An Introduction to TCP/IP
For Embedded System Designers
019-0074 • 020701-G
ii
An Introduction to TCP/IP
019-0074 020701–G • Printed in U.S.A.©2001 Z-World Inc. • All rights reserved.Z-World reserves the right to make changes andimprovements to its products without providing notice.
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An Introduction to TCP/IP iii
Table of Contents
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................12. Ethernet Basics ...........................................................................................................3
2.1 Ethernet Address.........................................................................................................................32.2 Physical Connections ..................................................................................................................32.2.1 Cables.........................................................................................................................42.3 Frames.........................................................................................................................................42.3.1 Collisions..................................................................................................................5
3.1 LAN.............................................................................................................................................73.1.1 Repeaters and Bridges ...............................................................................................73.2 WAN............................................................................................................................................83.2.1 Packet Switches .........................................................................................................83.2.2 Forwarding a Packet ..................................................................................................83.3 VPN.............................................................................................................................................93.4 Network Devices.........................................................................................................................93.4.1 Routers.......................................................................................................................93.4.2 Firewalls.....................................................................................................................93.4.3 Gateways..................................................................................................................103.5 Network Architecture................................................................................................................103.5.1 Client/Server Networks............................................................................................103.5.1.1 Port Numbers ........................................................................................11
4.1 Layering Models .......................................................................................................................134.2 TCP/IP Protocol Stack ..............................................................................................................14
5.1 IP ...............................................................................................................................................165.1.1 IP Address................................................................................................................165.1.2 IP Address Classes...................................................................................................165.1.3 Netmasks..................................................................................................................165.1.4 Subnet Address........................................................................................................175.1.5 Directed Broadcast Address.....................................................................................175.1.6 Limited Broadcast Address......................................................................................175.2 IP Routing .................................................................................................................................175.3 ARP...........................................................................................................................................185.4 The Transport Layer..................................................................................................................185.4.1 UDP .........................................................................................................................185.4.2 TCP..........................................................................................................................185.4.2.1 TCP Connection/Socket .......................................................................195.4.2.2 TCP Header ..........................................................................................195.4.3 ICMP........................................................................................................................215.5 The Application Layer ..............................................................................................................215.5.1 DNS .........................................................................................................................215.5.1.1 DCRTCP.LIB Implementation of DNS ...............................................22
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