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 1062-3590/01/2801-$25.00 © 2001
MAIK “Nauka
  /Interperiodica”0095
 
 
 Biology Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2001, pp. 95–102. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, No. 1, 2001, pp. 108–116.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2001 by Ostroumov.
 Bivalves were repeatedly used in the studies of hydrosphere pollution. Among other aspects, the accu-mulation of pollutants, effects of metals, oil carbohy-drates, pesticides and other xenobiotics on the filtrationrate have been studied in mussels (e.g., Donkin
et al.
 ,1991, Donkin, 1994; Stephanson
et al.
 , 1995; Sericano
 et al.
 , 1995). Organic toxicants affected the stability of lysosomal membrane in individual cells in addition tothe effect on filtration rate (Wraige
et al.
 , 1994).Amphiphilic compounds—synthetic surface-activesubstances (SSAS)— pollute the environment and, par-ticularly, aquatic and marine ecosystems (Lewis, 1991;Yablokov and Ostroumov, 1991; Singer
et al.
 , 1995). Atthe same time, SSAS are sometimes not included intop-priority pollutants (e.g., Scientific Committee onToxicity and Ecotoxicity of Chemicals of EuropeanEconomical Council; Bro-Rasmussen
et al.
 , 1994) ortheir pollution hazard is considered unclear. Bailey(1996) proposed that many SSAS are virtually nontoxicfor aquatic organisms according to the tests developedby US Environment Protection Agency.Anionic and other SAS have negative or stimulatingeffects on some biological systems (e.g., Goryunovaand Ostroumov, 1986; Nagel’
et al.
 , 1987), includingthe effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on mussels
  Mytilus galloprovincialis
 Lmk (Bressan
et al.
 , 1989)and
 M. edulis
 L. (Granmo, 1972). However, the effectof alkylsulfates on the capacity of mussel
 M. edulis
 tofilter sea water remained unclear.In this work we studied kinetics of water biofiltra-tion removing suspended particles by mussel
 M. edulis
 in the presence of anionic alkylsulfate SSAS—sodiumdodecylsulfate (SDS). Here we demonstrate that alkyl-sulfate SSAS SDS at the above specified concentrationsignificantly affects the kinetics of phytoplanktonremoval from the aquatic environment by mussel
  M. edulis
 and state a list of environmental disturbancesinducible by decelerated water biofiltration.MATERIALS AND METHODSMussels were collected from coarse-sand bottom of Exmouth estuary at the south of England and kept intanks with automatic flux and reflux imitation. Themollusks were manually cleared of attached barnacles.The animals were incubated in 2 l vessels with mag-net stirrers. The vessels were kept in a temperature-con-trolled room at 16
 °
 C. Sea water was collected 15 km off the Plymouth coastline and filtered through 0.45
µ
 mnitrocellulose WCN filters (Whatman, England).Sixteen animals were used in each experiment; eightwere subjected to xenobiotic action and the other eightserved as the control. SAS was added to the experimen-tal vessels 1.5 h prior to the start of the experiment.SAS concentration specified in the tables and men-tioned in the discussion is always the initial concentra-tion at the moment of a given xenobiotic addition to thevessel. In addition to the eight vessels where 16 animalswere kept in pairs (total wet weight of two molluskswas 16–20 g), the ninth vessel of the same volume (2 l)was used. The ninth vessel served as the control foralgae suspension density in the absence of water biofil-tration; equal volume of algae suspension was simulta-neously added to all nine vessels.Biofiltration was measured by the decreased con-centration of algae
 Isochrysis galbana
 Parke cells(strain CCAP 927/1). The strain was obtained fromNERC Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (Dun-
 An Amphiphilic Substance Inhibits the Mollusk Capacity to Filter out Phytoplankton Cells from Water
 S. A. Ostroumov
  Moscow State University, Vorob’evy gory, Moscow, 119899 Russia
 Received March 30, 1997
 Abstract
 —The effect of synthetic anionic surface active substance (SAS) sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS, 4 mg/l)on the kinetics of water filtration by mussel
 Mytilus edulis
 was studied. A suspension of algae
 Isochrysis gal-bana
 was added to the vessel with the mussels, and their filtration activity was measured by counting the con-centration of the algae cells in the experimental vessels. Algae concentration was measured every 30 min for anhour and a half. The inhibiting effect on the mollusk filtration rate (FR) was qualitatively described. After thefirst 30 min filtration at 4 mg/l initial SDS concentration, the cell density was 322% of the control. The inhib-iting effect was observed later as well. Due to FR inhibition in the vessels with the above specified initial SDSconcentration, the algae cell density was 6.4 and 14.7 times that of the control after 1 and 1.5 h, respectively.Thus, SAS SDS can decrease the natural capacity of aquatic ecosystems for self-purification and disturb otheraspects of ecosystem functioning through inhibiting the filtration activity of mussels. The obtained data are dis-cussed in the context of environment and hydrosphere protection from pollution.
 HYDROBIOLOGY
 
