INTEGRATION

Integration is the reverse of

differentiation

1. a dx = ax + c, where a is constant
Examples:
1. 1 dx = x + c
2. 2 dx = 2x + c

3. -3 dx = -3x + c

1
1
4. dx x c
2
2

n 1

x
2. x dx
c, where n is an integer, n 1
n 1
n

Examples:
11

x
1 2
1. xdx
c x c
11
2
2 1
x
1 3
2
2. x dx
c x c
2 1
3

1
2
3. 2 dx x dx c
x
2 1
1
x
x
1

c
c c
2 1
1
x

n 1

ax
3. ax dx
c , where a is a constant and n
n 1
is an integer, n 1
n

Examples:
2 x11
2 2
1. 2 xdx
c x c x2 c
11
2
4 2 1
4 3
2. 4 x dx
c x c
2 1
3
2

3
3. 3 dx 3x 3 dx
x
3x 31
3x 2
3

c
c 2 c
3 1
2
2x

Integrals of algebraic expressions

[ f ( x) g ( x)]dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx

Examples:

1. (3x 4 x)dx
3

3
3
(
3
x

4
x
)
dx

3
x

dx 4xdx

3 x 31
4 x 11

c
3 1
11

3x 4
4x 2

c
4
2

3 4
2
x 2x c
4

1. a dx = ax + c
n 1
x
2. x n dx
c
n 1

ax n 1
3. ax dx
c
n 1
n

1. a dx = ax + c

2. (3x 2) dx
2

(3x 2) dx (3x 2)(3x 2)dx

(9 x 6 x 6 x 4)dx
(9 x 12x 4)dx
9 x dx 12xdx 4dx
2

9 x 2 1 12 x 11

4x c
2 1
11

9 x 3 12 x 2

4x c
3
2

3x 6 x 4 x c
3

n 1
x
2. x n dx
c
n 1

n 1
ax
3. ax n dx
c
n 1

4 5x 2
3.
dx
3

4 5x 2
4 5x 2
3 dx ( 3 3 )dx

4
5 2
dx x dx
3
3
4 5 x 21
x (
)c
3 3 2 1

4
5 x3
x ( )c
3
3 3

4
5 3
x x c
3
9

1. a dx = ax + c
n 1
x
2. x n dx
c
n 1
n 1
ax
3. ax n dx
c
n 1

2 x 3 5x 2
4.
dx
5
3x
2 x 5x 2
2 x 3 5x 2
x 5 dx ( x 5 x 5 )dx

2
5
( 2 3 )dx
x
x
(2 x 2 5x 3 )dx
2 1

31

2x
5x

c
2 1 3 1
2 x 1 5 x 2

c
1
2

2 5
2 c
x 2x

1. a dx = ax + c
n 1
x
2. x n dx
c
n 1

n 1
ax
3. ax n dx
c
n 1

Finding the constant of integration, c

1. a dx = ax + c
dy
2
Given that
3x 4 x 2 and y = 3 when x = 1
x n 1
dx
n
2. x dx
c
n 1
Solution:

n 1
ax
3. ax n dx
c
n 1

dy
3x 2 4 x 2
dx
y (3x 2 4 x 2)dx

y 3x dx 4 xdx 2dx
2

3x 21 4 x11
y

2x c
2 1 11
3x 3
4x 2
y

2x c
3
2

y x3 2x 2 2x c

When x = 1, y = 3
3 13 2(12 ) 2(1) c

c=2

n
(
ax

b
)
Integrals of expressions of the form
n 1
(
ax

b
)
n
(
ax

b
)
dx
c

a (n 1)

1. (2 x 7)5 dx
5 1
(
2
x

7
)
5
(
2
x

7
)
dx
c

2(5 1)
( 2 x 7) 6

c
12
1
dx
4
(5 x 8)
1
(5 x 8) 4 dx

2.

4
(
5
x

8
)
dx

(5 x 8) 4 1

c
5( 4 1)
(5 x 8) 3

c
15

c
3
15 (5 x 8)