Prativako khoji प्रतिभाको खोजी

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xfdL clxn] gofF g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] ;ª\3f/df plePsf 5f}F . b]zdf ePsf x/]s
/fhgLlts kl/jt{g;+u} cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs nufot ef}lts ljsf;sf qmdx¿
a[l4 eO/x]sf 5g\ . /f0ffsfn eGbf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;dodf b]zn] s]xL yk k|ult
u/]sf] lyof] . k~rfotL Joj:yfdf eGbf ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] ;dodf b]zn] 7"n} k|utL
xfFl;n u/]sf] kfOG5 . km]l/ clxn] b]zdf kl/jt{gsf] csf]{ Pp6f gofF kfgf klN6Psf] 5 .
olx gofF kfgf;+u} yk cfzfsf d'gfx¿ c+s'/0f klg x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . b]zdf cem w]/} /
yk /fd|f] x'g;S5 / ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] cfzfx¿ ylkPsf 5g\ . dflg;nfO{ lhpFbf] /fVg]
Ps dxTjk"0f{ s'/f klg t cfzf g} xf] .
ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] ;'¿jft;Fu} hgtfsf cfsfª\Iff klg w]/} lyP . t/ gofF

/fhgLlts cEof;sf] ;'¿jft eP/ klg x'g;S5, b]zsf] ;dli6 ljsf;sf nflu
kl/sNkgf ug]{, b]zdf pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pRrtd k|of]u u/]/ cfTdlge{/ agfpg]
h:tf sfo{qmdx¿df /fhgLlts bn, ltgsf g]tf sfo{stf{x¿ tyf of]hgfljb\x¿sf]
Wofg sd} uPsf] b]lvG5 . ljsf;sf sfdx¿df eGbf efif0f / c¿sf] sdhf]/L b]vfP/
cfkm" ;'lsnf] ePsf] k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfddf ;do, ;|f]t / ;fwg a9L vr]{sf] b]lvG5 .
eg]/ t ;ls;s]sf 5f} t/ ca of] b]zdf ug'{kg]{ w]/} afFsL 5 – xfdL cfkm\g} nflu clg
b]zsf] nflu .
xfdL g]kfnLx¿ b]zdf s]lx /fd|f] x'g;S5 / ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] cfzfdf /x]sf
5f}F . ljutsf] nfdf] ;do;Dd z+sf, ufnL / ljgf;df afFRof} . cfkm"n] s] ug{ ;lsG5
gx]/L c¿n] s] ljuf/]sf] 5 b]Vg cfFvf nufof}+ . cfkm";+u ePsf] l;h{gzLntfnfO{
c¿sf] cjgtL u/fpg] of]hgfdf w]/} vr]{/ ;Sof}+ . c¿nfO{ xf]rf] b]vfP/ cfkm" cUnf]
aGg] y'k|} cEof;x¿ klg u/L;Sof}+ . kmn:j?k cfh xfdL cfkm}+ of] b]zdf s]lx 5}g clg
s]lx ug{ ;lsb}g eGg] lg/fzfjfbL ;f]rn] u|:t x'g yfln;Sof}+ . casf lbgdf lautsf
;kmntfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb}, jt{dfgdf ePsf Ifdtfsf] vf]hL u/L oL b'a}nfO{ cem
a9fpg] sfddf ;/sf/ /fhgLlts bn, of]hgfljb\ / ;a} g]kfnL ;Fu} nfUg' k/]sf] 5 .
lxhf] s;n] s] uNtL u/]sf] lyof] x]g]{ a]nf of] xf]Og . ca t cfh s;n] s] /fd|f]
ug{;S5 vf]Hg' kb{5 . oxL /fd|f] vf]Hg], /fd|f] ug]{ / /fd|f] ug]{x¿nfO{ dfGotf lbg] clg
cem yk /fd|f] ug]{ of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu' ug'{ kg]{ sfdsf] nflu x/]sn] cfkm\gf] bfloTj
af]w ug'{ kb{5 .
b]zsf x/]s JolQm, ;dfh, ;ª\3;+:yf clg /fi6«n] ca efu xf]Og e"ldsf
vf]Hg] ;do cfPsf] 5 . x/]ssf] efudf Pp6f g Pp6f bfloTj 5 – ;dfh lgdf{0fsf]
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clg /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] . of] dxfg\ cleofgdf s;}n] s;}sf] e"ldsf tf]Sg] eGbf klg d}n]
d]/f] 7fpFaf6 s] ug{ ;S5', s] ug{'kb{5, cfkm}+ vf]Hg] xf] . ;a}sf] xf]:6]n] b]z x}+;] ug{
;S5 . xfdLn] klg cfkm"n] ug{ ;Sg] / clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ug'{kg]{ sfd vf]Hof}+ . cfly{s
k|ult gu/L cGo pGglt x'g uf¥xf] kg]]{ oyfy{nfO{ a'em]/ To;}sf lglDt s] x'g ;S5
eGg] vf]hL ug]{ k|of; u¥of}F . b]zsf ufpF3/ jf ;x/df a;]/, cfkm\g} j/k/ ePsf
;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pkof]u / kl/rfng u/L cfkm" / ;dfhsf] pGgltdf yf]/} eP klg
of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf pBdzLn / l;h{gzLn g]kfnL k|ltefx¿sf] vf]hL ug{ ;¿jft
u¥of}F . ltg} k|ltefx¿sf] ;ª\3if{, pGglt / ;kmntfsf] syfnfO{ ;d]6]/ of] æk|ltefsf]
vf]hL–@)^%Æ gfdsf] k':ts lnP/ tkfO{x¿sf] ;fd' pkl:yt ePsf 5f}F .
c¿ s;}n] s]xL gul/lbP/ xf]Og, xfdL cfkm}+n] s]xL gu/]/ ul/j ePsf xf}F .
xfdL;Fu s]xL geP/ klg xf]Og, ePsf] ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ k|of]u gu/]/ ul/j ePsf xf}F .
ePsfnfO{ gb]v]/ gePsf] vf]Hg ;do latfO/x]sf 5f}+F . k|s[ltn] s;}nfO{ klg e]befj
gu/L s]xL g s]xL lbPsf] 5 . x/]s :yfg s]xL g s]xL pTkfbgsf nflu pko'Qm 5,
x/]s JolQm s]xL g s]xL ug{ ;Ifd 5 . cfkm" / cfkm\gf] jl/kl/ ePsf IfdtfnfO{ vf]Hg
5f]8]/, ltgLx¿sf] ;b'kof]uaf6 pGgltsf] ;Defjgfx¿ b]Vg g;s]/ cfkm\gf nflu ;w}+
c¿n] g} s]xL u/Llbg'k5{ eg]/ cf;] hLjg w]/} latfof}+ . t/ cfbz{sf jrg kf]Vg'kg]{
7fpFdf af]Ng klg r's]gf}F – xfd|f] efUo rDsfpg] ;j} s'/f xfdL;+u} 5 eg]/ . t/ /f0ff
zf;gsf] cGTokl5sf] cfwf zts eGbf a9L ;do;Dd klg b]z pxL cj:yfdf /x]sf]
5, xfd|f] cj:yfdf ;Gtf]if ug{ ;lsg] k|ult s]xL b]lvb}g . emg\ clxn] cfP/ b]zsf]
o'jfzlQmsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ljb]lzg] qmd a9\bf] 5 . ca k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5, l;4fGt /
efif0fn] dfq b'O{ s/f]8 g]kfnLn] vf]h]sf] k|ult x'g ;Sb}g . k|ultsf] nflu cfkm}+ sDd/
s:g' kb{5 . cfkm\g} ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{ lgvfg{'k5{, ltvfg'{k5 clg cfkm\g} ufpF7fpFdf
k|s[ltn] pknAw u/fOlbPsf] ;|f]tnfO{ l;h{gzLn ;f]r, pBdL dg / kf}/vL xftx¿
nufP/ cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] cfFwLa]/L l;h{gf ug'{kb{5 .
o;f] eGb}df clxn];Dd b]zdf s]xL gePsf] eGg] klg xf]Og . x'Dnfsf] b'u{d
ufpFdf a:g] xf];\ jf s0ff{nL kf/Lsf] k|b]zdf a:g] xf];\, lxdfnsf] lr;f]n] s7fªlu|b} xf];\
jf t/fO{sf] tftf]n] 89\b} xf];\, sf7df8fF}sf] zx/df xf];\ jf ;+v'jf;efsf] le/df xf];\
x/]sn] s]xL g s]xL u/]/} cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ kfn]sf 5g\ . s]xL g s]xL pGglt u/]s}
5 . of] s]xL u/fO pm / p;sf] jl/kl/ dfq ;Lldt g]kfnLx¿ klg 5g\ hf] cfkm";+u
ePsf] IfdtfnfO{ a9fP/ ;dfh / ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«nfO{ g} dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ .
g]kfndf c;ª\Vo n's]sf k|ltef / kf}/vL xftx¿ 5g\ h;n] of] b]znfO{
h:tf];'s} ljifd kl/l:yltdf klg 9f8; lbO/x]sf 5g\ . olb cfh pgLx¿sf] of]ubfg
geOlbPsf] eP xfdL ef]sf] gfª\uf] a:g' kg]{ lyof] xf]nf . pgLx¿;Fu ePsf]
l;h{gzLntf, ldlxg]t / pBdzLntf c¿ ;a} g]kfnLn] l;Sg} kg]{ 5g\ . t/ tL gjLg
;f]r / k|of]ux¿ n'Sg gvf]Hbf gvf]Hb} klg 5fofFdf k/]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] vf]hL u/]/
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pgLx¿sf] ;Lk / k|of]unfO{ c¿n] cg's/0f dfq u/]klg cfpFbf] s]xL jif{df g} b]zsf]
cfly{s pGgltdf sfofkn6 x'g ;S5 . cem tL k|ltefx¿nfO{ vf]h]/ pgLx¿sf] ;f]r /
k|of]unfO{ /fi6«n] k|fyldstf lb+b} b]zsf] efjL of]hgfdf ;d]6\g] xf] eg] g]kfnsf]
oyfy{df cfwfl/t Jofjxfl/s of]hgf aGg;S5 . xfdLnfO{ nfUof] gofF g]kfn lgdf{0fsf]
of]hgf aGg nflu/x]sf] of] z'e38Ldf o:tf ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ ;a}sf] ;fd' pEofpg}
kb{5 . To;}n] tL n's]/ a;]sf pBdL, l;h{gzLn k|ltefx¿ / pgLx¿sf] gjLg k|of]un]
NofPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gnfO{ ;a}sf] cufl8 clg /fi6«sf] ;fd'Gg];Dd NofOk'¥ofpgsf]
nflu of] k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . To;}n] k':tssf] gfd klg …k|ltefsf] vf]hLÚ /x]sf]
5.
sf]xL;Fu ;|f]t 5, ;fwg 5}g t/ s;};Fu ;fwg 5 t/ ;|f]t 5}g . sf]xL;Fu

ljrf/ 5 t/ nufgL 5}g clg sf]xL;Fu nufgL ug]{ k};f 5 t/ ljrf/sf] sdL 5 . of]
5 / 5}g aLrsf] vf8ndf xfd|f] of] cleofgn] k'n];f] agfpg] 5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf 5f}F .
of] ;fgf] k|of;df g]kfnsf c;ª\Vo n's]sf k|ltefx¿nfO{ phfu/ ug{ g;s] klg
sd;]sd b]zdf k|ltef / kf}/vLx¿sf] sdL 5}g eGg] tYonfO{ phfu/ ug]{ hdsf]{
u/]sf 5f}+ . ;fob o;}df sltko pBdzLnx¿ 5g\ h;n] cfly{s ;|f]tsf] sdLsf]
sf/0fn] cfzf cg¿k cfkm\gf] pBf]unfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . olb pBf]u ug{
ghfg]/ ePsf] k};f a}ª\sd Aofhsf]] e/df cfDbfgL u/]/ /fVg] nufgLstf{n] oL
l;h{gzLn pBdLx¿nfO{ klxrfg / ljZjf; u/]/ ;fem]bf/L?kdf tL pBf]ux¿nfO{
;~rfng ug{ ;s]sf] eP pBdL / nufgLstf{nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] lyof] . lxhf] To:tf] x'g
g;s]sf y'k|} sf/0fx¿ lyP xf]nfg\ t/ ca tL n's]sf pBdzLn Pj+ l;h{gzLn
k|ltefx¿dWo] s]xLnfO{ dfq eg]klg o; k':tsdf ;d]6\g ;s]sf 5f}F . log} / o:t} c¿
y'k|} pBdLx¿;Fu ;fem]bf/L ug]{ ;Defjgfsf 9f]sfx¿ v'Ng ;S5g\ . o;f] x'g uof] eg]
k':ts tof/ kfg'{sf] Pp6f p2]Zo k"/f ePsf] 7fGg ;lsg]5 .
kxf8sf] sfGnfsfGnfdf a;]/ cn}+rL v]tL ug{]b]lv lnP/ anf}6] kmf+6df t/a'hf
/ v/a'hf pdfg]{ s[ifsx¿, ;fj{hlgs agh+undf hª\unnfO{ gdf;Lsg v]/ uO/x]sf]
hldgdf t/sf/L pdf/]/ :s'n / lzIf0f ;+:yfgnfO{ ;d]t of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf
l;h{gzLn / pBdzLn ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx¿, kmf]xf]/nfO{ df]xf]/ agfpg] pBf]u ;~rfng
ug]{b]lv lnP/ v]/ uO/x]sf j:t'nfO{ k|of]u u/]/ a}1flgs cfljisf/ ug]{ o'jf tyf afn
a}1flgsx¿, gf}nf] k|ljlw / ljrf/af6 v]tLkftL u/L/x]sf ls;fgx¿b]lv lnP/ ;LknfO{
ljb]zdf nu]/ a]Rg] l;h{gzLnx¿n] b]zsf] pGgltdf ;d]t of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ .
logLx¿n] s;/L u/L/x]sf 5g\, oL sfdx¿n] s;/L ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ kmfObf
k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] ljifodf b]zsf of]hgfsf/x¿n] a'em\g] lzIffd"ns sfo{qmdsf]
?kdf ;d]t of] k':tsn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sg] s'/fdf xfdL cfzfjfbL 5f}F .
gofF g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{ ;ª\sNk lnPsf g]tf, of]hgfljb\ / al/i7 k|zf;sx¿n]
oL n's]sf pBdzLn g]kfnLx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ dxTj lbg;Sg' kb{5 . ca aGg] efjL
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ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu oL pBf]u / lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cfwf/df /f]]8Dofk tof/

kfg{ ;lsG5 . oL ;kmn pBdL / pgLx¿sf] pBf]ux¿ jf:tjdf ;don] lgvf/]sf] /
k|dfl0ft u/LlbPsf sfo{qmdx¿ ePsf] xF+bf tL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ of]hgfa4 tl/sfn]
d"Nofª\sg u/]/ k|fyldstf lbO{ ljsl;t ug]{ xf] eg] pBdL / /fi6«n] c;kmntf ef]Ug'
kg]{ x'Fb}g .
…Pp6f ufpF Pp6f j:t'Ú eg]/ xfdLn] ;do ;dodf cleofg t ;'¿ u¥of}F t/
cleofg cg¿k sfo{qmd ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf} . olb of] sfo{qmd ;kmntfk"j{s ;~rfng
ug]{ xf] eg] h'g h'g ufpF7fpFdf hf] – hf] pBdzLn JolQmx¿n] pBf]u u/]/ ;kmntf
xfl;n u/L;s]sf 5g\, To;}nfO{ cfwf/ / pbfx/0f agfP/ ;/sf/n] …Ps ufpF Ps j:t'Ú
sf] a[l:tt cjwf/0f / sfo{qmd a9fpg ;lsof] eg] of] kl/sNkgf cjwf/0ff ;kmn
gx'g] s'/} 5}g .
clxn];Dd /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] g]kfnsf] cg]sf}F k~rjifL{o of]hgfx¿

l;+xb/jf/sf] sf]7fleq th'{df ug]{ sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . w/ftnLo Jojxfl/s oyfy{tf,
1fg / cg'ej geOsg z}lIfs, Jofj;flos / ;}4flGts 1fgsf] cfwf/df dfq of]hgf
th'{df ubf{ nf]enfUbf cfsif{s of]hgfx¿ tof/ kfg{ t ;lsG5 t/ of] Jofjxfl/s /
ufpF7fpF ;'xf+pbf] x'G5 g} eGg uf¥xf] 5 . xfdLn] g]kfnsf jl/i7 of]hgfsf/ /
/fhgLlt1x¿nfO{ cfnf]rgf ug{ vf]h]sf xf]Ogf}F . t/ sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ /
;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ w/ftnLo Jojxf/ / cg'ejnfO{ xfdLn] ptfg}{ k5{ . olx ;Gbe{df
o; k':tsdf ;dfj]z ;kmntfsf syfx¿n] /fhgLlt1 / of]hgfljb\x¿nfO{ d2t
k'¥ofpg]5 eGg] cfzf /fv]sf 5f}F .
h] xf];\ xfd|f] of] ;fgf] sf]l;; xf] b]zdf eO/x]sf k|of; / Jojxfl/s
k|of]ux¿nfO{ ufpF b]lv 7fpF;Dd NofOk'¥ofpg' . n's]sf k|ltefleqsf] l;h{gzLntfnfO{
vf]hL u/L phfu/ ug'{ / gofF g]kfn agfpg] of]hgf sf]l/Fbf oL k|ltefx¿n] klg :yfg
kfpg, pgLx¿sf] k|of]u / k|flKt klg ;d]l6O{ b]zsf nflu w/ftnLo Jojxfl/s of]hgf
aGg ;sf];\ eGg] xfd|f] clenfiff xf] . ;DjlGwt lgsfon] k':tsdf ;d]l6Psf / ;d]6\g
g;lsPsf cgluGtL k|ltefx¿nfO{ vf]h]/ cufl8 Nofpg] 5 / pgLx¿sf] k|ltefnfO{
sb/ ug]{5 eGg] yk ck]Iff;d]t /flvPsf] 5 . o;/L g} n'ls/x]sf cGo k|ltefx¿nfO{
vf]Hg] sfd ;DjlGwt lgosfoaf6 eO/xg'kb{5, b]z cfkm}+n] pdf/]sf oL df}lns
k|ltefx¿n] k|f]T;xg kfO/xg'kb{5 / logLx¿sf] of] 1fg /fi6« pGgltsf] cleofgdf
;d]l6g' kb{5 .
oL k|ltefx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] 5\ofK5\ofKtL b]Vg ;S5f}+ . xfdLn] ofb
u/]sf 5}gf} / kf] s]xL ePsf] 5}g / s;}n] s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g h:tf] nfUb5 . Psrf]l6
ljrf/ u/f}+F t M lxhf];Dd b"wsf] cefj ePsf] of] b]zdf clxn] aGb / x8\tfnsf] a]nf
/fhdfu{df b"w kf]Vg ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ ls;fgx¿ . lxhf];Dd t/sf/L ahf/df sfpnLsf
4
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kft kmF\oflsPsf] b]lvPdf vf]hLvf]hL a6'n]/ u'Gb|'s agfpg] cj:yfsf] xfd|f] b]zdf cfh
6«ssf 6«s ;j} k|sf/sf df};dL / a]df};dL t/sf/L pTkbfg u/]/ ljb]z;Dd ljqmL ug{
;Ifd eO;s]sf 5g\ . lhGbuLdf slxNo{ gb]lvPsf :6«a]/L, Rofp, df5fh:tf ljsl;t
d'n'sdf dfq kfOg] a:t'x¿ s;n] pdf/] < h'u ljlt;Sof] agdf/fn] hª\un vfO/x]sf] .
ca tL jgdf/faf6 la|s]6 agfpg] n's]sf oL l;h{g;Ln k|ltefx¿nfO{ /fHon] slxn]
lrGg] < ef}uf]lns agfj6sf] sf/0fn] b'u{d eP/ a:g'kg]{ of] b]zdf cfkm\g} b]zdf
cWoog/t kf}/vL o'jfx¿n] jftfj/0f;Fu d]n vfg] tl/sfn] 7fpF7fpFdf t'Og, emf]n'ª\u]
k'n agfPsf 5g\ . olb /fHon] oL ;Ifd o'jfx¿nfO{ ;lx 9ª\udf k/rfng ug{ ;s]sf]
eP cfh xfd|f b'u{d ufpF3/ ;'ud aGg] lyP . ;fdfGo j:t'x¿ a6'n]/ b}lgs hLjgnfO{
;/n agfpg] k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/b]lv xjfOhxfh lgdf{0f ug]{;Ddsf g]kfnL a}1flgsx¿
cfkm\gf] k|ltef / l;h{gfnfO{ v'DRofP/ al;/x]sf 5g\ . oL k|ltefnfO{ /fi6«n] lrg]/
plrt ;xof]u / cj:yfsf] hf]xf]dfq u/Llbg ;s]sf] eP klg g]kfnnfO{ ljZjdf
lrgfpg ;u/dfyf / a'4sf] ;fydf k|fljlwsx¿sf] klg b]z eg]/ lrgfpg ;lsGYof] .
h'ga]nf;Dd oL sd{zLn sd{of]uLx¿nfO{ b]zn] lrGb}g / logLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]/
kl/rfng u/Lb}Fg, tj;Dd ljsf;sf] gf/f, gf/fdfdfq ;Lldt /x]g5 . xfd|f] of] k|of;
tL n's]sf k|ltefx¿nfO{ ;dfh;fd' pEofpg' xf] .
o;/L n's]/ a;]sf k|ltefx¿sf] vf]hL ug{ xfdLn] b]ze/ 8'Ng]sfd ug{ ;s]sf
xf]Ogf}+ . xfdLn] t ljleGg kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt ;dfrf/nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ oL
k|ltefx¿sf] l;h{gzLntfnfO{ k':tsdf ;d]6\g ;s]sf xf}+ . ;fydf cfkm\gf lrg]sf
;fyL;ª\uLx¿ / cfkm" ;+nUg ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf pknAw x'g;s]sf k|ltefx¿sf]
;kmntfsf syfnfO{ dfq o; k':tsdf c6fpg ;s]sf xf}F .
k':tsdf ;d]l6Psf k|ltefx¿ t k|ltgLlw kfqsf] ?kdfdfq /x]sf 5g\ .
Rofpm v]tL ljsf;df cu|0fL e"ldsf lgefpg] 8f= s]z/L dfgGw/, :yfgLo
af]6lj?jfnfO{ ;b'kof]u ul/ snfTds j:t' l;h{gf ug]{ s[l6/ pBf]usL pBdL >LdtL
Zofdjbg >]i7, sDKo"6/ ljz]if1 d'gLaxfb'/ zfSo tyf cfkm\g} kl/sNkgfnfO{ 9fn]/
x]lnsK6/ agfpg] gjLg ljZjsdf{ h:tf l;h{gzLn Pjd pBdzLn ;a} ;k"t
g]kfnLx¿sf] km]xl/:t o; k':tsdf ;d]6\g ;s]gf} . of] t Pp6f k|f/lDes k|of;dfq xf]
. o:tf xhf/f}F, nfvf}+ pBdzLn g]kfnLx¿ k':ts aflx/ 5g\ . xfdL dfkmL rfxG5f} tL
;j}nfO{ ;d]6\g g;lsPsf]df . ;fy} ;dfhnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kfGt/0f ug{ nflu kg]{ c¿
y'k|} JolQm, ;ª\3;+:yf / syfx¿ klg 5g\ h;nfO{ o; k':tsdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsPsf]
5}g . t/ xfdL lj:jf; u5f}{F sL cfpFbf lbgdf g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;DjlGwt lgsfon] xfd|f]
of] ;fgf] k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]5 clg n's]sf xfd|f c;ª\Vo kf}/vL / k|ltefx¿nfO{
hg;dIf k|:t't ul/ b]z ljsf;sf] cleofgdf ;d]t kl/rfng ug]{5 .
Jff:tjdf o; cjwf/0ffsf kl/sNkgfsf/ lbNnLsf] Pp6f c:ktfnsf] vf6df
zNolqmofkZrft kL8fnfO{ sdug]{ qmddf ljrf/ ul//x]s} a]nf g]kfndf n's]sf
5
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
k|ltefx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ ;f]rsf] lahf/f]k0f ePsf] lyof]= . clxn] of] kl/sNkgfnfO{ xfdL
;a} ldnL cfkm\g} JolQmut ;|f]t vr{]/ k':tssf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}F . eljiodf of]
k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ of] k':ts 5fk]/ l;Q}df ljt/0f ubf{ kl5
cfly{s ;|f]tsf] sldn] ubf{ of] ;Tsfo{df ljWgjfwf gcfcf]; eg]/ xfdLn] of] k':tsnfO{
k/n d"Nodf ljqmL ub}{ 5f}+F . cfzf 5 of] k':tsnfO{ vl/b u/]/ eljiodf o:t}
k|ltefx¿ clg ;dfh ;'wf/sf k|z+;fof]Uo sfdug]{ ;dfh;]jLx¿sf] ;kmntfsf syfsf
k':ts k|sfzgsf] sfddf lg/Gt/ nflu/xg xfdLnfO{ k|]/0ff k|bfg u/Llbg'x'g]5 .
;kmntfsf syf ;ª\sng ug{b]lv lnP/ of] k':tsnfO{ of] ¿k;Dd
NofOk'¥ofpg JolQm tyf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u cToGt dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
kqklqsfsf k':tsfnox¿df uP/ k|f/lDes r/0fdf oL syfx¿ ;ª\sng u/]/ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] g/]z pk|]tL, ;dfrf/kq b}lgssf] sfof{no tyf ToxfFsf] k':tsfnosL od'gf
s+8]n, ;dfrf/kq b}lgssf jl/i7 kqsf/ sdn 9sfn, sflGtk'/ b}lgssf] sfof{no,
a'l4 ljsf; d08n / Toxfsf kbd axfb'/ 8fu/, Clifb]j km'+ofn nlntk'/Ù l6sf/fd
e';fn kj{tÙ g]kfn k|z+;gLo b[li6sf]0f /fli6«o ;~hfnÙ ODoflhg nlntk'/Ù s~rg
dfWolds ljBfno nlntk'/Ù n] k'¥ofPsf] ;xof]usf nflu pRr k|z+;f ub}{ cfef/ k|s6
ub{5f}+F . ;fy} sflGtk'/ b}lgs, g]kfn ;dfrf/kq b}lgs, uf]/vfkq b}lgs, cGgk"0f{ kf]i6
b}lgs, /fhwfgL b}lgs tyf cGo ljleGg b}lgs, ;fKtflxs / dfl;s kqklqsfx¿k|lt
xfdL cToGt} C0fL 5f}F, h;df k|sflzt ;dfrf/x¿sf] cfwf/df of] k':ts tof/ ePsf]
5 . ;dfrf/sf] ;|f]tnfO{ x/]s ;kmntfsf syfdf pNn]v u/]sf 5}gf} . o;sf] cy{
xfdLn] g} syfsf] l;h{gf u/]sf klg xf]Og . ljleGg kqklqsf, ;+ª;+:yf, JolQm
nufotsf ;|f]taf6 oL ;kmntfsf syfx¿ ;ª\sng ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfn g]r/ 86
sdsf o1/Tg zfSon] klg k':tsnfO{ of] ?kdf NofOk'¥ofpg' ePsf] ;xof]u cd"No 5 .
To;}u/L efiff ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] Clifs]z cfrfo{ tyf uf]kfnk|;fb
ahufO{nfO{ klg d'/Ld'/L wGojfbg lbg rfxG5f} .
of] ;a} k|of;nfO{ k':tssf] ¿kdf Nofpg ;j}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug'{x'g] aNne ltdlN;gfsf] ;DkfbsLo of]ubfg pRr / k|z+;fof]Uo /x]sf] 5 . pxfFsf]
;xof]u gePsf] eP of] k':ts cem} k|sfzf]Gd'v dfq /xg] lyof] . kqklqsfaf6
;dfrf/ ;ª\sng, ;dfrf/nfO{ ;kmntfsf] syfsf ¿kdf k"j{n]vg, sDKo'6/
6fOlkªnufot clwsf+z sfddf pxfFsf] of]ubfg of] cleofgsf] Oltxf;df ;bf hLjLt
/xg] 5 .
k':ts ca tkfO{Fsf] xftdf 5 . /fi6«nfO{ k|ultsf] kydf 8f]¥ofpg ljz]if
e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf / cem w]/} e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] k|ltef / l;h{gfsf ;kmntfsf syfx¿
cWoog u/]/ xf};nf k|bfg u/Llb+b} x'g'x'G5 . cWoogkZrft\ cfpFbf lbgx¿df o:t}
k':ts k|sfzg ubf{ yKg'kg]{ / Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ljifodf oxfFsf ax'd"No / l;h{gfTds
;'emfjx¿ k|fKt x'g] g} 5g\ . wGojfb .
6
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
s0f{ zfSo
k/z'/fd ltdlN;gf
gofF k':tfsf] clenfiff
k|s[tL ;sf/fTds 5 clg hLjg klg ;sf/fTds 5 . t/ s]xL x'Fb}g / s]xL ug{
;lsb}Fg eGg] zAbx¿ gsf/fTds 5g\ . h:tf] c;Dej eGg] zJb sd{of]uL dflg;sf]
hLjgdf xF'b}g To:t} “s]xL x'Fb}g / s]xL ug{ ;lsb}Fg” eGg] jfSo laNs'n} unt / cdfGo xf]
eGg] d klg 7fGb5' . u/] s] xF'b}g / u/] h] df klg ;kmntf ldN5 . s]jn cfjZostf 5
Pp6f b[9 c7f]6, lg/Gt/ sd{of]u / c6n ljZjf; . tkfO{ xfdL ;a};Fu ;w}F ePsf], ;a}
aflx/L tTj h:t} wg ;DklQ cflb tkfO{Faf6 Pslbg 6f9f eP/ hfg ;S5 of tkfOF{nfO{
To; j:t'x¿af6 jl~rt ug{ ;lsG5 t/ tkfO{Fsf] xf};nf, lxDdt, c7f]6 / ljj]snfO{
tkfOF{sf] z/L/af6 cnUofpg ;lsFb}g . To;}sf/0f …gx'g]Ú eGg] zAb / ts{ g} glgsfnL
cfkm\gf] leqL zlQmnfO{ k|of]u u/f}F clgdfq ;a} ;lhnf] x'G5 / ;a} s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 .
xfdL ;f]R5f}F b]z sdhf]/ 5, g]tfx¿ :jfyL{ 5g t/ :jfyL{ xfdL klg ePsf 5f}F .
s;}n] s;}nfO{ 6]b}{g . ;dfg'kflts elgPsf] 5 t/ b]lvPsf] 5}g . of] b]z h'g ca:yfdf
k'u]sf] 5 eg]/ xfdL elg/x]sf 5f}F, To;sf] sf/0f g]tf jf /fhgLts bnx¿dfq geP/
tkfO{F xfdL cfkm}F klg xf}F . xfdL cfkm\gf] b]znfO{ s'Nrb}5}fF . @! cf}F ztfJbLdf t emg\
klxnfsf] bfFhf]df /fd|f / gjk|lalwx¿sf] ;fy lnP/ b]znfO{ gofF df]8 lbg ;lsG5 . t/
ug]{ sf] xf] t < gj o'jf < gofF o'u of gj Hof]tL < xfdL xf]O{g / < s] tkfO{ xf]O{g / < s]
g]kfnL dft[e"lddf hGd lnP/ ljb]zdf a;]sf g]kfnLx¿ xf]Ogg\ / < To;}sf/0f dnfO{
nfU5 of] xfdL h:tf hjfg o'jfnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] Pp6f cj;/ xf] <
xf] xfd|f] b]z ;fg]f 5 t/ oxfF s]xLsf] sdL 5}g . k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, vfgLx¿,
;fF:s[lts emfFsLx¿ xfd|f eljiosf] ;kgfx¿ ;fsf/ kfg]{ 7fFp x'g\ clg xfd|f ;Dklt x'g .
a'å hGd]sf] b]z oxL xf] . axfb'/ uf]vf{nLsf] d'n's oxL xf] . lsg xfdL Psh'6 eP/ cuf8L
a9\g ;s]sf 5}gf}F < lsg cfkm\gf] b]znfO{ a9L ula{nf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}F<
cfkm\g]f Hofg /x]dfq cfkm\gf] af]nL /xG5 . To:t} b]z /x]dfq xfd|f] klxrfg Û To;sf/0f
x/]s g]kfnL gful/ssf] k|yd bfloTj b]znfO{ hf]ufpg] g} x'g'kb{5 .
s]xL xF'b}g / s]xL ug{ ;lsb}gn] w]/} s'/f lgDTofpg ;S5 . h:t} M c¿nfO{ dfq
xf]Og cfk'mnfO{ klg cuf8L a9fpg ;lsFb}g, s'g} s'/faf6 v'zL k|fKt x'Fb}g, lhGbuL / b]z
a]dtna x'g k'U5, c¿ / cfkm}FnfO{ cfkm' 3fF8f] aGg k'luG5, b]zsf] kl/l:ylt cem emg
v:sG5 . To;}ul/ s]xL u/f}F / s]xL x'g ;S5 n] klg w]/} /fd|f] ug{;S5 . h:t} M Pp6f
cgf}7f] hf]z k}bf u5{, lhGbuLdf cfgGb / hLt k|fKt u5{, ;a}af6 ;xof]u / :ofjf;L
kfOFG5, ;dfh / b]zsf nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ wg aGg k'luG5, ;To ;Fusf] ;fy slxNo}
5'6\b}g, k|ult ug]{ ;Defagf a9L x'G5 .
7
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
c;n gful/sn] klxn] b]znfO{ ;f]R5, To;kl5 ;dfhnfO{ / cGtdf cfk"mnfO{ .

1fgLn] hª\un sfod /fVg vf]H5 . pm kmn vfP/ afFRg vf]H5 t/ hª\un kmfF8]/ c¿
k|f0fLsf] Hofg lnP/ cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k"/f ug{ ;+;f/sf ;a}sf] eljionfO{ cGwsf/df ws]Ng
nfUb}g . To;}n] b]znfO{ arfpg xfdL ;a}n] ;r]t gful/ssf] ?kdf e"ldsf lgaf{x ug'{
clxn]sf] h?/t xf] .
Pp6f Hofgdf/f eujfg a'4sf] cg'ofoL x'g ;S5 . Pp6f uFh8L] eujfg aGg
;S5 . Pp6f /]i6'/]G6df sfd ug]{ ;fwf/0f dfG5] ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dfG5] x'g;S5 .
Pp6f ;fgf] s's'/sf] 5fp/f] h:tf] eP/ hGdg] l;+x hËnsf] /fhf x'g ;S5 . ;fgf]
;nfO{sf] sfF6Ln] hËn ;vfk kfg{ ;S5 . Pp6f sd lzlIft JolQm klg ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf
wgL JolQm x'g ;S5 . xfdL ;fgf b]zsf dflg;n] kl/>d u/]/ b]znfO{ cufl8 a9fpg
;S5f}F . To;}n] /fd|f] sfd ug{] ;Defjgf htftt} 5 . vfFrf] 5 xfdL leqsf] c7f]6 /
;sf/fTds ;f]r .
Jofkf/, /fhgLlt, gf]s/L, s[lif h] u/] klg ;a}eGbf a9L cu|;/ k|ltefjfg
hgzlQm eg]sf o'jf g} x'g\ . o'jf x/]s If]qdf ;ª\nUg x'g' k5{ clg x/]s tj/ / gLltaf6
cuf8L a9\g' k5{ . xfd|f lbUuhx¿sf] ;NnfxnfO{ dfu{lgb]{zgsf ?kdf k|of]u ub}{ cufl8
hfg] xf] eg] xfd|f] ef]ln cfheGbf cjZo ;'Gb/ x'g]5 . ;d:ofdf clNemP/ xf]Og g t
;d:of c¿nfO{ lbP/ g} ;kmn xf]OG5 . a¿ ;d:ofnfO{ cj;/ tyf df}sfsf] ¿kdf lnP/
l;h{gfTds ;f]rsf ;fy cl3 a9\bf csf{sf] kL8f / b'MvnfO{ klg v'zLdf kl/jt{g ub}{
Pp6f ;'Gb/ eljiosf] gS;f sf]g{ ;lsG5 .
dfG5] $ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M klxnf] – cfkm" vfg] c¿nfO{ glbg] . bf];|f] – c¿nfO{
lbg] cfkm" gvfg] . t];|f] – c?sf] dfq vfg] / rf}yf] – cfkm" klg vfg] / c¿nfO{ klg lbg] .
of] b]znfO{ rf}yf] vfnsf] efjgf ePsf] gful/ssf] h?/L 5 . Tof] u'0f ePsf] gful/s
tkfO{, d / ;a} g]kfnL xf}F . ug]{sf] nflu h'g;'s} ;do klg z'e x'G5 . To;}n] b]zsf] nflu
s]lx ug]{ c7f]6 u/f}F, cfkm" l;h{gzLn agf}F, s] 5}g xf]Og s] 5 vf]hf}F . b]zn] dnfO{ s] lbof]
x}g d}n] b]znfO{ s] lbg ;S5' eg]/ nfuf}F .
b]znfO{ cfly{s, ;dflhs, z}lIfs tyf ef}lts nufot x/]s If]qaf6 dfly
p7fpg nflu kl//x]sf l;h{gzLn, kf}/vL / pBdLx¿nfO{ vf]h]/ pgLx¿sf] k|ltefnfO{
;Ddfg / k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug]{] Pp6f rf]vf]] p2]Zo lnP/ tkfO{Fx¿n] ;'? ug'{ ePsf] of]
;sf/fTds cleofgn] xfdLx¿ h:tf o'jfsf] xf};nf a9fPsf] 5 . cGtdf s]xL u/f}F / s]xL
x'g ;S5 eGg] efjgf x/]s g]kfnL gfu/Lsdf /xf];\ . leqL dgb]lv u/]sf] of] d]/f] k|fy{gf /
lalGtnfO{ tkfO{Fx¿sf] …k|ltefsf] vf]hLÚ k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/lbg'x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' .
k|sf; ahfrfo{, nugv]n, nlntk'/
-…k|ltefsf] vf]hLÚ sf] ;ª\sng ug{] qmddf xfdLn] y'k|} o'jf ;fyLx¿sf] z'e]R5f tyf
k|ltlqmofx¿ kmf]g / Od]naf6 k|fKt u/]sf lyof}F . tL ;a} efjgfx¿nfO{ o; k':tsdf
8
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
;d]6\g g;s]tf klg k|sfz ah|frfo{sf] dfld{s efjgfTds cleJolQmnfO{ xfdLn] oxfF
k|ltlglw efjgfsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}F_
aNne ltldlN;gf, ;Dkfbs, k|ltefsf] vf]hL
!= v]tL / ;hfj6 ;Fu;Fu}
dflg;n] 3/sf] 5tnfO{ n'uf jf cGg ;'sfpg] clg hf8f] df};ddf 3fd tfKg]
sfddf dfq k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ clnsltdfq ;f]rdf kl/jt{g ug]{ xf] eg] 3fd
tfKg] sfddf k|of]u u/Lg] 3/sf] 5t / yf]/} s/];fjf/Laf6 klg y'k|} cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg]
s'/f sf:sL :ofª\hf lgjf;L s[ifs >L zf]efs/ ltldlN;gfn] k|dfl0ft u/]/ b]vfOlbPsf
5g .
zf]efs/n] cfkm\gf] 3/sf] 5tdf / s/];faf/Ldf ;a}nfO{ Oiof{ g} nfUg] u/L

