Manual

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

( )
( )

2551
4
7
9
10
11
14
15
ASTM C 33
17
25
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CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com). 27
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, ,
,
1 3

66
67
68
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77
79
80
81
-4-
(CONCRETE)

2
1.

2.

(Cement Paste)
(Mortar)
(Concrete)
-5-
Diagram
-6-

1.
2.


3.
4.
-7-

(WORKABILITY) , (SEGREGATION) ,
(STRENGTH) , (IMPERMEABILITY) ,

1.
(WORKABILITY)
(COHESION)
(CONSISTENCY)
(SEGREGATION)
(BLEEDING)
2.
(COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH)
(DENSITY)
(IMPERMEABILITY)
(DURABILITY)
(RESISTANCE TO ABRASION)
-8-
-
(HEAT OF HYDRATION)
-
(SETTING TIME)
-
(SHRINKAGE)
-
(SULFATE RESISTANCE)
-9-
1.
2.
Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

PDF-Editor
(http://www.cadkas.com).
- 10 -
(CEMENT)
1. .15 5
1
Ordinary Portland Cement

TPI , ,
Modified Portland Cement

High Early Strength Portland Cement

,
TPI , ,
Low Heat Portland Cement


PDF-Editor
5
Sulfate Resistant Portland Cement
TPI , ,
2. .80
1

TPI , ,
- 11 -
TPI POLENE
1. () , TPI (RED) 1
(Ordinary Portland Cement) (.15)
TPI ()

VERSION
of CAD-KAS
PDF-Editor

2. ( ) , TPI (BLACK) III
(High-early Strength Portland Cement)
(.15)
TPI () TPI ()

- 12 -
3. () , TPI (GREEN) .80

25-30%

2 3
- 13 -
TPI (), TPI (), TPI ()
(Compressive strength)
(Setting time)
TPI ()
TPI ()
TPI ()
1,3,7,28

28
TPI
28

TPI
1,3,7,28
TPI
Stiff TPI Stiff Setting time

TPI TPI Initial TPI TPI Stiff,
Final
Initial Final
Initial Final Setting time
Set
(Slump loss)
(Heat of Hydration)
(Expansion and
Shrinkage)
(Fineness)
TPI TPI 10 TPI

TPI
TPI
TPI
TPI
TPI

Air Permeability Test Blaine

2800 cm2/g
TPI Air
Permeability Test Blaine
4000 cm2/g

Air Permeability Test Blaine

3500cm2/g
- 14 -
?

-

Cement + Water
C-S-H gel + Ca (OH)2 + heat
Cement
Water
C-S-H gel
=
=
=
Ca (OH)2
heat
(Calcium Silicate
Hydrate)

pH 12.5
- 15 -
Cement
1.
2.
3.
4.
(C3S)
(C2S)
(C3A)
(C4AF)
C3S
C2S
C3A
C4AF
1.
2.
(.)
()
()
(1 )
()
(1 )
3.
4.
Changed with the

DEMO
VERSION
of CAD-KAS
(500J/g)PDF-Editor
(250J/g)
(850J/g)
(420J/g)
5.
- 16 -
CEMENT
TYPE
(BRAND)
(TPI)

TPI RED
-
(SCC)
ELEPHANT
-
(SCCC)
III

TPI BLACK
ERAWAN
IV
I
II
PDF-Editor
()
V
Changed with the DEMO VERSION
of CAD-KAS
MIXED CEMENT
TPI BLUE

TPI GREEN
BLUE-ELEPHANT
TIGER
- 17 -
(AGGREGATE)
70-80%

1. (STRENGTH)
2. (PARTICLE SHAPE AND SURFACE TEXTURE)
3. (CHEMICAL STABILITY)
4. (MAXIMUM SIZE)
5. (GRADATION)
6. (FINENESS MODULUS, F.M.)
7. (MOISTURE AND ABSORPTION)
8. , .. (SPECIFIC GRAVITY)
9. (UNIT WEIGHT AND VOID)
1. (STRENGTH)
(COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH)

700 - 1500 ../ .2

2. (PARTICLE SHAPE AND SURFACE TEXTURE)

(WORKABILITY)
(STRENGTH)

- 18 -
3. (CHEMICAL STABILITY)

(ALKALI)
ALKALI AGGREGATE
REACTION (AAR)
4. (MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATE)

15%
SIEVE ANALYSIS
()
1
3/4
1/2
3/8
4
8
9
1484
7968
8745
971
815
508
7.2
38.9
42.7
4.7
4.0
2.5
20500
100
15%
1/2
3/4
- 19 -

(WORKABILITY)
(SLUMP)
MICROCRACKING
MICRO-CRACKING
40
5. (GRADATION)

4 95-100%

4 95-100%

- 20 -

(WORKABILITY)
(WORKABILITY)
(SEGREGATE)
WORKABILITY , STRENGTH

(S/A) 0.40-0.50
SIZE NUMBER 6 () SIZE NUMBER 7 () SIZE
NO.6 /SIZE NO.7 50-65%
6. (FINENESS MODULUS) , (F.M.)

(CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGES RETAINED) 4,8,16,
30, 50 100 100
- 2.2 - 3.2
- F.M. (F.M. 2.2)
- F.M. (F.M. 3.2)
- F.M. = 2.7
- 21 -
(F.M. 2.2)
(WORKABILITY)
(F.M. 3.2)

7. (MOISTURE AND ABSORPTION)
F.M. 3.15
F.M. 2.65
F.M. 2.10
- 22 -
4
TOTAL MOISTURE

OVEN-DRY
AIR-DRY
SATURATED
SURFACE-DRY
WET
1. (OVEN-DRY)
105
2. (AIR-DRY)
3. (SATURATED SURFACE-DRY)

4. (WET)
- 23 -

(SSD)
TOTAL MOISTURE
= .. ..
..
ABSORPTION
= .. .. * 100
..
FREE MOISTURE
= TOTAL MOISTURE ABSORPTION
ABSORPTION
ABSORPTION
=
=
* 100
0.7%
0.5%
8. (SPECIFIC GRAVITY)

..
= /
..
= 2.65
..
= 2.70
..
= 3.15
..
315 .. = 315 / 3.15 = 100
9. (UNITWEIGHT AND VOID)

1,400-1,600 ./.

