udk cHcJh&onf? v$wfawmfudk,pf m;vS,fwcsKd zrf;qD;
cH&mrS axmifxJYyifaoqHk;cJh&onf? (Oyrm c&rf;v$wfawmf udk,fpm;
vS,f OD;wifarmif0if;onf tif;pdeaf xmifwGif;Y e0w ppfaxmufvSrf;
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wGif axmifwGi;f Y aoqH;k oGm;cJh&onf? OD;wifarmif0if;. ZeD;rSm pma&;
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. ,m,DOuUXtjzpf Adv
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h nf? tjidrf;
pm; AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifa&$onf r&rf;ukef;+rdKe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1)
wGif trsKd;om;'Drku
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f m; ud,
k pf m;jyKI 0ifa&muf ,SO+f ydKicf hJ
&m a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cH&onf? OD;atmifa&$udk 1918 ckESp/f arv
19 &ufae@wiG f tzOD;zd;k uGe;f / trda':ode;f wifw@dk rS zGm;jrifco
Jh nf? 1940
jynfEh pS w
f iG f &efuek w
f uUov
dk f bDat (0dZm ) bG@J &&Scd jhJ y;D 1942 rS 1945
txd Adv
k fcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom Armhvw
G v
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tdkifat)/ ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf(bD'Dat) ESifh ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfr
awmf (yDbt
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Jh nf? 1945 rSpI wyfrawmf (=unf;)
wGif ud,
k yf idk ftrSwf 3505 jzifh Adkvf}uD;tqifhrSpI wm0efxrf;&Gucf Jh&m
1950 wGif Adv
k frLS ;}uD;tqifhjzifh ppfaxmufcsKyf/ 1955 wGif ajrmufydkif;
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;tjzpf wdk;jrifhjcif;cH&onf? 1955 ckESpf/ azazmf
0g&v
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D 15 &ufae@twGi;f awmif
ydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif Adv
k frSL;csKyftqifhjzifh wdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;
aqmifaepOf a&G;aumufyYGJ bufvku
d v
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tpnf;ta0;rS wyfrawmfwiG f ppfrx
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1961 rS 1975 txd jrefrmEdkifiq
H kid f&moHtrwf}uD;tjzpf =opaw;vs/
(e,l;ZDvef) ygy;l wGJI tD*spf/ jyifopf/ (pydefEiS hf ,leufpudk) tzGJ@wdk@yg
yl;wGw
J m0ef,I
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f
7 &ufae@wGif EdkifiHh*k%f&nfbGJ@ (yxrqifh) csD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf? rsKd;cspf&J
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dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyw
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,m,DOuUXOD;atmifa&$ukd e0wppftpd;k & jypfru
_ six
hf ;kH yk'rf (165)
t& qifhac: jyD; (190) udk vdkufem&ef qifhac:ta=umif;=um;cJh&m OD;
atmifa&$u 1990 jynfEh pS /f Ed0k if bm 12 &ufwiG f trsK;d om;'Dru
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134
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tay: trsKd;om;axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J u ygwDp'kH rD ku
d a&pD taxGaxGa&G;
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awG@qakH r;jref;um atmufygtcsufrsm;udk wm0efcv
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ygonf?
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jzpfygonf?
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(*) a=unmcsu(f 190)udk rvdu
k ef mygu Oya't& ta&;,l
cH&rnfudk od&ySd gonf?
(C) a=unmcsuf (190) udk rvdu
k ef mygu ygwDtzG@J tpnf;