Ps k|sf/sf] hfkfgLh xfOlj|8 ;'Gtnfsf] v]tL u/]sf 5g\ . pQm ;'Gtnf Ps k|sf/sf]
pG;f] hfltsf] hfkflgh ;'Gtnf xf], h'g ckm l;hgdf kmNg] /fd|f] :jfb ePsf] x'G5 .
pQm ;'Gtnfsf] af]6 dflg;sf] prfO eGbf klg xf]rf] x'G5 . o; hfltsf] ;'Gtnfdf
ljofFx¿ klg nfUb}g . of] gf}nf] hftsf] ;'Gtnfsf] v]tL ug]{ pgL g]kfndf g} k|yd x'g\ .
pgn] o:tf] v]tL ljut Ps bzsb]lv ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
pgnfO{ o; k|sf/sf] v]tLn] lgs} pT;flxt agfPsf] 5 . k|ydtM pgn] of]

xf]rf] af]6 x'g] ;'Gtnf 3/sf] 5tdf ;d]t nufPsf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ pgsf] 3/sf] 5fgf
xl/of] kftn] 5fPsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . o;n] 3/sf] ;'Gb/tf yk]sf] 5 . csf{lt/ pgn] of]
v]tLaf6 k|z:t} cfDbfgL;d]t ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . hDdf $÷% j6f af]6af6 dfq}
Ps l;hgdf !% xhf/ ?k}+of hlt sdfpF5g\ .
pgL 3/df cfPsf kfx'gfnfO{ ;Tsf/ ug{ xf];\ jf c¿sf] 3/df hfFbf sf];]nL
lbg xf];\, oxL ;'Gtnf g} lbg] ub{5g\ . pgL /fhgLltdf ;d]t ;lqmo JolQm x'g\ t/ klg
pgnfO{ ;a}n] /fhgLltn] eGbf klg o;} ljif]z vfnsf] v]tLaf6 a9L lrGb5g\ .
pgsf] of] gf}nf] sfo{n] ufpFdf c¿nfO{ klg pT;flxt agfPsf] 5 . gofF
;f]rn] pgsf] sdfO{ / pgsf] OHht a9fPsf] b]v]/ ufpn]x¿ klg o; k|sf/sf]
v]tLtkm{ pT;flxt ePsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ zf]efs/nfO{ yk kmfObf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . pgL
9
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
ca ;'Gtnfsf] kmn kmnfpg eGbf o;sf] a]gf{ / aLpaf6 a9L cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf 5g\ .
pgsf] cfufdL of]hgf o; v]tLnfO{ ufpF ufpFdf k'–Øfpg' / Ps /f]kgL hUufdf g;{/L
agfpg' /x]sf] 5 .
k|s[ltn] x/]s :yfgsf] nflu s]xL g s]xL lbPs} x'G5 . vfFrf] 5 t dfq
l;h{gzLn ;f]rsf] . yf]/} 7fpFaf6 w]/} pTkfbg lng] / k|of]udf gNofpg] u/LPsf
:yfgx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos kmfObfsf lgldQ k|of]u ug]{ . clg a9L / ;lhnf];Fu pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsg] v]tL ug]{ . /f]huf/L / cfly{s pGgtLsf] af6f] cfkm}+ agfpg] xf] g ls s;}n]
agfP/ NofOlbg] . :ofªhfsf zf]efs/ o:t} pbfx/0fLo s[ifs ag]sf 5g\ . pgsf] of]
tl/sf / o:tf] vfnsf] v]tL jf:tjdf yf]/} hUuf hldg x'g] u/La kl/jf/sf] nflu
e/kbf]{ / pkof]uL Joj;fo aGg ;S5 . h;sf] 3/ jl/kl/sf] hUuf yf]/} dfqfdf ePklg
vfnL 5 clg cfkm\gf] 3/sf] 5tnfO{ klg pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] 5 eg] klg of]
cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t aGg ;S5 . o:tf] v]tL s[ifsx¿sf] nflu klg gub] afnLsf]¿kdf
pkof]uL l;4 x'g ;S5 .
@= :6«a]/L len]h
u/] s] x'Fb}g / < ;wF} km';|f] / w'nf] p8\g] le/fnf] hldg klg cfDbfgLsf] alnof]
;|f]t x'G5 . clg km'ª\u p8]sf] lg/; :yn ;'Gb/ b]lvg yfN5 . g'jfsf]6 ssgLsf
dflxnf nfdf / pgLh:tf To; e]usf % ;oeGbf a9L s[ifsx¿ clxn] cfkm\gf] ufpFsf]
p/f7 nfUbf] le/fnf] hldgnfO{ Ps} k6s cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t / ;'Gb/tfsf] af]6 agfPsf
5g\ . klxn] g t cGg kmNg] g t /fd|f] s'g} la?jf g} pd|g] g'jfsf]6sf] le/fnf]
hldgnfO{ b]zs} Psdfq :6«a]/L len]h agfpg nfluk/L/x]sf 5g\ ssgLsf oL
ls;fgx¿ .
:yfgLo afl;Gbfsf]nflu 6fpsf] b'vfOsf] ljifo ag]sf] Tof] le/fnf] hldg klxn]
To;} v]/ uO/x]sf] lyof] . t/ ToxLFsf Pshgf :yfgLo sfdL z]kf{n] 6fpsf] b'vfO ag]sf]
hldgnfO{ :ju{emF} agfpg ;kmn eP . pgn] & jif{cl3 hfkfgaf6 NofPsf] :6«a]/Lsf]
aLpn] clxn] pQm :yfgnfO{ :6«a]/Ldo agfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
le/fnf] hldgdf klg x's{g] :6«a]/L Ps k|sf/sf] emf8Lbf/ kmn xf] . ebf}
clGtdb]lv c;f]hsf] klxnf] ;ftf;Dddf o;sf] a]gf{ ;fl/;Sg' kb{5 / of] kmn
10
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
sflQssf] cGtlt/ kfSg yfN5 . o;sf] pTkfbg ^ dlxgf;Dd eO/xG5 t/ af]6sf]
:jf:Yodf klg o;sf] cjlw lge{/ x'G5 . dflxnf nfdfn] cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL gx'g] af/Ldf
:6«a]/L nufP/ jif{lbgd} ?= ! nfvhlt sdfP/ ;a}nfO{ rlst kfl/blbP . ToxL s'/f
l;s]/ csf{ s[ifs nId0f tfdfªn] klg cfkm\gf] af/Ldf :6«a]/L kmnfP / dgUo] cfDbfgL
u/] . clxn] ufpFdf :6«a]/L gnufpg] s'g} 3/ g} 5}g . s:tf vfnsf aLp nufpg],
s:tf] vfnsf] dnhn ug]{, s:tf] /f]u nfu]df s:tf] pkrf/ ug]{, sxfF nu]/ a]Rg] eGg]
cflb s'/fx¿df oxfFsf ;a}h;f] s[ifsx¿ cEo:t eO;s]sf 5g\ .
of] Pp6f cfDbgLsf] alnof] ;|f]t aGg k'u]sf]df oxfFsf ;a} s[ifsx¿ cToGt}
v';L 5g\ . pQm :6«a]/Ln] clxn] l;ª\u} ufpFs} efUo km]l/lbPsf] 5 . o:tf] vfnsf]
kmnsf] cTolws dfu b]zsf 7'nf 7'nf tf/] xf]6]nx¿df x'g] ub{5 hxfF ! s]=hL=sf] rf/
;o ?k}Fof;Dddf a]Rg ;lsG5 eg] km'6kfydf a]Rg]n] o;nfO{ k|lt s]=hL= tLg;o krf;
?k}+of;Dddf a]r]sf] kfOG5 . of] kmn ! /f]kgL hldgdf !) xhf/ af]6x¿;Dd nufpg
;lsG5 / Ps af]6df b'O{ lsnf];Dd kmN5 . h;n] ubf{ ls;fgnfO{ ! /f]kgL hldgaf6
dfq}klg jif{sf] & ÷ * nfv ?k}Fof ;Dd cfDbfgL x'G5 . :6«a]/Lsf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] kIf
eg]sf] of] v]tL To:tf] 7fpFsf] nflu klg pko'Qm 5, hxfF ds}, ux'F, wfg jf sf]bf]h:tf
s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cGg afnLsf] pTkfbg x'Fb}g . c¿ v]tLaf6 eGbf o; v]tLaf6 lgSs}
w]/} cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg] s'/f o; e]usf s[ifsx¿af6 k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . of]
v]tLsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ o; e]usf o'jfx¿sf] ljb]lzg] nx/sf] cGTo ePsf] 5 eg] cem
/f]rs s'/f t ljb]z uPsf o'jfx¿ ;d]t cfkm\g} ufpF kms]{/ wdfwd :6«a]/Lsf] v]tLtkm{
nfu]sf 5g\ .
s]xL ePg / s]xL ug{ ;lsPg eg]/ 6fpsf]df xft /fVb} efUonfO{ bf]if lbg'sf]
;6\6fdf cfkm}+;Fu ePsf Ifdtfx¿nfO{ s;/L ;lxtl/sfn] k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg]
lrGtg ug]{ xf] eg] oxL 7fpFdf ;'g kmnfpg ;lsG5 . k|df0f ag]sf] 5 :6«a]/L v]tL .
vf;u/L w]/} hldg x'g] t/ le/fnf] ePsf]] / cGo v]tLkftL ug{ g;lsg] 7fpFsf nflu
pko'Qm 5 . h;nfO{ cfkm\gf] hldg le/fnf] / cGg pAhgL gePsf]df lrGtf 5,
pgLx¿sf] nflu of] v]tL cToGt pko'Qm x'G5, a/bfg g} ;fljt x'G5 .
#= ux'Ftaf6 cfDbfgL
s'g} klg sfd ;fgf] / 7"nf] x'Fb}g sfdk|ltsf] xfd|f] x]/fO dfq ;fgf] jf 7"nf]
x'G5 . cem cfkm\g} j/k/ ePsf j:t'x¿sf] s;/L plrt k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
11
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
ljifodf lrGtg ug{ ;Sof] eg] g;f]r]sf] kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . o;} s'/fsf] /fd|f]
pbfx/0f ag]sL l5g\ pd/fkf]v/f–(, kj{tsL >LdtL h;'bf a:ofn . s;}n] ;f]Rb}
g;f]r]sf] sfo{ u/]/ pgn] lbgx'F /fd|f] sdfO u/L/x]sL l5g\ .
xfdLn] 3/df kfNg] u/]sf] j:t'efpx¿sf] uf]7af6 lbgx'F lg:sg] ux'Ft To;}
kmflnlbG5f}F+ . t/ >LdtL h;'bf a:ofnn] pQm ux'Ft ;ª\sng u/]/ ljqmL u/L b}lgs
nueu &% ?k}ofF hlt sdfO ul5{g\ / c¿n] eGbf cfkm\gf] a:t'efpaf6 a9L g}
cfDbfgL ul5{g\ . tLg eO+;L / b'O{ uf]¿ kfn]/ pgL nueu lbgsf] !% ln6/ ux'Ft
;ª\sng ul5{g\ . h;'bf cfkm\gf] af/Ldf k|of]u eP/ afFsL /x]sf] ux'Ft dfq laqmL| ul5{g\ .
pgsf] ;f] sfdnfO{ klxnf klxnf ufpFn]x¿n] vf;} /fd|f] dfGb}g lyP . t/ kl5 cfP/
pgn] sdfPsf] b]v]/ / ux'Ftsf] jf:tljs dxTj a'em]/ ;Dk"0f{ ufpFn]nufot pgsf
3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ;d]t pgnfO{ k|z+;f u/L/x]sf 5g\ . klxnf pgsf] sfdnfO{
g/fd|f] dfGg]x¿;d]t clxn] pgLsxfF ux'Ft vl/b ug{ cfPsf]df pgL xlif{t l5g\ . of]
sfd nufgL gykL ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] a:ofnn] c¿sf] eGbf a9L cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sL
x'g\ .
ux'Ft ;ª\sng sf] nflu pgn] cfkm\gf] uf]7df Pp6f vfN8f] agfPsL l5g\ /
pQm vfN8f]af6 dun] p7fP/ 8«ddf /fvL lbgx'F ux'Ft ;ª\sng ul5{g\ . pgsf] o;
sfdsf] dxTjnfO{ a'em]/ cGo s[ifsx¿n] klg cfkm\gf] af/Ldf ux'Ftsf] k|of]u u/L/x]sf
5g\ . a:ofnsf] egfO{cg';f/ ;fgf] af]6 la?jfsf nflu ! ln6/ ux'Ftdf ( ln6/ kfgL
/ 7"nf] la?jfsf] nflu $ ln6/ kfgL ld;fP/ 5g'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . pgsf] o; sfo{n] ubf{
ufpFsf s[ifsx¿sf] af/Ldf /f;folgs dnsf] vkt sd ePsf] 5 . ;fy} jftfj/0f /
hldgnfO{ klg 7"nf] kmfObf k'u]sf] 5 .
a:ofn ufpFdf :yflkt dgsfdgf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsL k|aGws klg x'g\ .

pgnfO{ ux'Ft ;ª\sng ug]{ / o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfd …l;s|]6Ú gfds ;+:yfn]
lbPsf] xf] . pgn] u/]sf] o:tf] vfnsf] gofF sfdn] ;fFRr} g} s] ;fljt u/LlbPsf] 5 eg]
olb xfdLdf ePsf] ;f]rnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg] xf] / s'g} klg sfdnfO{ g/fd|f] gdfGg] xf]
eg] cfkm'n] u/]sf] sfdaf6 ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . h'g sfd cfkm\gf nflu
j/bfg / ;dfhsf nflu k|]/0ff klg aGg ;S5 .
xfdL cfkm'nfO{ u/La eGg] ub{5f}+ . t/ jf:tjdf xfdL;Fu wg geP/

u/LaePsf xf]Ogf}F a? cfkm\g} 3/cfFugdf v]/ uO/x]sf ;|f]tnfO{ gofF tl/sfn] k|of]udf
Nofpg] ;f]rsf] u/La xf}+ . h;'bf pbfx/0f ag]sL 5g\ ;|f]tnfO{ l;h{gfTds tl/sfn]
k|of]u u/L kmfObf lng] sfdsf nflu . ufFp3/lt/ uf]7df kflng] ufO{, eO+;L tyf cGo
j:t'efpx¿af6 kmf]x/sf] ¿kdf lg:sg] ux'FtnfO{ xfdL vf;} jf:tf ub}{gf} . t/
jf:tjdf o;sf] ;fx|} g} dxTj 5 . cfkm\gf] uf]7af6 lg:sg] ux'Ft /fd|f];Fu Joj:yfkg
u/L ;ª\sng ug{ ;s]df cfkm\g} v]taf/Ldf k|of]u u/L /f;folgs dnsf] vktnfO{
12
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
sd ug{ ;lsG5 . ux'Ftsf] k|of]u cGo /f;folgs dnsf] ;§fdf k|of]u ugf{n] df6f]sf]
pa{/f zlQm klg a9\g] / af]6 la?jfdf nfUg] ls/f km6\ofª\u|fnfO{ klg gi6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;n] ubf{ s[ifssf] dndf nfUg] vr{ klg s6f}tL x'g hfG5 eg] jftfj/0f / df6f]nfO{
klg c;w}Fo} /fd|f] u5{ .
13
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
$= o'jf nfu] skfn sf6\

sf6g]\g] k];fdf
k9\g] / hflu/ vfg] clg ToxL klg gkfP ljb]l;g' g} kg]{ afWotf jf /x/ jf
cfjZostf < g]kfndf ljz]ifu/L o'jfk':tfsf] ljb]z knfogsf] sf/0f g]kfndf s]xL
sfd g} geP/ xf] t < xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f bfªsf s]xL yf¿ ;d'bfosf o'jfx¿n]
b]vfPsf5g\ . ljsNksf] vf]hL ;a}eGbf pQd pkfo xf] . cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut k];faf6
s'g} kmfObf gePsfn]] skfn sf6\g] k];fdf ;+nUg eO /fd|} cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePsf
5g\ oL o'jfx¿ . x'g t of] pgLx¿sf] k'Vof}{nL k];f xf]Og, t/ cfkm\gf] k'Vof}{nL k];f g}
cFufNg' kg]{ afWotfnfO{ tf]8]/ clg g]kfndf s]xL 5}g eGg] knfogjfbL ;f]rnfO{ tf]8]/
oxfFsf s]xL o'jfx¿ skfn sf6\g] k];fdf ;+nUg eP/ ;fFRr} g} ;fx|} /fd|f] cfDbfgL
u/L/x]sf 5g\ . Tolt dfq xf]Og, pgLx¿n] t s]xL cGo o'jfx¿nfO{ klg cfkm\gf]
Joj;fodf nufpg ;s]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L klxn] klxn] skfn sf6\g] sfd dw]zL d"nsf
o'jfx¿n] uy]{ eg] clxn] cfP/ of] sfd yf¿ hfltsf o'jfx¿n] klg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut v]tLkftLsf] k];fdf cfkm\gf] hldGbf/x¿sf] ;fdGtL / ?vf] Jojxf/ /
To;dfly klg s'g} kmfObf gx'g] ePkl5 pgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f] o'jf clxn] skfn sf6\g]
k];fdf ;+nUg eO cfkm\g} Joj;fo rnfO/x]sf5g\ .
lhNnfdf w]/};do cl3b]lv 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{non] oxfFsf a]/f]huf/
o'jfx¿nfO{ ;}n'g rnfO{ cfkm\g} Joj;fo rnfpg] ;DaGwdf tflnd lbFb} cfPsf] 5 .
sfof{non] lbPsf] cfod"ns tflnddf efu lnPkl5 o;tkm{ cfslif{t x'g] o'jfx¿ clxn]
cfkm\gf] k];f cFufn]/ cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf 5g\ . clxn];Dd pQm sfof{non] @* hgf
o'jfx¿nfO{ ;f] tflnd lbO;s]sf] 5 .
oxfF rfvnfUbf] s'/f s] 5 eg] rf}w/L ;d"bfosf JolQmx¿ pQm k];fdf cfa4
ePkl5 clxn] u|fxsx¿ pgLx¿s} ;}n'gdf a9L hfg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . pgLx¿
u|fxssf] bfx|L sf6\g], skfn sf6\g], x]o/ sn/ ug]{ tyf d;fh ug]{ h:tf sfd ub{5g\ .
ljut s]xL jif{b]lv skfn sf6\g] k];fdf ;+nUg lqe'jggu/ gu/kflnsf–@ sf @%
jifL{o j;Gt rf}w/L, u'nl/of lgjf;L #* alif{o w/d rf}w/L tyf l9sk'/ uflj; lgjf;L
lgd' rf}w/L cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut k];fnfO{ 5f8]/ laNs'n} gf}nf] k];fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP/
o;} k];faf6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf] e/df cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] hf]xf] dfq geO{ s]xL /sd ;d]t
hDdf ug{ ;s]sf]df ;a}hgf v';L 5g\ . pgLx¿n] o; k];faf6 b}lgs #÷$ ;o ?k}ofF
;Dd sdfpg ;S5g\ .
14
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
3/kl/jf/sf] dfof, b]zsf] df6f] clg ;fyL;FuLsf] ;fydf /x]/} klg ljb]zL
e"lddf g]kfnL kl;gf aufPsf] eGbf a9L cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf k9]kl5 hflu/
g} rflxg] clg ljb]zdf h'g;'s} sfd ug{ klg kl5 gkg]{x¿n] oL o'jfx¿af6 l;Sg} kg]{
s'/f olt xf] ls hflu/sf] ljsNkdf y'k|} sfdx¿ 5g\ . sfdnfO{ dxTj lb+bf o;n]
xfdLnfO{ klg OHHft lbG5 clg xfdLn] vf]h]sf] ;DkGgtf klg . yf¿ ;d'bfosf oL
o'jfx¿n] u/]sf] h:t} sfddf w]/} nufgL grflxg] x'Fbf Joj;fo ;'? ug{ c;w}Fo} ;lhnf]
5 . o:tf] vfnsf] k];f To:tf o'jfx¿nfO{ pko'Qm x'g ;S5 hf];Fu yf]/} k'FhL 5, h;n]
lard} cfkm\gf] k9fO 5f]8]sf 5g\ jf h;n] hlt ubf{ klg hflu/ kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\
clg hf] cfkm\g} Joj;fo ug{ rfxG5g\ . sd nufgLdf klg /fd|} cfDbfgL x'g] of]
Joj;fo c¿ o'jfx¿n] klg ;~rfng ug{ ;S5g\ . hflu/af6 eGbf klg o:t}
;fgf]ltgf] Joj;foaf6 /fd|} cfDbfgL x'g] s'/f oxfFsf o'jfx¿n] k|dfl0ft u/LlbPsf 5g\ .
%= ljBfnodf k9\
k9b}\b} ;fa'g agfpFb}
;dosf] plrt k|of]u ug'{ ;|f]t / ;w}Fgsf] k|of]uem}+ kmnbfoL x'g ;Sb5 . cem
v]n]/ jf 3'd]/ dfq ljtfpg] sfddf ;fg}b]lv nfUg] xf] eg], cfTdlge{/sf] kf7 k9\b}
cfkm"eGbf 7"nfnfO{ klg l;sfpg ;lsG5 . lbkfonsf] Ps ;/sf/L ljBfnosf
ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm\gf] k9fO ;Fu;Fu} ;fa'g agfpg] sfd u/]/ cfly{s pkfh{g u/L/x]sf
5g\ / c¿nfO{ klg l;sfO/x]sf 5g\ . km';{bsf] ;donfO{ To;} v]/ hfg glbO{ pgLx¿
cfˆg} Joj;fodf tNnLg 5g\ . oxfFsf ljBfyL{x¿ cfkm\gf] k9fOnfO{ s'g} afwf x'g glbO{
cfod"ns sfddf Jo:t /x]sf]df ;Dk"0f{ lzIfs tyf cleefjsx¿ v';L 5g\ . km';{bsf]
;dodf ukm dfq} ug]{, v]Ng] jf cGo s'g} cg'Tkfbs sfo{ ug'{ eGbf oL ljBfyL{x¿
a]n}df cfkm\gf] :j/f]huf/ tkm{ nfu]sf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] k9fOnfO lg/Gt/tf lbO{ o;/L
cfkm\g} kxndf cfDbfgL klg ug]{ oL ljBfyL{x¿ cGo ljBfyL{x¿sf] nflu k|]/0ffsf ;|f]t
klg x'g\ .
lbkfon l:yt >L dxfsfnL dfWolds ljBfno, d'8]ufFpdf sIff !) df

cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm\gf] lj1fg lzIfssf] ;xof]u / ;Nnfxdf cfkm\g} k|of;df
sRrf kbfy{ h'6fP/ 3/d} ;fa'g agfP/ ahf/df ;d]t nu]/ a]Rg] ub{5g\ . g'xfpg /
15
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
n'uf w'gnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg] pQm ;fa'g ahf/df c¿ ;fa'gx¿ eGbf cfwf
;:tf] / cem a9L u'0f:t/sf] ePsf] ToxL+sf k|of]ustf{x¿sf] cg'ej 5 .
$) PdPn jg:klt £o", %) u|fd PdPn kfgL, !% u|fd ;f]l8od

xfO8«f]cS;fO8, vfg] ;f]8f / g'g !) u|fd ld;fP/ dfq !)÷!% ldg]6 hltdf of] ;fa'g
agfOG5 . ahf/df o:t} ;fa'gsf] @) ?k}ofF kg]{ pgLx¿ of] ;fa'gnfO{ !) ?k}ofFdf g}
a]Rg ;lsg] s'/f atfpF5g\ . ;fFrf]cg';f/ ;fa'gsf] cfsf/x¿ agfpg ;lsg] pQm
;fa'gdf cfjZostf cg';f/ af:gf / /ª\u klg /fVg ;lsg] s'/f atfp5g\ oL
l;h{gzLn ljBfyL{x¿ . o;df /x]sf] ag:klt £o"n] hl8a'6Lsf] sfd ug]{ / ;f]l8od
xfO8«f]cS;fO8n] z/L/df tfkqmd pTkGg u/fO{ d}nf x6fpg ;S5 . pQm ;fa'gdf cGo
s'g} klg xflgsf/s /;fogsf] ld;fj6 5}g . To;}n] pQm ;fa'g :jf:Yoa4{s klg 5 .
k9fO ;Fu;Fu} cfo cfh{gdf nfUg' cem To;df klg cfkm\g} j/k/sf j:t'nfO{
k|of]u u/]/ cfkm\g} k];fdf nfUg' lgtfGt} gf}nf] / k|z+;gLo sfo{ xf] . pgLx¿sf] o;
sfo{af6 km';{bsf] ;do pkof]u ug{ ghfGg] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ of] Pp6f ultnf] pbfx/0f
ePsf] 5 . km';{bdf /xg] cGo ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm\gf] OR5f / hfFu/ cg';f/ s'g} klg
cfod"ns sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/f lbkfonsf ljBfyL{x¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . km';{bsf]
;dodf s'g} klg l;h{gzLn sfo{ ug{ ;s] ljBfyL{x¿n] eljiodf s] ug]{ xf]nf eg]/
?dlNng' kb}{g . clxn]sf u|fdL0f jf ;x/L e]usf ljBfyL{x¿n] pgLx¿sf] h:t} l;sf]
ug{ ;s]df pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm'nfO{ rflxg] vr{sf] nflu cfkm\gf cleefjsf] d'v tfls/xg'
kb}{g . wGojfbsf kfq ag]sf 5g\ ;f] ljBfnosf lj1fg lzIfs h;n] cJofjxfl/s
elgg] u/LPsf] lzIffaf6} Jofjxfl/s 1fg pknAw u/fP/ slnnf afnaflnsfnfO{
kl/>dL, cfTdflge{/ / l;h{gzLn agfpg pbfx/0fLo sfo{ u/s]fdf .
^= /fi6«n] glrg]sf] d"lt{sf/
g]kfn c/lgsf] h:tf] dxfg\ d"lt{sf/sf] b]z xf] . pgn] agfPsf] d"lt{ tyf
cGo s[ltx¿ g]kfndf yf]/}n] dfq lrg]sf ePklg rLg h:tf] ljzfn /fHodf pgsf
snfs[ltx¿n] v'a} /fd|f] ;Ddfg kfpg;s]sf] 5 . c/lgsf]nfO{ tTsfnLg ;dodf rLgn]
cfkm\gf] b]zdf af]nfPkl5 pgn] km]l/ :jb]z kms{g ;s]gg\ . sf/0f pgL Ps dxfg\
d"lt{sf/ lyP . t/ g]kfn Pp6f dfq c/lgsf] b]z xf]Og of] t pgLh:tf ;of}+ / sof}+
d"lt{sf/x¿ hGdfpg] b]z xf] . log} c;ª\Vo d"lt{sf/x¿ dWo] vf;} rrf{df cfpg
g;s]sf a? ljZjsf cGo /fi6«x¿df v'a} VoftL sdfpg ;kmn Ps g]kfnL d"lt{sf/
16
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
x'g\ sfn' s'dfn], h;n] agfpg] d"lt{x¿df Ps ljz]if vfnsf] ljz]if0f e]l6G5 . pgn]
agfpg] d"lt{x¿ qmf]wk"0f{ x'G5g\ . x'g t pgL pgs} hdftdf gf}nf] gfd xf]Ogg\ t/
pgnfO{ cfkm\g} /fi6«n] eg] cem} klg lrGg g;s]sf]df pgL b'vL 5g\ .
rf}xQ/ jif{cl3 nlntk'/sf] ykf6 cf]s'axfndf hGd]sf sfn' s'dfn]sf]

k/Dk/fut k];frflxF df6f]sf] efF8f] agfpg] xf] . pgsf kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿
df6f]sf] efF8f] agfpFbf pgL ToxL df6f]af6 ljleGg cfs[ltx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/]/ a:by] .
Tolt dfq xf]Og ltAataf6 nfdfx¿n] NofPsf 6'6]km'6]sf d"lt{x¿sf] k'glgdf{0f ubf{ ub}{
pgL d"lt{snfdf kf]Vt x'Fb} uP . To;a]nf pgn] k'g{lgdf{0f ug]{ d"lt{x¿ k|foM qmf]w
xfpefpsf g} x'g] uy]{ / kl5 ToxL s'/f ;DemFb} pgn] cfˆg} ;[hgfdf qmf]wn] el/k'0f{
gofF d"lt{x¿ klg agfpg yfn] .
d"lt{snfsf] ljwfdf qmf]w d"lt{snf ;fFRr} g} Pp6f c;w}Fo} ufx|f] ljwf xf] .
o;df d"lt{x¿sf] cfs[ltnfO{ qmf]wn] el/k"0f{ agfpg ;Sg'k5{ . sf7df8f}F+ ;t'Funl:yt
lji0f'b]jL dlGb/df /x]sf] ci6dft[sf, kf6gsf] wGjGt/L af/fxL d"lt{, eO/jsf] d"lt{,
kf6g dxfa'4 dlGb/df /x]sf] ah|sf] d"lt{, ah|kf0fL af]lw;Tjsf] d"lt{ cflb pgn] lbPsf
of]ubfgx¿ x'g\ . Tolt dfq xf]Og pgsf d"lt{x¿n] rLg, hd{gL, l;Fufk'/, k|mfG;,
cd]l/sf, hfkfg, sf]l/of, O6nL, d+uf]lnof, e'6fg, OG8f]g]l;of, yfONof08nufotsf
d'n'sdf c;w}Fo} /fd|f] :yfg kfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . pgsf d"lt{x¿ u'Daf tyf
d7dlGb/df k'Hg], ;ª\u|xfnodf cWoog u/Lg] jf cjnf]sg u/Lg] u/LG5 .
g]kfndf qmf]w d"lt{snfdf kf]Vt /fli6«o snfsf/ sfn' s'dfn]nfO{ ljb]zdf

tyf klZrdf /fi6«x¿df ;d]t …qmf]w d"lt{snfsf snfsf/Ú sf] ¿kdf lrGb5g\, t/
lj8Dagf oxfF pgs} cfkm\g} b]zdf pgsf] af/]df vf;} rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] kfO{Fb}g . pgL
jf:tjdf c;w}Fo} ;f]emf 5g\ / g]kfnL efiff sd a'em\b5g\ . pgsf] ;f]emf]kg b]v]/
dflg;x¿ pgn] klg o:tf] qmf]wk"0f{ d"lt{ agfpg ;Snfg eg]/ crDd dfGb5g\ .
tTsfnLg ;dodf g]kfndf r/d ;fdflhs e]befjsf] l:ylt gePsf] eP ;fob sfn'
s'dfn]n] cem a9L Voflt sdfpg ;Sy] xf]nfg\ . To;}sf] sf/0fklg pgn] afNosfndf
cGo slyt pFrf] hftsf JolQmx¿;Fu a;]/ d"lt{snf l;Sg kfPsf lyPgg\ . pgn]
agfPsf] d"lt{x¿n] clxn] cfkm\gf] b]zsf] gfdnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd lrgfpg ;kmn ePsf]df
pgL v';L 5g\ . g]kfndf o:tf] vfnsf] qmf]w d"lt{sf/sf ¿kdf pgL ;Dejt klxnf] g}
x'g'k5{ .
k|ltef b]zsf] ;Dklt xf] . k|ltefsf] sb/ ug'{ Tof] k|ltefnfO{ km:6fpg
la?jfdf kfgL xfNg' h:t} xf] . /fi6«n] o:tf k|ltefx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{kb{5 / plrt
;Ddfg clg x}l;ot k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . t/ xfdL x/]s g]kfnLn] klg cfkm\gf] :yfgaf6
k|z+;f jf sb/ k|bfg ug{ kv]{/ a:g x'+b}g . g]kfncfdfsf sfn' s'dfn]x¿ x/If0f
c/gLsf] eP/ km}lng ;s"g, z'esfdgf Û
17
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
&= d?e'lddf xl/ofnL
x/]s JolQm /fi6«sf] Ps c+z xf] . ;a}sfd ;/sf/n] dfq u/Llbg' kb{5 eGg]
dfGotfdf /xg] xf] eg] b]z k|ltsf] xfd|f] bfloTj s] x'g] < ;fob oxL ;f]rsf] k|]/0ff
x'g'kb{5 vf]6fª, l56fkf]v/L ;]Ddfsf @% jifL{o ;"o{ /fOn] cfkm\gf] kfFr ;o /f]kgL
hUufnfO{ lhNnfel/ s[lif ljifo lnP/ k9fOx'g] ljBfnox¿sf] z}lIfs cWoogsf] :ynsf]
¿kdf klg k|of]u u/L/x]sf 5g\ . ;f] sfdsf] nflu ;b/d'sfd lbQm]n;Fu hf]l8Psf]
uflj; vfNn]l:yt kfFr ;o /f]kgL hUufdf s[lif ;|f]t s]Gb| :yfkgf u/]sf 5g . /fOn]
;f] hUufnfO{ c¿sf] nflu dfq k|of]udf NofOlbPsf xf]Ogg\ . pgn] Pp6f cleofg ;'?
u/]sf5g\ . k"j{sf] s0ff{nL eg]/ lrlgg] vf]6fªnfO{ t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n pTkfbg x'g]
pj{/f e"lddf kl/0ft ug{ nfluk/]sf 5g\ . o;} sfo{dfkm{t pgn] lhNnfsf
ls;fgx¿nfO{ cfw'lgs tyf j}1flgs v]tLtkm{ 8f]¥ofO/x]sf 5g . d;nf, t/sf/L,
kmnkm"n, lrof, kz'nufot ljifodf pgL ls;fg;Fu w]/}h;f] ;do 5nkmn u/]/
latfpF5g .
klxn] klxn] pgsf] ;f] s]Gb|df k|fljlws pTkfbgd} 7"nf] vr{ eof] t/ klg
pgn] cfkm\gf] w}o{nfO{ sfod} /fv]/ ldlxg]tsf ;fy ;kmn x'Fb} uP . w}o{, ldlxg]t /
nugzLntfsf] k|ltkmn :j¿k clxn] pgL cfkm\gf] cfly{s :t/ dfly p7fpg / b]z
k|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L Ps} ;fy k"/f ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . o'jf k':tfnfO{ ljb]z knfog
geO{sg} b]zd} cfw'lgs s[lif Joj;fodf nfUg'k5{ elg ;DemfO/x]sf klg 5g\ ;"o{ /fOn] .
pgn] vf]6fªs} 8fF8fufpF, 5f]/Da', atf;], lrlk|ª, ;Kt]Zj/ l5tfkf]v/L / l5tfkf]v/LnfO{
;d]6\g] u/L ;f]xL 7fpFdf Ps s[lif tflnd s]Gb klg :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ .
pgsf] s]Gb|df /;fog;lxt df};dL tyf a]df};dL t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n

kfOG5g\ . pgn] c¿nfO{ s;/L s[lif pkfh{g a9fpg] eGg] r]tgf dfq} lbFb}gg\ cfkm\gf]
g;{/L df @* hgf k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ sfddf nufO{ lrof, kmnkm"n, t/sf/L cflbsf
la?jf / km"n Jofkf/af6 dfl;s ;/b/ Ps nfv ?k}Fof hlt cfh{g ug{ ;kmn klg
ePsf 5g\ .
pgnfO{ s[lif Joj;fodf nfUg / o; ;DaGwL tflnd lbg s[lif ljz]if1

dbgs'df/ /fOsf] 7"nf] ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 eg] of]hgf agfpg ;3fpg]df pgsf ;fyL
6+saxfb'/ yfkf /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L ufpFd} a;]/ cfkm\gf] hldgnfO{ /fd|f] ;Fu k|of]u u/]/,
ljleGg tflndx¿ lnP/, ldlxg]t / hfFu/sf ;fy ;"o{ /fO{n] u/]sf] sfd ;fFRr} g}
k|z+;gLo clg sb/of]Uo 5 .
18
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
b]zn] s] lbof] x}g cfkm"n] b]znfO{ s] lbg ;lsof] eg]/ ;f]Rg] xf] eg] cfkm"n]
klg w]/} kfOG5 . pTkfbg s]xL x'+bg} / sfd s]xL 5}g eg]/ z"Godf x/fpg
hfg]sfx¿nfO{ pbfx/0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ ;"o{ /fO{n] . pgn] cfkm"n] dfq} cfo cfh{g
u/L/x]sf 5}gg\ c¿ JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d]t /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg ;s]sf 5g\,
s[lif;DaGwL ;/;Nnfx klg k|bfg u5{g / Ps s[lif s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf u/L cWoog ug]{
7fpF klg agfOlbPsf 5g\ . pgsf] o:tf] sfo{nfO{ olb ;+:yfut u/]/ nfg] xf] eg]
;a}nfO{ ;lhnf] x'g] lyof] . clg pgsf] sfdnfO{ k|z+;f ub}{ b]zsf cGo e]usf
JolQmx¿n] klg o;} u/L cfkm\gf] hldgnfO{ ax'hg lxtfo, ax'hg ;'vfosf] nflu
k|of]udf Nofpg] xf] eg] cfkm" / ;dfhsf] pGgtLsf] nflu c¿sf] d'v tfSg' kg]{ x'+b}g .
*= sd{rf/Lx¿ 9fsf pBf]udf
Dofªn'ª t]x|y'dsf /fdl;+x cfn]du/nufot sltko sd{rf/Lx¿n] hflu/

5f]8]/ cfkm\g} nufgLdf 3/]n' pBf]usf] :yfkgf u/L hflu/af6 x'g] cfo eGbf lgSs} w]/}
cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f]n] cfkm\gf] hflu/ 5f8]/ clxn] >dhLjL
9fsf sk8f pBf]udf /dfPsf 5g . To;}u/L cfn]du/ h:t} gfoj ;'Aafsf] !) jif{]
:yfoL hflu/ 5f8]/ of] Joj;fodf nfu]sf 9+uk|;fb k/fh'nL klg % jif{sf] 5f]6f]
cjlwdf ;kmn pBdLsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf 5g . hflu/] kltsf] d[To' ePkl5
5f]/f5f]/L kfNg] / hLjg wfGg] ;xf/fsf] vf]hLdf /x]sL Dofªn'ª– @ ls pHhntf ;'Aaf
klg of] Joj;fuaf6 /fd|]f;Fu u'hf/f u/L/x]sL l5g\ . s'g} lbg xftd'v hf]8\g;d]t
;d:of ePsf] ;'Aafn] clxn] pHhntf 9fsf sk8f pBf]u ;Grfng u/]/ c;xfo tyf
hf]lvddf /x]sf ! ;o dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/L klg lbPsL l5g . ;a} vr{ s6fP/ pgn]
dfl;s !) b]vL @) xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd 9fsfaf6} sdfpFb} cfPsL l5g\ .
Hflu/n] kl/jf/ kfNg d'l:sn ePkl5 cfn]n] Pp6f xft] tfgaf6 kfFr jif{
cl3 cfkm\gf] 9fsf sk8f pBf]u ;'? u/]sf lyP . clxn] pgn] cfkm\gf] pBf]udf !
;oeGbf a9L nfO{ /f]huf/ lbPsf 5g\ . Toltdfq xf]Og pgsf] pBf]u Psn dlxnf,
c;xfo, åGå kLl8t / a]/f]huf/Lsf nflu klg cfo cfh{g ug{ ;lsg] Pp6f cf>o:yn
ag]sf] 5 . sfd vf]Hg cfpg] a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ pgn] lgz'Ns cfjf; ;'ljwfsf ;fy}
;Lk ljsf; tflnd / dfl;s # xhf/b]lv * xhf/ ?k}of;Dd kfl/>lds lbb} cfPsf
5g\ . 3/]n' 9fsf sk8fsf] xft] tfgnfO{ d"Vo Joj;fo 7fGb} /ª\lug wfuf] v]nfpg]
cfn]h:tf o'jfx¿ clxn] t]x|y'ddf w]/} 5g . Dofªn'ª ahf/ / o;sf cf;kf;sf
uflj;x¿ clxn] 9fsf sk8fsf] cf}Bf]lus If]q ag]sf] 5 . oxfFsf pBdLx¿n] u|fxssf]
19
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
dfucg';f/ tGgf, ;f8L, k5\of}/f, 6f]kL, ;n, sldh, sf]6, ?dfn, unaGbL, s'tf{
;njf/h:tf sk8f tof/ u/Llbg] ePsfn] j:t' ljqmLdf jf jhf/ cefjsf] s'g} ;d:of
5}g .
oxfF ;a} pBf]ux¿ 3/]n' pBf]udf btf{ geP klg % ;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf
Joj;foL /x]sf] / emG8} @) xhf/ JolQm o:tf] pBf]udf ;++nUg /x]sf 5g\ . k/Dk/fut
;LknfO{ j[l4 u/]/ u|fxssf] dfucg';f/sf] /ª\u, a'§f, aTt', /fv]/ z'eljjfx, :jfutd,
z'esfdgf, pkxf/ tyf cf–cfkm\gf ljleGg gfd /fv]/ tof/ u/Lgfn] 9fsf sk8fsf]
cfsif{0f emg} a9]sf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og oxfF pTkflbt 9fsf a]nfot, cd]l/sf, hfkfg,
hd{gnufot ;d'b|kf/sf d'n'sdf klg k'u]s]f 5 .
Hflu/sf] vf]hLdf efF}tfl//x]sf] o'jf zlQmsf nflu logLx¿sf sbd k|]/0ffbfoL

aGg ;S5g\ ldlxg]t / kl/>d u/] dlxnfnfO{ 9fsf sk8f a'gfOn] ;kmn pBdL agfpg
;S5 eGg] pHhntfn] b]vfPsL l5g eg] ljb]z knfog x'g] o'jfnfO{ :jb]zdf g} s]xL
ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ /fdl;+x/ 9+uk|;fb k/fh'nLn] k|dfl0ft u/LlbPsf 5g\ . cfn]du/,
k/fh'nL / ;'Aaf dfq xf]Og, t]x|y'ddf hflu/], k;n], lzIfs, ljBfyL{, Jofkf/L ;a}n]
9fsf sk8f / a'gfOsf Psb'O tfg cfkm\gf] 3/df /fv]sf 5g\ . sf]7fleq} a;]/ ug{
;lsg] / km';{bsf] ;do ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] 9fsf tfg ;a} ju{sf nflu
cfsif{0fsf] pBd aGg ;S5 .
x/]sn] hflu/ g} 5f]8]/ o:tf] Joj;fo ug'{ kb{5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf xf]Ogg\ oL
pBdLx¿n] a? logLx¿sf] ;Gb]z olt dfq xf] ls hflu/ vfO/x]sfn] ;d]t o:tf]
Joj;fodf /dfpg ;s]sf 5g\ eg] hflu/ kfOPg eg]/ ef}+tfl/P/ lx8\g]x¿nfO{ /fd|f]
ljsNk of] klg x'g;S5 . Dofªn'ª t]x|y'dsf /fdl;+x cfn]du/nufot To; e]usf cGo
sd{rf/Lx¿n] k/Dk/fut hflu/nfO{ 5f]8]/ 9fsf sk8f pBf]usf] :yfkgf u/L cfDbfgL
;Fu;Fu} w]/}sf] nflu cj;/sf] ;|f]t ;d]t ag]sf 5g\ .
20
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
(= km"n}km"nsf] 6f]n
hldgsf] k|of]u v]tLsf nflu dfq geP/ dfgjLo cfjZostfsf cGo y'k|}
pTkfbgdf ug{ ;lsG5 . jftfj/0f, hldgsf] ef}uf]lns agf]6sf] cfwf/df ljleGg s[lif
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] :yfgLo cfjZostf cg';f/sf] pTkfbgdf klg k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . hldg pTkfbgsf nflu, cfjZostf dflg;sf] nflu . pbfx/0f /fhwfgLsf]
pQ/klZrdl:yt xnrf]ssf ;'lgtf >]i7, sfG5f k't'jf/ tyf ;'rgf ljefusf k"/fgf
kmf]6f] kqsf/ lji0f'g/l;+x/f0ff . logLx¿n] cfkm\gf] hldgdf ljleGg k|sf/sf km"nx¿
km'nfP/ sf7df8f}Fsf w]/} 7fpFdf ljqmL ub}{ cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLnfO{ cem j[l4 u/L/x]sf 5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] k"mnsf] pTkfbg olt w]/} 5 ls tL k"mn PSn}n] l6Kg gEofP/ c¿sf] ;xof]u
;d]t lng k/]sf] 5 . tL km"nx¿ sf7df8f}Fsf w]/} 7fpFx¿df 3/ tyf dlGb/df
k"hfcfhfsf nflu eg]/ nlug] u/LG5 . k"hfdf k|of]u u/Lg] oL km"n k|ltd'7f % ?k}ofF
hltdf a]Rg] u/LG5 h;n] ubf{ ;'lgtfsf] kfFr hgfsf] kl/jf/sf] vr{ 6/]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L pQm :yfgdf sfG5f k't'jf/n] klg Ps /f]kgLdf kx]nf] / gj/ª\uL km"n
nufPsf 5g\ . Psb'O lbgsf] cGt/df c9fO{ ;o ?k}Fof hlt pgL o;} km"naf6
sdfpF5g\ . jiff{ofddf nufPsf ;okqL / dvdnL km"nsf] cfDbfgL klg cToGt} /fd|f]
5 . o:tf] km"naf6 dfq} pgn] ltxf/df % xhf/ ?k}Fof hlt yk cfDbfgL ug{ ;S5g\ .
km"n Jofj;foaf6} pgsf] rf/ hgf kl/jf/ kflnPsf] 5 .
Or+u'gf/fo0f uflj;df >]i7 / k't'jf/ h:t} ! / @ j8fsf u/L sl/a # ;o

kl/jf/ km"nv]tLaf6} kflnPsf 5g . pQm v]tLn] To; 7fpFdf /x]sf kl/jf/dfq} kflnPsf
5}gg\ To; 7fpFsf] af6fsf bfoFfafofF km"n}km"n b]lvG5g\ eg] v]taf/L klg km"n}km"nn]
9sdSs 5g\ clg To; 7fpFdf k'Ug] hf] sf]xLsf] klg dg k|km'Nn x'G5 . To; 7fpFsf]
w]/}h:tf] v]tdf sfn{]zg, ldgL sfn{]zg, u'nfkm / em'Kkfjfnf km"nx¿ 5g\ . sfn{]zg
eGg] Ps hftsf] km"nn] t Ps k6s nufPkl5 tLg jif{;Dd cfDbfgL lbG5 . ljjfxdf
uf8L ;hfpg k|of]u u/Lg] sfn]{zg km"nsf] Pp6} y'+uf] !) ?k}of;Dd laqmL x'G5 . To;}
u/L jiff{ofddf nfx'/] km"n, tf/f, dfn] km"n nufP/ bz}ltxf/df a]Rbf !) xhf/ ?k}Fof
hlt cfDbfgL x'G5 . pQm km"nnufot ;a} km"naf6 b}lgs Ps xhf/;Dd sdfO x'G5 .
v]tL ug{ klg ;lhnf], wfg / ds}eGbf a9L / afx|} dlxgf cfDbfgL x'g] o:tf]
km"n Joj;foaf6 Oru'+gf/fo0f uflj;sf w]/}h;f] kl/jf/x¿ kflnPsf dfq} xf]Ogg\
;a}hgf ;Gt'i6 klg 5g\ . df6f] pa{/ x'g], w]/} hUuf To;} v]/ hfg] / df};dsf] sf/0fn]
afFemf] x'g] v]taf/Lsf] nflu o:tf] v]tL jf Joj;fo pko'Qm x'g ;S5 . cfkm\gf] af/L jf
v]t gx'g]n] klg ahf/sf] dfu x]/]/ v]t af/L ef8fdf lnO{ o:tf] Jofj;fo ug{ ;S5g\ .
21
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
cfjZostf / df};dnfO{ Wofgdf lbP/ hldgsf] plrt k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] k|s[ltsf]
j/bfg of] g]kfndf s'g} g]kfnL u/LjLsf] ljz]if0f le/]/ afFRg' kb}{g .
!)= cflbjf;Lsf] sfi7snf

sfi7snf
l;h{gzLn ljrf/ / xftx¿ slxNo} cefjdf afFRg' kb}{g . of] s'/fnfO{

k|dfl0ft u/LlbPsf5g\ cflbjf;Lx¿ dfq /x]s]f ufpF dx]zk'/ uflj; –$ a};fafF8Lsf
ht'nfn ug]z / pgLh:t} To; e]usf cGo cflbjf;Lx¿n] . pgLx¿sf] ;Lkn] jgdf
kmflnPsf sf7x¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf ds'G8f], a'§fbf/ em\ofn9f]sf, d'9f, ;f/ËL, 8f]nL,
jGohGt' / k+IfLsf cfs[ltx¿ ag]/ 3/ / dlGb/df ;lhg kfPsf 5g\ .
sf7df8f}Fsf w]/} 7fpFx¿df 3'Dg] xf] eg] ToxfF y'k|} k|sf/sf dgdf]xs /
Oiof{nfUbf sfi7af6 ag]sf ljleGg k|sf/sf snfs[ltx¿ b]Vg ;S5f}+ . sf7df8f}Fsf
ljleGg :yfgx¿ cem ljif]zu/L sf7df8f}Fsf] d'6' elgg] j;Gtk'/ / 7d]nsf k;ndf
;hfOPsf ljleGg sfi7snfsf j:t'x¿n] ;a}nfO{ Ps k|sf/sf] cfsif{0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .
To:tf sfi7af6 ag]sf snfs[ltx¿ sf7df8f}F+ ;x/sf ljleGg xf]6]n, /]i6'/]G6, 3/ tyf
sfof{nox¿df ;hfj6sf] nflu /fVg] u/LG5 .
3/sf a}7s ;hfpg xf]; jf s;}nfO{ pkxf/ lbg tL j:t' n}hfFbf ;a}nfO{
ltgdf k/]sf] kl/>d b]v]/ v'nb'nL ePsf] x'g;S5, t/ tL j:t' agfpg] cg'xf/ ;fob
xfdL sNkgf ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ . o:tf] /fd|f] / cfsif{s snfs[ltx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{
JolQmx¿sf] af/]df eg] xfdL ;a}hgf cEo:t eg] kSs} 5}gf}+ . dxn / dlGb/df ;lhg]
cfs{ifs / dgdf]xs snfs[ltx¿ g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;Ldfdf /x]sf] w]/} em'k8Lx¿af6
pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . tL sfi7snf lgdf{0fdf lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L ;d'bfo ;lqmo 5g\
hf] b;uhf glhs}sf ufpFdf a:5g\ . tL x'g cNk;ª\Vos elgg] /fhj+zL, dfemL /
ugufO{ hfltx¿ .
To;}u/L glhs}sf] algofgL uflj;– *, kNnfaf/Ldf klg sfi7snfsf] sfd

ug{] oxL ;d'bfo 5 . bzscl3;Dd /fli6«o / ;fd'bflos jgsf sf7 ef/tdf a]r]/
hLljsf]kfh{g ub{} cfPsf o:f ;d'bfo clxn] sfi7snfdf /dfO/x]sf 5g . df}lns
1fgnfO{ 9f]+uL / k"/ftg ljrf/ eGg]x¿sf nflu pgLx¿sf] ;Lksf] Ifdtf ultnf] hjfkm
22
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
ePsf] 5 . lj1fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] d]l;gn] rfx]sf] cfsf/ lbg ;lsg] k|ljlwsf] cufl8
pgLx¿sf] ;Lk / Ifdtf ;u/dfyf eGbf cUnf] 5 . ;'Gbf crDd nfU5 pgLx¿ cfkm\gf]
snfs[ltsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ g s'g} kmf]6f]sf] ;xf/f lnG5g\ g t s'g} j:t'sf] g} . pgLx¿
To:tf snfs[lt cfkm\gf] sNkgf / dgleqsf] kmf]6f] x]/]/ agfpg] ub{5g\ . of] ;Lkn]
a};faf8Lsf !^ 3/kl/jf/ cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] hf]xf] u/L/x]sf 5g\ . ;docg';f/
rNg klg hfg]sf oL ;h{sx¿ ebf}, c;f]h / sflQsdf cfkm\gf] snfnfO{ rDsfpF5g
clg afFsL+ ;do v]tLkftLdf /dfFp5g\ .
pgLx¿ o:tf snfs[ltx¿ ljleGg cfFk, s6x/, OGrfg / lz/Lifh:tf ?vsf

sf7af6 agfpF5g\ . logLx¿n] ;[li6df b]v]hlt ;a} k|sf/sf j:t'x¿sf] cfs[ltx¿
agfpg ;Sg] s'/f pgLx¿n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] snfs[lt x]g]{ xf] eg] k|i6 x'G5 .
oL ;Dk"0f{ j:t'sf] k|d'v Jofkfl/s s]Gb| sf7df8f}F xf] . 7d]n / j;Gtk'/sf

xf]6n sfi7snfsf] df]ntf]n ug{] ynf] x'g\ . ef/tsf] /fhwfgL lbNnL / /fh:yfg;Dd
klg oL snfs[ltx¿ k'U5g\ . o:tf] snfs[ltx¿ olb /fd|f] sf7sf] agfP/ a]Rg ;s]df
w]/} df]n k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] s'/f oxfFsf jfl;Gbfx¿sf] cg'ej 5 . o:tf j:t' agfpg] /
laqmL ug{ hfg] 5'§f5'§} ;d"xx¿ 5g\ . o; sfddf b'O{ k':tf ;lqmo 5 .
o; ;d'bfon] cfkm"n] lgdf{0f u/]sf snfs[ltaf6 ;x/sf 7"n7"nf 3/x¿,

xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]G6x¿ tyf sfof{nox¿ ;lhPsf 5g\ . o:tf snfs[ltx¿ Psbd} w]/}
ldlxg]t / kl/>dkl5 dfq tof/ x'G5g\ . t/ pgLx¿n] u/]sf] o:tf] /fd|f] / cToGt}
;[hgzLn sfdsf] eg] st}af6 klg /fd|f] d"No kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . logLx¿n] cfkm"n]
agfpg] snfs[ltx¿ sf7df8f} k'¥ofpbf aLr af6f]df x}/fgL a]xf]g{' k/]s]f lk8f
logLx¿df 5 . af6f]df k|x/L / c¿ Rf}fsLdf a:g] JolQmx¿n] ;d]t lolgx¿nfO{
ljleGg jxfgfdf ;tfpg] u/]sf] s'/fsf] cg'ej lolgx¿;Fu 5 . logLx¿sf] csf]{ k|d'v
;d:of eg]sf] dfu cg';f/sf] k"lt{ ug{ g;Sg' klg Ps xf] .
:yfgLo ¿kdf x's]{sf / hLjg lhpg] snf hfg]sf /fi6«sf oL ;DklQx¿sf]