- 24 -
30 - 40%
()

- 25 -
ASTM C33

SIZE NUMBER
- 6 ( 19 - 9.5 mm)
- 7 (12.5 - 4.75 mm)
- 67 (19 - 4.75 mm)
4.75 .
4 0.07 .
0.07-4.75 .

SIZE NUMBER 6
1
3/4
1/2
3/8
NO. 4
100
90 100
20 55
0 15
05
SIZE NUMBER 7
3/4
1/2
3/8
NO. 4
NO. 8
100
90 100
40 70
0 15
05
- 26 -
SIZE NUMBER 67
1
3/4
1/2
3/8
NO. 4
NO. 8
100
90 - 100
20 55
0 10
05
(ASTM C33)
3/8
100
NO.PDF-Editor
4
95 - 100
NO. 8
80 100
NO. 16
50 85
NO. 30
25 60
NO. 50
10 30
NO. 100
2 10
- 27 -
(WATER)
3
1.
2.
3.
-
-
-
-
-
28
- 100 . 24
: (w/c) = 0.24
-
48 - 80 100 .
-
()
- 28 -
(Excess water)
(Hydration)

-
(Bleeding)
- (Segregation)
- (Shrinkage)
-
(Void)
PDF-Editor

-
(PH VALUE)
(TOTAL SOLIDS)
(SULFATE , SO4)
(CHLORIDE ,Cl)
6-8
2000 ppm
1000 ppm
500 ppm
1. (Initial Setting Time) 30
2.
90%
- 29 -
3 (AIR ENTRAINING) ,
(CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE) (MINERAL ADMIXTURE)
- AIR ENTRAINING
- CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE A.S.T.M. C 494 7
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
A
B
C
D
WATER-REDUCING ()
RETARDER ()
ACCELERATOR ()
WATER-REDUCING AND RETARDER
()
TYPE E
WATER-REDUCING AND ACCELERATOR
()
TYPE F
HIGH RANGE WATER-REDUCING ()
TYPE G
HIGH RANGE WATER-REDUCING AND RETARDER
()
- MINERAL ADMIXTURE FLY ASH , MICROSILICA etc.
- 30 -
( WATER-REDUCING ADMIXTURE ) , ( PLASTICIZER )
(LOW
WORKABILITY)
( RETARDING ADMIXTURE )
45

( HIGH RANGE WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURE ) , ( SUPER

PLASTICIZER )

( WATER PROOF )

- 31 -
POZZOLANS
(LIME STONE) , (Ca (OH)2)

- FLY ASH
- SLAG
BY PRODUCT
- MICROSILICA
BY PRODUCT SILICON METAL
SILICON ALLOY
(FLY ASH)
(FLY ASH) (by product)

(Precipitator) (FLY ASH)

(FLY ASH)
- 0.001 1.0
PDF-Editor
2
Changed with the DEMO- VERSION
of CAD-KAS
-
- (Sio2 )
- (POZZOLAN)
(POZZOLANIC REACTION)
(FLY ASH)
1
SEMx1500
SEMx1500
- 32 -
(FLY ASH)
1. (Workability)
(FLYASH)
2. (Bleeding) (Segregation)
(FLY ASH)
3.
4. 28 (Durability)
28
(FLY ASH)
Changed with the
DEMO VERSION
ofCAD-KAS
PDF-Editor
(FLY ASH) (FLY ASH)
CaO
FLY ASH (FLY
ASH) (C-S-H)
- 33 -
(FLY ASH)
(Calcium Silicate Hydrate , CSH)
(CalciumHydroxide ,Ca(OH)2 )
20-25%
Cement + Water
C-S-H (gel) + Ca(OH)2
(FLY ASH) Sio2

(FLY ASH) Ca(OH)2 CSH
Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 FLY ASH + Water
C-S-H (gel)
C-S-H

- 34 -
FLY ASH
Property
Portland Cement Type I
FLY ASH
Specific Surface Blaine

(cm2/g)
3,400
3,800
Density
(kg/m3)
1,400
900
Specific Gravity
3.15
2.3
Color
Gray
Light Gray to Dark Gray
- 35 -
FLY ASH
FLY ASH
10% - 50%
FLY ASH Portland Type I
Designed
Cement
Content
(kg/m3)
% FLY ASH by weight

(kg/m3)
10%
15%
20%
30%
45
60
90
FLY ASH
30
_______ _______
300VERSION___________
_______ _______
Changed with the DEMO
of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor
270
255
240
210
Cement
35
52
70
105
FLY ASH
350
____________ _______ ______ _______ _______
Cement
315
298
280
245
40
60
80
120
FLY ASH
400
____________ _______ _______ _______ _______
Cement
360
340
320
280
45
67
90
135
FLY ASH
450
____________ _______ _______ _______ ______
Cement
405
383
360
315
50
75
100
150
FLY ASH
500
____________ _______ _______ _______ _______
Cement
450
425
400
350
50%
150
_______
150
175
_______
175
200
_______
200
225
_______
225
250
_______
250
- 36 -
1 FLY ASH
% by weight
OXIDE
Portland Cement Type I
FLY ASH
Sio2
20.0
48.0
Al2O3
5.0
26.0
Fe2O3
3.0
10.0
CaO
65.0
3.0
MgO
1.1
2.0
SO3
2.4
0.7
Na2O
0.2
1.0
K2O
0.9
3.0
The other oxide
1.4
1.3
Loss of Ignition
1.0
5.0
- 37 -
(C-S-H)
(Ca (OH)2) 20 - 25%
POZZOLAN (C-S-H)
CEMENT + WATER
C-S-H gel + Ca (OH) 2 + HEAT
C-S-H
POZZOLAN Ca (OH)2 C-S-H
Ca (OH)2 + SiO2 POZZOLAN + WATER
C-S-H (gel)
MICROSILICA SiO2 90%

MICROSILICA CEMENT 100
VERSION
ofCAD-KAS
(MICROFILLER
EFFECT)
Changed with the
DEMO
PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).
- 38 -
(MIXING)
2

-

1
300
870
(3/4 - #4)
1,050
180
TYPE D
750
SLUMP
7.5 + 2.5
(TOTAL MOISTURE = 5%)
1. FREE MOISTURE
2.
3.
=
=
=
(870 + 37.4)
(3/4 - #4)
TYPE D
5 0.7
= 4.3%
870 * 4.3/100 = 37.4 ..
180 37.4 = 142.6
=
=
=
=
=
300
907.4
1,050
142.6
750
- 39 -

1.
2.