rsm; zsufodr;f cH&rnfukd od&Sdygonf?
2? ,if;ar;jref;csufrsm;udk usifhxHk;yk'fr (160) t& ac:,lar;jref;
Edik fciG &hf o
dS nfjzpfI ygwt
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Ttcsuu
f kd oufqidk f&mygwu
D vufrSwaf &;xd;k &rnfph m&Guw
f iG f twd
tvif; a&;om;azmfjywm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif if;vufrw
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pm&Guw
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3? jypfrq
_ kid f&musix
fh ;Hk Oya'yk'fr (160) rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfyg
onf?
Police Officer Power of Require Attendance of Witnesses
Any police officer making an investigation under this chapter, by order
in writing, require the attendance before himself of any person being within
the limit of his own or any adjoining station who, from the information given
or other wise, appear to be acquainted with the circumstances of the case, and
such person shall attend as so required.
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
135
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ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk odu|rf;yHkay:aom rdr.
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r[kw)f qufpyfaeaom &Jpcef;ajrtwGif;&Sd rnfol@udkrqdk rdrda&Sodk@
a&muf&Sdap&ef trdef@pmjzifh qifhqdkEdkifonf?
4? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@u xkwf
jyefcsufrSefor#w@dk onf (Martial Law) t& xkwfjyefjcif;jzpfa=umif;/
Edik if aH wmfjird 0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyf
csKyfr_tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifr_tm%moHk;&yfukd oHk;pGJaeonfjzpfa=umif;/
odk@jzpfI if;wdk@xkwfjyefonfh a=unmcsufrsm;udk trsm;uvdkuf em&ef
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5? tu,fI a=unmcsuf (190) udk rvdkufemygu (u) vufrSwfa&;xdk;&rnfph mwGif yl;wGJxm;onfhyk*~dKvfrsm;
tm; yk'rf (160) t& ta&;,ltjypfay;Edik fonf?
(c) xdk@tjyif txufygtyd'k fcGJ (C) t& oufqdkif&mygwDudk
vnf; zsufodrf;jcif;cH&Edkifygonf?
6? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJcsKyfonf rdrdtzGJ csKyfwGif yg0ifaqmif
&Guaf e=uolrsm;tm; yk*Kd~ vft& ta&;,ltjypfay;cH&jcif;xuf 1988
ck =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@ 'Drdkua&pDawmif;cHr_rsm;t& wnfaqmufcJhjyD;
jynfow
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hf ajymif;rsm; t=um;rS
yif &yfwnfrr_ ysufjym;atmif w&m;Oya't& ke;f uefvy_ f&mS ;cJ&h yg
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136
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&Sdaeygu 'Dru
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rsm;jzifh &&Sda&;twGuf }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmif=urnf[al om oEMdXmefjzifyh if
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13? rnfodk@aom tcuftcJt=uyftwnf;rsm; &Sdaeapumrl 'Drdk
ua&pDa&;udk OD;xdyfyefqifvsuf tajctaeESifhtcsdeftcgt& ,Hk=unf
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csjy&ef &nf&G,fygaomfvnf; tcsdet
f uef@towf&rSd _ESifh yk'rf 160 t&
aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; r&SdcJhyg?
15? xd@k a=umifh txufwGifazmfjycJhonfhta=umif;rsm;udk aocsm
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
137
pGm avhvmaqG;aEG;=ujy;D TtzG@J csKyf A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J u tzG@J csKyf. &yfwnf