 96
 BIOLOGY BULLETIN
 
Vol. 28
 
No. 1
 
2001
 OSTROUMOV
 staffnage Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 3, Oban, Argyll,PA34 4AD, Scotland, UK). The algae were cultivated atconstant aeration by air flow in 20 l spherical glass ves-sels at constant illumination.The medium for algae growth contained 1 mlnitrate-phosphate medium (solution 1) and 0.1 ml vita-mins solution (solution 2) per 1 l filtered sea water.Nitrate-phosphate medium (solution 1) contained4.5 g/l Na
 
2
 EDTA; 100 g/l NaNO
 
3
 ; 33.6 g/l H
 
3
 BO
 
3
 ;20 g/l NaH
 
2
 PO
 
4
 
×
 12 H
 
2
 O; 0.36 g/l MnCl
 
2
 
×
 4 H
 
2
 O; and1.3 g/l FeCl
 
3
 . It also included 1 ml microelements solu-tion (solution 3) per 1 l. Microelements solution wasadded to the nitrate-phosphate medium after its steril-ization and cooling.Microelements solution (solution 3) contained 2.1 gZnCl
 
2
 , 2 g CoCl
 
2
 
×
 6 H
 
2
 O, 0.9 g (NH
 
4
 )
 
6
 Mo
 
7
 O
 
24
 
×
 4 H
 
2
 O,and 2 g CuSO
 
4
 
×
 5 H
 
2
 O per 100 ml distilled water. If necessary, 2–3 drops of concentrated HCl were addedfor better dissolution.The vitamins solution (solution 2) contained 0.2 gAneurin-HCl (vitamin B
 
1
 , thiamin) and 0.1 g cyanoco-balamin (vitamin B
 
12
 ) per 200 ml distilled water. Thevitamin solution was kept in the dark in refrigerator.Active illumination was avoided during use.Algae concentration was measured by a Coultercounter (Coulter Electronics, Industrial D model).The rate of filtration (
 FR
 , l/h) was calculated fromformula:where
 is the water volume in the vessel (2 l),
 
1
 is thecell concentration at the beginning of time interval,
 
2
 is the cell concentration at the end of time interval, and(
 
 
2
 
 –
 
1
 ) is the duration of time interval, h.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe rate of sea water filtration by mussels did notsignificantly change at the 0.5 mg/l initial SDS concen-tration (Table 1). For instance, after 1 h filtration theconcentration of algae cells decreased approximatelytenfold in both the control and experiment with 0.5 mg/linitial SDS concentration. The data presented in Table 1also suggest that the method used to measure the biofil-tration rate is relatively stable.However, in the case of 0.5 mg/l initial SDS concen-tration, variability of the data between measurements inindividual vessels where the mussels were kept duringthe experiment increased according to the increase inthe standard error (Table 1).
FRV
1
2
lnln
()
 / 
2
1
()
,=
 Table 1.
 Time pattern of 0.5 mg/l sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) effect on filtration of algae
 Isochrysis galbana
 cells by mussel
  Mytilus edulis
 Time after thealgae addition, minExperimental vesselsControl vesselsnumber of cells in individual vesselswith SDS per 0.5 ml(A) mean number of cells (standard error)number of cells in individual vesselswithout SDS per 0.5 ml(B) mean number of cells(standard error)
 516544.315900.316133.016277.714344.7(788.3)15117.7(501.7)14905.716296.317806.317563.7355234.05291.24669.049183853.0(1029.5)4078.7(338)3856.05546.08221.75379.0652146.01935.72219.718282219.7(329.2)1276.7(208)962.72066.32414.31749.795661.7686.8903.0724714.0(129.4)514.3(84)370.0804.01001.7673.0
 Note:The number of cells at the experiment start was 19533 per 0.5 ml. Numbers of cells per 0.5 ml were averaged for three measure-ments at Coulter counter. The mean indication of Coulter counter were below 200 for filtered sea water (prior to the algae addi-tion). Dr. P. Donkin participated in this work.
 