1 0.75
15
0.75
2-3

(SHRINKAGE)
- 40 -
LOAD
ASTM C94
2 6
- 41 -

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

- 42 -
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
- 43 -

(Chute)
1.5

2 3 (
)
(Honey-comb)

(Bleeding)
- 44 -

10 .

16 .
of
CAD-KAS
PDF-Editor

VERSION
3

- 45 -

1 7
3 3
7


- 46 -

1VERSION
ofCAD-KAS
Changed with the

DEMO
PDF-Editor

- 47 -
- 48 -

4
1.0 (0.2
)
0.5 (0.1
)
- 49 -

(STIFFENING TIME)

1. (WORKABILITY)

2. (COHESION)

3. (CONSISTENCY)

,
4. (SEGREGATION)


5. (BLEEDING)

- 50 -
(SETTING TIME)
STIFFENING TIME
( 5 KSC.)

Slump 0
INITIAL SETTIN
( 35 KSC.)

COLD JOINT
FINAL SETTINGTIME
( 276 KSC.)
(STIFFENING TIME)
2-8
- 51 -
COLD
JOINT
Cone Slump Test
1.
2.
3.
- 52 -
1.

0.30 (WC = 0.3)
2.

3. -

-
-
-
-
-
4. -
TRIAL MIXED
(WORKABILITY) 0.4 0.5 (S/A)

SLUMP (SEGREGATE)
- 53 -
5.
TYPE D (PLASTICIZER)
TYP G (SUPER PLASTICIZER)
SLUMP
6.

-
-

-
- (CHUTE)

1 - 2
- (CRANE BUCKET) SLUM
of
Changed with the DEMOVERSION
CAD-KAS
- PUMP
(STATION PUMP)
60 m3/hr (MOBILE PUMP OR PUMP BOOM)
65 m3/hr
-
(CEMENT PASTE)

- 54 -
-

CURING COMPOUND
(CRACK)
- 55 -

1. TENSILE STRENGTH.
10 %

2. BOND STRENGTH.
w/c

3. SHEAR STRENGTH.
4. IMPACT STRENGTH.
5.

- w/c ()
- Agg/C (/)
-
-
-
- 56 -
(DEFORMATION)
1. (SHRINKAGE)

- PLASTIC SHRINKAGE
1.
2.
3. (REVIBRATION)
- DRYING SHRINKAGE

1.
2.
- CARBONATION SHRINKAGE
FREE TIME CaCo3 + H2O
Ca (OH)2 + CO2
2. (THERMAL MOVEMENT)

- 57 -
(DURABILITY)
(PERMEABILITY)

w/c 0.60 (CAPILLARY)

1.
2. (PLACING)
3.
4.
5.
- 58 -

()
- 59 -

1.

2.

3.

4.

Changed with the DEMO5.VERSION

CAD-KAS
PDF-Editor
of
- 60 -
- 61 -
PDF-Editor

Changed with the DEMOVERSION
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CAD-KAS
38
2 30
15 / 4
- 62 -
( )

of
Changed with the
DEMO
VERSION
CAD-KAS

- 63 -
:
5
1.
-
- -
-
-
2.
-
-
-
3.
-
-

-
- -
-
-
4.
-
-
-
-
-
5.
-
-
-
-
- 64 -
1. ACI 318 ...
1. 3 >
(fc)
2. (fc) 30 KSC.
2. ACI
1. 85%
(fc)
2. 75%
(fc)

- (fc)
1.
2.
SCHMIDT
HAMMER
(
Non Destructive Test )
Changed with the DEMO- VERSION
of CAD-KAS
PDF-Editor
- ( Destructive Test )
-
- 65 -
-
-
- (SSD)
-

- 66 -
, , / Weight & Measure Tables

.
.
.
1
0.01
0.00001
0.3937
0.03281
0.01094
100
1
0.001
39.37
3.281
1.0936
100,000
1,000
1
39,370.1
3,280.84
1,093.61
-5
2.54
0.0254
2.54x10
1
0.0833
0.02778
-4
30.48
0.3048
3.05x10
12
1
0.3333
-4
91.44
0.9144
9.1x10
36
3
1
5
1.61x10
1,609
1.60934
63,360
5,280
1,760
-6
1
0.001
1x10
0.03527
0.00220
1.10x10-6
1,000
1
0.001
35.27
2,205
0.00110
6
4
1x10
1,000
1
3.53x10
2,205
1.102
-5
28.35
0.02835
2.83x10
1
0.0625
3.12x10-5
453.6
0.4536
4.54x10-4
16
1
0.005
5
4
9.07x10
907.2
0.9072
3.20x10
2,000
1
6
4
1.02x10
1,016
1.016
3.58x10
2,240
1.12
..
1
0.001
0.06102
0.03381
0.00106
2.64x10-4
1,000
1
61.02
33.81
1.057
0.2642
16.39
0.01639
1
0.5541
0.01732
0.00433
29.57
0.02957
1.805
1
0.03125
0.00781
946.4
0.9464
57.75
32
1
0.2500
3,785
3.785
231.0
128
4
1
5
1.59x10
159.0
9,702
5,376
168
42
..
..
..
.
.
.
-10
1
0.0001
1x10
0.155
0.00108
0.000120
4
-6
1x10
1
1x10
1,550
10.76
1.196
10
6
9
7
1x10
1x10
1
1.55x10
1.08x10
1.196x106
6.452
6.45x10-4
6.45x10-10
1
0.00694
7.71x10-4
929.0
0.09290
9.29x10-8
144
1
0.1111
-7
8,361.27
0.8361
8.36x10
1,296
9
1
10
6
9
7
2.59x10
2.59x10
2.590
4.01x10
2.79x10
3.098x106
= 4,047 .. = 43,560 . = 0.00156 . = 2,529
6.21x10-6
6.21x10-4
0.62137
1.58x10-5
1.89x10-4
5.68x10-4
1
9.84x10-7
9.84x10-4
0.9842
2.79x10-5
4.46x10-4
0.8929
1
6.29x10-6
0.00629
1.03x10-4
1.86x10-4
0.00595
0.02381
1
.
3.86x10-11
3.86x10-7
0.3861
2.49x10-10
3.57x10-8
3.23x10-7
1
Changed with
- 67 -
Weight & Measures
10 square chains or...1 acre THE METRIC SYSTEM