Edik af &;ESihf a&&SnftusKd;twGuf (9 11 90) ae@ A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J tpnf;
ta0; (790) wGif t"du tav;xm;I qH;k jzwfcsucf srSwfcJhayonf?
A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@
trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGJ@csKyf
1990 jynfhESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (12) &uf?
od@k uvdk a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f ta&G;cH&aom v$waf wmfu,
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OD;rzef;qif/ OD;tifeef;*rfESifh +rdKe,fpnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwD0if (3) OD; tyg
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atmifEiS hf v$waf wmfuk,
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dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf vGwfajrmufe,fajr (vli,f)
tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;Edik cf jhJ yD; 1998 Zefe0g&v
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140
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If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you.
If you can trust yourself when oll men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, dont deal in lies.
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
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Or being heard, dont give way to hating,

And yet dont look too good, nor walk too wise:
If you can dream- and make dreams your master;
If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
And treat those two impostors just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth youve spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and buildem up with worn-our tools;
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one trun of pitch-and-toss,
And loose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and never and sinew
To serre your turn long ofter they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the will which says to them: "Hold on !"
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
Or walk with Kings-nor lose the common touch,
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds worth of distance run,
Yours is the Earth and everything thats in it,
And-which is more-youll be a Man, my son!
Rudyard Kipling
202
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etztaeeJ@ trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;udk t&ifrvkyb
f J
2010 a&G;aumufyu
JG kd vkyrf ,fq&kd if 'D 2010 a&G;aumufy[
JG m r#wr_
vnf; &Srd mS r[kwb
f ;l ? w&m;vnf;0ifrmS r[kwb
f ;l vd@k urBm@uv
k or*~
taeeJ@ a=unmcsux
f w
k jf yD; ajymoifw
h ,f?
rJay;zd@k tcGit
hf a&;&So
d vdk rJray;zd@k vnf; tcGit
hf a&;&Sw
d hJ Oya'
jymef;csu&f w
dS ,f? vlxt
k aeeJ@ rJray;wmuvnf; Oya't& tcGihf
ta&;yJ?
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kd a&pDrc
251
tcef; (13)
a':atmifqef;pkMunf 'dik ,
f m&D
1942/ pufwifbmv 6 ae@v,f 2 em&DwiG f *syefacwfaq;Hk
}uD; (,ckEikd if aH wmfumuG,af &;wuUoo
kd )f ta&Sbuf tpGeq
f ;kH cef;r
aqmifwiG f olejyKq&mr rcif=unfEiS hf ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf Adv
k f
csKyfAv
kd af wZwd@k vufxyfr*FvmyGjJ yKvkyo
f nf?
pufwifbmv 7 nae 5 em&Dtcsed w

f iG f &efuek +f rdK Nippon
Military Club (rifwr
kd pf&iS [
f w
kd ,f) Y ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf Adv
k f
csKyfAv
kd fawZESihf ZeD;a':cif=unfw@kd r*Fvmxrif; wnfcif;{nfch aH u|;
arG;onf?
1943/ ZGef 13 Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf a':cif=unfw@kd . om;OD;
atmifqef;OD;udk zGm;jrifonf?
1944 ar 10 Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf a':cif=unfw@kd . 'kw,
d
om; atmifqef;vif;udk zGm;jrifonf?
1945 ZGef 19 Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf a':cif=unfw@kd . wwd,
ajrmuforD; atmifqef;pk=unfukd eHeuf 3; 35 em&DwiG f zGm;jrifonf?
252
oef;0if;vIid f
1946 pufwifbm 22 Adv

k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESih f a':cif=unfw@kd
.pwkwo
rD;udk zGm;jrifonf? (zGm;jrifjyD; 5 &uft=umwGif uG,v
f eG f
onf?)
1947 Zlvkdif 19 eHeuf 10 em&D 35 rdepfY &efuek +f rdK&Sd twGi;f
0efrsm;H;k (,ck0ef}uD;rsm;H;k ) Y tpnf;ta0;usi;f yaepOf *VKefO;D apm.
vufyg;apvlowform;wd@k . vky=f uHowfjzwfr_a=umifh zcifAkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;usq;kH cJ&h onf? vky=f uHc&H pOfu atmifqef;pk=unfonf
2 ESpo
f rD;t&G,o
f m &Sad o;onf?
Adv
k cf sKyf vkyMf ucH &H onfh twGi;f 0efrsm;k;H
1949 &efuek +f rdKpde@f z&efppfueG Af ifah usmif;wGif a':atmifqef;pk

=unf pwifynmoif=um;onf?
1953 Zefe0g&Dv 16 a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tpfuv
kd wf
atmifqef;vif;onf trSw2f 5/ wm0gved ;f vrf; (,ckAv
kd cf sKyfatmif
qef;jywdu
k v
f rf;) &Sad etdrYf a&epfaoqH;k onf?
arv trSwf 25 / wm0gved ;f vrf;aetdrrf S A[ef;+rdKe,f trSwf
54/ wuUov
kd &f yd o
f mvrf;aetdro
f @kd a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd ro
d m;pk
ajymif;a&$onf?
1957 rS 1960 &efuek +f rdK t*Fvyd rf ufo'pf uGeAf ifah usmif;
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
253
trSwf 54 wuodkvf&dyfomvrf;? a':atmifqef;pkMunfaetdrf
(txu - 1 '*H)k wGif a': atmifqef;pk=unf qufvufynmoif=um;