;Lk / IfdtfnfO{ plrt :yfg lbg ;Sg'kb{5 . Tof] :yfg /fi6« / c¿ hf] s]fxLn] klg
ug{ ldNg] s'/f xf] . ufpF3/df n's]sf o:tf k|ltefnfO{ phfu/ ug{ ;s] b]zsf] OHht /
hgtfsf] cfly{s:t/ Ps} ;fy p7\g ;S5 . ht'nfn ug]znufot To; ;d'bfosf
dflg;x¿n] u/]sf] o:tf] sfo{nfO{ olb ;+:yfut 9ª\uaf6 ;'rf? ug{ ;lsof] eg] o:tf]
sfo{sf] cem Jofks j[l4 x'g hfg] b]lvG5 . pgLx¿sf] cfDbfgL klg j[l4 x'g] / o;af6
ToxfF /x]sf ;a} cflbjf;L ;d'bfosf] ;d]t lxt x'g] b]lvG5 .
23
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
!!= 3fF;af6 aif}{el/ cfDbfgL
ds} v]tL ug'{ kg]{ hUufdf pv]n]/ kmfNg'kg]{ 3fF; /f]Kbf s;n] :ofjf;L lbG5 / <
t/ gofF ;f]r / tl/sf ckgfpg]n] c¿n] s] eG5g ;'g]/ a:b}gg\ . cfkm"n] kl/sNkgf
u/]sf] eljionfO{ ;fsf/ agfpg} tNnLg /xG5g\ . tgx'F u0ffbLsf Ps ls;fg jfdb]j
vgfnn] ds} nufpg] af/Ldf 3fF; /f]k]/ ;dfhsf] cuf8L gf}nf] sfdsf] ;'?jft u/]sf
5g\ . /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ b]vfO{lbPsf 5g\ .
vgfnn] v]taf/L / jgkfvfdf To;} pd|g] k/Dk/fut 3fF; v]tL u/]sf eg]
xf]Ogg\ . @)%$ ;fnlt/ 3fF; v]tL;DaGwL kf]v/fdf cfof]lht Ps xKt] tflnddf
;xefuL ePkl5 pgn] hLjgdf klxnf]k6s 3fF;sf] dxTj a'em\g ;s]sf lyP . To;kl5
pgn] pGgt hftsf 3fF;sf a]gf{ / ljp lsg] clg vghf]t u/L 3fF; /f]k]/ cGg
afnLhlQs} uf]8d]n u/], kfgL nufP / dnvfbsf] Joj:yf u/] . Vfgfnn] 3fF; v]tL ;'?
u/]s} jif{ $% xhf/sf] aLp / a]gf{ a]Rg ;kmn klg eP . rf/ d'/L ds} klg gcfpg]
pgsf] af/Ldf $% xhf/sf] 3fF; pld|Pkl5 pgL cem xf}l;P / To;kl5 pgn] yk
af/Ldf 3fF; nufP . clxn] pgsf] @@ /f]kgL af/Ldf :6fOnf], d7, km/]6, lkg -abfd]
3fF;_ HjfOg r]h, OlklnkL, lsDa', a8x/, /fOvlgof], hf} jlif{d, ax'jifL{o lsDa', lxpb]
e]h, 6fFsL 8fn]3fF; cflb 8]9 bh{geGbf a9L ljsf;] 3fF; 5g\ .
;'?sf] Ps df};ddf pgn] cfkm\gf] ds} nufpg] af/Ldf 3fF; /f]k]/ #) xhf/
?k}Fofsf] cfDbfgL u/]kl5 pgsf] sfdnfO{ g/fd|f] dfGg]x¿;d]t pgsf] pQm sfo{af6
k|efljt ag]sf 5g\ clxn] . pgn] 3fF;af6 dfq} jflif{s () xhf/ ?k}Fof hlt cfDbfgL
u5{g\ . pv]n]/ kmfNg'kg{] 3fF; af/Ldf /f]k]sfn] ;'?sf jif{df l5d]sLn] pgnfO{ duh
km':s]sf];Dd eg]sf lyP . eljionfO{ cem ;'Gb/ agfpg gofF / l;h{gzLn lrGtgsf]
dxTj ga'em]sf ufpn]n] 3fF; a]r]/ klg k};f cfpF5 eg]/ w]/} kl5;Dd klg kTofpg
;s]sf lyPgg\ . kl5 3fF; v]tLaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL x'g] b]v]kl5 pgnfO{ ;'?df lv;L
ug{]n] ;d]t 3fF;sf] v]tL ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
pgn] pdf/]sf 3fF;dWo] :6fOnf] / jlif{d gfdsf 3fF; a9L kf]l;nf] / b'lwnf]
x'g] u/]sfn] ;a}hgf oxL 3fF; g} vf]Hg cfpg] u5{g . :6fOnf]sf] aLp k|ltlsnf] ;o /
jlif{dsf] aLp @ ;odf lsGg] u/]s]f vgfns]f egfO 5 . a9L vkt x'g] ePsfn]] oL
3fF;x¿ c¿eGbf cln a9L dxFuf] klg 5 .
o;/L pdfl/Psf] 3Ff; a]Rgsf nflu pgnfO{ ahf/sf] s'g} ;d:of 5}g .
ufpFdf /x]sf ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / kz' ;]jf sfo{fno pgsf] 3fF; lsGg pgs}
24
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
3/df cfOk'U5g\ . pgn] cfkm\gf] 3fF; a]Rg ahf/;Dd wfpg' kb}{g h;n] ubf{
oftfoftdf nfUg] vr{ / b'Mv ;a} s6f}tL x'ghfG5 .
ls;fgsf af/Ldf hyfefjL;Fu pld|Psf 3fF;n] pgLx¿nfO{ lbSs nufpg

;S5 . j:t'efpn] vfO{g;s]sf] 3fF;nfO{ w]/}h;f]n] jf:t} u/]sf x'Fb}gg\ . t/ cfkm\gf]
af/Ldf cGo afnLaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL gePsf] v08df df};d / df6f] ;'xfFpbf] 3fF;
nufpg] xf] eg] cfkm\gf] j:t'efpnfO{ v'jfP/ afFsL /x]sf] 3fF; a]r]/ klg yk cfo
cfh{g ug{ ;lsFbf]/x]5 eGg] pbfx/0f tgx'F u0fflbsf ls;fgn] b]vfPsf5g\ . cfkm\gf]
af/Ldf vfnL /x]sf] hUuf, afFemf] /x]sf] hUuf jf To;} v]/ uO/x]sf] le/fnf] hUufnfO{
klg 3fF; pdfg]{ 7fpFdf kl/0ft u/L yk cfo ug{ ;lsG5 . gofF / km/s lrGtgn]
xfdLnfO{ clxn]sf] eGbf dfly p7fpF5 . /fd|f] sfdsf] cg';/0f cfjZos ;a}n] ug{
;lsG5 .
!@= afnL emfg]{ d]l;g
lrtjg, df8L, sNof0fk'/ uflj;–^ sf gu]Gb| zfxn] sd nfutdf afnL emfg{]

/ aQfpg] d]l;g agfP/ ;a}nfO{ u'g nufPsf 5g\ . gu]Gb|n] s'g} :jb]zL jf ljb]zL
sn]haf6 l8u|L k|fKt u/]/ of] pkof]uL k|fljlws sfd u/]sf xf]Ogg\ . pgL t ufpFsf
Ps ;fdfGo s[ifsdfq x'g\ . pgn] agfPsf] d]l;gn] afnL emfg]{ / aQfpg] b'a} sfd v'a}
/fd|f];Fu ug{ ;S5 . ;f] d]l;g ;:tf] / /fd|f] klg ePsf] sf/0fn] clxn] ufpFel/ g}
o;sf] dfu a9]sf] 5 .
s[ifsx¿n] cfkm\gf] afnLgfnL x'sf{O;s]kl5 clGtddf afnL emfg{ uf]¿ tyf

cGo hgfj/x¿nfO{ k|of]udf NofO{ gfª\nf] jf o:t} s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] j:t' k|of]u u/L
aQfpg] rng 5 . t/ cln cfly{s l:ylt /fd|f] ePsfn] afnL emfg]{ 7"nf d]l;g klg
k|of]udf NofPsf] kfOG5 . To:tf d]l;gx¿ vl/b ug{ cln dxFuf] x'g] ePsfn]] s[ifsx¿
cfkm\g} k/Dk/fut 9ª\uaf6 afnLgfnL emfg{ afWo 5g\ .
;j} ufpFn]nfO{ x'g] ;:tf] / /fd|f] d]l;g agfpg] gu]Gb| s[ifsx¿sf] nflu b]jtf
g} ;fljt ePsf 5g\ . pgn] k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfgx¿ klg vf;} dxFuf] 5}g . pgn] d]l;g
agfpg k"/fgf] ;fOlsnsf] k|m]d, u]o/, l6NnL, r}g, uf]a/ Uof;sf] 8G8L, h:tfkftf /
sf7 k|of]u u/]sf 5g . o;/L sfd gnfUg] egL kmflnPsf k"/fgf d]l;g/L j:t'x¿af6
25
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
pgn] agfPsf] d]l;gsf] nfut dfq @ xhf/ 5 . v'§fn] rnfpg ldNg] o; d]l;gdf
wfg emfg{ sf7sf] kftfdf ;fOsnsf ltNnLn] bfFt agfOPsf] 5 . h;n] ubf} afnLsf]
gn / k/fn d]l;gdf c8\sb}g . aTtfpFbf v]/ uPsf] afnLnfO{ ;FufNgsf nflu eg]/
pgn] o;df h:tfsf] kftf sf6]/ Ps lsgf/df k+vf agfPsf 5g . pQm d]l;gaf6
emfg{] / aQfpg] b'j} sfd Ps}k6s ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df sfd ug{sf nflu @ hgf
JolQmsf] h?/L kb{5 . pgn] @ jif{b]lv oxL d]l;gaf6 cfkm\gf] afnL leq\Øfpb} cfPsf
5g . ;lhnf] ePsfn] ufpFsf cGo s[ifsx¿n] klg o;}af6 sfd rnfpg] u/]sf] 5g\ .
pQm d]l;gn] ! 306fdf !@ d'/L ;Dd wfg emfg{ / aQfpg ;S5 . pgn] agfPsf]
d]l;gdf df]6/ h8fg u/]/ :jrflnt klg agfpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf]5 .
ufpF3/df sfd gnfUg] eg]/ kmflnPsf ;fdfgx¿ kmf]x/sf ;|f]t x'g\ . t/ ;Lk
/ a'l4n] ltg} kmf]x/nfO{ df]xf]/df kl/0ft ug{ ;kmn ePsf zfxsf] sfdsf] k|z+;f /
k'/:sf/ ufpFn]n] lbg ;'? u/L;s]sf 5g\ . d]l;g ;:tf] / ;'ne ePsfn]] klg
s[ifsx¿n] pgsf] d]l;gsf] dfu a9L u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] o; k|sf/sf] sfdn] Psflt/
v]/ kmflnPsf j:t'x¿sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg x'g ;s]sf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ pgn] agfPsf]
d]l;gsf] nfut klg sd ePsf] 5 . bf]xf]/f] kmfObf lng ;s]sf 5g\ pgn] .
c;L k|ltzt eGbf a9L hgtf s[lifdf lge{/ /x]sf] xfd|f] h:tf] b]zdf s[lifdf
cfw'lgsLs/0f x'g] xf] eg] xfdL c¿ b]zsf] s[lif pkhdf lge{/ kg'{ kb}{glyof] . clxn]
xfd|f] b]zdf s[lif If]qdf vf;} w]/} s[lif;DaGwL s'g} j}1flgs cljisf/ ePsf] kfO{Fb}g .
dfq s]xL ;Lldt JolQmx¿n] ;Lldt dfqfdf s[lifsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . h'g ;fdfGo s[ifssf] kx'+r aflx/ 5g\ . lrtjg df8Lsf g/]Gb|
zfxn] agfPsf] d]l;gnfO{ Jofj;flos pTkfbgdf a9fpg] xf] eg] v]/ uPsf ;dfgsf]
;b'kof]u / s[ifsn] ;lhn} pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] o:tf y'k|} cf}hf/sf] pTkfbg xfd}|
ufpF3/df n's]sf k|ltefn] klg ug{ ;S5g\ .
26
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
!#= h/fsnf
elgG5 of] ;+;f/df sfd gnfUg] JolQm, j:t' / 7fpF s'g} klg 5}g . ;Lk /
a'l4sf] k|of]u u/]/ cfsf/ g} gePsf] 9+'uf] b]jtf aG5 clg v]/ kmflnPsf j:t'
;'Gb/tfsf] ;|f]t x'G5 . ;'g;/L, O6xl/sf /f]hg /fO{ o:t} g/fd|f]nfO{ Kof/f] clg sfd
gnfUg]nfO{ ax'd"No agfpg hfGg] / ;Sg] cAan JolQm ag]sf 5g\ . gbLn] aufP/
NofPsf] h/f xf];\ of af“; sf6]/ bfp/fsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ /flvPsf] km]b xf];\, pgsf]
xftdf k/]kl5 s'dfn]sf] xftdf k/]sf] df6f] em}+ eOxfN5g\ . /f]hgn] ?vsf ljleGg h/f
tyf sfd gnfUg] sf7x¿af6 lgSs} g} /fd|f] snfs[ltx¿ agfP/ :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf
/fd|};Fu laqmL| u/L cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf 5g\ .
pgsf] xftdf k/]sf o:tf sfd gnfUg] h/f tyf afF;af6 pgL sf7df8f}Fsf]
w/x/fb]lv cd]l/sfsf] 6\jLG; 6fj/;Ddsf] b'?:t} snfs[lt agfpg ;S5g\ . pgL k|fo
o:t} h/faf6 aGg] cgf}7f] snfnfO{ d"t{ ?k lbg k|foM h/f ltvfl//x]sf x'G5g\ . w]/}sf
nflu ;'s]sf] h/f s]xL xf]Og t/ /f]hgsf cf“vfdf eg] o;df ;wF} snfTds cfs[lt
gflr/x]sf x'G5g . pgL o;af6 ljleGg snfs[ltx¿ h:t} clhË/, ;k{, kfgLxf“;, rLn,
as'Nnf, k/]jf, ;'uf cflbsf] cfs[lt agfpF5g\ . logn] agfPsf] h/fsnf k|wfgdGqL
lgjf;b]lv ;fdfGo dhb'/sf] 3/;Dd ;hfj6sf] cfsif{s j:t' aGg;s]sf] 5 . Tolt
dfq xf]Og pgn] agfPsf] h/fsf snfs[ltnfO{ O6xl/df x'g] sfoqmdx¿df pkxf/ jf
kbs lbgsf nflu klg lsGg] u/LG5 . o;}sf/0f pgn] cfkm\gf] 3/nfO{ g} Uofn/Lsf]
:j?k lbPsf 5g . o;sf cltl/Qm pgL ljleGg ;d'xnfO{ o;;DaGwL tflnd klg
lbO/x]sf 5g\ . pgsf] o; h/fsnfnfO{ l;Fufk'/, xªsª, cd]l/sf nufotsf b]zx¿af6
dfu cfO/x]sf] 5 .
To;f] t Ps ;do pgL :jo+ klg d'n'sdf s]xL x'Gg eGb} l;Fufk'/ uPsf lyP .
ToxL+ l;s]s]f snfsd{n] clxn] pgsf] 5lj plhNofO/x]sf] 5 . l;Fufk'/df c/af}+ 8n/
nufgL u/]/ af“; / h/f snfsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg ePsf] b]v]kl5 pgdf klg o:t}
sfd ug]{ OR5f hfu[t eP/ cfof] . h/fsnf;DaGwL tflnd lnP/ g]kfn kms]{kl5 cfkm\g}
3/af6 pQm sfd ;'? u/]sf /fOn] ToxL Joj;foaf6 clxn] dgUo] cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf
5g\ .
O6x/L ahf/ klZrd dgzfGt /]i6'/]G6;Dd k'Ug] xf] eg] klg pgsf]
snfsf}zn a'em\g ;lsG5 . udL{sf a]nf lr;f] lkpb} xf];\ jf hf8f]df tftf] skmL,
27
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
x/]ssf cf“vfdf pgsf snfs[lt ;lhn} kg{ ;S5g . 3/ / /]i6'/]G6nfO{ Uofn/Lsf ¿kdf
ljsf; u/]sf /f]hgn] ef/t, Sofg8f, a|'gfO{, hfkfgnufotsf b]zx¿df l;h{gf k7fP/
cjf8{ xft kfl/;s]sf 5g\ .
;a}n] /f]hgsf] h:t} snfsfl/tf hfGg' k5{ eGg] klg xf]Og . k|s[ltn] ;a}nfO{
s]xL g s]xL ;Lk / snf lbPs} x'G5 . cfkm";Fu ePsf] IfdtfnfO{ lrg]/ k|of]udf Nofpg]
xf] eg] of] b]zdf a]/f]hu/Lsf] ;d:of afn'jfdf x/fPsf] l;of] em}+ vf]Hg' kg]{ x'G5 .
O6x/Lsf /f]hg /fO{sf] h/fsnf jf:tjd} gf}nf] / cToGt} ;[hgzLn sfo{ xf] . o;
sfo{af6 pgn] k|lti7fsf ;fy;fy} cfDbfgL klg /fd|};Fu ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n]
/f]hgsf] h/fsnf h:t} g]kfnsf c¿ y'k}| /f]hgx¿n] kftsnf jf af]qmfsnf jf cGo
s'g} snfsf] ;'?jft kf] ug]{ xf] ls < OHht / wg b'j} k|fKt ug]{ :yfg cfkm" j;]s}
7fpFdf x'g] ub{5 .
!$= 3/cfFug g} nfx'/ agfof] s[

s[lifn]
kf]v/f glhs}sf] x]Dhf ufpFsf b'O{ tGg]/L o'jf lji0f' kf}8]n / n]vgfy kf}8]nn]
cfw'lgs s[lif kmd{ ;~rfng u/]/ cfkm\gf] 3/cfFugnfO{ g} ljb]zdf ;/xcfDbfgL x'g]
ynf]sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf nflu pgLx¿n] ;'¿df pQm ufpFs} uf}/Lz+s/
dfWolds ljBfnosf] emf8L hUUff ef8fdf lnP/ t/sf/L v]tL ;'? u/]sf lyP . clxn]
pgLx¿n] pQm 7fpFdf !% /f]kgL hUuf ef8fdf lnO{ s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f ;Fu;Fu}
ljljwLs/0f klg ckgfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] kmd{df t/sf/Lx¿ dfq} xf]Og !% j6f
b'x'g] ufO{, ^ xhf/ j6f hlt s'v'/f / lasf;] 3fF; klg pdfl//x]sf5g\ . kmd{sf] 5]j}df
;fgf] kfgL kf]v/L, cf/fd ug{] 6x/f], sfdbf/ ;'Tg] sf]7f / bfgf agfpg] d]l;g klg 5g\ .
cem pgLx¿n] ahf/df Pp6f k|]m; xfp; klg vf]n]sf 5g . bfgf / ;/;fdfgsf nflu
pgLx¿ kf]v/f / slxn] gf/fo0fu9;Dd df]6/;fOsndf s'lb/xG5g . ;fyL efO;“u klg
/dfOnf] x'g] 7fp“df k'u]s} x'G5g . pgLx¿sf] nugzLntf b]v]/ w]/} ufp“n] 5Ss k5{g .
pgLx¿sf] o; sfdaf6 k|]/0ff lnP/ pgLx¿s} pBdzLntfsf] l;sf] ug]{ klg y'k|} 5g\ .
pgLx¿s} pBdzLntfsf] l;sf] ugf{n] clxn] kf]v/f glhs}sf] x]Dhf ufpFs} :j?k
km]l/Psf] 5 . clxn] pgLx¿ t/sf/L, kmnkm"n, cG8f, s'v'/f, b"w / dnaf6 dgUo]
cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf 5g\ .
logLx¿n] cfkm\gf] k9fOnfO :gfts ;Dd nu]/ k"/f u/]sf 5g\ . hflu/ vfg]
jf ljb]z uP/ k};f sdfpg] sfdaf6 c;kmntf gkfPkl5 cfkm\gf] k9fOsf] 1fgnfO{
28
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
lolgx¿n] cfkm\g} Joj;fodf vr]{ . kmn:j?k logLx¿ clxn] cfkm" dfq} cfDbfgL
u/L/x]sf 5}gg\ c¿nfO{ klg /f]huf/L lbO/x]sf 5g\ . $ hgfnfO{ :yfoL sfdbf/sf
¿kdf /fv]sf 5g eg] cGonfO{ ;docg';f/ egf{ u/L sfddf nufpg] u/]sf 5g\ .
;'?sf lbgdf logLx¿n] cfkm\gf] sfddf w]/} afwf / 3f6f ;xg' k/] klg kl5Nnf]
;dodf cfP/ ;kmn ePsf /x]5g\ . k9]n]v]sf dfG5]n] v]tLkftL ug{ x'Fb}g eGg]x¿ klg
ufpFdf y'k|} /x]sf] pgLx¿sf] cg'ej 5 . clxn] pgLx¿ pQm kmd{sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{
sfdx¿ dfq} u5{g\ . v]taf/L jf kmd{df sfd ug{sf nflu pgLx¿n] ljleGg
sfdbf/x¿nfO{ /fv]sf 5g\ .
ef8fdf lnOPsf] hUuf ljBfnoaf6 !% jif{sf nflu jflif{s #% xhf/ ?k}ofF

a'emfpg] u/L lnPsf x'g\ . ;f] hUufdf v]tL ug{sf nflu 3/af6 s'g} klg /sd glnO{
a}+s / JolQmut C0faf6 ;'? u/]sf lyP . clxn] pgLx¿;Fu @) nfv ?k}ofF eGbf
al9sf] ;DklQ 5 .
pgLx¿n] sfd ;'? ug]{ a]nfdf ufpFdf Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tL lyPg .
logLx¿s} sfd b]v]/ To; ufFpdf dflg;df klg t/sf/L a]r]/ k};f sdfpg ;lsg]
/x]5 eGg] r]tgf cfof] / pgLx¿ dWo] clxn] () k|ltzt hlt ufFpn] oxL Jofj;flos
t/sf/L v]tL / s'v'/fkfng u/L/x]sf 5g\ .
ldlxg]t gu/L yfndf k:s]sf] eft klg d'vdf kb}{g . ljZjsf] s'g} klg
7fpFdf kl/>d gu/L cfh{g ug{ ;lsGg . To;f] xf] eg] cfkm\g} 7fpFdf cfkm\g} kl/>d
nufP/ lsg sfd ;'?gug]{ < u/] x'G5 eGg] pbfx/0f kf}8]n aGw'x¿n] b]vfOlbPsf 5g\ .
29
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
!%= kmf]x/n] lbnfPsf]

lbnfPsf] k'/:sf/
of] ;+;f/ lhTg]x¿sf] xf] . h;n] ;docg';f/ sfd nfUg] t/ c¿sf] eGbf
km/s / gf}nf] sfd ub{5 plx ljh]tf aG5 . afFsL ;+;f/ p;}sf] x'G5 . o:t} ljh]tf
ag]sf5g\ sf7df8f}F, 7d]n uNsf]kfvfsf ;fg'sfhL >]i7n] . s'lsª ljbfp6 UofF; cyf{t
UofF; ljgfg} vfg]s'/f ksfpg ;lsg] Psbd} gf}nf] k|ljlw kQf nufP/ ljh]tf ag]sf x'g\
;fg'sfhL >]i7 . vfgf ksfpg rflxg] UofF; tyf OGwgsf] vkt z"Go /xg] of] k|ljlwsf]
nflu ;fg'sfhLn] ljleGg k|sf/sf kmf]x/x¿ ;ª\sng u/L To;nfO{ la|s]6 agfO{ cfuf]
afNg ;lsg] u/L tof/ u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] of] k|ljlw kmf]x/ / ;f}o{phf{nfO{ OGwgsf]
j}slNks ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] k|ljlw xf] . pgsf] o; k|ljlwaf6 l;;f,
Knfl:6s / l6gafx]ssf 3/d} pTkfbg x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf kmf]x/x¿nfO{ k|of]u u/L
;"o{sf] tfkaf6 clxn]sf] eGbf cfwf vr{df g} phf{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
of] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] nflu w]/} ldlxg]t u/]sf lyP ;fg'sfhLn] . @)%(
;fndf ljZj a}+ssf] @) jif]{ hflu/af6 cjsf; kfPkl5 ;fg'sfhL >]i7 o:tf] vfnsf]
k|ljlw l;Sgsf nflu cd]l/sf, 8]gdfs{ nufotsf d'n'sdf uPsf lyP . cy{zf:qdf
:gfts u/]sf / lj1fg ;DaGwL s'g} k|fljlws tflnd glnPsf pgn] oxL k|ljlwnfO{
Jofj;flos ¿kdf leqfP/ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] k'/:sf/ ;d]t xft kfg{ ;kmn ePsf
5g\ . kmf]x/ / ;f}o{ pmhf{nfO{ OGwgsf] j}slNks ;|f]tsf ¿kdf k|of]u / lj:tf/ u/]s}
sf/0f pgnfO{ olt gfdL k'/:sf/ lbOPsf] xf] . aLaL;L jN8{ / Go"hljs ;fKtflxsn]
@))& df u/]sf] k|ltof]lutfdf >]i7n] JolQmut tj/df kfFr jif{cl3dfq :yfkgf u/]sf]
lbuf] k|ljlw ;+:yfn] pTs[i6 tLgdWo]sf] k'/:sf/ lhTg'ePsf] xf] . pQm k'/:sf/sf] /sd
!) xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] 5 .
of] k|ljlw /fhwfgL / /fhwfgL aflx/sf yf]/} lhNnfdf dfq k'u]sf] eP tfklg
sf]nlDaof, o'lgel;{l6b]lv :k]g, g}/f]aL / OG8f]g]l;of tyf sDaf]l8ofdf ;d]t pgn]
cfkm\gf] cg'ej ;f6f;f6 ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . pgsf] o:tf] u/Lad'vL k|ljlwnfO{
ljb]zLn] dfq b]v]sf]df pgL Ps k|sf/n] b'vL klg 5g\ .
o:tf] vfn] k|ljlw g]kfnnfO{ dfq xf]Og ljZjsf ;a} b]zx¿nfO{ cToGt}
cfjZos 5 . ljZjsf ;a} b]zx¿df OGwgsf] nflu eg]/ jg tyf e" ljgf; ug]{
u/LG5 . o:tf] vfn] k|ljlwdf jg ljgf;nufotsf Iflt sd x'g] / cfkm\g} b]zsf]
k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;w}Fgsf] e/k'/ pkof]u u/L sd nfutdf bL3{sfnLg pmhf{ lgsfNg
;lsG5 .
30
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
o:tf] vfn] k|ljlwnfO{ cem lj:tf/ u/L b]zsf] ;x/L tyf u|fdL0f e]ux¿df Jofj;flos
¿kdf g} ljsf; ub{} nfg ;lsPdf clxn]sf] UofF; tyf OGwg cefjnfO{ ;d]t x6fpg
;lsG5 . csf]{lt/ o; k|ljlwdf ljleGg k|sf/sf kmf]x/x¿nfO{ k|of]u u/Lg] ePsfn]]
jftfj/0fnfO{ ;d]t hf]ufpg d2t k'Ug hfG5 .
;fg'sfhL >]i7sf] o:tf] k|ljlwn] UofF; cefj, dxFuL tyf jftfj/0fdf k/]sf]
c;/nfO{ lgSs} sd ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . o:tf] j}slNks OGwgnfO{ Jofks k|of]udf
Nofpg kxn u/Lg] xf] eg] ;fFRr} g} xfdLn] vfgf ksfpg] OGwgsf nflu k/lge{/ x'g'
kb}{g . ;fy}} gofF / gf}nf] clg jftfj/0f c'gs"lnt k|ljlw tof/ kfg]{ g]kfnL df}lns
k|fljlwssf] ;Lk / 1fgnfO{ plrt ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g k|bfg ug'{ klg plQs} cfjZostf
/x]sf] 5 .
!^= afF;snfdf
snfdf ljb]zLsf] df]x
hª\unL hgfj/ / kz'k+IfLsf] 5fnf tyf xf8af6 cfkm\gf] 3/ ;hfpg]

k/Dk/fut rfxgf clxn] klg dflg;x¿df e]l6G5g\ . t/ Tof] sfo{ a}w 5}g . o:t}df
cfkm\gf] 3/ ;hfpg] rfxgf ug]{x¿n] afF;af6 agfPsf] ljleGg k|sf/sf hgfj/sf
cfs[ltx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . sf7df8f}F l;tfkfOnfdf cf]d ;fO{ x:tsnf ;]G6/sf
;~rfns >L ljg~ho yfkfn] afF;af6 sf7df8f}F d} dgUo] cfDbfgL / k|lti7f clg
/f]huf/L ;[hgf ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . pgn] afF;af6} ljleGg kz'k+IfL tyf dlGb/x¿sf
cfs[ltx¿ lgdf{0f ub{5g\ . pgsf] ;[hgzLn Ifdtf olt w]/} 5 ls ljb]zLx¿sf] ;]S;
l;Daf]nsf] a9\bf] dfunfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fv]/ pgL afF;d} sfd's o'jtL hGdfOlbG5g\ .
pgsf] o; sfo{sf] csf]{ k|d'v p2]Zo eg]sf] hª\unL hgfj/ tyf k+IfLx¿sf] ;+/If0f
klg xf] . pgn] afF;d} hLjg / hut\ b]v]sf 5g\ . To;}n] t pgL lbg/ft ldlxg]tsf
;fy o;} afF;af6} ljleGg cfs[ltx¿ lgdf{0f ug{df tNnLg 5g\ . of] sfdsf] nflu pgL
PSn} eg] 5}gg\ . o;sf nflu yk $) bIf hgzlQmsf] ;d]t ;fy lnPsf 5g\ . o;
sfddf nfUg / o;sf] Jofj;flos tflnd lbg] emfkfl:yt aª\unfd'vL x:tsnf
;]G6/sf k|d'v ;~ho yfkf x'g\ . pgn] afF;snf Joj;fonfO{ b]zel/ g} Jofks lj:tf/
ub}{5g\ . o;sf nflu pgn] sf7df8f}F / :ofª\hfdf afF;sf h/fdf cfs[lt lbg] tflnd
klg lbb}F 5g\ . To; nuQ} pgsf] o:t} tflnd l;/fxf, g'jfsf]6 tyf s~rgk'/nufotsf
7fpFx¿df lbg] of]hgf klg /x]sf] 5 .
31
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
;]G6/n] afF;sf] h/faf6 do"/, 8fFkm], lu4, ;'uf, ;f/;, pNn', u8'/, 8fOgf];/,
b'D;L, e]8f, xfQL, xl/0f, af3, l;+xu/L sl/a $ ;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf k+IfL tyf hLjhGt'sf]
cfs[lt tof/ kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;]G6/sf snfsf/x¿n] wfld{s cf:yf x'g]x¿sf]
nflu lzj, u0f]z, uf}td a'4 h:tf ljleGg b]jL b]jtfx¿sf] klg cfs[lt afF;af6}
lgdf{0f u/L/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf cfs[ltsf] d"No # ;o ?k}ofFb]lv #) xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd k5{ .
;]G6/n] afF;sf] cfs[ltsf cnfjf afF;sf] rf]ofaf6 n]l8h Jofu, udnf, ls:tL, aQL
9fSg] em'Dsf, emNn/L, em\ofn9f]sfdf /fVg] kbf{ cflb klg lgdf{0f u5{ .
afF;nfO{ xfdL ;a}n] b]v]sf 5f}F . ufpF3/lt/ sltko 7fpF afF;}afF;n] 6Dd}
ePsf] klg b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ afF;sf] olt dxTj eg] xfdL ;a}n] ga'em]sf xf]cf}Fnf . afF;
/ o;sf] h/faf6 aGg] snfs[ltx¿ ;fFRr} g} cd"No 5g\ . afF;af6 ljleGg ;/;fdfg
klg agfpg ;lsg] ePsfn]] o;sf] Jofj;flos v]tL klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
To:t}df DofUbLsf ls;fgx¿n] cfkm\gf] cGo afnL pAhgL gx'g] hldgdf

afF;sf] Jofj;flos v]tL u/L nfvfF} ?k}ofF cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf 5g\ . lhNnfsf] u|fdL0f
e]udf /x]sf sltko cg'Tkfbs hUufdf afF;v]tL /fd|};Fu km:6fPsf] 5 . DofUbLsf]
Hofd?ssf]6, cy'{ª\u], l;ª\ufnufotsf 7fpFsf s[ifsx¿ afF;af6 /fd|f] sdfO x'g]
b]v]kl5 o;tkm{ cfs{lif{t ePsf 5g\ . To; e]usf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿n] afF; v]tLaf6}
jflif{s @ nfv ?k}ofF;Dd sdfpg ;s]sf 5g\ . oxfFaf6 pTkfbg x'g] afF;x¿ ljz]if
u/L 8f]sf], 8fnf], gfª\nf] cflb agfpg k|of]u x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] dfu klg /fd|} 5 .
afF;sf] pTkfbg g]kfndf cToflws 5 . o;sf] dxTj ga'em\gfn] dgUo]

cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t To;} v]/ uO/fv]sf] 5 . afF;sf] /fd|f] k|of]u ug{ ;s]df ul/jLn]
lklN;Psf hgtfx¿sf] hLjg:t/ j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 . a9\bf] a]/f]huf/L / ;x/f]Gd'v
k|j[lQnfO{ sd u/fpg] ljg~ho yfkf h:tf JolQmx¿sf] ;fy{s k|of; ;fFRr} g}
cg's/0fLo / k|z+;gLo 5 .
32
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
!&= u8F of}