APOTHCARIES WEIGHT
20 grains..1 scuple 160 square rods
LINEAR MEASURE
3 scuples1 dram 640 acres....1 township 10 millimetres...1 centimetre
TIME MEASURE
8 drams1 ounce
10 centimetres..1 decimetre
12 ounces....1 pound 60 seconds.1 minute 10 decimetres..1 metre
60 minutes..1 hour 10 metres.1 decametre
Ounce and pound are the same as inTroy Weight
24 hours...1 day
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT
10 decametres...1 hectometre
27/11/32 grains.1 dram 7 days.1 week 10 hectometres..1 kilometre
16 drams....1 ounces 28,29,30 or 13 days.1 cal.month SQUARE MEASURE
16 ounces....1 pound 30 days..1 month in Comp.interest 100 sq.millimetres.1 sp.centimetre
25 pounds..1 quarter 365 days..1 years,366 days l leap year 100 sq.centimetres..1 sq.decimtre
MISCELLANEOUS
4 quarters.. 1 cwt
100 sq.decimetres.....1 sq.metre
2,000 pounds..1 short ton 3 inches..1 palm 100 sq.metres..1 sq.decametre
2,240 pounds...1 long ton 4 inches.1 hand
100 sq.decametres..1 sq.hectometre
6 inches..1 span 100 sq.hectometres..1 kilometre
TROY WEIGHT
24 grains...1 pwt 18 inches1 cubit CUBIC MEASURE
20 pwt...1 ounce 21.8 inches..1 Bible cubit
1000 cu.millimetres...1 cu.centimetre
12 ounces1 pound 21/2 feet...1 military pace 1000 cu.centimetres..1 cu.decimetre
ANGULAR MEASURE
Used for weighing glod silver and Jeweis
1000 cu. decimetres.1 cu.metre
60 seconds.1 minute LIQUID MEASURE
SQUARE MEASURE
114 square inches.1 square foot 60 minutes..1 degree 10 millimetres..1 centilitre
9 square feet.1 square yard 30 degrees..1 sign 10 centilitres 1 declitre
30 square yards.....1 square rod 90 degrees.1 quadrant
10 decititres..1 litre
40 square rods...1 rood 4 quadrants,or 360 degree,1 circumference 10 litres..1 decalite
4 roods....1 acre orgreat circle the earth rotates at a velocity
10 decalites....1 hectolitre
640 acres1 square mile of 15 degrees on hour (about 17.366 miles
10 hectolitres..1 kilolitre
at minute a the Equator) : I degree is
CUBLE MEASURE
WEIGHTS
therefore equal to 4 minutes.
1.728 cubic inches..1 cubic foot
10 milligrams.1 centigram
27 cubic feet....1 cubic yard CIRCULAR MEASURE
10 centigrams...1 decigram
Diameter of a Circle x 3.1416 gives
128 cubic feet1 cord(wood)
10 decigrams1 gram
Ciricumference
40 cubic feet...1 ton(shipping)
10 grams.1 decagrams
Diameler Squared x .7854 gives Ares
2,150.42 cubic inches.1 standard bu
10 hectograms....1 kilogram
of Cicle
231 cubic inches..1 u.s standard gal
100 kilograms.1 quintal
1 cubic foot...1 about 4/5 of a bushel Diameter Squared x 3.1416 gives
10 quintals.1 ton
Surface of Spheres.
DRY MEASURE
Diameter Cubed x .5236 gives
2 pints1 quart
Solidity of Sphers.
8 quarts..1 peck
INTERNATIONAL PAPER SIZES
4 pecks1 bushel On Degree of Circumference x 57.3
A series is based on AO (841x1189 mm.)
36 bushels...1 chaldron give Redius.
which is the equivalent of a square metre
DiameterPDF-Editor
of Cylinder x 3.1416 and
MEASUREVERSION of CAD-KAS
in area and each smilre size. A1,A2
theLIQUID
DEMO
4 gills.1 pint product by its length, gives Surface.
etc, is equal to half the area of the
Diameter Squared +.7854 and product
2 pint..1 quart
preceding large size.
4 quarts.1 gallon by the length, gives Solid Contents.
31 gallons....1 barrel A Circular Acre is 235.504 feet. a
millimetres
inches
2 barrels....1 hogshead Circular Rood 117.752 feet in diameter.
2A
1189x1682
46.81x 3.22
The Circumference of Globe is about
A0
841x1189
33.11 x 46.11
LONG MEASURE
24,855 miles, and the Diameter about
A1
594x 841
23.39 x 33.11
12 inches.1 foot
A2
420x594
16.54 x 23.39
3 foot1 yard 7,900 miles.
A3
297x420
11.69 x 6.54
5 yards..1 rod DIMENSIONS OF THE WORLD
210x179
8.27 x 11.69
40 rods1 furlong Equatorial Diameter....7,926.68 miles A4
148x210
5.83 x 8.27
8 furlongs1 statute mile Polar Diameter...7,899.99 miles A5
105x148
4.13 x 5.83
3 miles.1 league Difference ..26.69 miles A6
Mean Diameter....7,918.00 miles A7
74x105
2.91 x 4.13
CLOTH MEASURE
52x74
2.05 x 2.91
2 inches....1 nial Equatoril Circumference..24,902.37 miles A8
37x52
1.46 x 2.05
4 nials..1 quarter Meridional Circumference...24,860.44 miles A9
A10
26x37
1.02 x 1.46
4 quarters1 yard Difference..41.93 miles
Area of Surface...196,950,284 square miles
MARINES MEASURE
6 feet1 fathom Water Area...139,950,284 square miles
120 fathoms..1 cable length Land Area...57,000,000 square miles C series if for envelopes of folders suitable
7 cable lengths...1 mile Volume of Land29,300,000 cubic miles for enclosing stationery in the A size
millimetres
inches
5,280.2 feet.1 statute Volume of Water..320,000,000 cubic
miles
C3
324 x 458
12.76 x 18.03
mile
C4
229 x 324
9.02 x 12.76
6,080.2 feet..1 nautical mile AREAS AND DEPTHS OF THE OCEANS
Oceans Area (Square Miles)
C5
162 x 229