cJo
h nf?
1960 rdcifjzpfoal ':cif=unf tdE,
dN Edik if q
H ikd &f m jrefrmEdik if H oH
trwf}u;D tjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&I rdcifEiS t
hf wl tdE,
dN Edik if H e,l;a'vD+rdK
od@k vdu
k yf gaexdik cf o
hJ nf?
1960 rS 1961 a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfa,lEiS hf ar&DueG Af ifh
ausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary) ESihf av'D&,
S &f &D rfaumvdyf (Lady
Sheri Ram College) wd@k Y qufvufynmoif=um;onf?
1962 rS 1963 a'vDwuUov
kd Yf Edik if aH &;odyb
H` mom&yfukd
avhvmqnf;yl;cJo
h nf?
1964 rS 1967 atmufpzd@k wuUov
kd f [l@paf umvdyYf '\eaA
'/ Edik if aH &;odyEH` iS hf pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJjh yD; 0dZm *k%f
xl;bG@J ukd &&Scd o
hJ nf?
1968 vef'efwuUov
kd t
f a&Swdik ;f ESihf tmz&duavhvma&;Xm
e/ Edik if aH &;odyH`XmeY okawoevufaxmuftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
onf?
254
oef;0if;vIid f
1969 rS 1971 e,l;a,muf ukvor*~taxGaxG twGi;f a&;

rSL;csKyf;kH / tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf bma&;qdik &f mudp&P yfrsm;t=uHay;aumfrwD
(Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions United
Nations Secretariat, New York)
wGif vufaxmuftwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm
0efxrf;aqmifco
hJ nf?
1971 Ed0k ifbm 31 ajrmufyikd ;f Ak'<bmomr[m,e. vlra_ &;ESihf
,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mordik ;f a=umif; okawoDa'guw
f mrdu
k u
f ,ft&J pf (Dr.
Michael Viallancourt Aris) ESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd xdr;f jrm;vuf
xyfonf?
1972 rS 1973 a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf blwefEikd if H Edik if jH cm;

a&;0ef}uD;H;k ESihf ukvor*~rsm;qdik &f m t=uHay;t&m&St
d jzpf wm0efxrf;
aqmifco
hJ nf?
1973 {jyD 12 a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf a'guw
f mrdu
k u
f ,f
tJ&pfw@kd . om;}u;D jrifq
h ef;atmif ac: tvufZef'g; (Aleander John
Christopher Aris) udk zGm;jrifco
hJ nf?
1975 rS 1977 atmufpzd@k wuUokdvf abmh'vD,ef pm=unfh
wdu
k f (Bodleian Library) Y jrefrmpmESihf ay/ yk&yd'k f uwfwavmuf jyKpkol
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
255
ynm&Sit
f jzpf aqmif&u
G o
f nf?
1977 pufwifbm 24 a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf rdu
k u
f ,ft&J pf
wd@k . om;i,f xdef vif;ac: uifrf (Dannian Kim Arundel Aris) udk zGm;jrif
onf?
1995 rS 1986 *syefEikd if /H wdu
k sKw
d uUov
kd f ta&Sawmiftm&S
qdik &f mavhvma&;XmewGif okawoeynm&Sit
f jzpf oGm;a&muf okaw
oejyKcJo
h nf?
1987 tdE,
dN Edik if /H qif;rvm;+rdK@&dS txl;avhvma&; tdE,
dN
odyXH` mewGif okawoDtjzpfvyk u
f ikd o
f nf?
vef'efwuUov
kd t
f a&Swdik ;f ESihf tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif yg&
*lb@JG twGuf 1920-1945 twGi;f xkwaf 0cJah om pme,fZif;rsm;onf
jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;udk taxmuftultjyKcJyh kH trnf&dS bG@J veG pf mwrf;
udk wifoiG ;f onf?
1988 vef'efwuUov
kd u
f a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; yg&*l
bG@J ,&l eftwGuf xdu
k w
f efot
l jzpf owfrw
S o
f nf?
1988 rwf rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfemruse;f jzpfra_ =umifh rdcif}uD;
tm; jyKpkapmihaf &Smuf&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmEdkiif o
H d@k
a&muf&Sv
d monf?
=o*kwfv 8 jrefrmEdik if H w0Sr;f vH;k Y 88 'Dru
kd a&pD ta&;awmf
yH}k uD; ay:aygucf o
hJ nf?
=o*kwf 26 a&$wD*HkapwDawmftaemufbufrkcfwGif a':atmif
qef;pk=unfonf rqvtpd;k &. jynfov
l x
l t
k m; t=urf;zuf+zdKcGaJ er_
udk qef@usicf ahJ om rde@f ceG ;f udk vlaygi;f wpfoed ;f ausmw
f ufa&mufonfh
vlxt
k pnf;ta0;yGYJ yxrqH;k t}udrf rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;cJo
h nf?
1988 pufwifbmv 14 OD;atmif}u;D / a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf
ol&OD;wifO;D wd@k . jynfow
l &yfv;kH od@k yef=um;csupf mwapmif xkwjf yef
a=unmonf?
pufwifbm 18 &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk ppfwyfrS vuf
256
oef;0if;vIid f
eufjzifh t=urf;zuf+zdKcGi;f ypfvu