\of}nfaf6
faf6 cfDbfgL
ljb]zsf] e"lddf kl;gf jufPkl5 b]zdf pknAw ;|f]t / ;w}Fgsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{
ljrf/ a9]sf] w]/} ;'lgG5 . cem To;df klg gofFgofF tf}/tl/sfsf] af/]df tflnd klg
lng ;s]df ljrf/n] d"t{ ?k lnG5 . o:t} eof] kj{t, s':df, lzjfnosf #@ jifL{o
lgn/fh k'/LnfO{ . pgL Psk6s hflu/ vfg ;fpbL c/a uO{ kms]{/ cfPsf x'g\ . ;fy}
l;8 g]kfn tyf skmL k|a4{g cfof]hgfn] lbPsf] u8\of}nfsf] dn pTkfbg tflnddf klg
;xeflu ePsf lyP . log} ef]ufO / l;sfOsf] k|ltkmn :j?k pgL clxn] u8\of}nfnfO{
cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t agfO/x]sf 5g\ / dn pTkfbg sfo{nfO{ Jofj;flos ?k lbg
;kmn ePsf5g\ . pgn] u8\of}nfaf6} dlxgfsf] xhf/f}+ /k}ofF sdfO/x]sf 5g\ .
;'¿sf lbgx¿df pgn] c¿sf] lv;L klg ;xg'k/]sf] lyof] . c¿sf] lv;Laf6
ljrlnt geO{ cfkm\g} ;f]r cg'?k sfd ub}{ klg uP . kl5 pgsf] sfo{sf] dxTj
a'em]kl5 eg] pgsf] k|z+;f ug{ yflnPsf]df pgL xlif{t 5g\ . u8\of}n] dnsf] k|of]u u/L
pTkfbg u/LPsf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n lgs} :jflbi6 / :jf:Yoa4{s klg x'G5 . pgL
:jo+ klg o;} dnaf6 cfkm\g} af/Ldf sfFqmf], l3/f}Fnf, 6df6/, aGbf, sfpnL, l;dL,
s/]nf, le08L nufot cGo ljleGg k|sf/sf t/sf/L pTkfbg u/L/x]sf 5g\ .
o; Joj;fosf nflu k'/Ln] cfkm\gf] af/Lsf] Pp6f ;fgf] Jof8df jflif{s rf/
xhf/ s]hL dn pTkfbg u5{g\ . k|lts]hL u8\of}nfn] Ps dlxgfdf kfFr ;o s]hL dn
agfpF5 / pQm dn ahf/df k|lts]hL ?=@) df a]Rg ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ pgn]
dlxgfdf !) ÷!@ xhf/ ?k}ofFhlt sdfpg ;S5g\ . pgn] u8\of}n] dn dfq} xf]Og
u8\of}nfg} klg a]Rb} yk cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf 5g\ . pgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] u8\of}n] dn
kj{t lhNnfsf clwsf+z uflj;sf ;fy} sf:sL, afUn'ª, DofUbL, :ofª\hf tyf
sf7df8f}Fdf ;d]t lgof{t u/L laqmL| ub{5g\ .
o;sf] cem csf]{ /fd|f] kIf eg]sf] o;n] kmf]x/nfO{ klg Joj:yfkg ub{5 . Ps
s]hL u8\of}nfn] Ps dlxgfdf 3/af6 lg:sg] cfwf 6g hlt kmf]x/nfO{ ;8fpg] unfpg]
sfd u/L dn pTkfbg ub{5 . o;af6 Psflt/ kmf]x/sf] klg plrt Joj:yfkg eof]
eg] csf{lt/ dn klg pTkfbg eof] .
u8\of}nf To;} v]/ hfg] df6f]df kfOg] hLj xf] . o;sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg
ug]{ tl/sf hfGg] xf] eg] s[ifsx¿n] cfkm\gf] af/Lsf nflu rflxg] dn cfkm}F} pTkfbg ug{
;S5g\ . h;n] ubf{ Psflt/ dndf nfUg] vr{ s6f}tL eof] eg] csf]{lt/ a9L ePsf]
dn laqmL| u/L cfDbfgL klg ug{ ;lsg] eof] . s[ifsx¿nfO{ o; ;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f
33
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
tflndx¿ klg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfkm\g} df6f]df x'g] hLjaf6 s[ifsx¿n] yk kmfObf lng
;S5g\ .
lgn/fh k'/L clxn] ufFpsf nflu pbfx/0fLo JolQm ag]sf 5g\ . ljb]zdf uO{
>d ug'{ eGbf :ju{h:t} df6f]df k|z:t} cfDbfgL ug]{ af6fx¿ 5g\ egL k|dfl0ft klg
u/]/ b]vfOlbPsf 5g\ . o;} k];faf6 pgn] $ hgfsf] kl/jf/ /fd|/L kfln/x]sf 5g\ eg]
cfkm\gf] b'O{ 5f]/LnfO{ lghL ljBfnodf klg k9fO/x]sf 5g\ . Tolt dfq} xf]Og pgn]
dfl;s ¿kdf cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL jrt klg u/L/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf cgluGtL pkfox¿ oxL
wtL{df 5g\ h;n] cfkm" / c¿nfO{ xF;fpg ;S5 . ca vfFrf] ePsf] 5 dfq sfd ug]{
hfFu/ / ePsf ;|f]t ;w}FgnfO{ plrt k|of]udf Nofpg] ljrf/sf] .
!*= dlxnf 6]Dkf] rfns
lxDdt / c7f]6n] cfkm"nfO{ eg{ ;Sg] xf] eg] s'g} klg sfd hf] sf]xLn] klg
ug{ ;Sb5 . cem To;df dlxnf t emg pbfx/0f aGg ;lS5g\ . pbfx/0f vf]Hg 6f9f
hfg' kb}{g . sf7df8f}Fsf] ;8sdf #^^# gDa/sf] ;jf/L rnfpFb} lxF8\g] g]kfns} k|yd
dlxnf 6]Dkf] rfns ;'ldqf bª\ufn clxn] cfkm\gf] clGtd p2]Zo kfOn6 aGg] ;'/df
l5g\ . pgL o; sfo{sf] clGtd clGtd r/0fdf cfOk'u]sL l5g\ . pgn] 6]Dkf] dfq xf]Og
/]n tyf kfgLhxfh ;d]t ;kmntfsf ;fy rnfO;s]sL l5g\ . To;sf/0f klg pgL
g]kfns} klxnf] dlxnf /]nrfns, kfgLhxfh rfns x'g ;kmn ePsL l5g\ . :gfts
;Dd cWoog k"/f u/]sL ;'ldqfn] !! jif{cl3 sf7df8f}Fsf] ;8sdf 6]Dkf] rnfpg
yfn]sL lyOg\ . Toltv]/ pgsf] ;kgf eg] 7"n} lyof] . cfsfzdf p8\g], 3'dfpg] s';L{df
a:g] ;kgf ;Fufn]sL ;'ldqfn] kl/l:yltsf] sf/0f 6]Dkf] rfns aGg'k/]sf] lyof] .
Tolta]nf pgsf kl/jf/df g}/fZotf klg 5fPsf] lyof] t/ clxn] cfP/ pgsf]
nugzLntf, hfFu/ / cfTdljZjf;sf] sf/0f Tof] ;kgf k"/f x'Fb} 5 .
@)%% ;fndf g]kfndf g} klxnf] 6]Dkf] 8«fOleª :s'n vf]n]/ !$ hgf u/La
tyf c;xfo dlxnfnfO{ ;jf/Lrfns tflnd lbPsL lyOg\ ;'ldqfn] . pgn] clxn];Dd
!% ;o eGbf a9L dlxnfnfO{ o:tf] tflnd lbO;s]sL l5g\ . pgn] tflnd lbPsf
dlxnfx¿ clxn] sf7df8f}Fnufot cGo ;x/sf ;8sx¿df 6]Dkf] rfnssf ¿kdf
:yflkt eO;s]sf 5g\ . pgL eg] clxn] ;Dk"0f{ dlxnf 6]Dkf] rfnsx¿sf] k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t
ag]sL l5g\ . t/ pgsf] k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t eg] pgsf] cfkm\g} ;ª\3if{ xf] eGg klg pgL kl5
klb{gg\ .
34
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
dlxnfn] klg cfF6, w}o{ / nugzLn eP/ nfUg] xf] eg] jf:tjdf k'?ifn] h:t} jf k'?ifn]
eGbf klg a9L sfo{ ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ ;'ldqfn] b]vfOlbPsL l5g\ . pgn] cfkm\gf]
dxTjfsfª\IffnfO{ k"/f ug{ w]/} ldlxg]t ug'{ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . !! jif{ cufl8b]lv pgn]
6]Dkf] rnfP/ hLljsf ub}{ / lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{ ub}{ clxn] kfOn6 h:tf] pRr Jofj;flos
If]qdf nfUg cfF6\g' eg]sf] rfgr'g] s'/f xf]Og . pgL jf:tjd} ;a} dlxnfsf nflu
k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t aGg ;s]sL l5g\ . k'?ifk|wfg ;dfh eg]/ lrlgg] o; ;dfhdf pgnfO{
dfly p7fpg eg] km]l/ k'?ifs} xft /x]sf] klg cg'ej pgL;Fu 5 . pgn] cfkm\gf] o:tf]
dxTjfsfª\IffnfO{ k"/f ug{ g]kfnd} :yfkgf ePsf] lzjfgL Po/af6 ;}4flGts /
Jofjxfl/s 1fg lnFb} l5g\ . o;sf nflu nfUg] s'n @& nfv ?k}ofF dWo] pgn] ! nfv
?k}ofF a'emfO;s]sL l5g\ . afFsL /sdsf] nflu pgn] ;/sf/ / ljleGg bftfx¿nfO{
cfu|xcg'/f]w u/L/x]sL l5g\ .
clwsf/ glbP/ jf df}sf pknAw gu/fOPsfn] dlxnf kl5 k/]sf x'g\ eGg]
cfjfh ;8sel/ c;/Nn 5l/Psf] kfOG5 . t/ cfF6, c7f]6, ldlxg]t / nugzLntfnfO{
Ps};fy x'sf{pg] xf] eg] lbPsf] clwsf/df dfq afRb}gg dlxnf klg . k'?ifk|wfg
;dfhnfO{ r'gf}lt lb+b} k|]/0ff / ;fx;sL pbfx/0f ag]sL l5g\ ;'ldqf . dfgj l;lh{t
s'g} klg sfd dlxnfn] klg k'?if;/x g} ug{ ;S5g\ olb pgLx¿df ;'ldqfsf] h:t}
c7f]6 / Tofu ePdf . pgsf] of] ;ª\3if{ / c7f]6nfO{ ;nfd . kfOn6 aGg] ;kgf k"/f
xf]cf];, z'esfdgf Û
!(= hl8a'6Ln] agfof] nvklt
s'g} klg jg:klt cf}ifwL gnfUg] xF'b}g . cem g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL / ef}uf]lns
jgf]6 olt ;'xfpFbf] 5 ls lxdfn b]lv t/fO{;Dd pTkfbg x'g] x/]s k|sf/sf hl8a'6L
oxfF kfOG5g\ . cfkm";Fu ePsf] hldgdf hl8a'6Lsf] pTkfbg u/]/ klg cfly{s pkfh{g
ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ufpF3/s} kfvf kv]/f jf jghª\undf kfOg] ltg} hl8a'6Lsf] Jofkf/
u/]/ klg cfly{s x}l;ot a9fpg ;lsG5 . b]j:yn uflj;–(, ;NnLahf/ ;Nofgsf $%
jifL{o l8NnL l;+xn] cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLsf] Ps dfq ;|f]t hl8a'6L Joj;fonfO{ agfpg
;kmn ePsf 5g\ . hl8a'6L Joj;foaf6} pgL clxn] To; If]qsf] rlr{t Jofkf/L ag]sf
5g\ . pgn] cGo b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'af6 eGbf o;} Joj;fodf a9L cfo x'g] b]v]kl5
o;tkm{ nfu]sf x'g\ . kfFr hgfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ /fd|};Fu kfNg ;s]sf5g\ oxL Joj;foaf6 .
pgL hl8a'6Lsf] v]tL jf pTkfbg eg] ub}{gg\ t/ hl8a'6Lsf] vl/b u5{g\ / To;nfO{
a]Rg] sfd ub{5g\ . o; Joj;fodf pgn] jflif{s $÷% nfvsf] sf/f]af/ u5{g\ eg] !÷@
35
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
nfv ?k}ofFhlt cfDbfgL klg u5{g\ . o;df hlt a9L nufgL uØf] Tolt g} a9L kmfObf
x'g] klg pgsf] cg'ej 5 .
pgn] o; Joj;fodf ;do, lr/fOtf], l6Dd'/, em\ofª, sfnLu]8L,cb'jf,

h6fd;L cflb vl/b laqmL| u/L/x]sf 5g\ . pgn] pQm hl8a'6Lx¿ :yfgLo tyf h'Dnf,
hfh/sf]6, x'Dnfsf :yfgLoaf;Laf6 vl/b ub{5g\ . pgn] ljqmL u/]sf hl8a'6Lx¿
g]kfnu~h x'Fb} ef/ttkm{ nfg] u/LG5 . pgL hl8a'6Lsf cnfjf cGo ;fdfgx¿ klg
ljqmL ub{5g\ . t/ pgnfO{ oxL hl8a'6Lsf] vl/b ljqmLaf6} a9L nfe ePsf] cg'ej 5 .
hflu/sf] ljsNk w]/} 5g\ . To;df klg g]kfndf kfOg] hl8a'6L ljlzi6 k|sf/sf 5g\
h;nfO{ cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo ¿kdf kfOg]
hl8a'6Lsf] Jofkf/n] :yfgLo hgtf / :jo+ o;sf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ b'a}y/LnfO{ k|z:t
kmfObf k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 .
g]kfndf kfOg] ljleGg jg:klt tyf hl8a'6Lx¿ cf}ifwL jf cGo o:t}

k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]udf NofOG5 . logLx¿sf] ahf/ Tolt Jojl:yt 5}g . hl8a'6L
Joj;fonfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg ;lsof] eg] o;n] :yfgLo e]usf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/
psf:g d2t k'–ØfpF5 . g]kfndf kfOg] hl8a'6Lsf] /fd|/L klxrfg u/L / ltgsf]
Jofj;flos v]tL l5§}g} ;'? ug{ ;lsPdf b]zn] cem a9L kmfObf lng ;S5 .
@)= C0fn] pBdL agfof]
sflnsf]6 dfGdsf s[i0f rf}nfufOFnfO{ cfkm\gf] hLjgdf PskN6 lnPsf] C0fn]

Ps ;kmn ko{6g pBdLsf] ¿kdf lrgfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . tTsfnLg ;dodf
sflnsf]6 ;a}eGbf a9L åGå x'g] / lx+;fu|:t 7fpF lyof] . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf ToxfF
ePsf hlt klg Jofkf/ Joj;fox¿ lyP, tL ;a} g} knfog x'Fb} lyP . o:t}df s[i0fn]
s]xL gofF ;f]Rg'k¥of] / s]xL c¿eGbf km/s x'g'k¥of] eGg] 7fg]/ ;f]xL lx+;fu|:t 7fpFdf
g} pBdL aGg] rfxgf / b[9 ;ª\sNk /fv] . To:tf] ;ª\s6sf] ;dodf klg s[lif lasf;
a}+ssf] dfGd pkzfvfaf6 @ nfv ?k}ofF C0f sf9]/ cfkm\g} 3/df XjfO6 u]:6 xfp;
gfd /fv]/ Pp6f u]i6 xfp; ;~rfngdf NofP . clxn] of] u]:6 xfp; sflnsf]6 el/g}
rlr{t 5 . ;ª\s6sf] 3l8df cfkm"n] /ut–kl;gf aufP/ 78\ØfPsf] XjfO6 u]:6 xfp;
b]vfpg kfpFbf pgL Psbd} xlif{t x'G5g\ . ;ª\s6sf] ;dodf sflnsf]6 hfg] b]zL–ljb]zL
;ª\3 ;+:yfsf ;a}h;f] JolQmx¿ pgs} xf]6ndf vfg] a:g] ub{y], lsgls pQm ;dodf
36
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
pgsf] Tof] xf]6n Psdfq To:tf] xf]6n lyof], hxfF zf}rfno / jfy?dsf] pkof]u ug{
kfOGYof] .
pgn] cfkm\gf] u]:6 xfp;sf] !) j6f sf]7fnfO{ k|ltsf]7f # ;o ?k}ofFsf b/n]

lbG5g\ eg] ?= &% df nf]sn /ftf] rfdn / lh/f–dl;gf rfdnsf] eft l3p;lxt vfg
lbG5g\ . xf]6ndf pgnfO{ pgsL >LdtL, 5f]/Lx¿ / sfdbf/x¿n] lbg/ft ;xof]u
u/L/x]sf x'G5g\ .
Jofj;flos ;Lk / l56f] ;DaGw a9fpg ;Sg] vfnsf rf}nfufO{Fn] cl3Nnf

lbgx¿df y'k|} c;kmntfx¿ klg Joxf]/]sf lyP . kmf]6f]skL k;n, kmf]6f] :6'l8of], ld7fO{
k;n cflbdf pgnfO{ vf;} ;kmntf k|fKt x'g ;s]g . t/ klg pgnfO{ x/]s pBdLn]
;'¿sf lbgx¿df 7Ss/ vfPsf] pbfx/0fx¿ yfxf lyof] . clg tL pBdLx¿n] 7Ss/af6
kf7 l;s]/ ;kmn ePsf] pbfx/0fx¿ klg kQf nufPsf lyP . o;} cg'?k pgn]
dfGddf ;'ljwfo'Qm xf]6nsf] sdL b]v]/ a}ª\saf6 C0f} sf9]/ ePklg xf]6n vf]Ng] lgwf]
u/] / vf]ln5f8] . pQm xf]6nn] pgnfO{ ;'¿sf lbgb]lvg} kmfObf k'¥ofof] . lxhf]cfh
pgL ToxL xf]6nsf] k5fl8 !& sf]7fsf] tLg tNn] 3/ agfO{ cem Joj;fo j[l4 ug]{
t/v/df 5g\ .
pgn] u/]sf] Joj;foaf6 s] klg :ki6 x'G5 eg] jf:tjdf Joj;fodf hlt
a9L hf]lvd 5 Tolt g} w]/} kmfObf klg . pgn] ;ª\s6sfnsf] ;do, ljs6 lhNnfdf
Tof] klg C0f lnP/ cfkm"n] cfF6]sf] Joj;fonfO{ ;kmn agfO{ 5f8] . cflv/ of] ;a}
pgsf] sfd ug]{ hfFu/ / nugzLntfn] g} ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
s[i0fsf] ;kmntfkl5 pgsf] gf}nf] / pBdzLn ;f]rsf] hlt 7"nf] xft 5, Tolt
g} 7"nf] xft 5 s[lif lasf; a}ª\ssf] . ;ª\s6sfnsf] ;dodf Jofkf/ tndfly x'Fbf klg
g pgn] a}ª\ssf] ;fy 5f]8] g t a}ª\sn] pgsf] ;fy g} . ;+;f/e/ ;kmn pBdLsf kl5
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] bx|f] xft x'G5 . g]kfndf klg rf}nfufOF h:t} sof}+ ;kmn pBdL /
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] c6'6 ;DaGwn] pQm ;+:yf / pBdLnfO{ Ps csf{sf] kl/k"/s agfpg
d2t ul//x]sf] 5 . ;xL ;dodf ;xL ljrf/ clg C0fsf] ;xL ;b'kof]un] b[9 c7f]6nfO{
k"/f u/fpg an k|bfg ub{5 .
37
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
@!= ko{6g Joj;fodf r]kfª ;d'bfo
lrtjg zlQmvf]/sf lk5l8Psf elgPsf r]kfª ;d'bfosf s]xL h'emf¿

o'jfx¿ ldn]/ r]kfª ;+3 ;:yfdfkm{t To; e]udf ko{6ssf] cfs{ifs uGtJo:yn
agfpg nfluk/]sf 5g\ . o; cleofgnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ :yfgLo r]kfª ;+3;+:yf ldn]/
ufp“sf ;+:s[lt / ko{6g:ynsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ u/L/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] u/]sf] o;
sfo{af6 :yfgLo r]kfª ;d'bfosf kl/jf/x¿sf] cfodf klg j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . r]kfªsf]
a;f]af; cTolws /x]sf] b'u{d kxf8L If]q sf]/fs, l;4L, zlQmvf]/ / sfpn] uflj;nfO{
ko{6g ufp“ 3f]if0ff u/L ;+:s[[ltsf] k|rf/ cleofgnfO{ logLx¿n] cufl8 a9fO/x]sf 5g\ .
o;sf cnfjf logLx¿n] ko{6s leœofpg rf/ ufp“nfO{ ;d]6]/ k}bn dfu{ lgdf{0f klg
u/]sf 5g . of] k}bn dfu{af6 l;/fOr'nLaf6 ;"of{]bosf] b[Zo, lxdfnsf] cjnf]sg, tLg
;o jif{ k"/fgf] pk{bfªu9L, r]kfª ;ªu|xfno, emgf{, u'kmf nufotsf 7fp“ b]Vg kfOG5 .
Tolt dfq xf]Og r]kfª ;d'bfon] oxfF cfpg] ko{6snfO{ cfslif{t agfpg / ;+:s[lt
hu]gf{ ug{ r]kfª ;ª\u|xfno;d]t lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g . r]kfª hfltsf] af/]df hfGg /
a'em\g jf cWoog ug]{ rfxgf ePsf hf]sf]xLsf] nflu klg pgLx¿n] agfPsf] of]
;ª\u|xfnon] d2t u5{ . logLx¿ cfkm\gf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljZj;fd' lrgfpg ToxfF lelqg]
ko{6sx¿nfO{ n'lDagL uGtJo:ynsf] af/]df ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fpFb5g\ .
cfkm\gf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ cem a9L lrgfpg pgLx¿n] agfPsf] ;Fu|xfnodf

pgLx¿åf/f g} lgld{t v'k{]6f], 9lsof, 38L nufotsf ;fdfgx¿ /flvPsf] 5 . To;sf
cnfjf aflaof] / s]/fsf nf]qfaf6 tof/ u/LPsf rs6L, k|m]d, emf]nf, 9SsLnufotsf
3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿ klg ;Fu|xfnodf /flvPsf 5g\ . o:tf] sfo{n] pgLx¿sf]
;[hgzLntf / sfd ug]{ Ifdtfsf] af/]df klg 5n{ª\u kf5{ .
dflg;df /x]sf hfFu/, Ifdtf / ;[hgzLntfnfO{ olb phfu/ ug{ ;lsof] eg]
w]/} s'/f k|fKt x'G5 eGg] s'/f lrtjg zlQmvf]/sf r]kfª ;d'bfon] b]vfOlbPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf ko{6g pBf]usf] clt g} ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} w]/} sfdx¿ ug{ g;ls/x]sf] clxn]sf]
o; kl/l:yltdf r]kfª hfltn] cfkm\gf] 7fpFaf6 lgSs} 7"nf] sfo{ u/L/x]sf 5g\ . o;
sfo{n] c¿nfO{ klg k|]l/t ug'{ kg]{ xf] . xfd|f] b]zsf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{nfO{ /fd|/L pkof]u
ug{sf nflu of]hgfa4 9ª\un] :yfgLo :t/sf hgtfx¿sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfnfO{ k|d'v
cfwf/ agfP/ u|fdL0f jf cfGtl/s ko{6gnfO{ klg ;Fu;Fu} nfg ;lsG5 .
r]kfª hfltnfO{ xfd|f] b]zdf lk5l8Psf] ju{ eg]/ ;"rLs[t u/]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf r]kfª hfltx¿sf] jfx'Notf /x]sf lrtjg zlQmvf]/sf r]kfª ;d'bfosf
JolQmx¿ cfkm\gf] hfltsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljZj;fd' lrgfpg] / ;fy;fy} ko{6sx¿af6}
38
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
cfDbfgL ug]{ sfo{df nflu/x]sf 5g\ . ko{6sx¿nfO{ o;/L leq\ofpFbf Psflt/ To;
e]udf /x]sf cGo Joj;fox¿ klg km:6fpg] eof] eg] csf]{lt/ pgLx¿sf] nflu
/f]huf/Lsf] klg ;[hgf eof] .
@@= gf}nf] hf]tfO{
Ko'7fg d/G7gf lgjf;L lbgaxfb'/ lh;Ln] crDd} nfUg] u/L Pp6} uf]¿af6
klg cfkm\gf] v]taf/L hf]Tg ;lsg] gf}nf] tl/sfsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] pgn]
Pp6f dfq} uf]¿nfO{ nfUg] h'jf / xnf] ;d]t tof/ u/]sf 5g\ . ufpF tyf kxf8sf
v]taf/Lsf u/fx¿ ;fF3'/f tyf ;'sf{ k/]sf x'G5g\ . ToxfF @ j6f uf]¿af6 hf]Tg ufx|f]
x'G5 cem sltko 7fpFdf t ldNb}ldNb}g . ljz]ifu/L To:tf] ;fgf] u/f tyf ;fgf ;fgf
;'sf{ x'g] 7fpFsf] nflu of] tl/sf j/bfg g} ;fljt ePsf] 5 . pgn] agfPsf] of] gf}nf]
tl/sfdf pgn] cfkm\g} >LdltnfO{ xnLsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u5{g\ . g]kfndf dlxnfn] xnf]
hf]Tg' x'Gg eGg] k"/fgf] ?l9afbL dfGotfnfO{ ;d]t pgn] kG5fPsf 5g\ . pgn] of]
k|ljlwnfO{ cfkm" cWoIf /x]sf] ;+:yf hgk|Lo ;fd'bflos ljsf; s]Gb|åf/f klxnf]kN6
;fj{hlgs u/]sf lyP . h;df pgn] cfkm\g} >LdtLnfO{ xnL agfP/ v]t hf]Tg nufPsf
lyP . To; k|bz{gLdf pkl:yt ;a}hgf pgsf] of] r'gf}tLk"0f{ k|ljlwaf6 crlDdt ePsf
lyP .
lh;L :jo+ cfkm\g} af/Ldf o;}u/L hf]Tb} cfO/fv]sf 5g\ . pgsf] of] /fd|f]
sfObf b]v]/ cGo ufpFn]n] ;d]t cfkm\gf] v]taf/L Pp6} dfq} uf]¿ nufO{ hf]Tg] u5{g\ .
ljb]zdf Pp6} uf]¿af6 hf]Tg] sfd u/LG5 eg]/ 6]lnlehg dfkm{t yfxf kfPsf lh;Ln]
klg cfkm}Fn] of] s'/f k|of]udf NofO{ ;kmn klg eP . pgsf] yk p2]Zo eg]sf] pgsf]
o:tf] sfo{dfkm{t grflxFbf] k/Dk/fnfO{ tf]8]/ cfkm\gf] ufpFnfO{ gd'gf ufpFsf] ¿kdf
ljsf; ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu pgn] ;a};Fu ;xof]usf ck]Iff klg /fv]sf 5g\ .
dflg;nfO{ cl3a9fpg ;Lk p;};+Fu x'G5 . s;}n] s]xL u/Llbg' kg]{ eGg]]
dfGotfdf x's{g l;s]sf xfdLx¿ cfkm}+n] s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ;f]Rg ;do lb+b}gf} . t/
yf]/} klg l;h{gzLn ljrf/nfO{ ;lqmo agfpg] xf] eg] xfdLn] ug]{ x/]s sfdnfO{
:yfgLo ?kdfg} ;/n / l56f] agfpg ;S5f}+ . To;}n] s[lif If]qsf] nflu lh;Ln] u/]sf]
sfo{ ;fFRr} g} cg's/0fLo 5 . pgn] g]kfndf w]/} jif{cl3 b]lvsf] k/Dk/fut s[lifsf]
dfGotfnfO{ unt ;fljt u/LlbPsf 5g\ . s[lif If]qsf] nflu of] gf}nf] k|ljlw c¿n] klg
k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ .
39
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
@#= ux'Fsf 5jfnLsf]

\jfnLsf] syf
jfnL
ux'Fsf 5\jfnLx¿ v]taf/Ldf sfd gnfUg] eg]/ To;} v]/ kmfNg] u/LG5 . t/
kfj{tL / nIdL eg] To;}df cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL x'g] b]Vb5g\ / a6'Ng yflnxfN5g\ . cfkm\gf]
km';{bsf] ;do v]/ gkmfnLsg pgLx¿ k|foh;f] ;do ToxL pBf]udf g} Jo:t b]lvG5g\ .
kf]v/f cr{nfaf]6sf s]xL pT;fxL dlxnfx¿n] s]xL ;do cl3 ux'Fsf d'gf 5\jfnLaf6
ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿ agfP/ Ps s'l6/ pBf]u ;'? u/]sf lyP . o; pBf]uaf6
pgLx¿ cfkm}F} 3/vr{ rnfpg ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ . Tolt dfq} xf]Og pBf]uaf6 dfl;s @
b]lv # xhf/ ;Dd cfDbfgL u/L 3'dlkm/ ug]{ / gofF ;Lk l;Sg] ;d]t ub{5g\ .
pgLx¿n] o:tf] 3/]n' pBf]usf] sfObf :yfgLo jof]j[4f ;'snIdL zfSoaf6 l;sf] u/]sf
x'g\ . pgLx¿n] o;sf nflu sd'gf 5\jfnL x:tsnf pBf]u rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿
ux'Fsf sfd gnfUg] d'gf 5\jfnL a6'n]/ ljleGg k|sf/sf 6f]s/L, udnf, rs6L, Jofu,
af:s]6, l6 Dof6, 6«], j]:6k]k/ jS;, klqsf 8fnf], udnf, k|m'6 af:s]6, 9lsof cflb
tof/ kf5{g\ . o; pBf]udf kfj{tL lh;L / nIdL lh;L tNnLg 5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] of] pBf]u @)^) ;fndf ;fs{ ;lrjfnon] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] If]qLo
u/LaL k|f]kmfOndf gd'gf sfo{qmdcGt{ut ;dfj]z ePsf] lyof] . pgLx¿sf] of] pBf]u
…dlxnfn] klg u/]/ b]vfpg ;S5g\Ú eGg] zLif{sdf ;d]l6Psf] xf] . ;fs{n] dlxnfn] u/]sf]
pBd / pT;fxnfO{ cg's/0fLo agfpg of] pBf]unfO{ 5gf}6 u/]sf] xf] . o; pBf]u
;fs{df dfq} xf]Og of]hgf cfof]u, Go' P/f, cfO{cfO{8LPkmn] ;d]t cfkmg\f] gd'gf
sfo{qmdsf nflu 5gf}6 u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] of] pBf]u ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf;
sfo{qmdn] lgsfn]sf] ;kmn sfo{qmdsf] k'l:tsfcg';f/ 5gf}6df k/]sf] xf] . pgLx¿sf]
of] d'gf 5\jfnLsf] pBf]unfO{ w]/} b]zL ljb]zL ;+:yfx¿n] k|fyldstfsf ;fy x]/]sf 5g\ .
o:tf] x:tsnfsf ;fdfgx¿ ljb]zdf ;d]t k'u]sf]df pgLx¿ cfkm" ;kmn ePsf]
7fGb5g\ . x:tsnf k|a4g ug]{ sfo{sf nflu ufpF gu/ ;fem]bf/Ln] kfFr jif{cl3
pgLx¿nfO{ @% xhf/ ?k}ofF C0f lbPsf] lyof] . pQm C0f klg pgLx¿n] r'Stf u/L;s] .
kf]v/fd} o:tf x:tsnfsf ;fdu|Lx¿ jflif{s¿kdf @ ÷# nfvsf] ljqmL x'G5

/ o;df em08} @)) hlt dlxnfx¿ ;+nUg klg 5g\ . o; lx;fan] klg o; pBf]un]
/f]huf/Lsf] /fd|f] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] 5 . cem s]xL u/f}+ eGg] dlxnfx¿sf] nflu of] ;fFRr}
g} Ps /fd|f] pBf]u xf] . nufgL klg yf]/} eP k'Ug], yf]/} ;dosf] tflnd kZrft klg ;'?
ug{ ;lsg] / 3/]n' pBf]us} ¿kdf rnfpg ;lsg] of] pBf]u ljz]if u/L u|fdL0f e]usf
dlxnfx¿sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . cfkm\g} v]taf/Laf6 lg:s]sf] k/fn jf ux'Fsf]
5\jfnLnfO{ Jojl:yt 9ª\un] ;ª\sng u/L of] pBf]u ;'? ug{ ;lsG5 . Toltn] dfq}
gk'u]df c¿sf] v]taf/Laf6 klg 5\jfnLx¿ ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsG5 .
40
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
dlxnfsf] sfd s]xL x'+b}g eGg]x¿sf] d'vdf a'hf] nufOlbPsf d'gf 5\jfnLsf]
pBf]unfO{ gd'gf sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf dfq} /fVg] xf] eg] of] hxLF+sf] txLF+ /xG5 . kf]v/fsf
kfj{tL / nIdL lh;Ln] ;'? u/]sf] of] s'l6/ pBf]unfO{ Jofj;flos ¿kdf cufl8
a9fpg'kg]{ h?/L 5 . pgLx¿sf] cg'ejdf klg Jofj;flos ¿kdf of] pBf]unfO{ cl3
a9fpg cfly{s sl7gfO{ k|d'v xf] . o; pBf]udf ahf/sf] klg ;d:of 5}g . pgLx¿n]
a'g]s} 7fpFaf6 pQm ;fdfgx¿ ljs|L x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
@$= ?b|fIf v]tL
b'u{d ufpFdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] 3/df ;f]nf/ /fVg], /ª\uLg 6]lnlehg
lsGg], ynfdf l;ª 3'd]sf u'Fh/ftL eO+;L lsGg] nufotsf ;kgf k"/f ug{ slt pTkbfg
ug'{ knf{ < t/ oL / o:t} y'k|} ;kgf k"/f ug{ jif{el/sf] pTkfbg rflx+b}g Ps u]8f] g}
sfkmL 5 eGg] ;'Gbf crDd nfUb5 . of] crDdnfO{ oyfy{df kl/0ft u/]sf5g\ ef]hk'/
d'nkfgL uflj;sf w]/}h;f] s[ifsx¿n] . pgLx¿sf] of] ;kgf k"/f u/fpg] dxFuf] u]8f
?b|fIfsf] xf] . ?b|fIfsf] d"No / pkof]lutfnfO{ a'em]/ d'nkfgL uflj;sf hgtfx¿
lbnf]Hofg lbP/ cGo afnLsf] ;f6f] ?b|fIf v]tLdf nfu]sf5g\ . cGo afnLdf eGbf sd
ldlxg]t kg]{ / w]/} u'0ff a9L cfDbfgL x'g] b]v]kl5 To; e]usf s[ifsx¿ ?b|fIf v]tLtkm{
cfs{lift ePsf x'g\ .
d'nkfgLsf ls;fgx¿sf] ;kgf k"/f ug]{dfq xf]Og sf7df8f} h:tf] dxFuf]

;x/df w]/}n] o;} ?b|fIf v]tLaf6 g} 3/ 38]/L lslg;s]sf 5g\ . To; e]usf clwsf+z
JolQmx¿ ?b|fIf a]r]s} e/df wgL ePsf 5g\ . of] If]q ?b|fIf Jofkf/sf nflu b]z
ljb]zd} rlr{t 5 . d'nkfgL uflj;sf] lrp/Laf]6], cfFk6f/L a8x/], pbok'/ / To:t}
o;sf] l5d]sL uflj; s]p/]gLkfgL, g]kfn]8fF8f, s'n'ª, rf}sL8fF8f uflj;x¿df ?b|fIfsf]
af]6 n6/Dd} b]Vg ;lsG5 . o; If]qsf w]/} s[ifsx¿n] cGo v]tL ug}{ 5f8]/ cfkm\gf]
hUufdf ?b|fIfsf] ;of}+ af]6 /f]k]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f]sf] cg'ejdf @) /f]kgL
hUufsf] eGbf Pp6} ?vaf6 kmn]sf] ! bfgf ?b|fIfaf6 ;of}+ u'0ff a9L cfDbfgL x'g;S5 .
To;}n] klg ToxfFsf s[ifsx¿ cfkm\gf] hUufdf ds} sf]bf] /f]Kg'sf] ;f6f] ?b|fIfsf] ?v g}
/f]Kg] u5{g\ . o; If]qdf sltko JolQmx¿sf] ;fgf] ;fgf] ?b|fIfsf] hª\un g} 5 . Tolt
geP k|To]ssf] 3/df !% b]lv @) j6f o:tf ?b|fIfsf ¿vx¿ 5g\ . lbªnf If]qdf
41
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
o;sf] Jofkf/ al9h;f] ;fpgb]lv k';;Dd a9L x'g] ub{5 . t/ klg o;sf] Jofkf/ eg]
k"/} jif{el/ g} eO/xG5 .
oxfF ?b|fIfsf] efp olt g} k5{ eGg] 5}g . h;n] a9L k};f lbg ;Sof] p;}n]
of] ?b|fIf n}hfG5 . ljz]if u/L oxfF ?b|fIf vl/b ug{ sf7df8f}F nufot ef/t,
cd]l/sfb]lvsf dfG5]x¿ cfpFb5g\ . nfvf}+ ?k}ofFdf laSg] ?b|fIf a9L h;f] ef/tsfn]
vl/b u5{g\ . ?b|fIfdf hlt a9L d'v eof] Tolt g} a9L df]n kg{ hfG5 . Pp6f ;fdfGo
?b|fIfsf] bfgfsf] df]n $ nfv ?k}ofFhlt k5{ eg] !$ d'v eGbf a9L ePsf] ?b|fIfsf] !!
b]lv !$ nfv ?k}ofF ;Dd klg efp hfG5 . To;}u/L tLgj6f hf]l8Psf] uf}/Lzª\s/ /
b'O{j6f bfgf hf]l8Psf] Hjfnfsf] efp t emg w]/} 5 . eujfg lzjhLsf] uxgf dflgPsf]
?b|fIfsf] vl/bstf{ eg] ef/ts} ;w}F' tyf ;DkGg 3/fgfsf JolQmx¿ a9L dfqfdf k5{g\ .
o; e]usf ljBfyL{x¿ ;d]t ljBfno guO{sg} oxL ?b|fIf Jofkf/df jl9 ;+nUg x'G5g\ .
?b|fIfsf] l;hgdf t logLx¿;Fu k|To]ssf] uf]hLdf 6Gg} k};f x'G5 .
To:t} ef]hk'/sf cGo 7fpFdf klg ?b|fIfsf af]6x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . t/ To;
e]usf afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ o;sf] dxTj yfxf gePsfn] pgLx¿ o; v]tLdf Tolt rf;f]
/fv]sf] e]l6+b}g .
wfld{s cf:yf;+Fu hf]l8P/ dxTj a9]sf] ?b|fIf j}1flgs sf/0fn] klg d"Nojfg
5 . oxL dxTjnfO{ a'em]/ o;sf] v]tLsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ xfjfkfgL ePsf] :yfgsf
hgtnfn] ?b|fIfsf] pTkfbgnfO{ Jofj;flos agfpg] xf] eg] ;fdfGo JolQm klg ;lhn}
wgL aGg ;S5 . To;}n] g]kfndf ?b|fIfsf] v]tL / o;n] ug{ ;Sg] 7"nf] cfly{s
k|ultnfO{ dfkg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o;sf] v]tLn] jf:tjdf w]/} hgtfsf] cfly{s k|ult x'g]
b]lvG5 . o:tf] v]tL ef]hk'/ / o;sf cf;kf;sf ufFpx¿dfdf dfq} ;Lldt 5 . o;nfO{
Jofj;flos ?k lbP/ Jojl:yt 9ª\uaf6 Jofks ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsof] eg]
o;n] 7"n} cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] s'/f ToxfFsf :yfgLojf;Lx¿n] u/]sf] cfly{s
k|ultaf6 5n{Ë x'G5 . o:tf] v]tLnfO{ cGo pTkfbgdf s'g} c;/ gkg]{ u/Lsg
;~rfngdf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
42
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
@%= :j/f]huf/df /dfpF

/dfpbf
F bf
k'vf{n] ub}{ cfPsf] k];f eg]/ kl/jf/ kfNg g} wf} wf} k5{ eg] ljsNksf] vf]hL
ug'{ knfog x'g' xf]Og a¿ ;do cg';f/ rNg l;s]sf] x'g]5 . gjnk/f;L u}+8fsf]6
cfbz{ uflj;–@ sf u0f]z af]6] ;docg';f/ rNg] pbfx/0fLo JolQm ag]sf 5g\ . pgL
clxn] cfkm\gf] k'Vof}{nL df5f dfg]{ k];f 5f8]/ afF;sf] ljleGg ;/;fdfg agfpg] k];fdf
nfu]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] k'Vof}{nL k];frflxF gf/fo0fL gbLdf df5f dfg'{ xf] . o:tf]
k];faf6 pgLx¿nfO{ b'O{ 5fs vfg klg ufx|f] x'g] ePsfn]] logsf] kl/jf/} clxn] of]
afF;sf ;/;fdfg agfpg] k];fdf ;+nUg ePsf x'g\ .
hfn of aN5Ldf df5f knf{ / ;fFem ljxfgsf] 5fs 6fg{ ;lsPnf eg]/
gbLlsgf/df ?ª\g'eGbf gof / gf}nf] of] sfddf kl/jf/sf cf7}hgf ;b:ox¿ /dfpg
;s]sf5g\ . pgsf] kl/jf/sf ;a}hgf ;b:ox¿ clxn] oxL k];fdf lbge/ Jo:t
eO/xG5g\ . afF; hDdf kfg'{, v's{g', To;nfO{ ldnfP/ 7f]s7fs kfg'{ clg ljleGg
k|sf/sf ¥ofsx¿ agfpg' / To;nfO{ nu]/ ljqmL ug'{ pgLx¿sf] lbgrof{ xf] .
o;sfnflu pgn] gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/df ;fgf] a]tafF;sf] 6f]s/L pBf]u ;~rfng
u/L/x]sf 5g\ . pgL o;sfnflu laxfgsf] sfd ;s]/ lrtjgsf] wd{rf]s,
o1k'/Lnufotsf 7fpFdf afF; vl/b ug{ hfG5g\ . lsg]/ NofPsf] afF;n] @÷# lbgnfO{
dfq sfd ug{ k'Ub5 . pgsf] 3/sf ;a} ;b:o ldn]/ sfd ubf{ k|To]s lbgdf pgLx¿n]
@) j6f hlt ¥ofsx¿ lgdf{0f ub{5g\ . h;df Pp6f ¥ofssf] d"No ^) b]lv ^% ?k}ofF
kb{5 . o; lx;fan] klg pgLx¿n] o; pBf]uaf6 lbgsf] !))) b]lv !@)) ?k}ofF;Dd
sdfpg ;S5g\ .
o; pBf]uaf6 pgLx¿sf] * hgfsf] kl/jf/ /fd|};Fu kflnPsf dfq} 5}gg\ ;a}

;b:on] cfkm\g} sfd;d]t ug{ kfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cfly{s cj:yf klg ;'lw|Psf] 5 .
df5f dfg]{ k'Vof}{nL k];fdf eGbf a9L cfDbfgL / OHht sdfPsf] cg'ej klg
logLx¿;Fu 5 . pgLx¿sf]] o:tf] pBf]u clxn] To; e]usf cGo af]6] kl/jf/sf] nflu
klg cfs{if0fsf] pBf]u ag]sf] 5 . pgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f] clxn] cfkm\gf] k'Vof}{nL k];f 5fl8
a]tafF;sf] ;/;fdfg agfpg] pBf]udf /dfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ ToxfF ePsf
af]6] kl/jf/x¿sf] cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/ cfO/x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿n] agfPsf] ;fdfgn]
/fd|} ahf/ kfpg ;s]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ ahf/ vf]Hg] lrGtf kb}{g .
gjnk/f;Lsf af]6] kl/jf/n] cfkm\gf] k'Vof}{nL k];fdf s'g} cfDbfgL / k|ult

gb]v]kl5 gofF pBf]udf cfslif{t ePsf x'g\ . g]kfndf clxn]klg y'k|} o:tf kl/jf/x¿
5g\ hf] cfkm\gf] k'Vof}}{nL k];f g} cFufNg afWo ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ dWo] w]/}h;f]sf]
43
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
k'Vof}{nL k];fdf vf;} cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs pGglt x'g] b]lvb}g . pgLx¿nfO{ klg cGo
k];f tyf pBf]u tkm{ klg cfslif{t ug{ ;s] y'k|} o:tf kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ylt dha't
x'g ;S5 . k'Vof}{nL k];f 5f]8\bf kfk nfU5 eGg] ;f]rnfO{ kmfn]/ ljsNksf af6fx¿
vf]Hg} kb{5 . xf]Og eg] c¿sf] pGglt / k|ult x]b}{ ul/jLsf] cf]/fnf] nfUg' l;jfo s]xL
pkfo x'g]5}g .
@^= u'/fF
/f;
/f F / cb'jfsf] ;j{t
nflnu'/fF; k"mn x]g{sf nflu hlt ;'Gb/ 5 Tolt g} o;sf] ;j{t dxTjk"0f{
x'G5 . To;}u/L cb'jf cfkm}+df Ps k|sf/sf] cf}ifwL xf] / o;sf] klg ;j{t :jf:Yosf]
nflu w]/} nfebfos x'G5 . gofF ;f]r / ljrf/sf wgL g]kfnL pBdLx¿n] :jb]zd} u'/fF;
/ cb'jfsf] Jofjzflos pTkfbg ;'? u/]sf5g\ . ToxL sfd s'g} ljb]zdf eof] jf
:jb]zd} klg ljb]zLn] u/]sf eP v'a} k|rf/ k|;f/ u/Lg] t/ g]kfnLn] g} u/]sf eP
jf:tf gug]{ kl/kf6L xfjL ePsfn] ] klg x'g;Sb5, o;/L pTkfbg u/LPsf] :jf:Yo
a4{s ;j{tn] ahf/sf] vf]hLdf ef}+tfl/g' k/]sf] 5 .
kfNkf / 88]Nw'/fdf nfnLu'“/f; / cb'jfsf]sf] ;j{t pTkfbg u/Lg yflnPsf] 5 .