6.38 x 9.02
SURVEYORS MEASURE
C6
114 x 162
4.49 x 6.38
7.92 inches...1 link Greatest Dept (feet)
81 x 114
3.19 x 4.49
25 links..1 rod Pacific....68,634,000 30,000 C7
110 x 220
4.33 x 8.66
4 rods... 1 chain Atlantic... . 41,321,000 27,366 D7
Indian....29,340,000 18,582
Antarctic.... 7,500,000 25,200
Arctic...4,000,000 9,000
- 68 -
Metric Conversion Tables
AREA /
CAPACITY /
VOLUME /
LINEAR /
Sq.Centimetres Cu.Inches
Litres
Cu.Centimetres Gallons
Inches.
Centimetres Sq.Inches.
.
. .
.21997
1
4.54609
.393700
1
2.54000
.1500
1
6.45160
.061024
1
16.38706
.43994
2
9.09218
.787402
2
5.08000
.3100
2
12.90320
.122048
2
32.77413
.65991
3 13.63827
1.181102
3
7.62000
.46500
3
19.35480
.183072
3
49.16119
.87988
4 18.18436
1.574803
4 10.16000
.62000
4
25.80640
.244096
4
65.54826
1.09985
5 22.73045
1.968504
5 12.70000
.77500
5
32.25800
.305120
5
81.93532
1.31982
6 27.27654
2.362205
6 15.24000
.93000
6
38.70960
.366144
6
98.32238
1.53979
7 31.82263
2.755906
7 17.78000
1.08500
7
45.16120
.427168
7 114.70945
1.75976
8 36.36872
3.149606
8 20.32000
1.24000
8
51.61280
.488192
8 131.09651
1.97973
9 40.91481
3.543307
9 22.86000
1.39500
9
58.06440
.549216
9 147.49358
MASS /
Feet
Metres Sq.Feet
Sq.Metres Cu.Feet
Cu.Metres
Grams
.
. .
. Ounces
3.280840
1
.3048
10.76391 1
.09290
35.31467 1
.02832
.035274
1 28.349523
6.561680
2
.6096
21.52782 2
.18580
70.62934 2
.05664
.070548
2 56.699046
9.842520
3
.9144
32.29173 3
.27870
105.94401 3
.08496
.105812
3 85.048569
13.123359 4
1.2192
43.05564 4
.37160
141.25868 4
.11328
.141096
4 113.398092
16.404199 5
1.5240
53.81955 5
.46450
176.57335 5
.14160
.176370
5 141.747615
19.685038 6
1.8288
64.58346 6
.55740
211.88802 6
.16992
.211644
6 170.097138
22.965878 7
2.136
75.34737 7
.65030
247.20269 7
.19824
.246918
7 198.446661
26.246718 8
2.4384
86.11128 8
.74320
282.51736 8
.222656
.282192
8 226.796184
29.527558 9
2.7432
96.87519 9
.83610
317.83203 9
.25488
9 255.145707
Yards
Metres
Sq.Yards
Sq.Metres Cu.Yards
Cu.Metres .317466
Kilograms
.
. .
. Pounds
1.093613
1
.91440
1.19599
1
.83613
1.30795
1
.76455
2.204622
1
.453592
2.187226
2
1.82880
2.39198
2
1.67226
2.61590
2
1.52910
4.409244
2
.907184
3.280839
3
2.74320
3.58797
3
2.50839
3.92385
3
2.29365
6.613866
3
1.360776
4.374452
4
3.65760
4.78396
4
3.34453
5.23180
4
3.05820
Changed with the5.468065
DEMO VERSION
CAD-KAS
8.818488
4
1.814368
5
4.57200 of5.97995
5 PDF-Editor
4.18065
6.53975
5
3.82275
11.023110 5
2.267960
6.561678
6
5.48640
7.17594
6
5.01678
7.84770
6
4.58730
13.227732 6
2.721552
7.655291
7
6.40080
8.37193
7
5.85291
9.15565
7
5.35185
15.4322354 7
3.175144
8.748904
8
7.31520
9.56792
8
6.68904
10.46360 8
6.11640
17.636976 8
3.628736
9.842517
9
8.22960
10.76391 9
7.52517
11.77155 9
6.88095
19.841598 9
4.082328
Miles
Kilometres Acres
Hectares
CAPACITY /
Cwt
Kilograms
Pints
Litres
.621371
1
1.60934
2.47105
1
.40469
.019684
1
50.80234
1.242742
2
3.21869
4.94210
2
.80938
1.75976
1
.56826
.039368
2 101.60469
1.864113
3
4.82803
7.41315
3
1.21407
3.51952
2
1.13652
.059052
3 152.40704
2.485484
4
6.43738
9.88420
4
1.61876
5.27928
3
1.70478
.079836
4 203.20938
3.106855
5
8.04672
12.35525 5
2.02345
7.03904
4
2.27305
3.728226
6
9.65606
14.82630 6
2.42814
8.79880
5
2.84131
.098420
5 254.01173
4.349597
7 11.26541
17.29735 7
2.83283
10.55856 6
3.40957
.118104
6 304.81408
4.970968
8 12.87475
19.76840 8
3.23752
12.31832 7
3.97783
.137788
7 355.61642
5.592339
9 14.48410
22.23945 9
3.64221
14.07808 8
4.54609
.157472
8 406.41977
POWER /
Sq.Miles
Sq.Kilometres 15.83784 9
5.11435
.177156
9 457.22112
Horsepower
Kilowatts .38610
1
2.58999
Quarts
Litres
Tons
Kilograms
.77220
2
5.17998
1.341022
1
.7457
1.15830
3
7.76997
.87988
1
1.13652
.000984
1 1016.0469
2.68244
2
1.4914
1.54440
4
10.35996
1.75976
2
2.27304
.001968
2 2032.0938
4.023066
3
2.2371
1.93050
5
12.94995
2.63964
3
3.40956
.002952
3 3048.1407
5.364088
4
2.9828
2.31660
6
15.53994
3.51952
4
4.54608
.003936
4 4064.1876
6.705110
5
3.7285
2.70270
7
18.12993
4.39940
5
5.68260
.004920
5 5080.2345
8.046132
6
4.4742
3.08880
8
20.71992
5.27928
6
6.81912
.005904
6 6096.2814
9.387154
7
5.2199
3.47490
9
23.30991
6.15916
7
7.95564
.006888
7 7112.3283
10.728176 8
5.9656
7.03904
8
9.09216
12.069198 9
6.7113
7.91892
9
10.22868
- 69 -
CONVERSION FORMULAE
Velocity
To convert
Multiply by
miles per hour into
Kilometres per hour..1.609344
feet per second into
metres per second....0.3048
feet per second into
centimetres per second.....30.48
Power
To convert
Multiply by
horsepower into kilowatts..............0.7457
horsepower into metric horsepower1.01387
foot pound-force per second
into kilowatts.....0.001356
Force
To convert
Multiply by
pounds force into newtons4.44822
poundals into newtons.......................0.138255
Volume & Capacity