kd jf yD;aemuf ppfwyfrS tm%modr;f ydu
k f
um e0w ac: Edkiif aH wmfjidr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;cJh
onf?
pufwifbm 27 trsK;d om;'Dru
dk a&pDtzG@J csKyu
f kd a':atmifqef;pk
=unf/ OD;atmif}uD;/ ol&OD;wifO;D / OD;0if;wifwkd@jzifh pwifz@JG pnf;cJo
h nf?
pwifz@JG pnf;pOfu trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) . A[dt
k vkyt
f r_
aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;rSm (1) OD;atmif}uD;
- OuUX
(2) ol&OD;wifO;D
- 'kOuUX
- taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(4) OD;=unf[ef
- twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0if
(5) OD;cspcf ikd f
(6) OD;0if;wif
(7) a': jrifjh rifch if
- vlxv
k w
l ef;pm;XmerSL;
(8) OD;vGif
- bma&;XmerSL;
(9) OD;atmifviG f
- jyef=um;a&;XmerSL;
(10) OD;atmifa&$
- pnf;H;k a&;XmerSL;
(11) OD;=unfarmif
- okawoeXmerSL;
(12) OD;ba&$
- tkycf sKyfa&;XmerSL;
wd@k jzpfonf?
pufwifbm 30 trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd a&G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Sio
f @kd w&m;0ifrw
S yf w
kH ifco
hJ nf? tzG@J csKyfY a':atmifqef;pk=unf
onf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;wm0efukd ,lco
hJ nf?
atmufwb
dk m 3 trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd a&G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Siu
f a=unmcsut
f rSwf (3) jzifh Edik if aH &;ygwt
D jzpf twnfjyK
a=unmonf?
'DZifbm 10 trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf OuUXtjzpf 'kw,
d
OuUXOD;wifO;D tm; a&G;cs,w
f ifajrmufvu
kd af =umif;ESihf OD;atmif}uD;ESihf
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kd a&pDrc
257
twl tjcm; A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom(1) OD;=unf[ef (2) OD;ba&$