88]Nw'/fsf] cd/u9L $, cd/u9L %, au/sf]6, cl;u|fd u/L rf/ ;fd'bflos pkef]Qmf
dxf;+3n] nfnLu'F/f;sf] ;j{t pTkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . nfnLu'F/f; / cb'jfsf] ;j{t vfB
k|of]uzfnfn] hfFr u/Lsg :jf:Yoa4{s ePsf] ;d]t hgfPsf] 5 . !) xhf/ af]tn
nfnLu'F/f; ;j{t pTkfbg ubf{ sl/a cf7 nfv ?k}ofF nfut nfUb5 . ;ft ;o
ldlnln6/sf] af]tnsf] ;j{ts]f ahf/ d"No *) ?k}ofF /flvPsf] 5 . Ps lsnf]
nfnLu'/f“;sf] km"naf6 @ ln6/ ;j{t pTkfbg x'G5 . o;n] sf7df8f}Fdf /fd|f] ahf/ kfP
k|To]s jif{ ! b]lv @ s/f]8 ?k}ofF a/fa/sf] ;j{t pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}u/L ;ft
;o krf; PdPn cb'jfsf] h';sf] ;j{tnfO{ %% ?k}of“ d"No tf]lsPsf] 5 .
kfNkfsf] cb'jfsf] ;j{t / 88]Nw'/fsf] nflnu'/fF;sf] ;j{t pTkfbgnfO{

Jofj;lfos ¿k lbg ;'¿ul/P tfklg pBdLx¿ ahf/sf] vf]hLdf ef}+tfl/g' k/]sf] 5 .
x'gt cb'jfsf] ahf/ lj:tf/ ug{ u|fdL0f cfly{s ljsf; ;+3 /]8fn] ljleGg :yfgdf
ePsf k|bz{gLdf ;j{tnfO{ n}hfg] u/]sf] 5 . cb'jfsf cGo ;fdfgh:t} h';nfO{ klg
ahf/df n}hfg] k|of;df /]8fn] ;xof]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 . tfg;]g,a'6jn, kf]v/f /
gf/fo0fu9sf ;fy} sf7df8f}+df cfof]hgf ePsf ljleGg d]nfdf cb'jfsf] ;j{tnfO{
pkef]Qmfn] ?rfPkl5 Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;j{t agfpg ;'? u/LPsf] xf] . cb'jfsf] ;j{t
44
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
pTkfbgdf s;}n] ;xof]u u/]df Ps l;hgdf sDtLdf !) xhf/ af]tn;Dd pTkfbg

ug{ ;lsg] cg'ej t'naxfb'/ clwsf/Lsf] 5 . kfNkfs} eO/j:yfg uflj;sf] ef/sf]6df
tLg jif{cl3 cb'jfsf] ;j{t pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . cb'jfsf] jf:tljs dfkb08 lgwf{/0f
x'g g;Sbf o;sf] Joj;fodf ;d:of cfPsf] 5 . ahf/ kfpg] xf] eg] cb'jfs]f w'nf]
d;nf, s]G7L, crf/;“u} ;j{t ljqmL ug{ w]/} ;lhnf] x'g] lyof] . o:t} cj:yf /x]sf] 5
nflnu'/fF;sf] h'; ljqmL ug]{ jhf/sf] klg . o;sf nflu 88]Nw'/f jg pkef]Qmf
dxf;+3sf] ljt/s k|sfz ;fpb / cb'jf k|zf]wg pBf]usf ;Grfns t'naxfb'/
clwsf/L nfluk/]sf 5g\ .
cfkm\g} b]zdf pTkfbg ePsf] nflnu'F/f; / cb'jfsf] ;j{t :jf:Yoj4{ 5 .

o;/L pTkflbt j:t'n] /fd|f] ahf/ kfpg] cfzfdf 88]Nw'/f / kfNkfsf k|sfz ;fpb /
t'naxfb'/ clwsf/L nfluk/]sf 5g\ . b'j} ;j{tn] /fd|f];Fu u'0f:t/ lrGxkfpg] / ahf/
/fd|f];Fu lj:tf/ ug{] xf] eg] cGo ljb]zL ;j{t ;/xo;n] klg /fd|} cfDbfgL ug{ ;SYof]
/ o;nfO{ pBf]us} ¿kdf klg ljsf; ug{ ;lsGYof] . ljb]zdf ;d]t /fd|f] ahf/
agfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf af]s]sf oL b'j}y/L ;j{tsf] pTkfbgdf xf};fnf a9fPsf 5g\
:yfgLo JolQmx¿n] . ca ;DaGwLt lgsfon] logLx¿sf] ahf/sf] Joj:yf / lj:tf/df
yf]/} dfq Wofg lbg] xf] eg] g]kfn lrgfpg] sfd oL ;j{tx¿n] klg ug{ ;Sg]s'/fdf
b'O{dt 5}g .
45
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
@&= df5f Joj;fon] wgL agfof]
tLg bzscl3 g'jfsf]6af6 vfnL xft af]wjg cfPsf lji0f'axfb'/ yfkf

df5fkfng Joj;foaf6 s/f]8f}+sf] dflns ag]sf 5g\ . pgn] @)$) b]lv df5f kfng
Joj;fo yfn]sf lyP . kl5 ToxL df5fkfng v]tLn] pgsf] hLjg:t/df cfd"n kl/jt{g
u/Llbof] . pgn] ;'? u/]sf] of] df5fkfng cleofgn] l;“uf] jf]wjg ufp“sf] d'xf/
km]l/Psf] 5 . pgL ToxfFsf] dxfnIdL dT:o ;d"xsf cWoIf ;d]t x'g\ . cu'jf df5f
kfnssf ¿kdf lrlgPsf yfkfn] !) s7\7f hldgaf6 ;'? u/]sf] df5fkfng Joj;fo
clxn] !) lj3fdf km}lnPsf] 5 .
lrl6Ss k/]sf] ufp“df ;of} kf]v/L . kf]v/Laf6 s/f]8f}+sf] cfDbfgL . lhNnfd}

af]wjgn] …df5f ufp“Ú sf] pkgfdn] Voflt sdfPs]f 5 . df5fsf sf/0f oxfFsf ;a}
ufp“n] v';L 5g . oxfF 3/df cfpg] kfx'gfx¿nfO{ oxL df5f v'jfP/ ;Gt'i6 agfpg]
u/LG5 . c9fO{ ;o 3/ /x]s]f k/;f}gfl:yt ufp“df emG8} % ;o kf]v/L 5g\ . h'g
kf]v/Ldf uP klg df5fs} lsga]r–;d'b|L lsgf/sf dfemL a:tL h:tf] . ufp“sf] ! ;o
%) lj3fdf kf]v/L vlgPsf] 5 . h;af6 jflif{s emG8} #) xhf/ SjLG6n df5f pTkfbg
x'G5 . k|lts]hL &) ?k}ofFsf b/n] df5f laqmL| ubf{ dfq} klg oxfFsf] cfDbfgL jflif{s
s/f]8f}+ ?k}ofFsf] x'g hfG5 . cem} df5fsf] cfDbfgL jif}{lkR5] a9\b} 5 . oxfF af6f]sf]
;d:of gx'g] xf] eg] cem o;sf] bf]Aa/ t]Aa/ cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf oxfFsf
df5fkfnsx¿n] b]v]sf5g\ . af6f]sf ;d:ofsf sf/0f oxfF lxpFbdf dfq df5f lgsfNg]
u/LG5 . ufp“af6 * lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df /x]s]f dx]Gb| /fhdfu{;“u hf]8\g] sRrL af6f]nfO{
kSsL agfpg] xf] eg] jiff{Dff klg df5f lgsfn]/ a]Rg ;lsG5 .
oxL ufpFs} l;sf] ub}{ l5d]sL ufp“sf ls;fg klg kf]v/L vg]/ df5f kfNg
yfn]sf 5g\ . jf]wjg ;Fu}sf] t]tl/of ufpFdf klg o:tf y'k|} df5f kf]v/Lx¿ alg;s] .
oxfFsf jfl;Gbfx¿klg clxn] df5fkfngdf Jo:t 5g\ . oxfFsf ls;fgx¿ df5f dfq}
xf]Og e'/f klg cfkm}n] pTkfbg u5{g\ .
/fd|f] cfDbfgLsf sf/0f oxfFsf] ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kl//x]sf] 5 .

dflg;x¿ cfkm\gf 5f]/f5]f/LnfO{ plrt lzIff lbnfpg]tkm{ cu|;/ x'g yfn]sf 5g .
;x/ahf/df 3/ 38]/L lsGg yfn]sf 5g\ . oxL ufFpsf aRrfx¿sf sf/0f csf]{
glhs}sf] ufFpdf af]l8{ª :s'n klg v'n]sf] 5 . o;n] oxfFsf hgtfdf cfly{s ;Fu;Fu}
;fdflhs ljsf; klg ePsf] s'/f b]vfpFb5 . dT:okfngdf gof“ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fpb}
hfg'kg]{ clxn]sf] cem 68\sf/f] cfjZostf xf] . o;f] x'g ;Sof] eg] ToxfFsf
ls;fgx¿n] o; v]tLdf cem a9L pNn]vgLo ;kmntf kfpg ;S5g\ . pGgltsf pkfo
46
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
cg]s x'g;S5g\ . eujfg\n] lbPgg\ jf efUodf 5}g eg]/ sd{df vLof nufP/ a:bf
hlxsf] ToxL+ /lxG5 . g'jfsf]6sf oL JolQmx¿n] sd{nfO{ ltvf/] clg efUo cfkm}+n] agfP
. o:tf] sfdsf] l;sf] c¿n] klg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
@*= df}/L r/fP/} cfly{s pGglt
dsjfgk'/ nf]y/ uflj;sf t'n;L nfld5fg] cfkm\gf] ljutsf] cToGt} bogLo

cfly{s cj:yf df}/Lkfngsf] sf/0f cToGt dha't ag]sf]df uf}/jflGjt 5g\ . pgnfO{
s]xL jif{ cl3 ;Dd xftd'v hf]g{;d]t wf} wf} x'GYof] . clxn] 3'DtL df}/Lkfng Joj;fo
;'?u/]kl5 nfvf}+ ?k}ofF cfDbfgL ug{ ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ . pgL o;sf nflu & dlxgf t
cfkm\gf] lhNnfg} 5f8]/ dsjfgk'/ / ;nf{xL df}/L r/fpg hfG5g\ . pgsf] df}/Lkfngsf]
tl/sf klg crDds} 5 . h'g km"n df}/Ln] a9L dgk/fpF5 pQm km"n s'g If]qdf kfOG5
elg a'em\b} lx+8\5g\ / ToxL+ uP/ df}/L r/fpg] sfd ub{5g\ . jif{sf] % dlxgf 3/d} df}/L
/fv]/ dxsf9\5g eg] afFsL & dlxgf pgL c¿ c¿ lhNnfdf uO{ df}/L r/fpg] sfd
ub{5g\ . o;} k];faf6 jif{lbgd} $÷% nfv ?k}ofF hlt cfh{g ug{ ;S5g\ . pgsf] &
hgfsf] kl/jf/ oxL df}/L Joj;foaf6 v';L;fy afFlr/x]sf 5g\ .
lrp/Lsf] af]6 df}/Ln] c;w}Fo} dg k/fpg] ePsfn] pgL sfFs8f uflj;sf]

l;lnª]df df}/Lsf] x'n lnP/ ToxfF r/fpg hfG5g\ . lrp/Lsf] km"naf6 ag]sf] dxcToGt}
u'0f:t/Lo / /fd|f] dflgg] u/LG5 . o;df df}/L !) ldg]6df # k6s cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ub{5 .
o;af6 dxklg w]/} sf9\g ;lsg] x'G5 . l;lnª]df dfq} pgn] $ dlxgf df}/L r/fpFbf @
b]lv ;fF9] @ nfv ?k}ofF ;Dd sdfpg ;S5g\ . lrp/L km"nsf] l;hg ;lsg] lalQs}
uf8Ldf df}/Lsf ;a}] 3f/ nf]8 u/]/ ;nf{xL hfG5g\ . ToxfF ?lbnfsf] km"ndf df}/L
r/fpF5g\ . o;/L pgL d+l;/sf] klxnf] ;ftf df}/L lnP/ 3/ hfG5g\ / km]l/ h]7sf]
clGtd ;ftfdfq} 3/ cfOk'U5g\ . o;/L kfFr dlxgfdf !) lSjG6n dxa]Rg ;S5g\ .
pgL jif}{el/ df}/Lsf] r/gdf dfq} Jo:t x'G5g\ . pgsf] lbgrof{ eg]s} df}/Lr/g xf] .
@)%* ;fndf l5d]sLsf] ;Nnfxsf] cfwf/df 3/df ePsf] ;a} v;L, afv|f,
af]sf a]r]/ pgn] #) 3f/ df}/L vl/b u/]sf lyP . cToGt} ldlxg]t ug]{ afgLsf sf/0f
clxn] pgn] df}/L r/g Joj;foaf6 dfq} nfvf}+ sdfO;s] . a]nfa]nfdf df}/Lkfng
47
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
;DaGwL tflnd klg lnO/fv]sf 5g\ . clxn] pgnfO{ s'g} k|fljlwssf] klg vfFrf] kb}{g .
a? pN6} c¿nfO{ df}/Lkfng ;DaGwL ;/;Nnfxtyf tflnd lbg ;S5g\ .
oxfFsf cGo ufpFx¿df klg df}/Lr/gsf] Joj;fo cToGt} km:6fPsf] 5 . x]6f}+8f

gf/fo0f3f6 ;8s v08sf] dWoefudf kg]{ nf]y/ ahf/af6 sl/a % 306f k}bn ofqf
u/]kl5 k'lug] sfFs8f uflj;sf] l;lnª]df w]/}h;f] s[ifsx¿ df}/Lr/gdf Jo:t x'G5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] klg df}/Lr/gsf sf/0f cfly{s :t/ j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
dsjfgk'/sf t'n;L nfld5fg]n] jf:tjd} df}/Lkfngdf gf}nf] tl/sf ckgfPsf

5g\ . df}/LnfO{ s'g l;hgdf s:tf] km"n dgk5{ eg]/ lrGg ;s]sf nfld5fg]n] df}/Laf6
aif}{el/ cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf 5g\ . pgsf] of] sfdn] s[ifsx¿ jif}{el/ Jo:t /lxcfDbfgL
ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f b]vfOlbPsf] 5 . g w]/} hUuf hldgsf] cfjZostf kg]{ g t
df}/Ln] r';]sf] /;sf] d"No g} ltg'{ kg]{ . pkfo dfq ;f]Rg ;Sg'kb{5 , tl/sfx¿ xhf/f}+
x'g;S5g\ . dsjfgk'/sf t'n;L nfld5fg] cfkm\g} cSsnn] wgL aGg ;s]sf5g\ .
@(= Rofpaf6 g;f]r]sf] cfDbfgL
;fgf] Pp6f em'k8Lh:tf] nfUg] 3/ / 3/ aflx/ pleg klg gk'Ug] hldg ePsL
nlntk'/ rfkfufFpsL uf]df nD;fn Rofp v]tLaf6 ;fdflhs x}l;ot / cfly{s pGglt
a9]sf] b]v]/ v';L ePsL l5g\ . lg/Gt/ ¿kdf !% jif{b]lv Rofp Joj;fo u/L/x]sL
pgsf] cg'ejdf Rofpv]tLaf6 nufgLsf] bf]Aa/ cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . Rofpv]tLaf6
x'g] cfDbfgL b]v]/ cfkm\gf ufpF3/sf dflg;x¿nfO{ o;} v]tLtkm{ cfslif{t ug{ lg/Gt/
nflukl//x]sL 5g\ . ;xsf/Lsf] ;d]t dxTj a'em]sL pgn] cfkm\g} kxndf Rofp ;xsf/L
;+:yf;d]t :yfkgf u/]sL l5g\ . pgn] Rofp pTkfbg ug{ ;a}nfO{ ;lhnf] xf];\, ahf/df
klg xfgyfk gxf];\, d"No klg ;/n 9+udf nufpg ;lsof];\ eGg] x]t'n] ;xsf/L
;+:yfdfkm{t Rofp pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{ ub{} cfPsL l5g\ . …rfkfufpF Rofp pTkfbg
;xsf/L ;+:yfÚdf clxn] !^) hgf Rofp pTkfbsx¿sf] ;+nUgtf 5 / pgL To;
;xsf/LsL cWoIf klg x'g\ . pgsf] cleofg Rofp pTkfbgdfq geO{ ;fdflhs ljsf;
/ ufpFsf dlxnfx¿sf] pTyfgdf klg Tolts} ;lqmo 5 . ;+:yfdf gnfu]sf cGo
lblbalxgLx¿nfO{ klg Rofpv]tL tkm{ cfsif{0f u/fPsL l5g\ . pgsf] Rofpv]tLdf 3/sf
cGo ;b:ox¿n] klg ;3fpg] ub{5g\ / o;af6 pgsf] kl/jf/ /fd|};Fu rn]sf] 5 .
Toltdfq xf]Og pgn] cfkm\gf tLg 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ klg /fd|};Fu k9fO/x]sL l5g\ .
48
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
rfkfufpFsL uf]dfn] h:t} cGo 3/kl/jf/n] klg o; e]udf y'k|} Rofpv]tL
u/L/x]sf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] hUUff x'g]n] cfkm\g} hUufdf clg cfkm\gf] hUuf gx'g]n] hUuf
ef8fdf lnP/ ePklg Rofpv]tLaf6 dgUo] cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf 5g\ . Rofpv]tLsf] sfd
uf]dfn] g} ;'? gu/]sf] ePklg Jofj;flos ¿kdf o;sf] pTkfbg ug'{kb{5 / of] v]tLn]
yf]/} hldgaf6 klg w]/} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] cleofgsf] ;'?jft eg] pg}n] u/]sL
x'g\ . ;x/sf] 5]p5fpdf dfq geP/ o;sf] pTkfbg ufpF3/df ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5
h;sf] nflu ;dfGo tflnd lng ;s]df cem} /fd|f] x'G5 .
Rofp :yf:Yo / cfDbfgLsf nflu Psbd} nfek|b 5 . To;}n] klg o;sf] v]tL
/fd|};Fu km:6fPsf] 5 . nlntk'/nufot o;sf] v]tL cGo lhNnfx¿df klg plQs}
km:6fPsf] 5 . eQmk'/sf sltko df6f]sf] ;fdfg agfpg] kl/jf/;d]t clxn] of]
v]tLtkm{ cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ ;a}n] of] v]tLaf6 w]/} cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5
eg]/ nfluk/]sf 5g\ . /fhwfgLsf] vf]sgfsf s[ifs xl/ dfgGw/;d]t of] v]tLaf6 cGo
k];feGbf lgSs} cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . xl/ Ps l;hgdf dfq} @ nfv ?k}ofF
hlt sdfpF5g\ .
uf]dfn] Rofpv]tL ;DaGwL s'g} tflnd eg] lnPsL 5}gg\ . pgn] c¿n] u/]sf]
b]v]/ / a'em]/ of] sfddf nfu]sL x'g\ . ;'¿df cfkm\gf] /x/ geO{ afWotfdf o;
Rofpv]tLdf nfu]sL uf]df clxn] cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL / k|lti7f b]v]/ v'a} v';L l5g\ .
#)= sfhLdfgsf] …sÚ s[lif Joj;fo
DofUbL ;b/d'sfdb]lv # sf]; klZrddf kg]{ l;Ëf uflj; # ;'s]{dfnfsf

sfhLdfgn] cfkm\gf] gfdsf] klxnf] cIf/ …sÚ af6 dfq} p7\g] gfdsf] afnLsf] v]tL u/L
/fd|} ;kmntf klg xfl;n u/L/x]sf 5g\ . pgn] …sÚ af6 p7\g] sfutL, s]/f, s]/fp,
sa]nL -km;L{_, s6x/, sfkmn nufotsf y'k|} kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L afnL nufPsf 5g\ .
pgsf] !@ /f]kgL hUufdf s]/f / sdnfn] k"/} el/e/fp ePsf] 5 . pQm hUufaf6 klxn]
pgn] jif{sf] #) xhf/ ?k}ofF klg sdfpg g;s]sfdf clxn] s]/faf6 dfq} jflif{s %)
xhf/ ?k}ofF eGbf a9L sdfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . pgsf] jf:tljs gfd nfnaxfb'/
;'a]bL xf] . t/ pgnfO{ pgsf ;fyLefO tyf cfkmGtn] ;lhnf]sf nflu sfhLdfg eg]/
af]nfpFbf af]nfpFb} pgsf] ToxL gfd /xg uof] / o;} gfdaf6 pgsf] /fd|f] kmlnkmfk
klg ePsf] 5 .
49
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
ufpFd} @)%( ;fndf sfhLdfgs} kxndf :yflkt l;h{gf s[ifs ;d"x;d]t
u7g ePsf] 5 . o; ;d"xsf pgL k|aGws klg x'g\ . o; ;d"xdf s[ifsx¿n] ;fd"lxs
k|of;df v]tL ugf{sf cfltl/Qm art klg ub{5g\ .
sfhLdfgn] cfkm\gf] gfdcg';f/sf] afnL nufP/ dfq} o;/L pgsf] cfly{s

pGgtL ePsf] eg] kSs} xf]Og . oxfF pgn] jf:tjdf s[lifdf ljljwLs/0fsf] k|ljlw
ghflgFbf] tl/sfn] ckgfP / cToGt} ;fx|} ldlxg]t u/]/ ;kmntf kfP . pgsf] ldlxg]t /
tLI0f a'l4n] ubf{ pgL s[lif Joj;fodf o;/L ;kmn ePsf x'g\ . xfd|f] b]z s[lif k|wfg
b]z ePsfn] cGo ;a} If]qdf xfjfkfgL ;'xfFpbf] u/L sfhLdfgn] h:t} s[lifdf
ljljwLs/0f ub}{ nfg] xf] eg] s[lifdf 7"n} km8\sf] dfg{ ;lsG5 .
#!= xft] sfuh k|ljlw o'/f]kdf
;/sf/L ljBfnox¿ cfly{s ¿kdf sdhf]/ x'G5g\ To;}n] ljBfnosf nflu

cfjZos jftfj/0f agfpg ;d]t ;lsb}g eGg] egfO b]ze/ ;'lgG5 . t/ ljBfnon]
k7gkf7gsf] ;fydf pknAw ;w}Fg / ;|f]tsf] k|of]u u/]/ cfjZos vr{ h'6fpg] pkfo
ug{ ;lsG5 . o:t} pbfx/0fLo sfd u/]sf] 5 . DofUbL lhNnfsf] pQ/k"jL{ 8fF8fdf
cjl:yt lxdf~rn df=lj=n] . o; ljBfnonon] 3/]n' k|ljlwaf6 sfuhsf ljleGg
;fdu|Lx¿ agfP/ ljb]z lgof{t ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;af6 To; e]usf ^ hgf
dlxnfn] /fd|f] /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ eg] ;fy;fy} ljBfnon] klg k|z:t} cfDbfgL lng
;kmn ePsf] 5 . cGo JolQmx¿n] klg o; pBf]uaf6 k/f]If ¿kdf /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ .
;fd'bflos jgaf6 c3]{nL tyf nf]Qmf ;ª\sng ug]{x¿n] o; ljBfnodf

ljqmL ub{5g\ . ljBfnon] :yfgLo jgaf6 k|fKt sRrf kbfy{af6 sfuhsf ;fdu|Lx¿
h:t} gf]6a's, skL, vfd cflb agfp5 . ljb]zL b"tfjf;x¿n] oxfF aGg] sfuhsf]
gf]6a's / lr7Lsf] vfdsf] dfu clws ub{5g\ . ufpFsf] ;fd'bflos jgdf k|z:t
dfqfdf kfOg] c3]{nL tyf nf]Qm ;ª\sng u/L To;}nfO{ 3/]n' k|ljlwaf6 k|zf]wg u/LG5
/ o;sf ljleGg ;fdfgx¿ agfOG5 . o:tf] k|ljlwaf6 agfOPsf gf]6a's tyf vfdx¿
hfkfg, cd]l/sfnufotsf o"/f]k]nL b]zx¿df a9L dfu cfpg] ub{5g\ . oxfF pTkflbt
sfuh Psbd} u'0f:t/o'Qm ePsfn]] klg o;sf] dfu ljb]zaf6 a9L cfPsf] xf] . @)^$
;fndf cd]l/sfaf6 dfq} pQm ljBfnodf ! ;o &* lsnf] c3]{nLsf] ljleGg ;fOhsf
sfuhsf] dfu cfPsf] lyof] .
50
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
o; ufpFdf pTkflbt xft] sfuhsf] dfu OG6/g]6af6 cfpg] ub{5 . of] ;a}
sfo{ Dofuf;];] k'/:sf/ ljh]tf dxfjL/ k'gsf] b]gaf6 ;Dej ePsf] xf] . j]tf/] k|ljlwsf]
O–ljhLg];åf/f o; ljBfnon] xft] sfuh ljb]z lgof{t ub{5 . OG6/g]6df u|fxs vf]Hg]
/ To;sf] ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ pg} dxfjL/ k'gn] ub{5g\ . pgn] vf]h]sf] u|fxssf]
dfucg';f/ ljBfnon] sfuh agfpg] ub{5 .
DofUbLsf] lxdf~rn df=lj=n] u/]sf] of] pbfx/0fLo k|of;n] ufpFdf /f]huf/Lsf]

;fy;fy} ljBfnon] klg cfDbfgL lng ;kmn ePsf] 5 . u|fdL0f e]udf O–ljhLg]; ;'?
u/]/ DofUbL lhNnf cGo lhNnfsf nflu pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 .
#@= OGwgsf nflu 3/fo;L pkfo
hnjfo'lj1x¿n] sf7df8f}Fdf pTkfbg x'g] kmf]x/sf] plrt k|aGw ug{ /

o;af6 y'k|} kmfObf lng ;lsg] s'/f l;sfOlbPsf 5g\ . t/sf/L ahf/af6 pTkGg x'g]
kmf]x/, 3/efG5faf6 lg:sg] kmf]x/, s'lxPsf] t/sf/L, ufO{eO+;Lsf] uf]a/ tyf
zf}rfnoaf6 pTkGg x'g] kmf]x/nfO{ /fd|/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsPdf o;af6 OGwgsf] ;xh
cfk"lt{ x'g ;S5 . hg:yf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ o:tfvfn] h}ljs kmf]x/af6 ldy]g
UofF; pTkGg eO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf ;d]t gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ x'gfn] o:tfvfn]
kmf]x/nfO{ /fd|f];Fu Joj:yfkg ug]{ dfq} xf]Og o;af6 OGwg;d]t pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
o:tf] vfn] k|ljlw cToGt ;j{;'ne / ;lhnf] ePsfn] o;af6 kmf]x/sf] plrt
Joj:yfkg dfq} xf]Og OGwgsf] xfxfsf/sf] l:yltnfO{ klg s]xL xb;Dd kf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fy} o; k|ljlwn]] b}lgs ¿kdf pTkGg x'g] kmf]x/sf] plrt Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t ;lhnf]
agfpF5 .
o; k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu o'Pg8LkL, o'Pg Xofla6\of6, g]kfn ;f]nf/ OghL{

;f];fO6L tyf hnjfo'lj1x¿n] ;xof]u k'–Øfpg ;S5g\ . o;sfnflu ;'¿df oL
;+:Yffx¿n] sf7df8f}Fsf] sfnLdf6L t/sf/L ahf/af6 pTkGg x'g] kmf]x/nfO{ k|of]u u/L
of] k|ljlwsf] ;'?jft ug]{5g\ .
o:tf] vfn] k|0ffnL ;:tf] klg ePsfn]] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;'xfFpbf] 5 . o;af6
jftfj/0fsf] plrt ;+/If0f x'g'sf] ;fy} OGwgsf] klg cfk"lt{ x'g hfG5 . o; sfo{sf]
51
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
nflu ;a} ;DalGwt kIfsf] lg/Gt/ ;xof]u ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . kmf]x/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg
ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf of] k|0ffnL jf:tjd} cToGt nfebfos x'g ;S5 . kmf]x/sf]
plrt Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ljleGg ;ª\3 ;+:yfdfkm{t of] sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 .
##= Jofkf/ ;Fu} k9fO klg
vfg] d'vnfO{ h'Fufn] 5]Sb}g eg]h:t} k9\g pTs6 OR5f x'g]nfO{ klg s]xLn]
/f]Sb}g . o:t} pbfx/0f ag]sf 5g\ u|fdL0f e]uaf6 cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ eP/
/fhwfgL l5/]sf s]xL afnsx¿ . /fhwfgLsf k|d'v le8ef8 x'g] If]qdf km'6kfydf k;n
u/]/ s]xL afnsx¿n] cfDbfgL ub}{ cfkm\gf] k9fO vr{ dfq} xf]Og 3/df ;d]t k};f
k7fpF5g\ .
/fhwfgLsf] gofF afg]Zj/, lvrfkf]v/L, dfOtL3/ cflb 7fpFdf y'k|} afnsx¿

k9\g] ;doeGbf afx]s v]Ng]s'b\g] ;donfO{ kG5fP/ Jofkf/df tNnLg eP/ nfu]sf
x'G5g\ . logLx¿ ;a} k9\gsf nflu eg]/ km'6kfydf Jofkf/ ug]{ ub{5g\ . !^ jifL{o
;+v'jf;ef 3/ ePsf ch'{g /fO{ dWofGgsf] rsf]{ 3fddf a;]/ gofF afg]Zj/df dd
agfP/ ljqmL ub{5g\ . 7]nfuf8fdf /fv]/ pgL gofF afg]Zj/sf] x/]s 7fpFdf k'U5g\ / dd
ljqmL ub{5g\ . o;af6 pgn] dfl;s * xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd sdfpg ;S5g\ . of] /sd
pgL cfkm\gf] k9fO / c¿ vr{ s6fP/ 3/df ;d]t k7fpF5g\ . pgL ljxfgsf] ljBfno
k9]/ lbpF;f]sf] ;dodf of] cfocfh{g x'g] Jofkf/ ub{5g\ . To:t} csf{ afns
aL/uGhsf !# jiLf{o km/f/ x';]g klg cfkm\gf cfdfafa';Fu} a:5g\ / ljBfnoaf6 ;fFem
kms]{/ lvrfkf]v/Ldf Rofp ljqmL ug{ hfG5g\ . o;af6 pgnfO{ b}lgs *)) ?k}ofF;Dd
cfDbfgL x'g] ub{5 . o;af6 klg pgsf] ;Dk"0f{ k9fO / JolQmut vr{ 6g]{ dfq geO{
kl/jf/nfO{ ;d]t cfly{s ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . wflbªsf lbk]z aonsf]6L /Tg/fHo
ljBfnodf sIff ^ df k9\5g\ / cfkm\gf] km';{bsf] ;dodf h'Qf agfpg] / a]Rg] sfd
u5{g\ h;af6 pgnfO{ dfl;s !%)) ?k}ofFhlt k|fKt x'G5 .
ch'{g /fO, km/f/ x';]g / lbk]z aonsf]6L sf7df8f}{sf k|ltlglw kfqx¿ dfq
x'g\ . o:tf y'k|} afnsx¿ cfkm\gf] v]Ng] s'b\g] ;donfO{ cfo cfh{g x'g] k];fdf nufpg
tNnLg 5g\ . oL dWo] w]/}sf] nflu of] afWosf/L ePtf klg o;sf] ;an kIf eg]sf]
logLx¿sf] pHhjn eljio g} xf] . k9fO ;Fu;Fu} a]n}df cfDbfgL ug{ ;Sg] oL
afnsx¿n] eljiodf w]/} ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . logLx¿dWo]
w]/}n] t cfkm\gf] eljiosf] of]hgf klg agfO;s] . sf]xL ;kmn Jofkf/L aGg rfxG5g\,
sf]xL /fd|f] v]nf8L t sf]xL snfsf/ aGg] dL7f] ;kgf af]Sb} lxF8]sf 5g\ .
52
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
#$= ef8fsf] hldgdf v]tLkftL
eO/xjf xfl6jgufO{sf clt ljkGg kl/jf/x¿n] ToxLFsf :yfgLo hldGbf/

x¿sf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO{ t/sf/L v]tLaf6 cfly{s nfe lng ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .
pgLx¿n] ef8fdf lnPsf] hUufdf n6/Dd t/sf/Lx¿ kmnfO{ cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] hf]xf]
u/]sf 5g\ . klxn] jif}{el/ v]tL gx'g] afFemf] hldgdf ;d]t e"ldxLgx¿n] afFemf] hUuf
ef8fdf lnO{ ljleGg vfn] t/sf/Lx¿ nufPsf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ afFemf] /x]sf] hldgsf]
klg ;xL tl/sfn] pkof]u ePsf] 5 .
xfl6jgufO{–* sf eujfgbf; ofbjn] s]xL ;do klxn] pgLh:t} ;a} ljkGg

/ e"ldxLg kl/jf/x¿sf] Ps ;d"xagfO{ ;+o'Qm t/sf/L v]tL ;'?u/]sf lyP . klxn]
klxn] hldGbf/x¿sxfF v]tL ug{ hfFbf eg]sf] ;dodf cfkm\gf] kfl/>lds gkfpg],
pgLx¿sf] x}sddf a:g'kg]{ nufotsf ofjt ;d:ofdf k/]sf oxfFsf e"ldxLg
kl/jf/x¿n] u/]sf] of] t/sf/L v]tLn] pgLx¿nfO{ afFRg lgSs} ;/n agfPsf] 5 . oxfF
blnt ;]jf ;+3 / nL j8{ gfds b'O{ ;+:yfn] e"ldxLg / ljkGg kl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s
¿kdf psf:gsf nflu ……hf]lvdo'Qm tyf lk5l8Psfsf] lhljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ cfof]hgfÚÚ
;~rfng u/L t/sf/L v]tL sfo{df d2t u/L/x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo
e"ldxLg, blnt, ljkGg tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf] vfB ;'/Iff u/L pgLx¿sf]
hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ NofO{ pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'–Øfpg'
/x]sf] 5 . o;} cg'¿k o; ;+:yfn] ToxfF /x]sf ljkGg e"ldxLg kl/jf/nfO{ k|fljlws
tyf cGo ;]jf k'–ØfO{ pgLx¿nfO{ t/sf/L v]tLdf ;3fO/x]sf] 5 .
o; ;d"xn] oxfF @ s7\7f eGbf sd hldg ePsfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;d"xdf

cfa4 u/fP/ ToxfF To;} v]/ uO/x]sf] hldg ef8fdf lnO{ t/sf/L v]tL ub{5 . o;n]
lhNnfdf @%) hlt u|fdL0f 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;d]6]/ hUuf ef8fdf lnO{ Jofj;flos
t/sf/L v]tL u/L/x]sf] 5 . pQm ;+:yfn] ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:ox¿;Fu k|lt;b:o @ xhf/
#) ?k}ofF ;ª\sng u/L pQm ;ª\slnt /sd ToxL+ ;d'bfoleq} ;:tf] Jofhb/df
kl/rfng;d]t u/]sf] 5 . o;/L v]tL u/]/ uf]gfxf –( sf ls;fg Åbo/fh xl/hgn] ^
dlxgfdf ! nfv !) xhf/ ?k}ofF eGbf a9L cfDbfgL u/]sf lyP .
cfkm\gf] hUuf geP/ s] ef] /< hf+u/ / c7f]6 eP c¿sf] vfnL a;]sf] hUuf
ef8fdf lnP/ klg t v]tL u/L hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 . of] cg's/0fLo sfo{df
53
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{ ;ª\3;+;:yfx¿n] klg b]vfPsf 5g\ ls ;fFrf] cy{df ;fdflhs ;]jf s]
xf] eGg] s'/f .
eO/xjf xfl6jgufO{sf e"ldxLgx¿n] hUuf ef8fdf lnO{ u/]sf] cfly{s k|ultn]

cGo e"ldxLgx¿nfO{ klg cfly{s pkfh{g ug{ ;Sg] af6f] b]vfO{lbPsf] 5 . cfkm\gf] hUuf
gePtf klg Jojl:yt 9ª\uaf6 ef8fsf] hUufdf v]tL u/L cfly{s pkfh{g ug{ ;lsG5
eg]/ oxfFsf ls;fgx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . b]zsf cGo efudf /x]sf e"ldxLg ls;fgx¿n]
klg cfly{s pkfh{gsf] af6f] o;}u/L klxNofpg ;Sb5g\ .
#%= cfFk M bl/nf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t
cfFk a]r]/ xf]Og cfFksf] la?jf a]r]/ w]/} /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]s'/fsf]
k|df0f b]vfPsf5g\ nxfg nfnk'/–% sf %@ jifL{o /fhb]j ofbjn] . cfkm\gf] hldgdf
cfFksf] la?jf ljqmLaf6 dfq} klg lgSs} w]/} cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ pgL .
cfFksf] la?jfsf] ljqmLaf6 w]/} sdfO x'gyfn]kl5 & jif{cl3b]lv cfkm\gf] 8]9 la3f
hldgdf cfFksf sndL la?jf agfO{ a]Rg] u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] & jif{cl3 s[lif ljsf;
sfof{no l;/xfaf6 la?jf pTkfbg ug]{ tflnd lnPkl5 pgsf] gofF Joj;fo ;'?ePsf]
xf] . oxL hUufdf cGo v]tL ubf{ pgnfO{ vf;} s'g} cfDbfgL ePsf] lyPg . kl5 cfFksf]
la?jfsf] v]tL ug{ yfn]kl5 cfly{s x}l;ot cfsfl;Psf] 5 . pgn] o;} la?jfsf]
v]tLaf6 cfkm\gf tLg 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ;'ljwf ;DkGg lghL ljBfnodf ;d]t cWoog
u/fO/x]sf 5g\ . o;}sf] cfDbfgLaf6 pgn] b'O{ 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx;d]t /fd|/L ug{ ;s] .
Tolt dfq} xf]Og ufpFsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf 3/ 38]/L ;d]t hf]8\g ;s]sf 5g\ .
cfd|kfnL, aDaO{, snsltof nufotsf ^ k|sf/sf cGo pGgt hftsf

cfFknfO{ pgL ?vaf6 sndL u/L la?jf tof/ kfb{5g\ . o:tf] la?jf pgsf] cfkm\g}
ufpFafx]s glhs}sf] l5d]sL ufpF d';xlgof, lji0f'k's§L, l;/xf, ;Kt/L cflb 7fpFaf6
klg vl/b ug{ cfpF5g\ . o;afx]s pgL la?jfnfO{ ahf/df ;d]t nu]/ a]Rg] ub{5g\ .
l;/xf, ;Kt/L, nxfgdf cfFksf] v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9]sfn] pgsf] of] cfFksf]
la?jfsf] v]tL ;k|]sf] xf] .
cfkm\gf] hldgdf cGo afnL nufpFbf eGbf o:t} gub] afnLsf] ¿kdf cfFksf]
la?jf nufpFbf /fhb]j ofbjn] dgUo] cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf x'g\ . cfkm\gf] hldgdf df6f]
54
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
/ ;do ;'xfpFbf] s'g} klg afnL jf la?jf nufpFbf dgUo] kmfObf x'g] s'/f ofbjsf] o;
k|of;af6 b]lvG5 . o;}sf/0f o; lhNnfdf dfq} $ xhf/ $ ;o % x]S6/ hldgdf
Jofj;flos cfFksf] v]tL u/LG5 .
t/fO{sf] nfxfg lhNnfdf u/LPsf] cfFksf] la?jfsf] v]tLn] ofbjh:tf c¿

3/kl/jf/sf] klg cfDbfgL alnof] x'g k'u]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] hldgdf s] kmnfpFbf ;a}eGbf
w]/} cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 Tof] s'/f klxNofpg ;Sg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu s[lif k|fljlws jf
s[lif sfof{nox¿sf] ;xof]u / dfu{lgb]{zgsf] klg vfFrf] kb{5 . ;xL ¿kdf s[ifsnfO{
s[lif;DaGwL ;/;Nnfxk|bfg ug{ ;lsPdf pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ psf:gdf d2t k'Ug
;S5 .
#^= jg:kltsf ax'd'vL k|ltef
sf7df8f}F skg km}sf ufpFsf zª\s/ n]sfnLn] cfkm\gf] 3/ jl/kl/sf]

jftfj/0fnfO{ l;Fufg{ Pp6f ;fgf] hª\unsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] @ /f]kgLsf]
hª\unleq pkTosfsf] xfjfkfgL ;'xfpg] jf g;'xfpg] w]/} k|sf/sf jg:kltx¿sf
af]6x¿ nufPsf 5g\ . ToxfF nueu ^ ;o hftsf af]6la?jfx¿ kfOG5g\ . pgn]
jg:klt lj1fgsf] cWoogsf] nflu eg]/ @)^) ;fndf …cuf{lgs e]lh6]zg P08 l/;r{
;]G6/Ú gfds ;+:yf klg pBf]u ljefudf btf{ u/fPsf 5g\ . o; ;]G6/af6 pgn]
jflif{s @) hgf hltnfO{ jg:klt;DaGwL ;}4flGts eGbf a9L Jofaxfl/s 1fg
afFl8/x]sf 5g\ . ljleGg j::kltn] ljleGg vfnsf /f]ux¿ lgsf] kfg]{ s'/fsf] 1fg klg
pgL oxL ;]G6/df afFl8/x]sf 5g\ / pgsf r]nfx¿ klg oxL s'/fnfO{ b]z ljb]zdf
;d]t uP/ km}nfO/x]sf 5g\ . lhªsf] afOjnf, cfjfsf8f], tLt]kftL, cDaf, kfvgj]b,
h6fd;L, /QmrGbg, u'nfa cflb jg:kltn] dflg;sf] z/L/sf] s]s:tf /f]ux¿ s;/L
lgsf] kfg{ ;S5 eg]/ pgL JofVof ub{5g\ .
hfkfgdf Pp6f …ANofs–PgdÚ gfdsf] jg:klt;Fu sf/ ;f6\g ;lsg] s'/fsf]

klg pgL;Fu 1fg 5 . t/ xfd|f] b]zdf o:tf lgSs} /fd|f / cd"No jg:kltx¿sf] af/]df
1fg gePsf]df pgL Psbd} lrlGtt klg 5g\ . o:tf ax'pkof]uL ljleGg jg:kltx¿sf]
:jb]zd} /fd|f];Fu ;+/If0f / pTKffbg ug{ ;s] cGo cf}ifwLhGo kbfy{x¿sf] ljsNkdf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
55
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
pgL jg:kltsf] If]qdf cfpg'eGbf cufl8 d"lt{sf/ lyP . h;df pgn] @)$^
;fnsf] /fli6«o k'/:sf/ ;d]t xft kfg{ ;kmn ePsf lyP . To;kl5 pgL km]l/
gf6ssnfdf xf]ldP clg @)%) ;fndf czf]s lji6sf] …j;Gt Ct'Ú gfds gf6ssf]
lgb]{zg u/L k|1f k|lti7fgdf d~rg;d]t u/] . gf6skl5 pgL km]l/ kqsfl/tfsf] If]qdf
nfu] . ToxfF klg pgn] /fd|} ;kmntf xfl;n ub}{ uP . kqsfl/tfsf] If]qdf kf/ª\ut x'Fb}
hfFbf …o'4 l/kf]{l6ËÚ sf] Ps kf7\oqmdg} tof/ kf/L o;}sf] lzIfs klg eP . tfTsfnLg
;do o'4sfnLg ;do ePsfn]] of] sf];{ k|ltalGwt klg lyof] clg kmn:j?k pgL @
dlxgf h]n klg uP .
pgn] u/]sf sfdx¿df olt w]/} ljljwtf 5 ls pgL plNnlvt sfo{x¿df

dfq} kf]Vt 5}gg\ v]ns'bdf ;d]t kf/u+t 5g\ . pgL s'ª–km" v]nsf] …tfOrLÚ df cem
ljz]if1 g} x'g\ . of] v]nsf pgL k|lzIfs;d]t x'g\ .
o;sf cnfjf pgL g]kfndf afof]UofF; / afof]l8hnsf] pTkfbgsf] k4lt

klxNofpgdf klg Jo:t 5g\ .
zª\s/ n]sfnL jf:tjd} d'n'ss} Ps ax'k|ltefzfnL JolQmTj x'g\ . pgsf]

lrGtf klg uhas} 5 . g]kfndf Njfª ;'s'd]nb]lv l;of] wfuf]sf] nflu ;d]t c¿ b]zdf
lge{/ /xg'k/]sf]df pgL cfkm\gf] cfj]u klg /fHo;fd' kf]Vt5g\ . pgsf] ljh]tf aGg]
k|ltef jg:kltsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf nfu]sf] 5, h'g ;Dk"0f{ b]zsf nflu pQd 5 .
pgsf] k|ltefn] km}lng] df}sf k|fKt u/f];\ .
#&= g]kfnL j}1flgssf]