To convert
Multiply by
Linear
cu.centimeters into cu.inches...0.06102
To convert
Multiply by
inches into centimetres.....2.540 cu.metres into cu.feet....35.3147
inches into metres2540x10-2 cu.metres into cu.yards.....1.30795
inches into millimetres.25.4 litres into cu.inches.....61.03
feet into metres.....0.3048 litres into pints...1.7598
yards into metres.....0.9144 litres into quarts........0.8799
miles into kilometres...1.609344 litres into UK gallons....0.219976
miles into metres.1609.344 litres into US gallons....0.264178
feet into centimetres.....30.48 Mass
To convert
Multiply by
Area
grams into ounces.0.03527
To convert
Multiply by
sq.inches into sq.centimetres.....6.4516 grams into grains.....15.4324
sq.feet into sq.centimetres..929.03 grams into tahil.....0.02646
sq.feet into sq.metres.....0.092903 kilograms into pounds....2.2046
sq.yards into sq.metres.................... ..0.8361 kilograms into tons...0.0009842
sq.miles into sq.kilometres...2.58999 kilograms into katis...1.653
Metric to non-Metric
sq.miles into hectares.......258.999 kilograms into stones.....0.1575
acres into sq.metres4046.856 kilograms into hundredweights......0.01968
Linear
acres into hectares....0.40469 Velocity
To cinvert
Multiply by
-3
To convert
Multiply by
into feet.3.281x10 Volume & Capacity
Changed with themillimetres
DEMO
VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).
centimetres
per
second
into
Multiply by
millimetres into inches....0.03937 To convert
centimetres into inches....0.3937 cu.inches into cu.centimetres.....16.3871 feet per second......0.03281
metres into feet.......3.281 cu.inches into litres..0.016387 metres per second into
metres into yards....1.09361 cu.feet into cu.metres..0.028317 feet per minute...196.9
kilometres into yards......1093.61 cu.feet into litres..28.32 metres per second into
Kilometres into miles......0.62137 pints into litres.0.56826 feet per second.....3.281
quarts into litres..1.13652 kilometres per hour into
Area
cu.yards into cu.metres...0.7646 miles per hour.....0.6214
To convert
Multiply by
sq.milimetres into sq.inches..1.550x10-3 UK gallon into litres...4.54609 Power
Multiply by
sq.centimetres into sq.inches....0.1550 US gallon into litres.3.7854 To convert
kilowatts
into
horsepower.
...1.341
sq.metres into sq.feet........10.7639 Mass
metric horsepower into horsepower...0.98632
Multiply by
sq.metres into sq.yards....1.19599 To convert
-4
sq.metres into acres...2.47105x10 ounces into grams.....28.3495 metric horsepower into
sq.kilometres into sq.miles..0.3861 pounds into grams.....453.6 foot pounds-force per second....542.48
sq.kilometres into acres.....247.105 pounds into kilograms....0.4536 Force
Multiply by
hectares into acers....2.47105 ton into kilograms....1016.047 To convert
tahils into grams37.799 newtons into pound force...0.2248
kati into kilograms..0.60479 newtons into poundals....7.2330
Non-Metric to Metric
grains into grams..0.0648
- 70 -
(VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA)
4 3 3
(R r )
3
HOLLOW SPHERE
SEGMENT SPHERE
SPHERICAL
ZONE
1 2
h ( 3 r h )
3
1
h(3C 2 +4h 2 )
24
1
b( 3 a 2 + 3 c 2 + 4 b 2 )
24
ANCHOR RING
= 2 2Rr 2
SQUARE
PYRAMID
1
X .. x h
3
= 4 R 2
2 Rh
1
( 4h 2 + C 2 )
3
= 2 rb
= 4 2 Rr
= 8 RS
= 2 RS 2
.. =
x
FRUSTUM OF
SQUARE PYRAMID
h 2 2
(b +s + bs1 )
3
.. = [2s1(b+s)]
+ [(s2) + (b2)]
.. =
FRUSTUM
1
h ( A1 + A 2 +
3
A1 x A 2 )
1
2
- 71 -
(VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA)