(3) OD;eef;EG,f (4) OD;ausmjf rifah v; (5) OD;cifarmifarmif (6) OD;omxdk
(7) OD;ode;f Edik f (8) OD;rif;'if (9) OD;cifnKd (10) OD;bd;k atmif (11) OD;
armifarmif (12) OD;aZmf0if;OD;wd@k uvnf; tzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf Ekwf
xGujf yD;jzpfa=umif; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sio
f @kd ta=umif;=um;cJo
h nf?
'DZifbm 13 tzG@J csKyfrS OD;atmif}uD;tygt0if yk*Kd~ vf (12) OD;udk
xkwyf ,fvu
kd af =umif; aumfr&Sio
f @kd ta=umif;=um;pm ay;yd@k onf?
'DZifbm 27 a':atmifqef;pk=unfrcd if r[moD&o
d "k rR a':cif
=unfonf &efuek +f rdKY uG,v
f eG o
f nf? uG,v
f eG cf sed Yf om;atmifqef;OD;
ESihf orD;jzpfol a': atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd use&f pfco
hJ nf?
1989 azazmf0g&D 9 trsK;d om;'Dru
k vkyt
f r_
aqmiftzG@J ukd jyifqifz@JG pnf;I a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sio
f @kd ay;yd@k onf?
,if;wd@k rmS (1) OD;wifO;D
- OuUX
(3) OD;0if;wif
- twGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) OD;cspcf ikd f
- twGi;f a&;rSL;
(5) OD;=unfarmif
- okawoerSL;
(6) OD;atmifa&$
- pnf;H;k a&;rSL;
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(9) a': jrifhjrifch if
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k w
l ef;pm;XmerSL;
wd@k jzpfonf?
Zlvikd f 20 a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; e0w tpd;k &u Edik if aH wmf
tm; aESmif,
h u
S zf suq
f ;D vdo
k rl sm;. ab;tE&m,frS umuG,af pmifah &Smuf
onfOh ya'yk'rf 10 (c) t& aetdrw
f iG w
f m;qD;rde@f xw
k jf yefI wm;qD;
vdu
k o
f nf?
'DZifbm 22 a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrt
f us,cf sKyjf zifh
258
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xde;f odr;f cHaepOftwGi;f ygwpD 'kH rD u

kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyw
JG iG f yg
0if,OS +f ydKifrnf[k a=unmonf? od@k aomf wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnw
G f
a&;ygwt
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k pf m;jyKI &efuek w
f ikd ;f A[ef;+rdKe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf
(1) wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf ,SO+f ydKif&ef tqdjk yKxm;jcif;cH&ol OD;
vbef*a&mifrS uef@uGuv
f m$ wifoGi;f cJ&h m &efuek w
f kdif;a&G;cs,f wif
ajrmufyu
JG si;f ya&;aumfr&Sirf S vufcpH pfaq;I a&G;aumufyOJG ya'yk'rf
10 (i) jzifh jipd eG ;f onf[q
k u
kd m trnfpm&if; wifoiG ;f v$mudk y,fcschJ
ojzifh 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKifciG hf r&cJah cs?
1990 rwfv 27 ygwpD t
kH axGaxGa&G;aumufyu
JG kd usi;f ycJ&h m/
trsKd;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfonf rJqENe,f 447 e,fY 0ifa&muf ,SOf
+ydKifc&hJ m 392 e,fY tEdik &f &Scd o
hJ nf? tzG@J csKyfonf wEdik if v
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qENe,f 485 ae&mY 392 ae&mtEdik &f &Sad oma=umifh 82 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f
ausmf tEdik &f &Scd o
hJ nf?
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f 27 e0w ppftpd;k &onf twGi;f a&;rSL; Adv
k cf sKyfcifneG @f
vufrw
S jf zifh trde@f trSwf 190 udk xkwjf yefI 1990 jynfEh pS /f Zlvikd v
f
28-29 wGif tzG@J csKyAf [dOk ;D pD;tzG@J rS }u;D rSL;jyKvyk rf nfh v$waf wmfu,
kd pf m;
vS,rf sm; yxrt}udrf ndE id_ ;f tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk [ef@wm;uef@owf
vdu
k o
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pnf;ta0;}uD;udk jyKvkycf o
hJ nf?
1991 'D Z if b m 10
1991 ckEpS t
f wGuf jidr;f csr;f a&;
Ed kb ,f qk ud k a':atmif qef; pk
=unftm; ay;tyfcs;D jri chf &hJ m jird ;f
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kd pf m;
om;}uD;jzpfol jrifq
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k ,fqw
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hJ nf?
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kd a&pDrc
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f 10 a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aetdrt
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csKyftjzpf wm;qD;xm;onft
h rdet
f m; e0wtpk;d &rS jyefvnfyk o
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hJ nf?
1999 rwfv 27 a':atmifqef;pk=unfcifyeG ;f jzpfol rku
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Daw Aung San Suu Kyis
International Awards, Honors & Appointments