flgssf] pks/0f
pks/0f
g]kfndf k|ltefsf] vfFrf] 5}g . vfFrf] 5 t k|ltef x's{gsf nflu cfjZos kg]{
jftfj/0fsf] . o:t} k|ltef o'jf j}1flgs h'DNofxf /fd–nId0fn] nf]8 ;]l8ªsf] ;dodf
klg aQL afNg ;lsg] Ps oGqsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;f] oGq # jif{sf]
cys ldlxg]tkl5 tof/ kf/]sf x'g\ . pgLx¿n] agfPsf] ;f] 6fOd nf]8ld6/n] 3/df
lglZrt dfqfdf ;w}F}el/ ljB't cfk"lt{ eO/xG5 . o; 6fOd nf]8ld6/nfO{ ljB't
k|flws/0fsf] ;xof]udf 3/sf] d'Vo ld6/df h8fg u/LG5 . o;af6 ljB't cfk"lt{ x'g
g;s]sf] ;dodf klg lglZrt dfqfdf aQLx¿ afNg ;lsG5 . of] 6fOd nf]8ld6/
h8fg u/]kl5 3/df :jrflnt ¿kdf sfd ug]{ / o;sf] wfGg ;Sg] Ifdtf klg
lglZrt ePsfn]] lglZrt dfqfdf dfq} ljB'tsf] pkof]u x'g hfG5 . o;af6 ljB't rf]/L
56
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
jf r'xfj6 x'g] ;d:of klg x'Fb}g . To;}n] of] oGq h8fg u/]kl5 ljB't cfk"lt{ gx'Fbf
a9L dfqfdf ljB't rflxg] ;fdu|L sd dfqfdf rnfpg'kb{5 . pgLx¿sf] tYofª\s
cg';f/ nf]8 ;]l8ª x'Fbf sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf dfq} sl/a * xhf/ 3/nfO{ o;n] k|ToIf
c;/ kfb{5 . o:tf]df o; oGqn] jiff}{b]lv nf]8;]l8ªsf] df/ v]Kb} cfPsf
pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ /fxt k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 .
pgLx¿n] ;f] oGq sl/a # nfv ?k}ofFdf lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ . of] oGqnfO{
pkef]Qmfn] ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;xof]udf cfkm\gf] 3/sf] ld6/df h8fg ug'{kb{5 . o;df
k|flws/0fn] l;n;d]t nfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'Fbf o;af6 s'g} rf]/L jf
r'xfj6sf] ;d:of /xFb}g . of] 6fOd nf]8ld6/ Ps k6s h8fg u/]kl5 km]l/km]l/ z'Ns
ltg'{kb}{g . of] oGq olb ahf/df Nofpg ;lsof] eg] o;nfO{ pkef]Qmfx¿n] Ps xhf/
?k}ofFdf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . of] oGq ;fdfGo /f]huf/ x'g]n] ;d]t vl/b ug{ ;Sg]
ePsfn]] o;n] pkef]Qmfsf] cfly{s ef/nfO{ a9fpFb}g . To;} klg pkef]Qmfx¿n] ljB't
cfk"lt{ x'g g;s]sf] ;dodf cGo j}slNks j:t'df vr{ u/]s} x'G5g\ . km]l/ of] oGq
Psk6s h8fg u/]kl5 ;wF}nfO{ 9'Ss x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] dfq} k|of;df of] oGqnfO{
pkef]Qmfd'vL agfpFg eg] ;lsFb}g . To;}n] of] oGq k|of]udf Nofpg ;d'bfo cfkm}F}
hfu?s x'g'kb{5 eGg] cg'ej /fd nId0fsf] 5 .
pgLx¿n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] of] oGq ljB't k|flws/0fdf k/LIf0f ;d]t u/L;lsPsf]
5 . k|flws/0fsf] ef/ k|]if0f s]Gb|n] ;d]t of] pks/0fnfO{ pTs[i6 dfg]sf] 5 . ;'Vvfofd
tyf pks/0fx¿ lau|]sf] ;dodf k|flws/0fn] ljB't cfk"lt{ ug]{ csf]{ e/kbf]{ dfWodsf]
ljsf; gx'Gh]n ;Ddsf nflu of] pks/0f Psbd} pkof]uL b]lvG5 .
/fd nId0fsf] # jif{ nfdf] cys ldlxg]taf6 agfOPsf] of] 6fOd nf]8ld6/
oGq jf:tjd} xfdLnfO{ vfFrf] 5 . jiff}{b]lv nf]8;]l8ªsf] df/ v]Kb} cfPsf xfdL
g]kfnLx¿nfO{ of] oGq j/bfg g} l;4 x'g ;S5 . o;sf nflu pTkfbg tyf ahf/
lj:tf/ ug{ ;DalGwt kIfn] a]n}df Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
57
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
#*= ef8fsf] hUufdf ufO{kfng
tgx'F aGbLk'/ ofDkfsf s[ifs s]zjk|;fb e§/fO{n] c¿sf] hUuf ef8fdf lnP/
ufO{kfng Joj;fo u/L/x]sf 5g\ . o; Joj;foaf6 pgn] dfl;s @ nfv @% xhf/
?k}ofFhlt cfDbfgL ub{5g\ . o;sf nflu pgn] ! ;o ^& /f]kgL hUuf jflif{s # nfv
?k}ofF ltg]{u/L ef8fdf lnP/ &) j6f xf]n]l:6g, h;L{, a|fpgl:jr h:tf cToGt} pGgt
hftsf ufO{x¿ kfn]sf 5g\ . ef/t 5Fbf 6]lnlehgdf o:tf] pGgt ufO{af6 b'w a]r]/
dgUo] cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg] s'/f yfxf kfPsf pgn] cfkm}F} g]kfndf g} s]xL ug]{ rfxfgf
cg'¿k o:tf] Joj;fo u/]sf x'g\ . &) j6f ufO{dWo] @% j6fn] dfq} b'w lbFbf klg
pgsf] cfDbfgL w]/} 5 . pgLsxfF ePsf] Pp6f ufO{sf] d"No nueu $) xhf/ ?k}ofF
kb{5 . ;'¿df ! j6f ufO{ lsg]/ of] Joj;fo ;'?u/]sf s]zjn] lbgdf sl/a %)) ln6/
;Dd b"w a]Rg] ub{5g\ . dfl;s sl/a # nfveGbf a9Lsf] b'w Jofkf/ ug]{ pgn] ;a}
vr{ s6fP/ klg dfl;s ! nfv ?k}ofF /sd hf]ufpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . cfkm"n]
lnPsf] hUufdWo] ^% /f]kgL hUufdf 3fF; dfq} nufPsf 5g\ eg] cfkm\gf] kmd{df sfd
ug{sf nflu $ hgf dfG5]nfO{ /f]huf/;d]t lbPsf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ jf u|fdL0f e]udf ufO{ eO+;L kfnL b"w a]Rg] rng k"/fgf] xf] .
t/ s]zjk|;fbn] h;/L pGgt hftsf ufO{ w]/}sf] ;ª\Vofdf kfn]/ b"w Joj;fo ug]{sf]
;ª\Vof eg] lgSs} sd 5 . /fd|f / pGgt hftsf] ufO{eO+;Laf6 w]/} g} cfDbfgL ug{
;lsG5 .
s]zjk|;fbn] c¿af6 hfg]sf] of] Joj;fo ldlxg]t ug{ ;Sg]sf] nflu Psbd}
pko'Qm 5 . cfkm\gf] v]/ u}/x]sf] jf afFemf] /x]sf] hUuf eP To;}df klg ufO{ eO+;Lsf]
kmfd{xfp; rnfpg ;lsG5 . cfkm\gf] hUuf cg';f/sf] j:t'efpsf] ;ª\Vof /fVg ;lsG5 .
jf cfkm\gf] hUuf gx'g]n] ;d]t c¿sf] hUuf ef8fdf lnP/ pGgt hftsf] ufO{ eO+;L
kfn]/ dgUo] cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsbf]+/x]5 .
cfkm\gf] hUuf geP klg tgx'Fsf s]zjk|;fbn] c¿sf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO{
Joj;fo u/]/ dgUo] cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf 5g\ . pgn] u/]sf] of] ufO{kfng Joj;foaf6
hUufjfn / a]/f]huf/n] ;d]t /fd|f] cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ . pgsf] of] Joj;foaf6 ljb]lzg]
clxn]sf] k':tfnfO{ ;d]t k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t aGg ;s]sf] 5 . dfl;s ! nfv ?k}ofF ;Dd
sdfpgsf] nflu pgn] u/]sf] of] k|of;n] c¿nfO{ klg ultnf] af6f] b]vfOlbPsf] 5 .
58
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
#(= wfg v]tdf df5fkfng
¿kGb]xL bofgu/ uflj; 5lkofsf ls;fg ;'lgn k/fh'nL / pgLh:t} o;

uflj;sf cGo ls;fgx¿;d]tn] cfkm\gf] wfg kmNg] v]tnfO{ df5fkfng ug]{ 7fpFdf
kl/0ft u/]sf 5g\ . wfgaf6 eGbf w]/} cfDbfgL df5fkfng Joj;foaf6 x'g] ePkl5
pgLx¿ o; Joj;fotkm{ xf}l;Psf x'g\ . wfg a]r]/ k/fh'nLn] klxn] d'l:snn] jflif{s
$) xhf/ ?k}ofF sdfpFy] eg] clxn] ;f] v]tdf df5fkfng ugf{n] jflif{s !) u'0ffn]
cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL a[l4 u/fpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . To:t} 5lkofsf csf{ ls;fg uf]kfn
kf08]n] ;d]t cfkm\gf] @) s7\7f hUufdf df5fkfng ug{ kf]v/L lgdf{0f u/L of] Joj;fo
yfn]kl5 jflif{s @ nfv ?k}ofF sdfpg ;kmn eP .
cfkm\gf] v]tdf hnf;o eP df5fkfng v]tLaf6 lgSs} cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg]

cg'ej oxfFsf s[ifsx¿sf] 5 . dT:o ljsf; s]Gb| eO/xjfsf] ;fdfGo k/fdz{kl5
ls;fgx¿n] o:tf] df5fkfngsf] Joj;fo yfn]sf x'g\ . @ xhf/ ?k}ofFsf] ! nfvj6f
e'/faf6 @) nfv ?k}ofF;Dd cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf5g\ . ?kGb]xLsf] sl/a * ;o x]S6/
If]qkmndf /x]sf] hnf;odf df5fkfng u/LPsf] 5 . To; If]qsf !^)) eGbf a9L
ls;fgx¿ Jofj;flos ?kd} df5fkfng Joj;fodf ;+nUg 5g\ . o; If]qsf] 5lkof,
wswO, bofgu/, ;"o{k"/f, l6s'nLu9 cflb uflj;sf ls;fgx¿ cGo v]tLsf] t'ngfdf
df5fkfng Joj;fodf a9L cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ . l;Ne/, sfk{, sdg sfk{, laux]8
sfk{, u|f; sfk{ h:tf df5fx¿n] % dlxgfleq} cfDbfgL lbG5 eg] /x' / g}gL h:tf
df5fx¿n] eg] ! jif{kl5 dfq} cfDbfgL lbG5 . oxfF pTkflbt df5fsf] ahf/sf] klg s'g}
;d:of 5}g . oxfFsf ls;fgx¿ cfkm"x¿n] eg]sf] df]ndf yf]s / v'b|f b'a} tl/sfn]
df5f a]Rg] ub{5g\ .
oxfFsf] dT:o ljsf; s]Gb|n] cfly{s:t/ sd ePsfx¿n] olb df5fkfng

Joj;fo ug{ rfx]df kf]v/L lgdf{0fnufotsf sfddf x'g] vr{sf] @% k|ltzt /sd lbg]
u/]sf] 5 . o;/L o; Joj;foaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL x'g] ePkl5 cGo s[ifsx¿ ;d]t jif]{gL
ylk+b} 5g\ .
ljleGg tYofª\sx¿ x]bf{ df5fsf] ahf/ w]/} g} /fd|f] b]lvG5 . g]kfnel/g} sl/a
$( xhf/ d]l6«s 6g df5f pTkfbg x'G5 / of] pTkfbg jf:tjdf dfusf] cfwf dfq} xf] .
?kGb]xL nufot cGo 7fpFsf s[ifsx¿ ;d]t clxn] ljleGg 7fpFsf wfgv]tnfO{
df5fkf]v/L agfO{ df5fkfng ug{lt/ nfu]sf 5g\ . wfgaf6 eGbf df5fkfng
Joj;foaf6 dgUo] cfDbfgL x'g] ePkl5 o;tkm{ cfslif{t x'g]sf] ;ª\Vof w]/} 5 . v]tdf
59
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
kfgL k|z:t} nfg ;lsg] 5 eg] of] Joj;fo /fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5 . cem wfgv]tL;Fu}
df5fkfng sfo{ ug{;Sg] xf] eg] t bf]xf]/f] cfDbfgL Ps} k6s x'g;S5 .
$)= v]tLaf6
Laf6 ljBfno ;~rfng
w/fgl:yt ;Dos\ lZfIff k|fylds ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm"n] k9\g]

ljBfnos nflu cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg cfkm}F sDd/ s;]/ v]tLkftLdf nfu]sf 5g\ .
ljBfno ;~rfngsf] k|d'v ;|f]t rGbf / cg'bfg /sd ;dodf k|fKt ug{ g;s]kl5
ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ ljBfyL{x¿ cfkm}F cl3 a9]sf x'g\ . cfkm\gf] ljBfnonfO{ cfly{s
;xof]u k'uf];\ eGg] x]t'n] ljleGg s[lif ;d"xagfP/ v]Ng] d}bfgeGbf afx]ssf] hldgnfO{
t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ af/Ldf kl/0ft u/L /fd|} cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .
;Dos k|fylds ljBfnosf slnnf ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;h{gfTds sfd c¿sf

nflu ultnf] pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 . ljBfno kl/;/df ljleGg vfnsf df};dL kmnkm"n /
t/sf/Lsf] v]tL ub{5g\ . klxnf] jif{ cb'jf v]tL u/]/ To;af6 cfPsf] cfDbfgLn]
ljBfno ejg /ª\ufPsf lyP . ljBfnoaf6 lg:s]sf] kmf]x/nfO{ sDkf]i6 dn aGg]
vfnsf] / gaGg] vfnsf] u/L 5'6\ØfpF5g\ / To;}nfO{ cfkm\gf] af/Ldf rflxg] dnsf]
¿kdf k|of]u u5{g\ . olt dfq} xf]Og pgLx¿ pQm dnnfO{ cfkm\gf] af/Ldf xfn]/ a9L
ePdf ljqmL klg ub{5g\ . km"naf/L ;d"x, s/];faf/L ;d"x, ;/;kmfO ;d"x/ lg/f]uL
:jf:Yo ;d"xu/L rf/ ;d"xdf af+l8P/ ljBfnosf] nflu of] cg's/0fLo sfo{ u/Lx]sf
5g\ .
t/sf/Lsf] aLp nufpg], dn xfNg], To;sf] uf]8d]n ug]{ / ljqmLsf] k|aGw ug]{
;a} sfd cfkm}F ub{5g\ . o;sf nflu ljBfnon] k|To]s xKtfsf] z'qmaf/ dWofGg kl5
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 u/LlbG5 / ;f]xLcg';f/ pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f
ug{ tNnLg x'G5g\ . ljBfnonfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf ;Ifd agfpg] of] sfo{df ljBfyL{x¿
dfq xf]Ogg\ k|wfgfWofks / lzIfs lzlIfsfx¿ ;d]t ;nUg x'G5g\ . v]tLkftLsf]
k|fljlws / Jojxfl/s 1fgsf] af/]df k|wfgfWofks / lzIfs lzlIfsfx¿n] ljBfyL{nfO{
l;sfpF5g\ h;af6 ljBfyL{x¿n] lstfaL 1fgsf] ;fy} s[lif ;DaGwL Jojxfl/s 1fg klg
k|fKt u5{g\ .
ljBfnodf lgoldt ¿kdf x'g] k7gkf7gsf] ;dodf c;/ gkf/L

ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfkm\gf] ;fdfGo kl/>dn] ubf{ ljBfnosf] cfly{s Ifdtfdf a[l4 ePsf]5 .
60
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ k/]sf] cfly{s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ljBfyL{n] u/LlbPsf]df ToxfFsf
ljBfyL{ ;fFRr} g} sb/of]Uo 5g\ . o;af6 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Psflt/ ;d"xdf ldn]/ sfd
ug]{] afgL k/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ldlxg]t ug]{ afgL klg k/]sf] 5 . ToxfF k9\g] clwsf+z
ljBfyL{sf] kl/jf/ ;fdfGo cfly{s x}l;otsf eP tfklg pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] ljBfno /fd|f]
agfpg o;/L ldlxg]t u5{g\ .
;Dos\ lZfIff k|fylds ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿s} kxndf v]tLkftLaf6 cfkm\gf]

ljBfno ;~rfng u/]sf]df ToxfFsf k|wfgfWofks ;/f]h >]i7 uf}/jflGjt 5g\ .
ljBfnodf cWoog/t @%) eGbf a9L ljBfyL{sf] eljio;Fu oL ljBfyL{sf] ldlxg]t klg
;Fu;Fu} ufl;G5 . cfkm\gf] ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ sl7g gxf];\ eg]/ ljBfyL{x¿ o;/L
ljBfnoleq}sf] hldgdf v]tLkftLdf nfu]sf x'g\ . ;/sf/L ljBfnox¿ hxfF hldg 5
t/ cfly{s ;|f]tsf] cefj 5, ToxfFsf nflu oL slnnf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm\gf] hfFu/, ;f]r
/ ldlxg]t pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/LlbPsf 5g\ .
$!= aª\
aªu'\u/' kfng
……kl/>dL xftx¿ ;kmntfsf] d'n s8L xf]ÚÚ of] egfO nfu" x'G5 df]/ª ky/L
uflj; j8f g+= !) sL #) jifL{of lalgtf b]jfgdf . cfkm\gf] c;w}Fo} u/Lasf]
lhGbuLnfO{ cfkm\g} ldlxg]t / hfFu/n] pgnfO{ clxn] Ps ;kmn pBdL, Ps ;kmn
u[lx0fL / Ps ;kmn ;dfh;]jL aGg ;3fPsf] 5 . ljlgtf ( jif{cl3 k|j]lzsf k/LIffdf
c;kmn ePsL ljBfyL{ x'g\ . ljjfx eO;s]kl5 klg pgsf] kltn] s'g} /f]huf/ kfPsf
lyPgg\ eg] pgsf] klg vf;} s'g} cfo;|f]t x'g] sfd lyPg . hDdf ;DklQ eg]sf] Pp6f
3/ dfq lyof] . ljutsf] cfkm\gf] cufw b'Mv ;Dem]/ pgL kL8fsf] dx;'; klg ul5{g\ .
cfkm\gf] s]xL ;DklQ / sfd gx'Fbf csf{sf] aª\u'/ / afv|f kfn]/ hLljsf rnfpg] uy]{
lalgtf / pgsf klt . t/ klg cfkm\gf] hLjg rnfpg lgSs} d'l:sn k/]sf] lyof] .
x]km/ OG6/g]zgn / s[lif ;'wf/ tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u d~rn] lbPsf] aª\u'/
k|hgg k|ljlw tyf :jg]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd g} ljlgtfsf] k|ultsf] d'Vo ;|f]t aGg uof] .
;f] tflndn] pgsf] hLjgsf] jf:tljstf a'em\g / cfkm"n] g} s]xL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fof], cfTdljZjf; a9]/ cof] . tflnddf l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ k"0f{tof
cfkm\gf] Jojxf/df nfu" ul/g\ / ldlxg]tsf ;fy ;kmn x'Fb} uOg\ . tflndkZrft\ pQm
;+:yfn] ljgLtfnfO{ @ j6f aª\u'/sf kf7L -e'gL_ pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] / ToxL pkxf/n]
g} pgsf] hLjgdf 7"n} cfly{s pGgtL u/fOlbof] . ;+:yfaf6 kfPsf] kf7L x'sf{pg] qmddf
61
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
x}hfsf sf/0f y'k|} aª\u'/x¿ dfl;P t/ pgn] slQ klg x/]; vfOgg\ / cfkm\gf] sfd
lg/Gt/ ub}{ uOg\ . Tolt lg/Gt/ ldlxg]tsf] sf/0fn] pgL Ps ;kmn gf/L ePsL l5g\ .
pgnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ oL b'O{ ;+:yfsf]] ;kmntfsf] d'Vo cfwf/ ljlgtf /x]sf] klg ;+:yfsf]
cg'ej 5 .
clxn] pgn] df]/ªsf] zlgZr/]–^ sLtL{k'/df cnu cnu aª\u'/ tyf s'v'/f
kmfd{ ;~rfng u/L/x]sL l5g\ . To;afx]s pgn] ky/Ld} b'O{ dfp aª\u'/ klg kfn]sL
l5g\ . aª\u'/ tyf s'v'/fkfngaf6 jflif{s @ nfv ?k}ofF eGbf a9L sdfpl5g\ h'g /sd
pgsf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/sf] nfngkfng tyf afnaRrfsf] plrt lzIfflbIffsf] nflu kof{Kt
dfq} xf]Og ljleGg ;xsf/Ldf ;d]t pgn] art ug]{ u/]sL l5g\ . o:tf] Joj;foaf6
pgLdfq} Jo:t 5}gg\ pgsf kltn] klg cfkm\g} /f]huf/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .
ljlgtfn] cfly{s pkfh{g dfq} xf]Og ;fdflhs k|lti7f;d]t cfh{g ug{ ;kmn
ePsL l5g\ . klxn] klxn] hgdfg;df af]Ng lxlRsrfpg] ljlgtf ;+:yfn] lbPsf]
tflndkZrft hxfFklg v'n]/ af]Ng ;Sg] ePsL l5g\ h;sf] sf/0f pgL y'k|} ;fdflhs
sfd ug]{ ;+:yfdf cfa4 l5g\ . clxn] t ljlgtf c;xfo tyf ljkGg kl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s
;xof]u ;d]t ug{;Sg] ePsL l5g\ .
u/La eP tfklg ljgLtfn] hLjgdf x/]; vfOgg\ lg/Gt/sf] . ldlxg]t /

k|of;sfn] pgL clxn] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf lhNnfe/L g} k|Voft x'g ;kmn
ePsL l5g\ . dlxnfn] s]xL ug{ ;Sb}gg eGg] ;+ª\sL0f{ ;f]rnfO{ r'gf}tL lbPsL 5g\
ljlgtfn] . ufpF jf ;x/ hxfF eP klg ljlgtfsf] ;kmntfsf] ;"qnfO{ dlxnfn] dfq x}g
k'?ifx¿n] klg k|of]u ug{ ;s5g\ .
62
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
$@= kl/>dL xftsf] syf
s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf] dx]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsfsf u0f]z af]xf]/f clg pgsf]

sfddf ;xof]u ug]{ dlg/fh e§ / dbg/fh e§nfO{ s]xL jif{cl3;Dd cfly{s ;d:ofn]
;fx|} ;tfPsf] lyof] . pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] k]6 kfNg ;Dd klg lgSs} wf} wf} k/]sf] lyof] .
pgLx¿ ltg}hgf ldn]/ @)%& ;fndf Pp6f gofF Joj;fo ;'? u/] / lg/Gt/sf] cys
ldlxg]t kl5 clxn] pgLx¿sf] cfDbfgL pgLx¿n] g} sNkgf u/]sf] eGbf w]/} a9L kfPsf
5g\ . ltg}hgfsf] cufw nugzLntfn] k"/fgf] ;a} lttf] ctLt la;f{pg klg d2t u/]sf]
5.
@)%& ;fndf d]l/7 sfi7 pBf]u ;~rfng u/L ljho;fnsf efF8fx¿ a]Rg
yfn]kl5 pgLx¿sf] ;'vsf lbg ;'? ePsf] xf] . ljho;fn vf;u/L dw'd]xsf] /f]uLsf]
nflu pkof]uL dflgG5 . ;'? ;'?df Jofkf/n] /fd|f] d'gfkmf lbg g;Sbf klg pgLx¿n]
x/]; vfPgg\ / lg/Gt/ ljho;fnsf efF8fs'F8fx¿ agfpgd} cfkm\gf] ldlxg]t vr{ u/] .
o;} pBf]uaf6 pgn] dx]Gb|gu/df dfq} dlxgfsf] %) b]lv @)) j6f;Dd lunf;,
cDvf]/f tyf srf}/f las|L ub{5g\ . u0f]zn] oxL ljho;fnsf] efF8fs'F8f Joj;foaf6
dfq} @& hgfsf] kl/jf/ kfNb5g\ eg] !# hgf pgs} kl/jf/ leqsf ;b:ox¿nfO{
ljleGg SofDk;, ;/sf/L tyf lghL ljBfnox¿df k9fO/x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L pgn]
k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{sf] efifL glhs sl/a @$ nfv ?k}ofF kg]{ kSsL 3/;d]t vl/b
u/]sf 5g\ . jif{df b'O{ xhf/j6f hlt ljho;fnsf efF8fs'F8fx¿ a]r]/ kl/jf/sf] ;Dk"0f{
vr{ s6fP/ klg tLgb]lv rf/nfv ?k}ofF;Dd arfpg ;s]sf 5g\ . Joj;fo ;'? ug{
pgn] ;'?df ! nfv ?k}ofF nufgL u/]sf lyP / clxn] pgsf] Tof] nufgL ;of}+ u'gf
d'gfkmf cfh{g ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
Pp6f dfq ljho;fnsf] la?jf x's{g @) jif{;Dd nfU5 / of] la?jf lbglbg}
dfl;g yfn]sf]df ;d]t pgL lrlGtt 5g\ . To;}n] pgn] gu/kflnsfdfkm{t !)
xhf/j6f hlt ljho;fnsf la?jf /f]Kg nufPsf]df pgn] klg % j6f ljho;fnsf
la?jf x'sf{pFb} 5g\ .
clxn] pgsf] Joj;fon] dfl;s ;Dk"0f{ vr{ s6fP/ %) xhf/ ?k}ofF art
ub{5 . pgn] u/]sf] of] Joj;fo gf}nf] eg] kSs} xf]Og t/ pgsf] cys ldlxg]t /
Joj;fok|ltsf] cufw nufjsf sf/0f pgL ;kmntfsf] r'nLdf k'Ug ;s]sf x'g\ . pgsf]
Joj;fo cem} a9\b} hfcf];\ . c¿ yk JolQmx¿n] klg pgsf] Joj;fodf /f]huf/sf]
cj;/ kfpmg\ xfd|f] d'/L d'/L z'esfdgf Û
63
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
64
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
$#= dfx'/L kfngaf6

kfngaf6 kl/jt{g
pBf]u / lxDdtn] dflg;nfO{ sxfFaf6 sxfF k'¥ofpF5 eGg] s'/f s;}nfO{ yfxf
g} x'Fb}g . b]pk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= &, bf]jf6f lgjf;L 6Lsf/fd ltldlN;gfnfO{ klg
pBf]un] ul/jLsf] vf8naf6 lems]/ w]/} p+rf] :yfgdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . cfˆgf] gfddf /x]sf]
@ /f]kgL kfvf] af/Lsf] pAhgLn] ltldlN;gfsf] & hgfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ wfGg lgs} ufx|f]
kl//x]sf] lyof] . To;If]qsf] ;DefJotfnfO{ x]/L ltldlN;gfn] pQm hUufdf ;'Gtnf v]tL
ug]{ ljrf/ u/L k'/} hldgdf ;'Gtnfsf] la?jfx¿ ;fg{ yfn] . ;'Gtnf x's]{/ pAhgL
lbgsf] nflu lglZrt ¿kdf g} s]xL ;do kv{g' kg]{ lyof] . kmn lbg] a]nf;Dd pxfFnfO{
klv{g lgs} ;ª\3if{ ug'{k¥of] . ;a} hUufdf ;'Gtnf v]tL u/]kl5 !@ dlxgf g} a];fP/
vfg' kg]{ jfWotf cfof] . cfDbfgLsf] cGo s'g} ljsNk lyPg .
;'Gtnf v]tLs]f cfDbfgL k|fKt gx'g] ;do;Ddsf nflu eg] klg u/f}+ g t
eg]/ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 dfx'/L kfng tflnd k|fKt u/] . Oi6ldq;Fu /
cfkm";Fu ePsf] k};fn] @ 3f/ dfx'/L lsg]/ pGgt 3f/df dfx'/L kfng ;'? u/]] . t/
b'ef{Uo ! dlxgf;Dd 3f/df /x]sf df}/L 3f/ 5f]8]/ efu] . ;d"xsf 6Lsf/fd ;lxtsf @
hgf ;b:onfO{ sf7df08fF} la sG;g{df k'gtfh{uL tflndsf] nflu k7fOof] . ToxfFsf]
df}/Lsf] lg/LIf0f / 1fg lnP/ kms{g' ePsf ltldlN;gfdf km]l/ pQm Joj;fo ug]{ bl/nf]
cfF6 cfof] / km]l/ pxfFn] @)%* ;fndf !@ 3f/ df}/L vl/b u/L pQm k];fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg ;'? ug'{eof] . To;kl5 )%( ;fndf #@ uf]nf df}/L eP . dfl;s ¿kdf % b]lv &
xhf/ ;Ddsf] dxpTkfbg / ljqmL x'g yfNof] . xfn pgL;Fu ^@ 3f/ df}/L /x]sf 5g\ .
pQm Joj;foaf6 xfn 6Lsf/fd lgs} ;Gt'i6 b]lvG5g\ .
ltldlN;gf JolQmut ¿kdf kflnPsf df}/L pBdLx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ¿kdf

cufl8 a9\gsf] nflu :yfkgf u/LPsf] wf}nflu/L df}/L ljsf; ;|f]t s]Gb|sf cWoIf;d]t
ltldlN;gf /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnfnfO{ df}/Lkfngsf] gd'gf If]qsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{sf
nflu ljleGg sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . lhNnfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+:yfaf6 pknJw
u/fOg] df}/L kfng tflnddf ;|f]t JolQmsf] ¿kdf klg ltldlN;gfn] sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf
5g\ .
bogLo /x]sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L xfnsf] OHhltn]f cj:yfdf Nofpg
df}/L kfng Joj;fon] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . pgL cfkm} atfp5g\ æklxnf
C0fn] 8'a]sf] cj:yf lyof] . cfDbfgLsf] s'g} ;|f]t lyPg . clxn] cfP/ k"/} C0faf6 d'Qm
ePsf] 5' . art t ca /fd|} xf]nf h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 . cab]lv jif{df sDtLdf Ps nfv
65
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
art ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf lj:j:t 5' . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;lhn} :s'n k7fpg ;s]sf]
5' . 3/df ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . ;/;kmfO{ / jftfj/0f k|lt ;r]t ePsf] 5' . ;fFRr} eGg'kbf{
t d]/f] lhGbuLsf] csf]{ o'u ;'? ePsf] 5 ls h:tf] cg'e"lt x'G5 .Æ pgn] ;a}nfO{ o:tf
lbuf] ¿kdf pBdL aGg] sfo{df ;xefuL eP/ cfˆgf] OR5fcg';f/sf pBdx¿ ;~rfng
ug{ k|]/0ff k|bfg u/]sf5g\ . cfh 6Lsf/fd ltldlN;gfnfO{ ufpF ;dfh ;a}n] pbf/0fsf
¿kdf / ;kmn pBdLsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
$$= cu/jQL pBf]u
;|f]tx¿sf] kl/rfng u/L hfFu/Lnf, ;fx;L / cfTdlge{/ x'g ;kmn ePsL

hfFu/LnL, ;fx;L / pBdL dlxnf x'g\ n'+v' b]p/fnL—%, 38]/L8fF8f lgjf;L >LdtL lji0f'
clwsf/L . cfˆgf # 5f]/f5f]/L, ;;'/f, lbbL / >Ldfg\ \;Fusf] ;+o'Qm kl/jf/dfnfO{
>Ldfg\sf] k|fylds txsf] lzIfssf] hflu/n] arfpg wf} wf} k/]sf] lyof] . @)%* ;fndf
n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t cu/alQ agfpg] tflnd k|fKt u/]sL lji0f'
clwsf/Ln] cfkm" ;b:o ePsf] ;fd'bflos ;+:yfaf6 ?= %)))÷– C0f lnP/ sRrf
kbfy{ NofO{ cu/jQL pTkfbg Joj;fosf] >Lu0f]z u/Lg\ .
;fgf] dfqfdf ePklg cfo cfh{gsf] lx;fjn] pgn] ;f] sfd ub}{ lyOg\ . s'Zdf
ahf/df cfof]hgf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gdf pgsf] pTkfbgn] t[tLo eP/ k'/:sf/ /
k|df0f kq k|fKt u/]kl5 cem hfFu/ / xf};nf ylkb} uof] . To;kl5 Joj;fo cem
a9fpg] larf/ pgdf cfof] . a'6andf uP/ Ps} k6sdf b; xhf/ bh{g cu/aQLsf]
se/ …;'lgtf cu/aQL pBdÚ n'+v' b]p/fnL kj{t eg]/ 5kfP/ NofOg\ .
kfl/jfl/s ¿kdf klg pgnfO{ pQm Joj;fo ug{ >Ldfg\ tyf 5f]/Lx¿n] klg
/fd|f] ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ . km';{bsf] ;dodf >Ldfg\n] pTkfbg, KoflsË / ljqmLsf] nflu
;xof]u u/LlbG5g\ . o;}n] ubf{ klg pgnfO{ c¿ cufl8 a9\g ;xof]u eO/x]sf] pBdL
lji0f' clwsf/Lsf] cg'ej 5 .
JolQmut ¿kdf cfTd lge{/ ePsf], cfFkm"nfO{ vfFrf] kg]{ cyjf r'/f kf]t] / 3/
vr{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ /sdsf nflu s;}sf] d'v tfSg' gk/]sf] l:yltdf k'¥ofpg
pQm cu/aQL pBdn] agfPsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ r'nf rf}sf / 3fF; bfp/fdf dfq
66
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
cNem]sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf tflndx¿, e]nf tyf k|bz{gLx¿df ;xefuL x'g]
df}sf k|bfg u/]/ ckl/lrt dfG5]x¿;Fu klg cfˆgf] ;fdfgsf] af/]df 9'Ss;Fu atfpg
;Sg] v'aLsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . clxn] pgL cu/aQL pTkfbg tflndsf] ;|f]tJolQmsf]
¿kdf klg kl/rflnt x'g yfn]sL 5g\ .
dfl;s #—$ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd sdfpg ;Sg] ePsL lji0f' clwsf/L ljleGg
uf]i7L, tflnd, k|bz{gLdf ;xefuL eP/ cfˆgf s'/fx¿ /fVg ;Sg] ePsL 5g\ .
;|f]tJolQmsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ df}sf klg kfpg yfn]sL 5g\. pgL elG5g\ æslxNo} of]
lbg cfpnf h:tf] ;f]r]sL klg lyOg, lhGbuL 3fF; bfp/f d} hfG5 ls h:tf] nfu]sf]
lyof] t/ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf cfkm"nfO{ kfpFbf cfkm}nfO{ uj{ nfU5 / ;dfhsf ;a}
cfkm"h:tf lbbL alxgLx¿nfO{ klg o:t} sfddf nfUg] k|]/0ff lbG5' / ;xof]u ub{5' .Æ
eljiodf oxL k];fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] / o;}nfO{ cem} Jojl:yt agfP/ n}hfg]
c7f]6 JoQm ub}{ cfkm"nfO{ of] cj:yfdf NofO{lbg kyk|bz{ssf] sfd ug]{ n3' pBd
ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxg] pBdL lji0f' clwsf/L km';t{ s]f ;do TolQs}
ljtfpg] lbbLalxgL tyf bfh'efOx¿ nfO{ k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t ePsL 5g\ .
$%= nfx'/] kmf]6f]u|fkm/

km/
ldlxg]tL / kf}/vL dfG5]n] ljb]zdf uP/ csf{sf] u'nfdL ug'{eGbf cfˆg} b]zdf,
cfˆg} ufpF 7fpFdf ldlxg]t u/]/, cfˆg} xftsf] ;Lkn] klg nfvf}+ cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5
eGg] s'/f sfls{g]6f uf=lj=; j8f g+ !, kj{t pBdL j]bfË eQm -ljgf]b_ kfWofn]
k|dfl0ft u/LlbPsf 5g\ . wg sdfpgsf nflu ef/ttkm{ k;]sf pgn] &–* jif{sf] ef/t
a;fO{sf] bf}/fgdf ;Dxfn]sf cg'ejcg';f/ ljb]z a;]/ cfly{s / af}l4s lx;fjn] k|ult
gx'g] nfu]kl5 cfˆgf] hGd:yn sfls{g]6fdf cfP/ g} cfˆgf] k"/fgf] k];f s[lifdf g}
;dflxt x'g k'u] .
;fgf] s:d]l6s k;n / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltåf/f ;~rflnt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf

;fdfGo hflu/]sf] ¿kdf sfd u/] tfklg cfly{s ¿kdf ;Gt'i6 x'g ;s]gg\ . To;}n] n3'
pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t kmf]6f]u|fkmL;DaGwL ;Lk tflnd lnP/ lah'nLsf] cefj,
;f]nf/ /fVg ;Sg] cfˆgf] x}l;ot gx'Fbf gx'Fb} klg ljleGg j}slNks pkfox¿sf] vf]hL
u/]/ ToxfF kmf]6f]u|fkmL;DaGwL sfo{ ;'? u/] .
67
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
gd| af]nL, v'nf Jojxf/, ;xof]uL efjgf, hlt a]nf klg xFl;nf] b]lvg] pxfFsf]
JolQmTj, ;fbf hLjg pRr larf/, w}o{jfg, nugzLn, p2]Zok|lt ljrlnt gx'g]
k|ltjåtf h:tf u'0fx¿n] pgnfO{ ;kmntfsf] lzv/ r'Dg ;kmn agfof] . lbg k|ltlbg
pgsf] Jofkf/ qmlds ¿kdf a9\b} uof] . u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ cfpg yfNof] . dfG5]x¿
k|efljt x'g yfn] . ToxL kmf]6f]sf] Jofkf/n] ;fgf] s:d]l6s k;naf6 cfh sfls{g]6f
ahf/df /fd|f] Jofkfl/sf ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf5g\ j]bfË .
lxhf] ;fdfGo ZofdZj]t kmf]6f]af6 ;'? u/LPsf] kmf]6f]u|fkmL k];fdf a[l4 eO{
cfh l8lh6n kmf]6f], /ª\lug tyf ;fbf kmf]6f], kmf]6f] 6' kmf]6f], OGnfh{d]06÷l/8S;g,
kmf]6f] ldlS;Ë b]lv sfFwdf Sofd]/f lnP/ lel8of]u|fkmL ug{;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ pgL . jflif{s
¿kdf kmf]6f]af6 dfq klg u|fdL0f :t/sf] ahf/df ! nfv eGbf a9L sf/f]af/ u5{g\
j]bfË .
pgL] eG5g\, ælxhf] ?= !)))÷– C0f dfUbf lagf]bn] lt5{ ls s] u5{ eg]/
skfn sGofP/ ;f]Rg]x¿ cfh nfvsf 9's'6L jf cGo sf/f]af/x¿ klg ;fdfGo af]nLsf
cfwf/df ug]{ ub{5g\ of] g} d]/f nflu 7"nf] uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] / of] ;a oxL kmf]6f]u|fkmL
Joj;fosf] b]g xf] .Æ
jf:tjdf a]/f]huf/ a;]/ / rflxg] grflxg] s'/f u/]/ 8'n]/ s'g} cy{ 5}g .
dflg; pTkfbgzLn sfo{df Jo:t x'g' kb{5 . s'g} zLk l;s]/ cfˆg} ufpF7fpFdf ljleGg
lsl;dsf n3' pBdx¿ u/]/ klg cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k};f cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
sfd s'/f] Psflt/ s'Dnf] af]sL l7dLlt/ eg]em}+ cfˆg} :yfgLo :t/df g} ljleGg k|sf/sf
cj;/ / ;|f]tx¿ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg wg sdfpgsf nflu ljb]ztkm{ xflgg] o'jfx¿n] Psk6s
a]bfËeQm kfWof -ljgf]b_nfO{ x]g'{kb{5 . ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 . s] ;fFRr} ljgf]b ljb]zdf g}
a;]sf eP of] cj:yfdf cfpg ;Sy] xf]nf t <
68
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
$^= afF; lgufnf]sf] pBf]

pBf]u
ldlxg]tL / kf}/v u/]/ cfTdlge{/ aGg rfxg] o'jfx¿ clxn] klg hflu/ jf
gf]s/Lsf] t'ngfdf pBdL ag]/ afFRg ?rfpF5g\ . o;/L g} cfˆgf] pBd ;~rfng u/]/
s;}sf] rfs8L / u'nfdL gu/Lsg wg / OHht sdfpg ;kmn ePsf Pp6f o'jf
pBdL x'g\ b]j]Gb| k'/L . kj{t v'sf]{6 uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= * sf k'/Ln] afF; lgufnf]af6
pTkfbg x'g] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdfgx¿ h:t} 8f]sf, 8fnf], gfª\nf], gfDnf], df]8f, ¥ofs,
kmf]6f]k|m]d, k]6L, v]nf}gsf ;fdu|Lx¿ cflb agfp5g\ . a'jfn] ;fdfGo ¿kdf z'? u/]sf]
afF;sf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdfgx¿ agfpg]] sfdnfO{ pBdL b]a]Gb| k'/Ln] cem a9L
Jofks u/fO{ pBf]usf] ¿kdf rnfpg] ;f]rsf ;fy cufl8 a9] / o; ;DaGwL ;Lk
tflnd] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] af6 k|fKt u/] .
?= %)))÷– af6 ;'? u/LPsf] Joj;foaf6 k'/Ln] xfn cfP/ jflif{s %),)))
eGbf a9L /sd art ug{ ;s]sf5g\ eg] ;fydf ljleGg ;+:yfx¿df ;|f]t JolQmsf]
¿kdf sfd u/]/ k|fKt x'g] kfl/>lds klg yk x'G5 . k'/Ln] xfn kf]v/fdf Pp6f
cfO;lqmd / afF;sf ;fdfgx¿ pTkfbg tyf ljqmL ug]{ k;n ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\
pgn] . kf]v/f h:tf ko{6sx¿ lelqg] 7fpFdf cfˆgf] x:tsnf jf afF;sf ljleGg
k|sf/sf ;fdfgx¿ pTkfbg u/]/ dgUu] cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . xfn cfˆgf]
k];faf6 ;Gt'i6 eP/ hf] sf]xLnfO{ ljb]z hfgeGbf cfˆgf] b]zd} a;]/ klg o:tf ljleGg
k|sf/sf pBd x¿ ;~rfng u/]/ nfFvf} cfo cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ gd'gfsf ¿kdf
:yflkt ePsf 5g\ pBdL b]j]Gb| k'/L .
lxDdt / nugzLn eP/ sfd ug]{ xf] eg] oxL+af6 nfvf}s +F f] cfDbfgL ug{
;lsG5 eGg] ;Gb]z ;a}df lbG5g\ k'/L . ca eljiodf kf]v/fdf o; Joj;fonfO{ cem
/fd|f];Fu rnfpFb} Pp6f ;kmn pBdLsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g] of]hgfdf pgL 5g\ . ;kmn
pBdLdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx¿nfO{ /fd|f];Fu cg';/0f u/]/ cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy cufl8 a9]sf]
v08df dgUu] k};f o+lxF cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljZjf; 5 dfof ¿kf afF; lgufnf]
pBdsf pBdL b]j]Gb| k'/Lsf] .
69
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
$&= cNnf] k|zf]wg tyf a'gfO
kj{t lhNnfsf] clt ljs6 tyf pRr kxf8L efu zflnhf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^
df hlGdg' ePsL h;dfof k'hf{ xfn cNnf] wfuf] k|zf]wg tyf sk8f a'gfO{ pBd
;~rfng u/L ;kmn pBdLsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsL 5g\ . aNntNn sIff # ;Ddsf]
cWoog k"/f ug{ ;kmn ePsL h;dfofn] cNnf] k|zf]wg;DaGwL ;Lk tflnd k|fKt
u/]kl5 xDkfn cNnf] cNnf] k|zf]wg tyf a'gfO{ Joj;fosf] :yfkgf u/Lg\ . cfjZos
kg]{ nufgLsf nflu sfnLu08sL art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 ?= !),)))÷– C0f
lnO{ Joj;fo ;'? u/]sL pgn] ;'¿df wfuf] a]rL dfl;s ?= %))–&))÷– dfq gfkmf
sdfpg ;kmn ePsL lyOg\ . t/ xfn oxL Joj;foaf6 dfl;s $)))–^))) ;Dd
kmfObf sdfpg ;s]sL 5g\ .
;'¿df wfuf] tof/ u/L ljqmL ub}{ ;'?ePsf] Joj;fo xfn cGoqaf6 wfuf]
vl/b u/]/ ljleGg l8hfOg / /ªdf sk8f a'gL ljqmL ug]{ pBf]udf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 .
cfkm"nfO{ :j/f]huf/L x'g'sf] ;fy} 3/vr{;d]t rnfpg ;s]sL h;dfofsf] kl/jf/sf]
cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t eg]sf] g} cNnf] k|zf]wg Joj;fo ePsf] 5 .
lhNnfsf Psxhf/ eGbf a9L pBdLx¿sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ lhNnf n3' pBdL
;ª\3sL pkfWoIf;d]t /x]sL h;dfof k'hf{n] pBdLx¿nfO{ ;ª\ul7t ¿kdf cufl8
n}hfg ;s]dfq lhNnf tyf /fi6«df n3' tyf ;fgf pBdsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sg] b]lV5g\ .
klxnf s;}sf] d'vdf x]/]/ af]Ng klg nfh dfGg] pBdL ljleGg k|sf/sf cf}Bf]lus
k|bz{gLdf cfˆgf] ;fdfgsf] JofVof ug{ dhfn] af]NMg ePsL 5g\ . c¿;Fu C0f sf9]/
;fdfGo vr{ rnfpg] pBdL xfn c¿nfO{ ;d]t C0f ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ ePsL 5g\ .
h;dfof k'hf{n] bh{geGbf a9L lhNnf tyf /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gLdf efu lnO{ kj{t
lhNnfsf] cfˆgf] pTkfbg cNnf]sf] pTkfbgnfO{ /fli6«o :t/;Dd lrgfpg] dxTjk"0f{ sfd
ub}{ cfPsL 5g\ .
efjL lbgdf kj{t lhNnfsf] zflnhf uf=lj=;=nfO{ cNnfsf] gfdn] lrgfpg]