RECTANGULAR
x
axbxh
AREA = 2(ab+bh+ah)
CUBE
3
(S)3
= 6S2
SQUARE PRISM
S2 x b
= 4sb
= 2S2
HEXAGONAL PRISM
1.6 S2b
.866 h2b
4.83 S2b
.829 h2b
= 6sb
= 2.6 S2
= 8 sb
3.32 hb
CYLINDER
HOLLOW CYLINDER
ELLIPTICAL PRISM
SPHERE
r2b
.7854 D2b
(R2 r2)b
abs
4 3 3
R , D ,
3
6
.5236 D3
= 2 r2
= 2 rb
= 2 Rb
= 2 rb
= 2 b
a2 + s2
3
= as
= 4 R2
- 72 -
(AREA AND CIRCUMGERENCE)
rn
l =
SEGMENT OF CIRCLE
lr c ( r h)
2
rn
RING
2 2
(D d)
4
2 r
QUARTER OF RING
1/4
n
(R 2 r 2 )
360
HOLLOW SQUARE
A 2 B2
= .01745
HOLLOW RECTANGLE

(A x C) (B x D)
FILLET

ELLIPE
ECCENTRIC RING
1
0.215 r 2 , r 2
5
a x b
or
c x d x 0.7854
.7854 (D 2 d2 )
x (R 2 r 2 )
a2 +b2
2
- 73 -
(AREA AND CIRCUMGERENCE)
SQUARE
2 d
S ,
RECTANGLE
4S
lb
2(l+b)
1 (l+l)h
2
2 (l + s)
TRIANGLE
s(s a) (s b) (s c)
1
or x a x h
2
1
S = (a + b + c)
2
a+b+c
HEXAGON
6
2.598150 S2
0.866 L2
6S
RHOMBOID
h (a + b)
TRAPEZOID
NON-PARALLELOGRAM
CIRCULAR
2
SUM OF TRIANGLE
r 2
r 2
or
2
d
= .7854 d2
4
r 2 n0
SECTOR OF CIRCULAR
360, lr ,
0.0087266 r 2n0
a+b+c+d
SUM OF 4 SIDES
d, 2 r
d = 31831 C
rn0
l =
57.3
- 74 -
SECTION
TYPE OF PILE
(M. X M.)
PERIMETER
(CM.)
SECTIONAL
AREA (CM.2)
UNIT
WEIGHT
(KG./M.)
MAX. LENGTH
(M)
SAFELOAD*
(TONS)
0.18 X 0.18
0.22 X 0.22
0.25 X 0.25
0.30 X 0.30
0.35 X 0.35
0.40 X 0.40
0.45 X 0.45
0.525 X 0.525
72
88
100
120
140
160
180
210
324
484
625
900
1225
1600
2025
2756
78
116
150
216
294
384
486
662
14
21
22
24
25
25
28
28
15-25
25-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-80
80-120
100 UP
* Safe load depends on soil condition
SECTION
TYPE OF PILE
(M. X M.)
PERIMETER
(CM.)
SECTIONAL
AREA (CM.2)
UNIT
WEIGHT
(KG./M.)
MAX. LENGTH
(M)
SAFELOAD*
(TONS)

0.18 x 0.18 of CAD-KAS
90 PDF-Editor
204 (http://www.cadkas.com).
49
14
0.22 x 0.22
108
337
81
22
20
0.26 x 0.26
A126
B126
A150
B153
A174
B170
A202
B197
244
460
500
600
660
781
880
1028
1240
2050
110
120
144
158
187
211
247
298
492
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
28
30-35
30-35
35-40
40-45
50-55
55-60
60-70
70-80
80-120
0.30 x 0.30
0.35 x 0.35
0.40 x 0.40
0.525 x 0.525
- 75
Section
Dia
(mm.)
300
350
400
450
500
600
Thickness
(mm.)
Gross Section
Area (m2)
Unit
weight
Length
(m.)
Moment
Of Inertia
cm.4
Effective
Prestress
(kgf/cm.2)
Allowable
Bending
Moment
(T-m)
Safe*
Load (T)
65
70
75
80
90
100
480
616
766
930
1169
1571
124
160
198
241
301
408
5-13
5-14
5-15
5-15
5-15
5-15
36314
65179
108155
169270
259634
518890
47.3
43.1
40.3
41.2
43.0
41.6
2.0
2.9
4.1
5.8
8.2
13.3
55
70
80
100
120
150
Live Load
Section
(Kg / m2)
150
/ -
Width
of
SlabPDF-Editor
Concrete(http://www.cadkas.com).
SPAN LENGTH (M.) QTY.SIZE OF P.C WIRE
of
CAD-KAS
Slab
Thickness Topping
(cm.)
(cm.)
(cm.)
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
30
4-5
4 -4
4 -4
4 -4
5 -5
6 -5
5 -5
5 -5
6 -4
200
30
4-5
4 -4
4 -4
4 -5
6 -4
300
30
4-5
4 -4
4 -4
4 -5
6 -4
400
30
4-5
4 -4
4 -4
4 -5
* REQUIRED SPECIAL DESIGN
: 7
- 76 -
1 2
3
(.)
( )
(3)
15 .
0.034
0.008
1:1:3

11
15 .
0.055
0.018
1:1:3
1
25.2
15 .
0.118
0.039
1:1:3
2
54.6
126
0.027
0.007
1:1:4
15 .
10
120
0.04
0.012
1:1:4
20 .
12
54 15 .
0.048
0.016
1:1:4