(1990-2010)
1. Honorary Fellow St. Hughs College (Oxford, UK) 1990
2. Thorolf Rafto Human Rights (Norway) 1990
3. Sakharov Freedom of Thought (European Parliamnet) 1991
4. Noble Peace Oslo, Norway 1991
5. Honorary Member International EN (Norwegian Center) 1991
6. Humanities Human Rights Award (USA) 1991
7. Honorary Member International PEN (Candian Center) 1991
8. Marisa Bellisario Price Italy 1992
9. Annual Award of the International Human Rights Law Group
(USA) 1992
10. Honorary President Students Union London School of Economics
and Political Science (UK) 1992
11. Honorary Member International PEN (English Center) 1992
12. Honorary Life Member University of London Union (UK) 1992
13. Honorary Professional Fellowship Law and Society Trust (Sri
Lanka) 1992
14. Honorary Doctorate in Political Science Thammasat University
(Thailand) 1992
286
oef;0if;vIid f
15. International Simon Bolivar prize UNESCO 1992

16. Prix Litteraire des Droits de IHomme Nouveaux Droits de
IHomme, France 1992
17. Honorary Member World Commissi on on Cul ture and
Development (UNESCO) 1992
18. Member Academie Universelle des Cultures (Paris) 1993
19. Rose Prize arbejderbevaegelsens International Forum/
Internati onal Forum of the Danish Labour Movement,
Copehagen 1993
20. Victor Jara International Human Rights Center for Human Rights
and Constitutional Law, Los Angeles, USA 1993
21. Member of the Advisory Board Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center
for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University 1993
22. Honorary Doctorate of Law University of Toronto (Canada) 1993
23. The Freedom of the City Commune of Giugliano, Italy 1993
24. Bremen Solidarity City of Bremen, Germany 1993
25. Premio Mujer Progresista (Federacion Mujeres Progresistas /
Spanish Federation of Progressive Women, Madrid) 1993
26. Honorary Doctorate Philosophy & Letters, Free University of
Brussels 1994
27. Honorary Adviser Forum of Democratic Leaders in the AsiaPacific 1994
28. The Freedom of the City Aversa, Italy 1995
29. Liberal International Prize for Freedom Britains Liberal
Democracy Party, UK 1995
30. Honorary Doctorate of Laws Queens University, Canada 1995
31. Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding (for
1993) India 1995
32. Gandhi Award Simon Fraser University, Canada 1995
33. Honorary Doctorate of Civil Law University of Oxford 1995
34. IRC Freedom Award International Rescue Committee 1995
35. Companion of the Order of Australia 1996
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
287
36. Liberal International Prize (UK) 1996

37. Asia Human Rights of Law (Japan) 1996
38. W. Averell Harrimen Democracy Award National Democratic
Institute U.S.A 1996
39. Rajiv Shmirti Parashka [ Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Award] India
1996
40. Empty Chair Award Women of the Year Lunch, London, UK
1996
41. Honorary Doctorate of Law Charles University in Prague, Czech
Republic 1997
42. Honorary Doctorate of Letters Sydney University of Technology,
Australia 1997
43. Honorary Doctorate of Letters California Chapman University,
U.S.A 1997
44. Honorary Doctorate of Law Natal University, South Africa 1997
45. Honorary Doctorate of Law America University, Washington
D.C, U.S.A 1997
46. Distinguished Alumni Award Central University/ Delhi University
1997
47. Honorary Citizenship of Rome (Italy) (May 23, 1997)
48. Honorary Doctorate of Letters Glasgow University (UK) 1997
49. Pearl S. Buck Womans Award Pearl S. Buck Foundation (USA)
1997
50. International Award St. Angelas Peace and Justice Group,
Waterford (Eire) 1997
51. Profiles in Courage Award Kennedy Society of Denmark 1997
52. Honorary Doctorate Cambridge University (June 1998) 1998
53. Freedom of the City (Oxford, UK) 1998
54. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Wales, Cardiff 1998
55. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Bristol (UK) 1998
56. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Melbourne (Australia)
1998
288
oef;0if;vIid f
57. Honorary degree Universite catholique de Louvain, Belgium