of]hgf agfP/ cufl8 a9]sL o'jf dlxnf pBdL h;dfof k'hf{ ;dfhdf /x]sf a]/f]huf/
dlxnf lbbL alxgLx¿nfO{ pQm sfddf nfUg cg'/f]w / k|]/0ff k|bfg ub}{ 5g\ eg]
cNnf]sf] g;{/L agfO{ vfnL /x]sf hUufdf cNnf]sf] v]tL tyf /f]k0f u/L sRrf kbfy{sf]
;d:ofnfO{ klg xn ug]{ of]hgfdf l5g\ .
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|zf]wg u/L sk8fsf] ;d:of 6fg]{ cNnf] xfn cfP/ /fd|f]
cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t aGg k'u]sf] 5 . h'g cNnf]sf sk8fx¿ ljb]zLn] ;d]t clt dg k/fO{
70
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
vl/b ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 k|dfl0ft x'G5 k/Dk/fut ¿kdf pknJw ;Lk tyf
k|ljlwx¿nfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/]/ klg :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf] sRrf kbfy{af6 dgUu]
cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 .
$*= pmgL emf]nf pTkfbg
kj{t dfemkmfF6 uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= ^ sf] blnt a:tLdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsL
jif{ $@ sL sfnLsf g]kfnLsL @ 5f]/L, ! 5f]/f / a"9f ;;'/fsf] kfngkf]if0fsf] lhDd]jf/L
sfFwdf cfPsf] lyof] cfkm\gf] >Ldfg\ \sf] d[To'kZrft\ . kl5 n3' pBd ljsf;
sfo{qmddfkm{t pmgLsf] emf]nf a'gfO tflnd k|fKt u/]kl5 sflnsf pmgL emf]nf pBd
;~rfng u/Lg\ . ;'?sf jif{df laxfg a]n'sf / km';{bsf] ;dodf emf]nf a'gfO{ ug]{ /
lbp;f] a]gLdf ef/L af]Sg hfFbf a'g]sf !÷@ j6f emf]nfx¿ ahf/df a]Rg] ub{lyg\ .
sfdsf] af]em a9] klg b}lgs cfodf a[l4 ePsf] x'gfn] pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ s]xL
/fxt x'g yfNof] . Ps sfg b'O{ sfg d}bfg x'Fb} pgn] a'g]sf emf]nfn] ufpF, 6f]n x'Fb}
ahf/df klg /fd|f] :yfg kfpg yfNof] . xfn pgnfO{ emf]nf a'Gg EofO{ gEofO{ 5 . pgL
clxn] cfP/ b}lgs %—^ emf]nf a'Gg] ul5{g\ . emf]nfsf] :t/ / ;fOh cg';f/ !@)—!%)
;Dddf Pp6f emf]nf ljqmL ul5{g\ . b}lgs *)÷() ?k}ofdf el/ofsf] sfd ug{ lx+8\g]
sfnLsf clxn] cfP/ b}lgs !%) b]lv !*) ;Dd sdfpg] ul5{g\ . dfl;s ?= %)))
;Dd pgsf] cfDbfgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . pgnfO{ pBd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu pgsf @ j6L
5f]/Ln] k9fOaf6 ar]sf] ;do wfuf] a]g]{ tfg nufO{lbg] u/]/ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
;'¿df pBd ;~rfng ubf{ cfkm";Fu k};f gePkl5 dfOtLdf uO{ Pp6f yf/f]
afv|f] NofP/ ? !))) df laqmL u/L tfg, kf6L / ! s]=hL= wfuf] NofP/ ;'? u/]sL
lyOg\ pgn] pBd . xfn pgL n3' pBdsf] dflns ag]sL l5g\ . c¿sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿
a]gL ef/L af]Sg hfFbf pgsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ emf]nf af]s]/ ljBfnotkm{ hfG5g\ . klxn] b'Mv
x'Fbf ? !))÷– ;fk6L glbg] l5d]sL pgsf] 3/df ;/;fk6 lng cfpF5g\ . ;ef e]nf
x'Fbf 6f]ndf pgsf klg ljrf/x¿ ;'Gg yflnPsf] 5 .
klxnf ! s]=hL= wfuf] lsg]/ pBd ;~rfng u/]sL sflnsf clxn] cfP/
@)÷#) lsnf] wfuf] lsGg PSn} kf]v/f ;Dd hflG5g\ . pgL cfkm"nfO{ Pp6f ;kmn
pBdL ePsf] d"NofÍg ul5{g\ .
71
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
Pp6f ef/L af]Sg] dlxnf !)) ?k}ofs nflu c¿sf] 3/df uP/ xft yfKg' kg]{
cj:yfaf6 clxn] Pp6f pBdsf] dflns eP/ a:g kfPsf]df pgL dVv l5g\ . s]xL ug{
;ls+b}g eg]/ k'k'{/f]df efUo 5}g eGb} a:g] ;a}sf nflu cfbz{ JolQm ag]sL l5g\
sflnsf . klxnf] pgL dlxnf To;dfyL klg ;dfhn] æblntÆ sf] wAaf nufOlbPsf]
hfnf]nfO{ tf]8\b} pBdL ag]kl5 ToxL ;dfhn] pgsf] ljrf/ ;'g]/ sfd ug{ yfn]sf] 5 .
pBdn] cfly{s cj:yfdfq xf]Og ;fdflhs x}l;ot klg a9fpF5 . k|ToIf pbfx/0f
ag]sL l5g\ sflnsf g]kfnL .
$(= cb'jf v]tL
lgDgdWod juL{o kl/jf/sf] æOl08og kmfN6" -l;ljn gf]s/L ug]{_ nfx'/]Æ;Fu

bfDkTo hLjgdf afFlwO{ $ 5f]/L / ! 5f]/fsL cfdf eP/ kj{t lhNnfsf] ltnfxf/
uf=lj=;–#, luHofgsf] dxt6f]ndf lbgx¿ latfO/x]sL ;]tL dxtn] @)%^ ;fndf n3'
pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t cb'jf v]tL tyf k|zf]wg;DaGwL tflnd / e08f/0f
tflnd;d]t lng] df}sf kfOg\ . To;kl5 %) s]=hL= cb'jfsf] aLp vl/b u/]/ cb'jf
v]tL ;'? u/]sL ;]tLn] cb'jfsf] pTkfbg slnnf] cb'jfnfO{ k|zf]wg u/]/ Sof08L, crf/,
;j{t h:tf ljleGg kl/sf/x¿ klg pTkfbg ug{ ;'? u/Lg\ .
cflv/ ldlxg]t / kl/>d u/]kl5 s] x'Fb}g / < lhNnfdf cfof]hgf u/LPsf]

cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gLdf pxfFsf Sof08Lx¿ k|yd eO{ k'/:sf/;d]t xft kfg{ dxt ;kmn
ePsL lyOg\ . pTkflbt j:t' ;'¿df ljqmL x'g ufx|f] eP klg lj:tf/} ahf/ kfp+b} uof] .
o;af6 pgsf]] jflif{s cfDbfgL @) b]lv #) xhf/;Dd x'g yfNof] . t/ of] æl;hgnÆ
Joj;fo ePsfn]] o; Joj;fojf6 dfl;s cfDbfgL x'Fb}gYof] .
s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf] k|fljlws ;Nnfxcg';f/ pgn] a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf]

v]tL ug{ ;'? u/Lg\ . To;sf nflu !^ xhf/ nufgL u/]/ agfPsf] !$) ju{ ld6/
If]qkmn ePsf] Pp6f Knfl:6s 6g]n lgdf{0f u/Lg\ . ;f] 6g]ndf u/LPsf] 6df6/
v]tLaf6dfq klxnf] jif{g} Ps k6sdf #) xhf/;Dd cfDbfgL ePsf] lx;fj pgL;Fu 5 .
Knfli6ssf 6g]ndf uf]ne]+8f, sfqmf, h's]gLnufotsf ljleGg k|sf/sf t/sf/L v]tL
u/L dfl;s *—!) xhf/ ;Ddsf laleGg k|sf/sf t/sf/Lx¿ a]Rg] ul5{g\ .
72
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
æklxnf klxnf 3/sf ;fgf 7"nf vr{df klg >Ldfg\n] slxn] k};f k7fpg' x'G5
/ vr{ u/f}Fnf eg]/ kv{g'kb{Yof] . t/ clxn] 3/ vrL{ ug]{ ;a} k};f d cfkm}F sdfpg
;S5' / sdfPsL klg 5' . ToxL cfDbfgLn] d}n] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ SofDk; / af]l8{Ë k9fPsL
5'Æ uj{;fy atfpl5g\ . cfkm"h:t} dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;[hgzLn eP/ sfd ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{
x'G5 . æ;fgf] 7"nf] h:tf] sfd klg nuglzn eO{ Jojzflos ¿kdf u/] /fd|f] cfDbfgL
ug{ ;ls+bf] /x]5 . alif{s ¿kdf ! nfv hltsf] sf/f]af/ t xfdL h:tf cgk9 dlxnfn]
klg ug{ ;ls+bf] /x]5 gkTofP x]gf]{; t dnfO{Æ cfkm";Fu ;Dks{df cfPsf dlxnfx¿nfO{
pgL jtfpFl5g\ .
:yfgLo ;|f]t–;w}Fg / ;dosf] ;b'kof]u u/]/ ;]tL dxt ;kmn pBdL

dlxnfsf] ¿kdf ;dfhdf pbfx/0f aGg ;kmn ePsL l5g\ . lxhf] x]nf xf]rf] ug]{x¿
klg clxn] cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL a9fpg s] ug'{ knf{ eg]/ pgL;Fu ;/;Nnfx ug{ cfpF5g\ .
clxn] pgL cfkm\gf] ufpFnfO{ gd"gf ufpFsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg nflu k/]sL l5g\ .
cfhef]ln luHofgdf x'g] s'g} klg ljsf;;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿ ;]tL dxtsf]
;xeflutf, ;xof]u jf ;'emfj geO{ ;~rfng x'Fb}gg\ . luHofgdfdfq xf]Og kj{t
lhNnfdf g} ;]tL dxt Pp6f kl/lrt gfd ag]sf] 5 . æk|s[ltn] s'g} klg 7fpF yf/f] -
s]xL cfDbfgL gx'g]_ /fv]sf] x'Fb}g ToxfF s] /fd|f] x'g ;S5 Tof] klxrfg ug'{k5{Æ of] b]zdf
s]xL ug{ ;lsFb}g eg]/ ljb]lzg]] o'jfx¿nfO{ pgsf] ;'emfj 5 .
%)= l3/f}Fnfsf] hfnf]af6 6f]kL
dflg;n] cfkm\gf] OR5f / nugzLntfnfO{ ;w}F}el/ sfod /flv/fVg] xf] eg]

c;kmn klg Pslbg ;kmn x'G5 eGg] s'/f g'jfsf]6 lhNnf a]nsf]6 ufFp ljsf;
;ldlt–^ sf l;h{gzLn / ldlxg]tL s[ifs e'jg uh'/]nn] b]vfOlbPsf 5g\ . ufpF3/df
To;} l5lKkP/ hfg] l3/f}Fnfsf] hfnf]af6 b; jif{b]lv 6f]kL pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf lyP
e'jgn] . To;a]nf pgsf] of] sfdsf] s;}af6 klg k|]/0ff / xf};nf ldn]sf] lyPg . t/
clxn] cfP/ o;sf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg ug{ ;kmn ePsf]df c;w}Fo} uf}/jflGjt ag]sf
5g\ .
l3+/f}nf Ps k|sf/sf] t/sf/L xf] . slnnf] x'Fbf o;sf] t/sf/L vfg] u/LG5 eg]
l5lKkb}+ uPkl5 o;sf] aflx/L efudf Psk|sf/sf] hfnf] h:tf] pTkGg x'G5, h;nfO{
df]xL, b"w 5fGg k|of]u ug]{, efF8f dfem\g] cflb sfdsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df
x'g] Psk|sf/sf] alnof] vfnsf] /];fh:t} b]lvg] hfnf]sf] k|of]u plNnlvt sfo{x¿df
73
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
k|of]u x'Fb} cfO{/x]sf] 5 . t/ e'jg uh'/]nn] o;} hfnf]af6 cem yk l;h{gzLn sfd
u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] l3/f}n F fsf] of] hfnf]af6 6f]kL agfO{ To;}sf] Joj;fo ;~rfng
u/L/x]sf 5g\ . pgn] agfPsf] 6f]kLsf] d"No klg c¿ ;fdfGo 6f]kL eGbf clns a9L
dxFuf] 5 . Pp6f 6f]kLsf] d"No kfFr;o ?k}ofFb]lv cf7;o ?k}ofF;Dd /fv]sf 5g\ .
pgL a:g] ufpFsf] gfd ltufpF xf], To;sf/0f klg pgn] cfkm\gf] 6f]kLsf] gfd
…ltufpFn] 6f]kLÚ eg]/ /fv]sf 5g\ . o; 6f]kLn] pgsf] ;fy} ltufpFsf] gfd rf/}lt/
km}nfpg ;s]sf]df klg pgL lgSs} uf}/j dx;'; ub{5g\ . pgsf] 6f]kL emnSs x]bf{
g]kfnL 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ vfnsf] b]lvG5 . km]l/ pgn] o;df g]kfnLkg lbg
6f]kLsf] leqL;d]t g]kfnL sk8f g} k|of]u u/]sf5g\ . o; hfnf]af6 pgn] 9fsf6f]kLh:t}
b]lvg] 6f]kL, Sofk, 3'd z}nLsf] 6f]kL lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ .
hfGg]nfO{ >Lv08 eg]em}+ Tolts} v]/ hfg] l3/f}Fnfsf] hfnf]af6 6f]kL agfpg]
gljg ;f]rsf wgL e'jgn] ;fRr} k|dfl0ft u/LlbPsf 5g\ ls ;f]rnfO{ cln km/flsnf]
kfg{ ;s]df sfd gnfUg] eg]/ v]/ kmflnPsf j:t' klg ax'd"No x'G5g\ . l3/f}Fnfsf] hfnf]
alnof] / b¥xf] klg x'g] ePsfn]] o;af6 aGg] 6f]kL klg alnof] / cfs{ifs g} x'G5 . o;
k|sf/sf] sfdnfO{ 3/]n' pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ xf};nf / cGo cfjZos s'/fsf]
Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos 5 . c¿sf] nflu pbfx/0fLo sfd ug]{ e'jg uh'/]n awfO{sf kfq
ePsf 5g\ .
%!= g]kfnL sfuh pBf]u
xfd|f] b]z xl/of] jgsf] wgL b]z xf] . oxfFsf jgaf6 y'k|} k|sf/sf jg:klt
nufot k|fs[lts cGo j:t'x¿ e]6\g ;lsG5, h'g cfo;|f]tsf] bl/nf] dfWod klg aGg
;ls/x]sf] 5 . To:t} pbfx/0f e]6\g ;lsG5, kj{t lhNnfsf] n]vkmfF6 uflj;sf h'emf?
/ ldlxg]tL ls;fgsf] g]kfnL sfuh pBf]udf . pgLx¿s} :yfgLo jgdf 3fF;bfp/fsf
nflu k|of]u x'g] a?jf gfds nf]Qmf k|zf]wg u/L g]kfnL sfuh pTkfbg ug{ yfn]kl5
pgLx¿n] cfkm\g} 3/df a;La;L cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .
pRr n]sdf o:tf] vfnsf] nf]Qmf k|z:t} kfOg] / o;sf] /fd|f] ;b'kof]u x'g
g;Sbf 3fF;bfp/fsf nflu dfq} k|of]u x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] lyof] . @)^) ;fnlt/ ToxfFsf
cfwf bh{ghlt ls;fgx¿n] Jofj;flos sfuh agfpg] tflnd lnPkl5 eg] pgLx¿
74
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
clxn] o;} pBf]udf ;lqmo 5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ o;;DaGwL tflnd lbPsf] lyof] eQmk'/
x:tsnfsf] ;xof]udf lhNnf jg sfof{no kj{t / PnPkmkL gfds ;+:yfn] . oL # j6}
;+:yfsf] ;+o'Qm kxndf To; e]usf cfwf bh{ghlt ls;fgn] nf]Qmf ;ª\sng u/L
sfuh agfpg] cfwf/e"t tflnd lnPsf lyP . To;dWo] clxn] n]vkmfF6sf 6]saxfb'/
If]qL, eLdgfy kf}8]n / t]hgfy kf}8]n o;} pBf]udf c;w}Fo} ldlxg]tsf ;fy nfluk/]sf
5g\ . nf]Qmf ;ª\sng df a9L emGem6 x'g] / ;'?sf jif{x¿df pTkfbgsf] qmddf a9L
ldlxg]t ubf{ klg ;fdfGo dfq cfDbfgL ePsf]df klg pgLx¿ s;}n] o;df x/];
vfPgg\ / cfkm\gf] Joj;fonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x] . kmn:j¿k clxn] pgLx¿n] jflif{s !
nfv ?k}ofF eGbf a9L sdfpg ;ls/x]sf 5g\ .
nf]Qmf ;ª\sngsf nflu pgLx¿n] s]xL ;fdfGo lgod klg agfPsf 5g\ .
h;df pgLx¿n] Ps lbgdf Pshgfn] @% lsnf]dfq nf]Qmf ;ª\sng ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
Pslbg ;ª\sng u/]sf] nf]Qmfaf6 #% ;ob]lv rf/xhf/ ?k}ofFhlt cfDbfgL ug{
;lsG5 .
pgLx¿sf] o; k|of;df cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 :yfgLo ljsf; sf]ifn] .

sf]ifn] pgLx¿sf nflu rflxg] pTkfbg ;fdu|L vl/b u/Llbg] / C0f ;d]t pknAw
u/fPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] nf]Qmf g]kfnd} sfuh agfpg ;fdfGo ¿kdf k|of]udf cfP klg
o;sf] dxTj g]kfn aflx/ cToGt} w/]} kfOG5 . nf]Qmfsf] pTkfbg dfq} a9fpFbf klg
ljb]z lgsf;L u/L kmfObf lng ;lsG5 eg] g]kfn leq} klg o;af6 aGg ;Sg]
;fgfltgf pBf]ux¿n] /f]huf/Ldf dfq e/kg'{ kg]{x¿nfO{ /fd|f] ljsNk lbnfpg ;S5 .
g]kfndf 3/]n' pBf]usf] cToGt} w]/} ;Defjgf /x]sf] s'/f o;} sfuh pBf]un] klg
b]vfPsf] 5 . n]vkmfF6sf ls;fgx¿sf] sfuh pBf]uh:t} pBf]u c¿ 7fpFx¿df klg
ug{ ;lsG5 . of] vfnsf] pBf]unfO{ rflxg] k"jf{wf/ agfpg ;DalGwt kIfn] ;xof]u /
xf};nf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
75
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
%@= dlxnf 8f]h/ rfns
dlxnfx¿sf] hut\df d'gf l3ld/] >]i7 ;a}sf nflu Ps gf}nf] gfd x'g ;S5 .
t/ pgn] ug]{ sfdnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] pgL g]kfns} k|yd dlxnf 8f]h/ rfns x'g\ . uf]/vf
af]nf{ª–$ sL d'gf ljut ! bzsb]lv g]kfnsf 7"nf 7"nf le/kx/fx¿;Fu h'Wb} af6f]3f6f]
lgdf{0f ug]{ sfddf tNnLg l5g\ . cfkm\gf sf]dn xftx¿n] 8f]h/sf] ljleGg kf6{k'hf{nfO{
rnfP/ pgL le/kx/f;Fu lbgx'Fh;f] h'Wg] ul5{g\ . k"j{df tfKn]h'ªb]lv klZrddf
s}nfnL;Dd k'u]/ kx/f kmf]g]{ sfd u/L;s]sL l5g\ pgn] . dlxnf eP tfklg pgsf]
sfd k'?ifsf] eGbf s'g} klg s'/fdf sd 5}g . cfkm\gf] k];f;Fu} b]z ljsf;df ;d]t
pgsf] of]ubfg kSs} e]l6G5 .
;'?df pgn] nfdf sG:6«S;gdf ;fdfGo l/z]K;lgi6sf] sfd ubf{ ub}{ ;f]xL
sDkgLdf 8f]h/ rnfpg] tflnd lnP/ xfn Ps ;kmn dlxnf 8f]h/ rfns ag]sL l5g\ .
pgs} cg'ejdf olb lgoldt sfd eO/xg] xf] eg] 8f]h/ rnfP/ dfl;s #% xhf/
?k}ofF eGbf a9L sdfpg ;lsG5 .
cfkm\gf a'af cfdfsf] 5f]/f gePsfn]] 5f]/L dfG5]n] klg 5f]/fn] ug]{ h:t} sfo{
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] b[9 ;ª\sNksf ;fy of] k];fdf nfu]/ pgL ;kmn ePsL l5g\ .
;dfhn] 5f]/LdfG5]nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fn] ubf{ ;'?sf lbgx¿df s]xL cK7\Øf/f] dx;';
ePtfklg cfkm\gf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ;xof]u / k|]/0ffn] ubf{ clxn] pgL o;} Joj;foaf6 w]/}
/fd|f] cfly{s pkfh{g ug{ ;Ifd l5g\ . Tolt dfq} xf]Og pgn] cfkm"n] hfg]sf] of]
;LknfO{ c¿df klg afF9]sL l5g\ . pgn] csL{ dlxnf j;GtL u'?ªnfO{ ;d]t 8f]h/
rnfpg l;sfOlbPsL l5g\ eg] cfkm\g} >Ldfg\ nfO{ klg of] k];fdf nfUg d2t u/L/x]sL
l5g\ . o;} l;nl;nfdf pgn] !) hgf eGbf a9lnfO{ 8f]h/ rnfpg] tflnd klg lbPsL
l5g\ .
dlxnfn] 3/sf] sfd dfq} ug'{k5{, r'nf] rDsf dfq} x]/]/ a:g'k5{, aflx/ sfd
u/] tfklg ;lhnf] / dlxnfx¿sf nflu dfq pko'Qm x'g] sfd 5fg]/ ug'{k5{ eGg]
wf/0ffnfO{ lrg{ ;kmn ePsL l5g\ , b]zs} k|yd dlxnf 8f]h/ rfns d'gf . dlxnfn]
klg k'?ifn] ;/x cem k'?ifn] eGbf sl7g / ufx|f] sfd klg ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ k|dfl0ft
u/LlbPsL l5g\ d'gfn] . pgsf] of] k];fut ofqfdf cem a9L ;kmntfsf v'8\lsnfx¿n]
;fy lbb}F hfpmg\ xfd|f] z'esfdgf Û
76
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
%#= afFemfv]tsf] cn}FrL v]tL
g]kfnsf hldgx¿df ;'g kmnfof] eg] klg kmNg a]/ nfpFb}g, sf/0f xf] oxfFsf]
df6f]sf] pa{/tf / oxfFsf ls;fgx¿sf] h'emf?kg . oL b'j}yl/ ldn]kl5 df6f]df ;'g
kmnfpg ;lsG5 . of] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf 5g\, ndh'ª lhNnfsf] afFemfv]t
uflj;sf] vfFr] ufpFsf ls;fgn] . x'g t g]kfnsf u|fdL0f tyf cw{u|fdL0f e]usf ;a}
s[ifsx¿ ;fx|} ldlxg]tL 5g\ . ;fx|} pGgtzLn 5g\ .
To:t} pGgtzLn / ldlxg]tL ls;fgx¿ x'g\ ndh'ª lhNnfsf] afFemfv]t

uflj;, vfFr]sf ls;fgx¿ h;n] cfkm\gf] ePe/sf] ;Dk"0f{ hUufdf cn}FrLsf] v]tL u/]/
jflif{s ¿kdf y'k|} cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] wfg tyf ds} kmNg]
v]tb]lv Psd'7L cGg x'g] kftL3f/Ldf ;d]t cn}FrL nufPsf 5g\ . o; v]tLaf6 w]/}
/fd|f] sdfO x'g yfn]kl5 vfFr]sf $@ 3/kl/jf/sf aRrfb]lv a"9fkfsf;Dd ;a}n] of]
k];fnfO{ cFufn]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf ls;fgn] Ps jif{df cn}FrL v]tLaf6 !) b]lv *) xhf/
?k}ofF;Dd sdfpF5g\ . oxfFsf] cn}FrL 7]s]bf/dfkm{t emfkfsf] ljtf{df]8, Onfd x'Fb}
g]kfnsf] k"jL{ l;dfgfaf6 ef/tdf ;d]t lgsf;L x'g]u/]sf] 5 .
o; ufpFsf ls;fgx¿n] cn}FrL v]tLaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ yfn]kl5 o;sf]

l;sf] ub}{ ToxfFsf cGo ufpFsf ls;fgx¿;d]t cn}FrL v]tLtkm{ cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ .
ndh'ªs} efrf]s ufpF, e'ne'n] ufpF tyf rlG8:yfg ufpFsf ls;fgx¿ cn}FrL v]tLdf
dUg 5g\ .
vfFr]df @% jif{cl3 :yfgLo sfn' tfdfªn] cn}FrL v]tL ;'? ubf{ pgsf] lv;L
ug]{x¿ klg sd lyPgg\ . t/ clxn] pg} sfn' tfdfªn] jflif{s &) b]lv *) xhf/
?k}ofF sdfpg yfn]kl5 eg] cGo ls;fgx¿ ;d]t of] k];fk|lt cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ .
77
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
%$= xfjfaf6 klg ljh'nL
hxfF ;d:of ToxfF pkfo eg] h:t} xfd|f] b]z g]kfn hn;|f]tsf] wgL eP
tfklg ;wF} lah'nLsf] df/df kl//x]sf 5f}+ . lah'nL kof{Kt dfqfdf pTkfbg x'g g;Sbf
w]/}h;f] ;do cGwsf/df afFRg' kl//fv]sf] 5 . t/ klg olb s'g} pkfo nfpg] xf] eg]
To:tf] cGwsf/af6 s]xL xb;Dd kf/ kfpg ;lsg] /x]5 . j}slNks ¿kdf lah'nL
lgsfNg] y'k|} pkfox¿dWo] cln sd vr{df eQmk'/ s6'~h]sf clDasf d]6n
OlGhlgol/ªsf ;~rfns b'b{d yfkfn] xfjfsf] k|of]uaf6 lah'nL lgsfNg ;Sg] k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] agfPsf] ;f] k|ljlwaf6 ! lsnf]jf6 ;Ddsf] lah'nL pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsG5 . h;n] @ b]lv # 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;lhn} lah'nL pkof]u ug{ k'Ub5 eg] Ps
3/n] dfq k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] hDdf hDdL *) xhf/ ?k}ofFdf of] k|ljlw vl/b ug{
;lsG5 . pgn] ckgfPsf] ;f] k|ljlwdf ^ b]lv * lkm6 cUnf], $ lkm6 Jof; /x]sf]
tLgj6f kª\vfaf6 Ps lsnf]jf6 ljB't pTkfbg x'G5 . pQm d]l;gdf h8fg u/LPsf]
Jof6«Ln] !^ ld6/ k|lt ;]s]G8 xfjfdf $ 306f kª\vf rn]kl5 rfh{ k"/f x'G5 / kª\vf
cfkm}F aGb x'G5 . olt u/L;s]kl5 o;n] ^ 306f;Dd cf/fd;Fu aQL afNg / 6]lnlehg
x]g{ k'Ub5 .
o:tf] vfn] k|ljlw g]kfnd} klxnf]k6s leqØfPsf] pTkfbssf] bfjL 5 . o:tf]

vfn] k|ljlw u|fdL0f e]usf] ;fy} xfjf /fd|/L axg] 7fpFsf] nflu Hofb} pkof]uL ;flat
x'G5 . of] k|ljlwsf] cem /fd|/L ljsf; ug{ ;s]df / o;sf] ahf/ k|a4{gdf /fd|f];Fu
Wofg lbg ;lsof] eg] / cln sd vr{df of] k|ljlw lsGg ;lsg] agfOof] eg] o;n]
cGwsf/nfO{ d]6\g s]xL xb;Dd ;xof]u uYof]{ .
x'gt xfjfaf6 pmhf{ pTkfbg ug]{ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u g]kfndf klg x'Fb} cfO/x]sf]
xf] t/ b'b{d yfkfsf] h:tf] k|ljlwnfO{ xf};nf / ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ xf] eg] ;/n
tl/sfaf6 ;fdfGo xfjf axg] 7fpFaf6 klg ljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;n] ubf{
Psflt/ b'u{d 7fpFx¿df ToxL ljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] / csf{tkm{ nf]8;]l8ªsf]
df/af6 klg d'lQm k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 yf]/} 7fpFx¿df ePklg . j}slNks pmhf{
pTkfbgsf] sfddf hf] sf]lxn] hxLF sxLFaf6 u/]sf] eP klg k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug}{ kg]{
cfjZostf em\g emg\ a9\b} 5 . b'b{d yfkfn] agfPsf]] xfjfaf6 lah'nL pTkfbg ug]{
gf}nf] k|ljlwnfO{ ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{sfnflu xf};nf / ;xof]usf] vfFrf] 5 .
78
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
%%= yf]
yf]kf l;~rfO{ k|ljlw
ca v]tL ug{sf nflu cfsfz] kfgLdf dfq} lge{/ x'g'kb}{g . ljleGg pkfo
ckgfPdf a]df};ddf klg /fd|/L v]tLkftL ug{ ;lsG5 . cyjf ;'Vvf 7fpFdf klg ca
v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
o:t} tl/sfnfO{ ckgfpFb} kfNkf, lrt'{ªwf/fsf ls;fgn] /fd|f] cfDbfgL

u/L/x]sf 5g\ . ;f] ufpFdf l;dL g]kfn gfds ;+:yfn] of] vfnsf] gf}nf] k|ljlwsf] af/]df
tflnd lbPkl5 lrt'{ªwf/fdf dfq} xf]Og o;sf] l5d]sL ufpFx¿df ;d]t o:tf] vfn]
k|ljlw ckgfO{ v]tL ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . ;fgf l;~rfO{ / ;/n yf]kf l;~rfO{ k|ljlwnfO{
k|of]u u/]/ ;'Vvf ;dodf klg a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL pTkfbg u/L lrt'{ªwf/fsf
ls;fgn] /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . l;dL g]kfnn] ;fgf ls;fgnfO{ u/LaL
lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u u/L Ifdtf clea[l4 ub}{ yf]/} kfgLsf] ;|f]t ePsf] 7fpFdf klg
Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tL u/L cfDbfgL a9fpg] p2]Zon] of] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/]sf] xf] .
pQm ;+:yfn] afx|} dlxgf t/sf/L v]tL ug{sf nflu Knfli6ssf] 3/ agfpg klg ;xof]u
ub{5 . Tolt dfq} xf]Og, l;dLn] ToxfF pTkfbg x'g] t/sf/Lx¿sf] nflu ahf/sf] ;d]t
Joj:yf u/LlbPsf] 5 .
;/n yf]kf l;~rfO{ k|ljlw $ nfOg, ^ nfOg tyf !@ nfOgsf] k|of]u u/L
t/sf/L v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] vfnsf] k|ljlwdf cfly{s ef/ sd kg]{ / sd hUufdf
klg pko'Qm x'g] ePsfn]] u|fdL0f e]usf nflu ;fx|} pko'Qm x'g ;S5 . of] yf]kf l;~rfO{
k|ljlwsf] sf/0fn] kfNkfsf ls;fgx¿n] tfhf t/sf/L klg vfg kfPsf5g\ eg] jflif{s
¿kdf *) b]lv () xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd sdfpg ;s]sf 5g\ .
yf]kf l;~rfOsf] k|ljlwaf6 b]zsf cGo efudf ;d]t t/sf/L v]tL u/L+b}
cfOPsf] 5 . t/ o; k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df s]xL ;+:yfx¿sf] kxndf s]xL
7fpFx¿df dfq u/Lg] / cGo 7fpFsf ls;fgx¿ a]va/ /xg] kfOPsf] 5 . hxFf hxfF of]
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/LPsf]5, tL :yfgsf k|of]ustf{x¿sf] ;kmntfsf] syf cGo
:yfgx¿df klg k'¥ofpg], ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWodx¿af6 k|rf/ k|;f/df Nofpg] h:tf
sfdx¿ x'g;s]df s[ifsx¿sf] hLjg:t/ klg psfl;g] / pkef]Qmfx¿sf] :jf:Yodf
klg a9f]Q/L x'g] s'/fdf b'O{dt gxf]nf . vf;u/L a]df};ddf u/Lg] v]tLn] /fd|f] ahf/
lng ;Sb5 . To;sf/0f klg o:tf] k|ljlwaf6 u/Lg] v]tLn] /fd|f] cfly{s pkfh{g lbg
;Sg]5 . kfNkfdf ckgfOPsf] of] vfn] ;/n yf]kf l;~rfO{ k|ljlw jf:tjdf ;'Vvf / sd
hldg x'g] 7fpFsf] nflu ;fx|} g} pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
79
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
%^= 8f]sf] 8fnf] a'gfO
lzIffsf] dxTj a'em]/ xf]nf 8f]6L tyf DofUbLsf cleefjsx¿ cfkm\gf]

5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fOsf] nflu eg]/ Hofb} ldlxg]t ub{5g\ . pgLx¿df cfkm\gf] afnaRrfsf]
k9fOk|ltsf] v'a} lrGtf 5 . o;sf nflu pgLx¿n] cfkm\g} 3/df rf]of tyf afF;af6
ljleGg ;/;fdfgx¿ agfO{ ljqmL ug]{ ub{5g\ . pgLx¿ rf]of / lgufnf]af6 ljleGg
3/]n' ;fdu|L agfP/ To;af6 cfPsf] cfDbfgLn] cfkm\gf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno
k7fpg] ub{5g\ . pgLx¿sf] klxnf] k|fyldstfdf kb{5, cfkm\gf] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fO, /
afFsL /x]sf] k};faf6 cfkm\gf] 3/vr{ 6fg]{ sfd ub{5g\ . cfkm\gf] 3/sf] sfdaf6 km';{b
kfpgf;fy pgLx¿ rf]ofsf] ;fdfg agfpg tNnLg eOxfN5g\ .
8f]sf] 8fnf] a'Gg] s'g} Jofj;flos tflnd glnPsf pgLx¿n] o;af6 cfkm\gf]
afnaRrfnfO{ k9fpg k'Ug] cfo cfh{g u/L/x]sf 5g\ . DofUbLsf] tdfg ufpF, 8f]6Lsf]
wfdLufFp, l;dkf6f, s'8f;}g, aan]s nufotsf ufpFsf clwsf+z cleefjsx¿ cfkm\gf]
afnaRrfsf] k9fOsf nflu eg]/ o;/L 8f]sf] 8fnf] a'Gg] ub{5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] of] k];fnfO{ cem Jofks agfpg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿df ePsf] Tof]
;Lk / hfFu/nfO{ /fd|/L pkof]u u/fpg ;Sg] xf] eg] pgLx¿sf] 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpg dfq
xf]Og rf]of tyf lgufnf]sf] 3/]n' pBf]u g} :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo ;|f]t /
;w}Fgsf] k|of]unfO{ Jofjzflos :j¿kdf NofP/ g} :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿sf] hLjg:t/nfO{
psf:g ;lsG5 . x/]/ 7fpFdf s]xL g s]xL /fd|f] x'G5 . Tof] /fd|f] jftfj/0f x'g;S5,
xfjfkfgL x'g;S5, ;w}Fg ;|f]t x'g;S5, ef}uf]lns cj:yf x'g;S5 / o:t} cGo y'k|} .
:yfgLo ¿kdf pknAw ltg} ;ankIfx¿sf] Jofj;flos pkof]un] g} x/]snfO{ pGgtLsf]
lzv/df k'¥ofpF5 . 8f]6L tyf DofUbLsf s[ifsx¿sf] 8f]sf] 8fnf] agfpg] sfd o:t}
;f]rsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . b]zsf x/]s :yfgdf ePsf o:tf ;|f]t / ;w}Fgsf] ;+/If0f
ub}{ plrt pkof]u ug]{ s'/fsf] l;sf] x]/sn] ug{{} kg]{5 .
80
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
%&= ;hLjgsf] v]tL
d?e"ld jf ;d'b| gx'g] b]z ;w}F} OGwgsf] nflu c¿ b]zx¿df e/ kg'{kb{5 .

;a}n] yfxf kfPs} s'/f xf] OGwglagf hLjgsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ uf¥xf] eO ;s]sf] 5 of]
k|ljlwsf] o'udf . OGwg ljgf jf:tjdf s'g} klg ;x/ ;~rfng x'g ;Sb}g . cem xfd|f]
h:tf] t];|f] d'n'saf6 OGwg cfoft dfq ug]{ d'n'sdf o;sf] ;xh cfk"lt{ x'g g;Sbf
k|fo ;a} JolQmsf] hLjgdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If¿kdf c;/ kfl/g}/x]sf] x'G5 .
b]zdf OGwgsf] ;xh cfk"lt{ x'g g;s]sf] a]nf kfNkfsf s]xL pT;fxL
s[ifsx¿n] OGwgsf nflu j}slNks ;|f]tsf] v]tL g} ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . of] j}slNks ;|f]t
xf] ;hLjgsf] v]tL . h]6«f]jf xfOlj|8 ;hLjgsf] la?jfsf] v]tL ug{ vf;} w]/} vr{ klg
gx'g] , la?jf hxfF nufP klg x'g] / v]tL ug{ klg c;w}Fo} ;lhnf] x'g] ePsfn]] o;sf]
dxTj lhNnfsf ;a} ls;fgx¿df JofKt 5 . kfNkf, h/]lkknsf #^ jifL{o s]zj sfsL{n]
of] gf}nf] / clt pkof]uL v]tL ufpFdf klxnf] k6s NofPsf x'g\ . pgn] g} kfNkfsf
ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;hLjgsf] Jofj;flos v]tL ug{ l;sfPsf x'g\ . s]]zjn] ;hLjgsf]
v]tLdfq u/]sf 5}gg\ a¿ o;af6 l8h]n pTkfbg u/]/ dl0fu|fddf cfkm\gf] ;jf/L
rnfP/ klg b]vfOlbPsf 5g\ . o;n] Psflt/ v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿sf] ljZjf; lhTg
;s]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ b]zdf ;xh¿kdf l8h]n cfk"lt{ u/fpg g;Sg]x¿s nflu gofF
;Defjgfsf] cfzf a9fPsf] 5 . :jod sfsL{ o;sf] v]tLdf olt ljZj:t 5g\sL
cfkm\gf] hUufdf dfq # xHhf/ eGbf a9L ;hLjgsf] la?jf x'sf{O/x]sf 5g\ .
;hLjgsf] Pp6} af]6af6 Psjif{d} rf/ s]]hL / rf/kfFr jif{df @) s]hL;Dd

kmn k|fKt x'g]s'/f s]zj atfpF5g\ . o; s'/fsf] ljZjf; lbnfPkl5 dbgkf]v/fsf
clwsfFz s[ifsx¿ o;} v]tLtkm{ cfs{ifs ePsf 5g\ . xfn ;hLjgsf] pTkfbg sd
ePsf] / l8h]n KnfG6 :yfkgf ug{ gl;Psfn] o;sf] u]8fnfO{ tf]/L k]Ng] d]l;gdf k]n]/
l8h]n lgsflnPsf] 5 . s]xL ;dokl5 ToxfFsf s[ifsx¿n] ;hLjgsf] u]8fnfO{ lkFWg
ldNg] Pp6f l8h]n KnfG6 vl/b ug]{ of]hgf ;d]t agfPsf 5g\ .
;hLjg ax'pkof]uL la?jf ePsf] ;d]t k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . o;sf] u]8faf6

t]n lgsfln;s]kl5sf] lkgf / o;sf] kft v]taf/Ldf /fVg] /fd|f] k|fª\ufl/s dnsf]
¿kdf ;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
t]nsf] xfxfsf/ g]kfn]sf] ljz]iftf g} x'g nflu/x]sf] 5 . /fi6«sf] ah]6sf] Pp6f