 BIOLOGY BULLETIN
 
Vol. 28
 
No. 1
 
2001
 AN AMPHIPHILIC SUBSTANCE INHIBITS THE MOLLUSK CAPACITY97
 A significant difference (over thrice) between theexperiment and control was observed after the first30 min incubation when the initial SDS concentrationwas increased to 4 mg/l. Table 2 demonstrates thatexperimental concentration of the cells after 1 h wasover six times that of the control, which indicates a sig-nificant SAS-induced disturbance of normal mode of sea water biofiltration.Continuation of the experiment demonstrated aneven more pronounced difference in the algae cell con-centration between the control and experiment: it wasover 14 times after 90 min filtration (Table 2).This agrees with the data on the effect of anionicSAS—linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS)—on mus-sel growth (Bressan
et al.
 , 1989). Concentrations as lowas 0.025 and 0.5 mg/l decreased the growth incrementalong the main axis of the shell; however, a significantperiod was required to reveal the effect—up to 70 days.No significant effect was observed within 30 experi-mental days. When the experiment continued for over160 days, the increment decreased twice at 0.25 mg/lSAS. Decreased water filtration by the mollusks wasobserved under the influence of 1 mg/l LAS; however,7 days of observation (rather than 1.5 h used in thiswork) were required to reveal the effect (Bressan
et al.
 ,1989). The use of different anionic SAS is another sig-nificant distinction between our experiments and thoseof Bressan
et al.
 (1989).The role of filter feeders in aquatic ecosystems hasbeen repeatedly noticed (e.g., Zaika
et al.
 , 1990). Addi-tional indication of it was obtained by studying thefreshwater bivalve
 Hyridella menziesi
 in New Zealand.The mollusk population in Tuakitoto Lake filters thewater volume of the whole lake each 32 h (Ogilvie andMitchell, 1995). Ogilvie and Mitchell believe thatmollusks are responsible for the low content of chlo-rophyll
a
 (reflecting concentration of phytoplanktoncells) in the lake water—only 10% of the valueexpected in this ecosystem from the established rela-tionship are split between phosphorus and chlorophyllconcentration.Biofiltering mussels exert a conditioning and con-trolling influence on the aquatic ecosystem. Thisinfluence can include several effects: (1) removal of algae and microbial cells from aquatic environment;(2) removal of organic particles subjected to biooxida-tion and increased biochemical oxygen consumption, animportant index of water quality; (3) prevention of thedecreased rate of water filtration by other filter feeders,which may be induced by the high content of nutritionparticles in the water; (4) increased water transmittanceand improved conditions for photosynthetic activity of 
 Table 2.
Time pattern of 4 mg/l sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) effect on filtration of algae
 Isochrysis galbana
 cells by mussel
 Myti-lus edulis
 Time after the algae addition, minExperimental vesselsControl vesselsA/B
×
 100%number of cells in individual vessels with SDS per 0.5 ml(A) mean number of cells (standard error)number of cells in individual vessels without SDS per 0.5 ml(B) mean number of cells (standard error)51644.717272.514647.714877.4116.116552(450.75)14670.3(127.57)1817915141.717914.3150503513370.712949.94814.24026.5321.69411.8(1376.1)3967.2(312.5)16116.23286.2129014038651411411435.42374.71780.8642.27221(1838.1)1603.3(204.6)1488914479517.7169895131628588.67725831473.24415.3(2074.4)563.3(63.3)109605085817515.7
 Note:The number of cells at the experiment start was 17983.3 per 0.5 ml. Numbers of cells per 0.5 ml were averaged for three measurementsat Coulter counter. The mean indication of Coulter counter were 301 for filtered sea water (prior to the algae addition). Dr. P. Donkinparticipated in this work.

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