December 1998
58. Honorary Degree University of Bath (UK) December 1998
59. Honorary Degree Bucknell University May 1999
60. Freedom Award International Republican Institute, USA
(October 1999) 1999
61. The Freedom of the City of Dublin Award Ireland (November
1999)
62. 2000 CAW Nelson Mandela Human Rights Award Canada
(December 2000) 2000
63. Presidential Medal of Freedom Award U.S.A (December 2000)
2000
64. Collage United Nations Prize 2001 Germany (June 2001) 2001
65. International Social Welfare Prize University of Southern
California School of Social Work (December 8) 2001
66. AI Neuharth Free Spirit Award U.S Foundation, Washington,
USA 2003
67. MTV Humanitarian Award, Free Your Mind MTV Europe,
EDINBURGH,UK 2003
68. The 2004 TIME 100, The most influential people in the world
today TIME Magazine 2004
69. Kwangju Human Rights Award May 18 Memory Foundation
from South Korea 2004
70. TIMEs Asias Hero 2004 TIME MAGAZINE 2004
71. The Honorary Citizen of Paris France 10/ 12/ 2004
72. Honorary Doctorate in Politics, Philosophy and Economics
Rangsit University, Thailand 13/ 12/ 2004
73. Outstanding Women in Buddhism United Nations Gender and
Religious Department 8/ 03/ 2005
74. Honorary Degree in Political Science Thammasat University,
Thailand 19/ 06/ 2005
75. Freedom of the City Award The City Council of Edinburgh,
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kd a&pDrc
289
Scotland 16/ 06/ 2005

76. Freedom of Galway City Galway city, Ireland June 2005
77. UNISON Honorary Membership UNISON, Britains largest trade
union, June 2005
78. Olof Palme Prize Sweden, February 2006
79. Freedom Award Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, USA
March 2006
80. New Statesmen Magazine Hero New Statesmen Magazine, May
2006
81. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Deshprem Award,
India 2007, March 2007
82. An honorary doctorate (LLD) honoris causa Award from
University of Cape Town, South Africa, December 2007
83. Freedom of Glasgow (the freedom of Scotlands largest city)
2007
84. Rome for Peace and Humanitarian Action 2007
85. Special Award for Lifetime Achievement in Politics 2007
86. Abogados de Atocha international prize from Spain, 22 January
2008
87. Congressional Gold Medal, United States of America, 24 April,
2008
88. Honorary Canadian Citizenship, May 6, 2008
89. The Freedom of the City, June 10, 2008
90. Catalonia International Prize 2008, MOTHERS OF COURAGE
(shard with Dr. Cynthia Maung), November, 2008
91. Honorary Member of the Club of Madrid, November 20, 2008
92. Honorary Council Member, December 20, 2008
93. Trumpet of Conscience Award, January 19, 2009
94. Freedom of the City of Glasgow, March 4, 2009
95. Mahatma Gandhi International Award for Peace and
Reconciliation MAGI Award, May 22, 2009
96. Democracy and Peace Award of Japanese Diet Members League
290
oef;0if;vIid f
Japanese Diet Members League in support of Democracy in
Myanmar, Tokyo, Japan (2009, June 19)
97. The Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) at Derrys Millennium Forum,

the University of Ulster in Derry, Ireland, UK on Tuesday, July
7, 2009. (2009, June 24)
98. The Ambassador of Conscience Award the recipient of Amnesty
Internationals highest honorary (Irish band U2 is publicly
announcing Aung San Suu Kyis award Monday night at a
Dublin concert.) (2009, July 27)
99. Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Award for Democracy instituted. The
Pakistan Peoples Party, Islamabad, Pakistan. (2010, June 21)
100. Honorary Individual Membership. Council of Asian Liberals
and Democrats (CALD) (2010, June 29)
101. Queen of Myanmars Democracy and Human Rights. Manav
Ekta Parishad, India (2010, November 25)
'Dru
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Ph
: (66) 897 -033 -128
Email : jamesparr007@gmail.com

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