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Thevenin Equivalent Circuit with a dependent Source Example: Find the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit containing

dependent sources shown in figure1. 2k i a

+
3v + ix figure1 20i v

+ vab b

5V

+ -

25

Solution : The first step is to recognize that the current ix must be zero.(Note the absence of a return path for ix to enter the left-hand portion of the circuit). Thevenin voltage VTh

The Thevenin voltage will be the voltage across the 25 W resistor. With ix = 0,

VTh = v ab = (20i )(25) = 500i The current i is 5 3v 5 3vTh Because VTh = v = 2000 2000 When we combine these 2 equations, we obtain 5 3vTh VTh = 500 VTh = 5V 2000 Thevenin resistance RTh i= The Thevenin resistance will be the ratio of the Thevenin voltage VTh to the short-circuit current isc (current away terminals a, b when they are connected together). V RTh = Th i sc

Therefore, with the short in place, the circuit shown in figure1 becomes the one shown in figure2. with the short circuit shunting the 25 resistor, all the current from the dependent current source appears in the short, so isc = -20 i
2k i a

+
3v + ix 20i v=0 25

isc

5V

+ _

Figure2 The current controlling the dependent current source is

i =

5 = 2.5mA 2000 i sc = 20 2.5 = 50mA From VTh and i sc we get RTh = VTh 5 = 10 3 = 100 i sc 50

Figure3 illustrates the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit shown in figure1
100 a

5V

Figure3

Superposition with a independent Source Example: Find the branch currents in the circuit shown in figure4 by using the superposition principle.

6 + _ i1 i2 3

2 i3 i4 4 12A

120V

Figure4
Solution :

We begin by finding the branch currents resulting from the 120V voltage source. We denote those currents with prime. Replacing the ideal current source with an open circuit deactivates it, figure5 shows this.

6 + _

v1
+
' i2

2
' i3

120V

i1'

' i4

Figure5 We can easily finding the branch currents in the circuit in figure5 once we know the node voltage v1 across the 3 resistor. We write

v1 120v v1 v + + 1 =0 6 3 2+4 From which v1 = 30V


' ' ' Now we can write the exp ression for the branch currents i1' i 2 i3 i4

i1' =

120 30 = 15 A 6

' i2 =

30 = 10 A 3

' ' i3 = i 4 =

30 = 5A 6

We continue by finding the branch currents resulting from the current source 12A, We denote those currents with double-prime we deactivate the ideal voltage source by replacing it with a short-circuit as shown in figure6.
6 v3 v4

i2''

'' 2

i3''

'' 4

12A

Figure6 We determine the branch currents in the circuit shown in figure6 by first solving for the node voltage v3 across 3 and the node voltage v4 across 4 resistor. The two nodevoltage equations that describe the circuit are
v3 v3 v3 v 4 + + =0 3 6 2 v 4 v3 v 4 + + 12 = 0 2 4 Solving for v3 and v 4 , we get v3 = 12V v 4 = 24V
' ' ' Now we can write the exp ression for the branch currents i1'' i2' i3' i4' in terms of v3 and v 4 :

i1'' =

v3 12 = = 2A 6 6 v v 4 12 (24) 12 ' i3' = 3 = = = 6A 2 2 2

' i2' =

v3 12 = = 4 A 3 3 v 24 ' i 4' = 4 = = 6 A 4 4

To find the branch currents in the original circuit, that is, the currents i1, i2,, i3, and i4 in figure4, we simply adding the obtained currents :
i1 = i1' + i1'' = 15 + 2 = 17 A
' ' i3 = i3 + i3' = 5 + 6 = 11A ' ' i 2 = i 2 + i2' = 10 4 = 6 A ' ' i4 = i4 + i4' = 5 6 = 1A

Superposition with a dependent Source Example: use the principle of superposition to find v0 in the circuit shown in figure7.

5 + _

0.4 v

i
v0

10V

+ -

20 2 i
+

v
-

10

5A

Figure7

Solution :
We begin by finding the component v0 resulting from the 10V voltage source. ' ' Fgure8 shows the circuit. With 5A source deactivated, v must equal(-0.4 v ) (10). Hence,
' v must be zero, the branch containing the two dependent sources open, and 20 ' vo = 10 = 8V 25

5 + _
' i

' 0.4 v

10V

+
v
' O

20
' 2 i

+
' v

10

Figure8 When the 10V source is deactivated, the circuit reduces to the one shown in figure9. 5
' i '

a +
v
'' O

b +
v
' 2 i'
''

20

10 c

5A

Figure9

We have added a reference node and the node designations a, b, and c to aid the discussion. - Summing the currents away the node a yields :
' ' vo' vo' '' + 0.4v = 0, 20 5

or

' '' 5vo' 8v = 0

- Summing the currents away the node b gives :


'' 0.4v + ' vb 2i' 5 = 0, 10

or

'' ' 4v + vb 2i' = 0

' '' '' '' '' - We now use vb = 2i' + v to find the value of v . Thus, 5v = 50, or v = 10V

' ' From the node a equation, 5vo' = 80, or vo' = 16V
' The value of v0 is the sum of v O and v O'' ,

' '' v o = v O + v O = 8 + 16 = 24V

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