14
1
0.03
0.01
1:1:4
10 .
6
1
0.013
0.005
1:2:5
15 .
3.5
0.012
0.006
1:3:6
2.4
15 .
1
0.016
0.008
1:3:6
3.7
20 .
1
0.016
1:3
8
20 .
0.02
1:3
10
25 .
0.029
1:3
14
35 .
0.04
1:3
20
50 .
0.03
1:4
8
25 .
0.043
1:4
12
35 .
0.06
1:4
16
50 .
3
Changed with the
PDF-Editor
0.36
0.1
1:1:4
126
1100
DEMO
1 VERSION of CAD-KAS
8
20 .
10 .
0.015
14
10 .
0.012
8
25 .
10 .
20 .
11 22 . 0.187 .2
300 .
1:3
0.3 3
0.2
17
0.08
0.01
8
/ 4
0.095
0.038
11
2
2/20 11 81
- 77 -
2.5 .
10 .
1

1.6 .
2 .
+ + + 3 .
2.5 . +
(./2)
55
240
18
10
14
3.4
4.2
175
80

(./2)
+
180
+
360
7 .
120
9 .
160
6 .+ 2 + 1 x 3
22
+ 1 x 3
30
...
220
...
240
7 x 7 x 3
90
- 78 -
3
. /
. / 3
21305
2800
19305
2645
18900
2645
13585
2640
100%
11375
2560
40%
10510
2545
9000
2545
8730
2480
8425
2450
7830
2400
66%
8875
2195
7350
2195
7305
2160
7210
2065

7150
2050
100%

6850
1825
6665
87 %
1795
Changed with the

DEMO
of CAD-KAS
VERSION5605
1745
3205
1745
2945
1550
2945
91%
1505
. / 3
1440
1345
1250
1200
1200
1070
960
930
930
930
916
915
895
880
735
720
670
368
240
128
- 79 -
2
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
1/2'x1
0.5 .01139 .02278 .03417 .04557 .05695 .06835 .07974
1x1,x2
1.0 .02278 .04557 .06835 .09113 .11392 .13670 .15949
1x1
1.5 .03417 .06835 .10252 .13670 .17087 .20505 .23923
1x2
2.0 .04557 .09113 .13070 .18227 .22784 .27340 .31898
1x3, x6,1x2, x4
3.0 .06835 .13670 .20505 .27340 .34175 .41010 .47245
x5,1x3
3.75 .08544 .17087 .25631 .34175 .42719 .51263 .59806
1x3
4.5 .10263 .20505 .30758 .41010 .51263 .61516 .71768
1x5
5.0 .11392 .22783 .34175 .45567 .56959 .68350 .79743
x8,1x6,1x4,2x3
6.0 .13670 .27340 .41010 .54681 .68351 .82021 .95691
1x5
7.5 .17088 .34175 .51263 .68350 .85438 1.02526 1.19613
1x8,2x4
8.0 .18227 .36454 .54681 .72908 .91134 1.09361 1.27588
1x6,3x3
9.0 .20505 .41010 .61516 .82021 1.03526 1.23031 1.43537
2x5
10.0 .22784 .45566 .68350 .91134 1.13918 1.36700 1.59486
1x8,2x6
12.0 .27340 .54681 .82021 1.09360 1.36702 1.64042 1.91382
2x8,4x4
16.0 .36454 .72908 1.09361 1.45815 1.82269 2.18723 2.55176
3x6
18.0 .41010 .82021 1.23031 1.64042 2.05052 2.46062 2.87074
3x8,4x6
24.0 .54681 1.09361 1.64042 2.18723 2.73404 3.28084 3.82764
5x5
25.0 .56959 1.13819 1.70877 2.27836 2.84795 3.41754 3.98713
6x6
36.0 .82021 1.64042 2.46063 3.28084 4.10105 4.92126 5.74147
8x8
64.0 1.45815 2.91030 4.37445 5.83260 7.29075 8.74890 10.2070
8.00
.09113
.18227
.27340
.36454
.54684
.68351
.82021
.91135
1.09361
1.36702
1.45815
1.64042
1.82270
2.1872
2.91630
3.28084
4.37446
4.55672
6.56168
11.6652
9.00
.10252
.20505
.30157
.41010
.61516
.76895
.92274
1.02526
1.23031
1.53790
1.64042
1.84547
2.05052
2.46063
3.28084
3.69094
4.92126
5.12631
7.38189
13.1233
- 80 -
TPI

(./..)
15x15x15
28

/ 1
(w/c)
()
, ,
180
0.72
180
, ,
210
0.65
180
240
0.60
180
280
0.55
180
320
0.51
180
POST-TENSION
,
350
0.48
180
POST-TENSION
,
of CAD-KAS
PDF-Editor
380
0.45
180
POST-TENSION
,
400
0.42
180
POST-TENSION
,
420
0.40
180
POST-TENSION
(.)
7.5+2.5
7.5+2.5
7.5+2.5
7.5+2.5
7.5+2.5
7.5+2.5
7.5+2.5
7.5+2.5
7.5+2.5
- 81 -
of
CAD-KAS
PDF-Editor

VERSION

450 ./..

24
240 ./..
- 82 -

80% 28 72


( Plastic Stage)

- 83 -

Hydration
Hydration
- 84 -

- ( Mobile Pump) 3
28 32 36
- ( Station Pump )
40
- 85 -

26/56 5 10120
. 0-2678-5350-74 . 0-2678-5376-8
- ( 24 ) . 0-2678-5382-90 .0-2678-5395-6

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Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

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Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

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Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

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Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

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Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

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Ordinary Portland Cement

Modified Portland Cement

High Early Strength Portland Cement

Low Heat Portland Cement

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS

Sulfate Resistant Portland Cement

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3. () , TPI (GREEN) .80

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TPI (), TPI (), TPI ()

Stiff TPI Stiff Setting time

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TPI TPI 10 TPI

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Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

Changed with the

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

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700 - 1500 ../ .2

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Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

4. (MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATE)

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Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).

Changed with the DEMO VERSION of CAD-KAS PDF-Editor (http://www.cadkas.com).