7"n} c+z t]n cfoftdf vr{g'kg]{ jfWotfn] b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ emg sdhf]/
agfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9]sf] a]nfdf j}slNks OGwgsf] ;'¿jftsf] vj/ dfq}n] klg
81
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
uld{df lr;f] xfjfsf] dx;'; u/fp5 . cem l8h]ns} ljsNksf] ¿kdf v]tL g} ;'?
ePsf]df t xif{ dfGb} o:tf] sfo{nfO{ b]zs} /sd nufgL u/L Jofj;flos v]tL tkm{
ls;fgx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . awfO{sf kfq ePsf 5g\ s]zj
sfsL{ / b]zsf cGo efudf /fd|f] cfDbfgL lng gl;Psf] hldgdf ;d]t ;hLjgsf] v]tL
ug{ ls;fgx¿ klg cfs{lift xf]pmg\, xfd|f] z'esfdgf Û
%*= SofDk; ;~rfngdf ljh'nL
cfly{s cefjsf] sf/0f sltko z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿n] ug{;Sg] hlt /fd|f] ug{
;ls/x]sf x'Fb}gg\ . cfly{s cefjs} sf/0f z}lIfs u'0f:t/df a[l4 ug{ g;lsPsf]
x'g;S5 , ;+:yfsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/nfO{ klg Tolt Wofg lbg g;lsPsf] x'g ;S5 cflb .
oL ;a} ;d:of of cfly{s cefjaf6 d'lQm kfpg] pkfo nufPsf 5g\ ;+v'jf;efsf tLg
;fd'bflos SofDk;x¿n] . vfFbaf/Lsf] a?0f a=SofDk;, r}gk'/sf] ;+v'jf;ef SofDk; /
dfbLsf] dfbL a= SofDk;n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf nufgL u/L @ ;o @) lsnf]jf6;Ddsf] ljB't
pTkfbg u/L a]lr/x]sf 5g\ . o; Jofj;foaf6 pgLx¿sf] cfly{s cj:yf dha't dfq}
xf]Og, cfsfl;Psf] 5 . ca pgLx¿nfO{ SofDk;sf] z}lIfs tyf ef}lts ljsf; ug{
cfly{s ;|f]t sxfFaf6 h'6fpg] eGg] lrGtf 5}g . @)^) ;fndf oL ltg}j6f SofDk;x¿n]
!s/f]8 * nfv ?k}ofF nufgL u/]/ v/fª–* sf] lgu'/] ;fgf hnlaB't cfof]hgfdd{t
u/]sf lyP . @)^$ ;fndf dfq} pQm cfof]hgfn] #@ nfv ?k}ofF d'gfkmf lbof] h'g
tLg}j6f SofDk;n] bfdf;fxLdf afF8] . pgLx¿n] åGåsfndf elTsPsf] ljB't cfof]hgf
ljB't k|flws/0f;Fu @) jif{sf nflu ef8fdf lnPsf x'g\ .
:yfgLo ;|f]taf6 ;~rfng x'g] ePsfn]] s]xL jif{cl3;Dd oL SofDk;x¿sf]

cfly{s cj:yf Tolt /fd|f] lyPg, ;w}F} 3f6fdf rNg'kg]{ ;d:of lyof] . t/ clxn] lah'nL
pTkfbg u/L ljqmL ug{ yfn]kl5 eg] tL ltg}j6f SofDk;x¿sf] cfly{s k|ult Hofb}
psfnf] nfu]sf] 5 . o;af6 cfPsf] cfDbfgLn] pgLx¿n] SofDk;sf] z}lIfs ;fy;fy}
ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ;d]t ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . cem pgLx¿n] 5fqj[lQsf] ;d]t /fd|f]
Joj:yf ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . cfly{s ;|f]t bla{nf] ePkl5 ;b/d'sfddf /x]sf] a?0f ax'd'vL
SofDk;n] :gftsf]Q/sf] sIff;d]t ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . a?0f ax'd'vL SofDk; s]xL
jif{cl3;Dd Hofb} 3f6fdf ;~rflnt lyof] . t/ clxn] lah'nL pTkfbg u/]/ a]Rg
yfn]kl5 o;sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o;sf] dfq} xf]Og tL tLg}j6f SofDk;x¿sf]
/fd|f] cfly{s pGgtL ePsf] 5 . oxfFsf] cem csf]{ /fd|f] kIf eg]sf] s] xf] eg] , o;
cfof]hgfn] k|flws/0fn] lbg] b/ eGbf lgSs} sddf oxfFsf hgtfx¿nfO{ lah'nL
82
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
a]lr/x]sf] 5 . of] Joj;fo ug{sf nflu eg]/ tL ;a} SofDk;x¿ ldnL ;fd'bflos
lzIff ljsf; hnlaB't k|fln gfds sDkgL klg btf{;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .
lah'nLdf nufgL u/]/ z}lIfs ;+:yf ;~rfng u/LPsf] of] cEof; blIf0f
Plzofd} klxnf] xf] . ;/sf/L jf ;fd'bflos ljBfno, SofDk; cflbn] ;/sf/ jf
;d'bfosf] d'vtfSg' kg]{ afWotf o;}u/L x6fpg ;Sg] xf] eg] g]kfndf klg ljZj:t/sf]
z}lIfs ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf z}lIfs ;+:yfsf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ hflu/]
dfgl;stfaf6 dfly p7]/ cfkm\gf] ;+:yf j/k/ cfly{s pkfh{gsf ljsNk jf
cj;/x¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ xf] eg] y'k}| pkfox¿ e]l6g ;S5g\ . cfkm}+ pleg ;Sg] ePkl5
c¿sf] xft ;dfTg} lsg k5{ / < oL SofDk;x¿sf] of] ;kmntfsf] syf c¿
;+:yfx¿sf] nflu k|]/0ff aGg ;sf];\ .
%(= l;:g'sf] klg kL

kL7f]
l;:g' xfd|f] 3/cfFug tyf af6f]3f6f]df To;} v]/ hfg] Psk|sf/sf] 3fF; xf] .
ToxL l;:g' 5'g klg 8/fpF5f}, sf/0f o;df ePsf] Psk|sf/sf] /;fogn] xfd|f] 5fnf
kf]n]h:tf] x'G5 . cem aRrfx¿nfO{ t;f{pg' k–Øf] eg] t l;:g'sf] gfd lnP dfq k'U5 .
t/ ToxL l;:g' /fd|f] cfly{s pkfh{gsf] ;|f]t klg x'g;S5 eGbf kTofpg ufx|f] kg{ ;S5 .
cem ToxL l;:g'af6 klg lk7f] aG5 eGbf t crDd} nfUg ;S5 .
bf]nvf lhNnfsf] bf]nvf pBdL sf];]nL 3/ ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] l;:g'sf] lk7f]

agfP/ a]Rg] u/]sf] 5 . h;af6 cfDbfgL klg eO/x]sf] 5 . ;b/d'sfd rl/sf]6df
v'n]sf] of] ;xsf/Ln] l;:g'sf] kL7f] a]Rg yfn]sf] $ dlxgfd} %) xhf/ ?k}ofF cfh{g ug{
;kmn ePsf] 5 . oxfF l;:g'n] /fd|f] ahf/ kfpg yfn]kl5 lhNnfsf] cGo ufpFx¿df
l;:g'sf] Jofj;flos v]tL g} x'g yfn]sf] 5 . rl/sf]6 cfpg] k|foh;f] gofF dfG5]n]
oxfFsf] l;:g'sf] kL7f] g} /f]Hg] ub{5g\ . pRr kxf8L ufpF rª\v'df pTkfbg x'g] of] kL7f]
g]kfnd} ;aeGbf a9L u'0f:t/Lo ePsf] bfaL ;xsf/Lsf cWoIf hª\uaxfb'/ u'?ªsf] 5 .
n]slt/ k|z:t dfqfdf kfOg] l;:g'sf] t/sf/L ksfP/ vfg] u/LG5 . t/ o;sf] kL7f]
agfP/ a]Rg yfn]kl5 o;sf] dfu sf7df8f}Fdf klg x'g yfNof], kmn:j?k o;sf] cem
a9L Jofj;flos v]tL ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 . oxfF cfpg] hf]sf]xL klg
83
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
kms{bfFv]l/ l;:g'sf] kL7f] g} sf];]nL :j¿k nfg la;{b}gg\ . l;:g'sf] kL7f] k|lt s]hL
#)) ?k}ofFdf ljqmL x'G5 .
l;:g'af6 cyf]{kfh{g ug{ ;lsg] s'/f Pp6f kmfObf xf] eg] o;sf] csf]{ kmfObf
eg]sf] l;:g' lgoldt ;]jg ugf{n] pRr /Qmrfk / dw'd]xnfO{ kmfObf k'U5 . l;:g'sf]
kL7f] bfnh:tf] agfP/ vfFbf :jflbnf] / :jf:Yoa4{s x'G5 .
l;:g' hxfF;'s} klg kfOg] / vf;} o;sf] v]tL ug{ hldg klg w]/} grflxg]
ePsfn]] ;lhn};Fu o;sf] v]tL ug{ / yk cfo ug{ d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu
gofF k|ljlw / ahf/sf] cefjnfO{ 6fg{ ;Sg'kb{5 . 3/j/k/ jf jghª\undf Tolts} v]/
hfg] jf kmflng] j:t'sf] pkof]uLtf vf]h]/ k|of]udf Nofpg] gjLg ljrf/sf wgLx¿ g}
jf:tljs ¿kdf wgL x'g\ . sf];]nL3/ ;xsf/L ;+:yf o:t} Pp6f jf:tljs wgL ;+:yf
x'g ;s]sf] 5 .
^)= aLpm
aLpmsf] Jofkf/
kj{t, kfª/fª–% sf tf/fk|;fb kf}8]n cfkm\gf] ljBfnodf k9fpg] sfdsf]

cltl/Qm ;dodf aLp Jofkf/df ;d]t ;+nUg ePsf 5g\ . ljBfnosf] ;doafx]s pgL
cfkm\g} af/Ldf uf]8d]n / vghf]td} Jo:t x'G5g\ . x'g klg xf] pgn] ljBfnoaf6
dfl;s $ xhf/ ?k}ofF tna lnG5g\ eg] aLp ljqmLaf6 dfl;s !% xhf/eGbf a9L
sdfpF5g\ . hflu/sf] eGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbnfpg] of] Jofj;fon] b''O{ 5f]/f / Ps
5f]/LnfO{ sf7df8f}Fsf] cfjf;Lo ljBfnodf k9fP/ klg lgSs} k};f hDdf ug{ ;kmn
ePsf 5g\ .
kf}8]nn] aLp v]tLsf nflu cfkm\gf] !( /f]kgL hUufdf ljleGg t/sf/L /

ds}sf] aLp nufpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . uf]ne]+8f, s]/fp, d'nf, rD;'/, wlgofF cflbsf] aLp
laqmL ug]{ kf}8]n jflif{s ! nfv *) xhf/ eGbf a9L sdfpF5g\ . ufpFdf pgL aLp
laqmL|af6 ;a}eGbf a9L cfDbfgL ug]{ ls;fg x'g ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . aLpsf] Jojl:yt
9ª\uaf6 ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ ufpFdf gf/fo0f:yfg lap pTkfbs ;d"xklg u7g ePsf] 5 .
o; ;d"xdf tf/fk|;fb sf]iffWoIf 5g\ . aLpljhg k|a4{g cfof]hgf / s[lif sfof{non]
aLp pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'–ØfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . pgL dfq} xf]Og To; uflj;sf
cGo j8fsf jfl;Gbf;d]t of] v]tLdf nfu]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L pQm ;d"xsf ;lrj
84
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
vu]Zj/ e§/fO{n] klg oxL aLp v]tLaf6 sf]xnk'/df 38]/L;dt hf]8s ] f 5g\ . o;
;d"xaf6 dfq jif]{lg !) nfv ?k}ofF a/fa/sf] aLp ljqmL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . oxfFaf6
pTkflbt aLp kf]v/f, sf7df8f}F, gf/fo0fu9, g]kfnu+h / ;'v]{tdf lgof{t x'G5 . aLp
ljqmL ug{ ahf/sf] klg cefj 5}g . oxfF o:tf] aLp pTkfbs ;d"xsf] ;ª\Vof !* j6f
5.
cfkm\gf] ljBfnosf] hflu/sf] st{Jo lgjf{xubf{ub}{ klg kf}8]nn] lap v]tLsf]

Jofj;foaf6 kfPsf] ;kmntf ;fFRr} g} cg's/0fLo 5 . kf}8]nn] cfkm\gf] km';{bsf]
;dodf sfd u/]/ c¿n] eGbf a9L cfo cfh{g ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . pgsf] o;
sfo{n] ljb]lzg vf]Hg] cGo o"jfx¿nfO{ klg k|f]T;fxg k'Ug ;S5 . ;do / cfkm\gf]
hfFu/nfO{ /fd|/L ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s] hLjgdf ;fFRr} g} ;kmn xf]OG5 eGg] s'/f kf}8]nn]
b]vfOlbPsf 5g\ .
^!= >d ug]{ dlxnfsf kfv'/f
uf]/vf gf/]Zj/–^, b'D;/LsL sdnf ljZjsdf{n] ;w}F} k'?ifn] dfq} ub}{ cfPsf]
efF8fs'F8f agfpg] sfd u/]/ cfkm\gf] ;a} kl/jf/sf] u'hf/f dfq} u/]sL 5}gg\, cfkm\gf
kfFrhgf 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpg] / s]xL /sd;d]t hDdf ug{ ;kmn ePsL l5g\ . o;sf
nflu pgL laxfg ;a]/}b]lv ;fFem ca]/;Dd cf/gdf a;]/ efF8fs'F8f agfpgd} Jo:t
x'lG5g\ . sfFrf] kmnfdnfO{ lxsf{P/ ljleGg cfsf/df abn]/ w]/}yl/sf efF8fs'F8f lgdf{0f
ug'{ jf:tjd} ufx|f] sfd xf] / of] sfd clxn];Dd k'?ifn] dfq} ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . t/
klg pgn] o;nfO{ r'gf}ltsf ¿kdf lnFb} k"/}ifsf] ;/xdlxnfn] klg sfd ug{ ;S5g\
eGg] s'/fsf] k|dfl0ft u/]/ b]vfOlbPsL l5g\ . pgn] ufpFdf rngrNtLdf /x]sf ljleGg
k|sf/sf efF8fs'F8f agfpg'sf] ;fy} s;f}8L, tfKs], sf]bfnf], xFl;of, v'kf{, v's'/L tyf
s[lif cf}hf/ cflb klg agfpFl5g\ . pgn] agfPsf] efF8fs'F8f lsGgs nflu u|fxsx¿
pgs} 3/df cfpF5g\ . o;af6 pgn] dfl;s $ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd sdfO ul5{g\ .
To; ufpFsf cGo JolQmx¿n] eg] of] afpafh]sf] k"/}fgf] k];f xf] eg]/ sfd}
ug{ 5fl8;s] t/ pgL Ps dlxnf eP/ klg of] sfd u/]/ /fd}| cfly{s pkfh{g ug{
;kmn ePsL l5g\ . pgn] u/]sf] of] ldlxg]t To; ufpFsf nflu pbfx/0fLo sfd ag]sf]
5.
85
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
pgsf klt klxn]klxn] afnL3/] k|yfsf] nflu dfq sfd ub{y] . o;n]
pgLx¿sf] u'hf/f rnfpg w]/} wf} wf} k/]sf] lyof] . c¿sf] 3/sf] dfq sfd u/]/
lbglbgsf] /f]hL/f]6L rNg ;s]sf] lyPg . oxL ;d:ofsf sf/0f pgsf kltn] afnL3/]
k|yf 5f8] / sdnfn] cfkm\g} kxndf cf/g rnfP/ ljleGg ;fdfgx¿ agfpg yflng\ .
logsf] ldlxg]t / nugzLntfsf] pkh logsf] kl/jf/n] v';L ;fy hLjg lhpg ;s]sf]
5 . pgnfO{ o:tf] sfddf cfly{s ;xof]u eg] ToxL+sf] Ps dlxnf ;d"xn] u/]sf] 5 .
pgn] ToxL ;d"xaf6 C0f lnP/ kmnfd lsGg] / ;fdfg a]r]/ C0f r'Stf ug]{ sfd
u/L/x]sL l5g\ .
pgsf] o:tf] sfo{nfO{ clns Jojl:yt / j}1flgs 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng ug{

;s]df k'?ifn] dfq ug{;Sg] eg]/ 5''6\6ofOPsf] sfddf c¿ dlxnfn] klg ;lhn}
;DxfNg ;Sg]5g\ . dlxnfn] u/]sf] cfDbfgLn] kl/jf/sf] s'n cfDbfgLdf /fd|} j[l4 x'g
hfG5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf cfw'lgs d]l;g cf}hf/, j}1flgs / cfw'lgs
k4ltsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
dlxnf xs lxt / clwsf/sf] af/]df oL sdnfnfO{ s]xLklg yfxf 5}g .

lognfO{ yfxf 5 t kfv'/fsf] an clg >dsf] kl;gf . lognfO{ of] klg yfxf 5, s'g}
klg sfd of] k'?if of dlxnfsf] eg]/ 5'6\ofOPsf] e/df km/s kb}{g . ug{;Sg]nfO{
;j}sf a/fa/L . dlxnf xs lxtsf kIfdf hlt;'s} cfjfh p7fP klg jf pgLx¿sf]
kIfdf hlt;'s} efif0f u/] klg jf:tljstf cs}{ 5 . jf:tljs dlxnfn] u/]sf] kxn s]
xf] Tof] klxnf vf]Hg ;Sg'k5{ . sdnf t vfnL Ps k|ltlglw kfq dfq x'g\ . pgn] u/]sf]
h:tf] sfo{ cGo dlxnfx¿n] klg oxfF u/]sf 5g\ . dlxnfnfO{ xsclwsf/ lbOg] dfq
xf]Og cj;/ / sfd ug]{ ynf]sf] klg ljsf; ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 . clg h?/L 5
dlxnfx¿n] tf]8]sf k/Dk/fut s';+:s[ltsf ;kmntfsf syfnfO{ ;dfhsf] cufl8 /fv]/
c¿nfO{ xf};nf / k|]/0ff lbg] . sdnf dlxnf eP/ klg s'g} k'?ifsf] eGbf sd sfd
u/]sL 5}gg\ / o;n] klg dlxnfsf kfv'/L klg k'?if;/x >d ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ k|dfl0ft
u/LlbPsf] 5 .
86
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
^@= afv|fsf] b"waf6 lrh
lrTnfª dsjfgk"/}sf jfl;Gbfx¿n] afv|fsf] b"waf6 lrh tof/ u/]/ g]kfnsf]

7"nf7"nf kfFrtf/] xf]6]ndf ljqmL u/L cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL a9fPsf 5g\ . vf;u/L lrh
rf}+/LufO{sf] b"waf6 agfO{G5 . klxn] klxn] lrTnfªaf;Lx¿nfO{ afv|f klg b'lxG5 eGg]
s'/f yfxf lyPg . t/ kl5 k|mfG; k'u]/ lrh d]s/sf] @) lbg] tflnd lnP/ kms{]sf
czf]s l;+x7s'/Ln] cfkm\gf] 3/df kfn]sf] afv|fsf] b"waf6 klg dgUo] cfDbfgL lng
;lsG5 eg]/ s]xL jif{ klxn] l;sfPsf lyP . To;} cg'¿k ToxfFsf :yfgLo
jf;LGbfx¿n] lrh sf/vfgfsf] nflu eg]/ cfkm\gf] afv|fsf] b"w k|lt ln6/ k}+lt; b]lv
rfnL; ?k}ofFdf a]Rg] ub{5g\ . lrTnfªdf lrh d]s/ tyf lrh pTkfbs ;ldltn]
afv|fsf] b"w ;ª\sng u/]/ lrh agfpg] / ahf/df nuL a]Rg] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
o; sfo{df ToxfFsf @% 3/ eGbf a9L ;+nUg ePsf 5g\ . k|mfG;]nL ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf
lrTnfª–@ tfsftf/df lrh sf/vfgf :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 . o;
sf/vfgfdf g/d / s8f u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf lrhx¿ pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . To;}u/L ToxfFsf
:yfgLojf;Ln] lrTnfª rGb|flu/L lrh pTkfbg ;d"xu7g u/L lrh pTkfbg sfo{
u/L/x]sf 5g\ . afv|fsf] lrh :jb]zLeGbf ljb]zLn] a9L dg k/fp5g .
ToxfF Ps ;ftfdf emG8} @) lsnf] ;Dd lrh pTkfbg x'G5 . s8f lrh
k|ltlsnf] ;qb]lv @@ ;o ?k}of“ / g/d lrh gf} ;o ?k}of“;Dd k5{ . rf//]lv k“fr
ln6/ b"wdf Ps lsnf] g/d / !) b]lv !@ ln6/ b"wdf Ps lsnf] s8f lrh aG5 .
lrhsf] ahf/ vf;u/L g]kfnsf tf/] xf]6nx¿ x'g\ . ToxfF agfOPsf] lrh ;ld6,
cGgk"0f{ / ;f]N6L xf]6n;Dd k'¥ofOG5 . sf/vfgfsf] Ifdtf yf]/} ePsfn]] ToxfFsf
s[ifsx¿ lbgdf Psk6sdfq cfkm\gf] afv|f b'x'g] ub{5g\ . vf;u/L afv|fn] lbgdf
b'O{k6s ;Dd b"w lbg ;S5 . Pp6 afv|fn] Ps k6sdf Ps ;o ldlnln6/b]lv Ps
xhf/ ldlnln6/;Dd b"w lbG5 .
xfd|f] b]zsf] ufpF3/df kflng] afv|faf6 yk w]/} cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . afv|fsf]
b"w kf]lifnf] / afSnf] x'g] ePsfn]] o;af6 lrh agfpg ;lsg] s'/f lrTnfªaf;Ln]
b]vfOlbPsf 5g\ . jf:tjdf Jofj;flos ¿kdf afv|f kfng ug]{ xf] eg] o;af6 w/}
cfly{s pkfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu afv|f kfNg] s[ifsx¿nfO{ afv|fsf] b"wsf]
dxTj b]vfpFb} cem xf};nf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . oltn] dfq} k'Ub}g afv|fsf] b"waf6 lrh
agfpgsf nflu rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts Pj+ k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg ;lsof]
eg] b]zsf cGo e]usf s[ifsx¿n] afv|fsf] b"waf6 klg lgSs} nfe lng ;S5g\ .
87
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
^#= jgsf] kftaf6} cfDbfgL
;'b"/klZrdsf w]/}h;f] dlxnfx¿ cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ kfNg / cfly{s pkfh{g

ug{sf nflu kftaf6 ljleGg k|sf/sf 6k/L / b'gfx¿ agfP/ a]Rg] ub{5g\ . hª\undf
To;} kfOg]] / lsGg} k/] klg ;:tf]df kfOg] ;fnsf] kftaf6 pgLx¿n] /fd|f] cfDbfgL
u/L/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf kftaf6 agfOPsf ljleGg 6k/L tyf b'gfx¿ ef]het]/df,
/]i6'/]G6x¿df, rf6 xf]6nx¿df ;lhn} a]Rg ;lsG5 . o:tf] k];f sd nufgLdf 3/}df
a;]/ h'g;s} ;dodf klg ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn]] ;'b'/klZrdsf w]/} dlxnfx¿sf] o;
k];fk|ltsf] cfs{if0f a9\bf]5 . klxnf of] k];f ;'?ug{ lxrlsrfpg] dlxnfx¿;d]t clxn]
c¿sf] /fd|f] cfDbfgL b]v]kl5 cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ . u[lx0fLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf dlxnfn] klg
km';{bsf] ;dodf o; k];fdf nfu]df yk cfo ug{ d2t k'Ug] s'/fsf] cg'ej klg
logLx¿;Fu 5 .
;'b"/klZrddf @)^# ;fndf wgu9L gu/kflnsfaf6 ufpFgu/ ;fem]bf/L

sfo{qmddfkm{t kftaf6 b'gf6k/L agfpg] tflnd lbOPsf] lyof] . o;af6 wgu9L–! sL
;"o{dfof >]i7n] tflnd lnO{ cfkm\g} Joj;fo yfn]kl5 s}nfnL / s~rgk"/}df @ k6s
k|lzIfs eP/ tflnd klg lbPsL l5g\ .
b'gf 6k/L xft}n] lgdf{0f ubf{ pTkfbg sd x'g] / o;sf nflu ef/taf6 d]l;g
Nofpg ;lsPdf pTkfbg / cfDbfgL bf]Aa/ ug{ ;lsg] oxfFsf dlxnfx¿sf] cg'ej 5 .
of] d]l;gn] Ps 306fdf @ ;oj6f ;Dd b'gf tof/ kfg{;S5 . k|lt b'gf6k/Lsf] @
?k}ofF;Dddf a]Rg ;lsG5 . of] d]l;gsf] d"No %) b]lv ^) xhf/ g]kfnL ?o}ofF;Dd kg{
hfG5 . t/ d]l;g vl/b ug{ oxfFsf dlxnfx¿ cfly{s ?kn] ;Ifd 5}gg\ . o;sf nflu
;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] kxn ug{;S5 .
b'gf6k/Laf6 jf:tjd} bf]xf]/f] kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . clxn] al9/x]sf]

Knfli6ssf] k|of]unfO{ sd u/L b'gf6k/Lsf] k|of]uaf6 :jf:Yo / jftfj/0f b'j}nfO{
hf]ufpg ;lsG5 . of] s'lxg] ePsfn]] ;lhn} gi6 ug{ / cem dnsf] ¿kdf klg k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 . Toltdfq} xf]Og dlxnfx¿n] of] k];fnfO{ cFufNg ;s]df jgkfvfdf v]/
uO/x]sf] kft ;ª\sng u/L yk cfocfh{g ;d]t ug{ ;Sb5g\ . cem ;fd'bflos jg
eP kft ljqmLaf6 yk cfDbfgL klg x'g hfG5 .
;'b'/klZrddf sd}of d'lQmkl5 ;/sf/n] e'ld;'wf/ sfof{nodfkm{t dlxnfnfO{

;Lk l;sfpg b'gf6k/L agfpg] tflnd lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . oxfFdfq} ;oeGbf a9L dlxnfn]
of] tflnd k|fKt u/L;s] . t/ oxfFsf d'Qm sd}of dlxnfx¿ ;/sf/n] tflnd dfq}
88
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
lbPsf] / d]l;g tyf cf}hf/ vl/b ug]{ jftfj/0f gldnfPsf]df eg] u'gf;f] ub{5g\ .
To;}n] ToxfF Ps j:tLdf Ps d]l;g pknAw u/fOlbP ;fem]bf/Ldf d]l;g ;~rfng ug{
;lsg] / pgLx¿sf] cfly{s l:yltdf yf]/} dfqfdf ePklg ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
;'b"/klZrdsf oL dlxnfx¿sf] sfdn] km[';{tsf] ;donfO{ ?k}+ofdf kl/0ft ug]{ pkfo
klg b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;fn, ef]nf{nufot ljleGg hftsf ?vsf] kftaf6 3/sf ;j}
;b:ox¿n] b'gf 6k/L agfP/ kl/jf/df yk cfDbfgL leqfpg ;lsg]s'/fsf] k|df0f
logLx¿n] lbnfPsf 5g\ . /fd|f] sfdsf] cg's/0f c¿n] klg ug{ x'+b}g / <
^$= jg:klt sf]Onf pBf]u
k"jf{~rnel/s} gd'gf ;fd'bflos jg nfª3fnL ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf

;d"xn] ;f]xL jgdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ j}slNks OGwg sf]Onfsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbgdf
nufO/x]sf] 5 . ;f] ;d"xn] cfkm\g} sfof{no xftfdf ToxfFsf ljkGg / ;'s'Daf;L
dlxnfx¿nfO{ jg:klt sf]Onf pTkfbgdf ;+nUg u/fPsf] xf] . ;d"xsf] ljkGg dlxnfsf]
cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug]{ gLlt cg'?k o;f] u/LPsf] xf] . o; pBf]uaf6 To; e]usf
@$ clt ljkGg dlxnfn] /f]huf/L;d]t kfPsf 5g\ . ToxfFsf dlxnfx¿ of] ;fd'bflos
jgdf ;+nUg x'g'cl3 vf]nfgfnfdf clt b'Mvsf ;fy 9'ª\uf lu6L s'6\g] sfd ub{y] .
o;af6 pgLx¿sf] b}lgs ;d:of slxNo} xn ePsf] lyPg . kl5 nfª3fnL ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] jg:klt sf]Onf pTkfbg ug{ yfn]kl5 pgLx¿n] oxfF cfkm\gf]
kl/>dnfO{ /fd|f] d"Nodf a]Rg kfPsf 5g\ . o;af6 pgLx¿n] w]/} /fd|f] cfDbfgL;d]t
ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] o; pBf]uaf6 dfl;s & xhf/ ?k}ofF hlt cfDbfgL ub{5g\ .
o;n] pgLx¿sf] b}lgs u'hf/fsf ;fy;fy} hLjg:t/df klg j[l4 ePsf] 5 . n3' pBd
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ef}lts ;xof]udf )^! ;fnd} of] pBf]u ;~rfngdf cfP klg dfu
cg';f/sf] pTkfbg ug{ eg] o; pBf]un] ;s]sf] 5}g .
jgleq kmf]x/sf] ¿kdf lg:sg] kftkltuª\u/, nx/f, / sf7sf sf]Onf

;ª\sng u/L d]l;gdf w'nf] kf/]/ ksfOG5 / To;af6 jg:klt sf]Onf tof/ u/LG5 .
kmf]x/ ;ª\sng ug]{, w'Nofpg] / d]l;gdf ksfpg] sfd rlqmok|0ffnLcGt{ut u/LG5 .
sf]Onf jftfj/0fLo lx;fjn] w'Fjf gcfpg] clg sd vr{d} k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn]]
o;sf] dfu a9\bf] 5 . To;}n] o;sf] nf]slk|otf;Fu} o;sf] dfu klg a9\b} uPsf] xf] .
?= % kg]{ sf]Onfn] kfFr}hgfsf] Ps kl/jf/sf] Ps 5fs vfgf tof/ x'G5 eg] * hgfsf]
kl/jf/sf nflu k|lt sf]Onf & ?k}ofF kg{ hfG5 . o; lx;fan] klg k|lt kl/jf/ dfl;s
# ;o ?k}ofFb]lv $ ;o %) ?k}ofF;Dd vr{ x'G5 . ?= % hfg] sf]Onf nuftf/ *)
89
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
ldg]6;Dd aN5 eg] ?= & kg]{ sf]Onf ! ;o @) ldg]6;Dd aN5 . ;fd'bflos jgn]
Ps dlxnfn] pTkfbg u/]sf] !) sf]Onf a/fa/ ! sf]Onf cfkm}F /fVg] ub{5 . o;/L
;ª\sng u/]sf] sf]Onfaf6 jgn] pBf]usf] d]l;g agfpg] tyf Joj:yfkg h:tf cflb
sfddf k|of]u ub{5 .
o; pBf]un] clxn]sf] OGwg cefjnfO{ yf]/} ePklg k"/f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
b]lvG5 . xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ ljleGg PnkL UofF; tyf cGo OGwgx¿eGbf of] ;lhn} /
;'ne ¿kdf pknAw x'G5 . o;n] b]zsf] pBf]u wGbfdf rflxg] OGwg klg tof/ ug{
;Sg] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] cem k|f]T;fxg u/L b]zdf /x]sf ;fd'bflos jgx¿ dfkm{t
jg:klt sf]Onf lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ Jofks agfpg ;lsof] eg] OGwgsf] nflu cefj
v]lk/xg' kb}{g .
nfª3fnL ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] jg:klt sf]Onfsf] Jofj;flos

pTkfbg ;'? u/]/ j}slNks OGwgsf] ;fy;fy} To; e]usf clt ljkGg dlxnfx¿nfO{
/f]huf/L;d]t lbnfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . b]zdf /x]sf cGo ;fd'bflos jgx¿nfO{ ;d]t
o:t} ljleGg cfod"ns sfddf k|of]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] w]/} hgzlQmnfO{ oxfF k|of]u dfq}
xf]Og yk pBf]uaf6 /fHon] g} klg kmfObf lng ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
^%= g]qxLgx¿sf] ;kmn Jof

Jofj;fo
k|s[lt jf efUon] s;}nfO{ klg 7Ub}g a¿ 7U5 eg] cfkm\g} sdhf]/ rfxgf,
lga{n OR5fzlQm / sd nugzLntfn] dfq 7U5 eGg]s'/fsf] k|df0f lrtjgdf /x]sf
g]qxLgx¿n] b]vPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm}n + ] pTkfbg u/]sf] ;fdfg laqmL ug{ ufp“–ufp“
8'N5g\ . Toltdfq} xf]Og oxf“sf b[li6xLgx¿ Kfl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug{;d]t ;Ifd
ePsf 5g\ . b[li6 geP/ s] ef] t sf]xL eGbf sd 5}gg\ pgLx¿ . oxf“sf g]qxLgx¿
;d"xdf cfa4 eO art ug{] / To;}nfO{ kl/rfng u/L cfod"ns sfd ug{ yfn]kl5
cfTdlge{/ ePsf x'g\ . pgLx¿ ;fdfg agfpg] dfq xf]Og, sRrf kbfy{ vf]Hg klg
cfkm}F hfG5g\ . cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL gx'“bf ks]6 vr{;d]t c¿;“u dfUg'kg]{ afWotfaf6
pgLx¿ d'Qm 5g\ .
e/tk"/} gu/kflnsf nIdLk"/}sf #* jifL{o g]qxLg /fh]g lwtfn clxn]

dlxgfsf] rf/ xhf/;Dd sdfpg] ePsf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] b[li6 geP/ klg oxfFsf
g]qxLgx¿n] u/]sf] of] sfdn] pgLx¿sf] cfly{s ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs k|lti7f klg
90
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
a9fPsf] pgLx¿sf] cg'ej 5 . /fh]gn] tLg jif{cl3 d}gaQL, d'8f, af“;sf] ¥ofs cflb
agfpg] Psdlxn] tflnd lnPsf lyP . ToxL ;Lkn] clxn] pgnfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfPsf]
5 . o;af6 pgLx¿sf] dgf]andf klg a[l4 ePsf] 5 . ufpFdf klg u|fxsx¿n]
g]qxLgn] agfPs]f ;fdfg eg]kl5 dfof u/]/ lslglbG5g\ . pgLx¿ d'8f, ¥ofs cflb
eg] u|fxssf] dfucg';f/ agfOlbG5g\ .
To;}u/L v}/xgL * ;nf}/Lsf csf{ g]qxLg /fdxl/ lj;'/fn cfkm"x¿n] u7g

u/]sf] ;d"xaf6 C0f lnP/ ;fa'g, d}gaQL, ¥ofs d'8fnufot ;fdfg agfpb} / laqmL
ub{} cfPsf 5g . o;af6 cfocfh{g dfq x}g cfTdljZjf; klg hfu]s]f pgsf] cg'ej
5 . pgL dfl;s @ xhf/ ?k}ofFsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ;fdfg pTkfbg / laqmL ug{ ;Ifd ePsf
5g .
lhNnfl:yt g]qxLg ;ª\3 / g]qxLg k'g:yfkgf sfo{qmdn] pgLx¿nfO{

cfjZos 3/]n' tflnd / art ;d"xdf cfa4 x'g ;xof]u u/]kl5 pgLx¿ xf}l;Psf x'g\ .
lhNnf g]qxLg ;ª\3 tyf g]qxLg k'g:yfkgf sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf xfn lhNnfel/df
w]/} o:tf art tyf C0f ;d"xx¿ 5g\ . sfo{qmdsf lgb{]zs k|]d dxh{gsf cg';f/
k|To]s ;d"xdf $) hgf ;b:o 5g . pgLx¿n] dfl;s @) b]lv %) ;Dd art ug{]
u/]sf 5g\ .
zf/Ll/s ckfª\utfsf sf/0f w]/} JolQmx¿ cfkm"n] s]xL ug{ rfx]/ klg ug{
g;s]sf] cg'ejx¿ kf]Vt5g\ . jf:tjdf To;f] xf]Og pgLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] z/L/
;'xfFpbf] sfd ug]{ cj;/ / ;Lksf] 1fg lbg] xf] eg] cfkm\gf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd pgLx¿
klg ;kmn x'g ;S5g\ . lrtjgsf g]qxLgx¿sf] of] ;kmntfsf] syfaf6 cGo zf/Ll/s
ckfª\u ePsfx¿sf] nflu klg k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t aGg ;S5 . ;DalGwt lgsfo jf ;+:yfn]
ckfª\x¿sf] klxrfg u/L pgLx¿nfO{ cfod"ns sfddf nufpg ;s]df pgLx¿n]
cfkm}+n] yk cfo cfh{g ug'{sf] ;fy} cfkm\gf] ckfª\utfsf] xLgtfaf]waf6 pgLx¿ d'Qm
x'g ;S5g\ .
91
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
^^= csa/] crf/
æ;f]r eP ef]hÆ eGg] pvfgnfO{ rl/tfy{ u/]sf5g\ lzIfs bDktL ef]hk"/}

/fgLaf; 3f]8]6f/l:yt xt'jfsf a'l4dfg /fO{ / dLgf /fO{n] . v';f{gLaf6 crf/ agfpg]
pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ yfn]kl5 pgLx¿sf] cfDbfgL cfsfl;Psf] 5 . cfkm\gf] ljBfnosf]
sfd ;s]kl5 v';f{gLsf] crf/ agfpg] pBf]udf tNnLg x'G5g\ oL hf]8L . pgLx¿n]
@)^) ;fndf 3/]n' pBf]udf Hof]tL crf/ pBf]u btf{ u/]/ ;~rfngdf NofPsf x'g\ .
pgLx¿n] agfpg] crf/ ;fdfGo v';f{gLsf] geO ufpFd} kmNg] csa/] gfdsf] v';f{gLsf]
xf] . To;}n] cfkm\gf] af/Laf6 kmNg] v';f{gLn] gk'u]/ c¿ ufpFn]x¿sf] af/Lsf] v';f{gL
;d]t vl/b u/LlbG5g\ . o;n] ubf{ cGo ufpFn]x¿sf] ;d]t cfocfh{gdf a[l4 ePsfn]]
ufpFn]x¿ ;d]t pT;flxt 5g\ .
csa/] v';f{gLsf] crf/ sf];]nLsf] ¿kdf lgs} rlr{t ePsf] 5 . ufpFsf

dflg;x¿sf] nflu sf];]nL :j?k nfg xf];\ jf pBf]u glhs} /x]sf] ;}lgs SofDksf
hjfgx¿ cfkm\gf] 3/ hfFbf xf];\ of] crf/ nfg e'Nb}gg\ . o; pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt crf/
w/fg, lj/f6gu/ tyf sf7df8f}Fdf k|z:t} ljqmL x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] cg'ejdf eg] of]
crf/sf] dfu eGbf k"lt{ cToGt} sd 5 . jif{df !) nfv ?k}ofF a/fa/sf] crf/ a]Rg]
nIo /fv]sf a'l4dfg / dLgf bDktLn] kl/>d u/]/ k};f sdfpg] cGo pkfo ePklg
pgn] oxL k];f g} /f]h]sf x'g\ h;af6 pgLx¿n] /fd|f] cfly{s pGglt ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ .
pgnfO{ of] pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ s[lif lasf; a}+sn] klxnf]kN6 ! nfv ?k}ofF C0f
pknAw u/fPsf] xf] . o; pBf]usf] nflu ;'¿df pgn] Ps /f]kgL hUuf / @) ?k}ofFsf]
csa/] v';f{gLsf] aLpm lsg]/ af/Ldf nufPsf lyP . pgsf] pBf]u w]/} /fd|f];Fu
km:6fPsf] sf/0f o;df nfvf}+ ?k}ofF klg nufgL ug{ pgL ca glxrlsrfpg] ePsf5g\ .
g]kfndf s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]ux¿ jf:tjd} lgSs} yf]/} 5g\ . ef]hk"/}sf /fO
bDkltn] ToxL+ :yfgLo:t/df kmNg] csa/] gfdsf] v';f{gLaf6 crf/ pBf]u ;~rfng
u/L jflif{s nfvf}+ ?k}ofF sdfO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf cGo y'k|} pBf]ux¿sf] ;Defjgf
g]kfndf 5 . s[lifnfO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:on] vfgsf] nflu pTkfbg ug'{kb{5 eGg]
dfgl;stfaf6 dfly p7fpg xtf/ eO;s]sf] 5 . ca s[lifnfO{ Jofjzflos / cf}Bf]lus
s|flGtsf] k|:yfg ljGb' agfpg} kb{5 . æ;a}sf] nflu /f]huf/L, ;a}sf] el/g] esf/LÆ s[lif
g} xf] . pbfx/0f log} /fO{ bDklt ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cg'ejdf klg k};f sdfpg g
ljb]z hfg'k5{ g t 7"nf] nufgL g} rflxG5 . ;fg} pBdaf6 klg /fd|f];Fu ;~rfng ug{
;lsof] eg] w]/} cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 .
92
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
^&= pBdzLn sf/fuf/ aGbL
ndh'ª sf/fuf/df /x]sf aGbLx¿ cfkm"n] hfg]sf] ;Lksf] k|of]u u/]/

sf/fuf/leq} ljleGg 3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿ agfP/ a]Rg] ub{5g\ . sf/fuf/leq} gfDnf], d'9f,
emf]nf, ?dfn cflb agfP/ ljqmL ug]{ ub{5g\ h;af6 pgLx¿n] Psflt/ cfDbfgL
u/L/x]sf 5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ pgLx¿sf] g}/fZotfn] el/Psf] hLjgdf sfdsf] sf/0fn] ubf{
v';L x'g kfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ dWo] w]/}h;f]n] pQm sfdaf6 dfl;s @ xhf/ ?k}ofFhlt
sdfpF5g\ / 3/vr{sf] nflu k7fpF5g\ . To;} sf/fuf/df ^ jif{b]lv aGbL hLjg
ljtfO{/x]sf ;'sdfg du/sf cg';f/ pgL @ lbg nufP/ Pp6f d'9f tof/ u5{g\ /
To;nfO{ %)) ?k}ofFdf ljqmL u5{g\ o;f] ubf{ pgsf] cfDbfgL dfl;s !) xhf/ ?k}ofF
eGbf a9L x'g hfG5 . ToxfF aGbL hLjg ljtfO/x]sf clwsf+z JolQmx¿ x:tsnfsf
;fdfgx¿ klg tof/ kfb{5g\ .
ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ aGbL ePsf pgLx¿ cfkm" aGbL eP tfklg cGo ;fdfGo
dfG5]sf] h:t} cfkm\gf] 3/ kl/jf/ k|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L eg] e'n]sf 5}gg\ . dfl;s ¿kdf
cfDbfgL x'g]ePkl5 pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/sf] 3/ vr{sf] ;fy} cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ klg
k9fpg d2t k'u]sf] 5 . o; sf/fuf/leq ;a}n] s]xL g s]xL t u/L/x]s} x'G5g\ . of]
;a} Joj:yf sf/fuf/ k|zf;gn] ldnfO{lbP/ ;Dk"0f{ aGbLx¿sf] /fd|f];Fu afFRg]
clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 / pgLx¿nfO{ ;'w|g] /fd|f] df}sf klg lbPsf] 5 .
sf/fuf/ eg]sf] ;'wf/ u[xklg xf] eGg] s'/f ndh'ª sf/fuf/n] k|i6 kfg{ ;s]sf] 5 .
oxfFsf aGbLx¿ o;/L sfd u/L/xFbf cfkm\gf] b}lgs aGbL hLjg ljt]sf] kQ} kfpFb}gg\ .
o;sf] sf/0f pgLx¿df x'g] lxgtfaf]wsf] efjgf klg lj:tf/} ;]nfP/ uPsf] 5 h;n]
ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ km]l/ ;fdfGo hLjgdf kmls{g ;lhnf] x'g] b]lvG5 .
sf/fuf/ aGbLsf gfOs] d+un tfdfª, aGbL ;'sdfg u'?ª, hLjg nfdf, s'df/L
/fgf ;a} cfkm\gf] aGbL hLjgnfO{ rf/ kvf{nleq dfq} l;ldt g/fv]/ cfo cfh{g ug{
;lsg] lqmofsnfkdf ;d]t ;+nUg u/fPsf5g\ . ;fydf cfkm\gf] 3/kl/jf/k|ltsf]
lhDd]jf/L klg /fd|/L jxg ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . sf/fuf/ ;hfoF e'Qmfg ug]{ :yndfq
geP/ ;'wf/u[xklg xf] . ;fydf ndh'ª sf/fuf/sf aGbLx¿n] Pp6f ;Defjgf klg
b]vfPsf5g\ . b]ze/Lsf aGbLu[xdf /x]sf aGbLx¿nfO{ klg cfly{s pkfh{gsf] sfdddf
nufpg] . o;n] ljut / kl/jf/nfO{ ;Demb} lg/f;x'+b} lbg ljtfpg' kg]{ jfWotfnfO{
cfly{s ;DkGgtf k|fKt ug]{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 . aGbLu[xsf lhDd]jf/
JolQmx¿ / ;/sf/n] klg o; ljifodf ;f]Rg z'¿ ug]{ kf] xf] ls<
93
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
^*= k/fnaf6 cfo cfh{g
wgL xf];\ jf u/La hxfF;'s} klg k/fnaf6 ag]sf] u'Gb|L jf ;'s'n 3/sf]
hxfF;'s} klg /fVg ;lsG5 . ;'s'n u'Gb|L hf8f]nfO{ t cem w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 . 3/df sfk]{6
/fVg gldNg] 7fpFx¿df k/fnaf6 a'g]sf] g]kfnLkg emNsg] k/fnsf] u'Gb|L cToGt}
zf]efodfg aGg ;S5 . g]kfnsf ufpF3/lt/ ;'s'n u'Gb|L gePsf] 3/ g} e]6\g d'lZsn
x'G5 . kfx'gfsf] :jfut ubf{ xf];\ jf gofF cfpg] dfG5]x¿nfO{ :jfut ubf{ xf];\,
ufpF3/lt/ cfFugd} ;'s'n cf]5\ofP/ /fVg] rng 5 . k/fnaf6 ag]sf] ;'s'n u'Gb|Lsf]
dxTj ca ;x/lt/ klg x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . cem pkTosfsf g]jf/x¿sf] ef]hdf t
nfdf] ;'s'n u'Gb|L ljgfsf] ef]h t vNnf] nfUg ;S5 . To:t} ;x/sf ljleGg xf]6]n tyf
/]i6'/fFx¿df klg g]kfnLkg lbgsf] nflu klg ;'s'n u'Gb|Lsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
o:tf] ;'s'n tyf u'Gb|L pTkfbg ug]{ sfd eg] ;x/ ahf/sf s]xL k"/fgf
6f]nx¿df clxn] klg hf/L 5 . To:t} Ps ufpF xf] nlntk"/}sf] l;l4k"/} . hxfFsf dlxnf
tyf a[4a[4fx¿ hf8f] jf udL{ gelgsg Psgf;;Fu ;'s'n u'Gb|L agfpg] cfkm\gf]
lg/Gt/ k];fdf nfluk/]sf e]l6G5g\ . $) jifL{of ;fg' dxh{g;Fu cfkm" !) jif{ pd]/
x'Fbfb]lv g} ;'s'n a'Gg yfn]sf] cg'ej 5 . pgL nueu lbgsf] !@ ÷!# 306fhlt ;'s'n
a'g]/ lbg sf6\b5g\ . To:t} ^) jifL{of tfl/d} dxh{g klg of] k];fdf nfu]sf] y'k|}
eO;Sof] . pgn] o;} k];faf6 g} cfkm\gf] 3/kl/jf/sf] g'gt]n vl/b ug]{ nufotsf
sfddf ;xof]u ul5{g\ . pgLx¿ ;a}sf] cg'ejdf of] sfd ;'¿df l;Sbf ufx|f] ePtfklg
afgL kb}{ uPkl5 eg] ;lhnf] g} x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
of] k];f s]xL ;docufl8;Dd o; ufpFdf k'?ifx¿n] klg ub{y] . clxn] of]
sfd a9Lh:tf] dlxnf tyf a[4a[4fx¿n] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfkm\gf] km';{bsf] ;dodf klg
of] sfd ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn]] klg oxfFsf dlxnfx¿sf] cltl/Qm cfo ug]{ dfWod ag]sf]
5 ;'s'n u'Gb|L a'Gg] k];f . s;}s;}n] o;nfO{ k"/} ;do nufP/ klg cyf]{kfh{g ug]{
ub{5g\ . k"/fgf] tl/sfnfO{ s]xL gofFkg lbFb} ;'s'n a'Gg] gofF gofF tl/sfx¿ klg oxfF
lelqPsf] 5 . pgLx¿n] a'g]sf] ;'s'n u'Gb|Lsf] d"No klg Tolt dxFuf] 5}g . Ps xft
a/fa/ nDafO{sf] ?=#) hlt kg{ hfG5 / lbgdf * ÷!) xft] ;'s'n u'Gb|L dfq} klg a'Gg
;lsof] eg] lbgsf] @)) b]lv $)) ?k}ofF;Dd cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 .
l;l4k"/}sf :yfgLo cem ljz]ifu/L dlxnfx¿sf] nflu cfly{s pkfh{gsf] /fd|f]

dfWod ag]sf] of] k];fnfO{ cem kl/dfh{g u/L Jojl:yt ug{ ;s] / dof{lbt agfpg
;s] o;n] c¿ o'jf lkl9FnfO{ klg ;d]6\g ;S5 . g]kfnL sfk]{6sf] gfd kfPsf],
k/Dk/fb]lv dflg;sf] hLjg;Fu uf+l;Psf] / cem dbf{ / kbf{ b'j} ;dodf cfjZos kg]{
94
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
;'s'n u'Gb|LnfO{ cfw'lgs hLjgz}nLsf] Pp6f kf6f] agfpg' kg]{ lhDdf xfdL ;j}sf] xf] .
o; k];fsf] ;Dj4{gsf] nflu a'gfOdf cfw'lgsLs/0f / k|of]udf Jofkstf NofP/ o;sf]
Jofjzflos pTkfbg ug{ yfNg] xf] eg] ;'s'n u'Gb|Lsf] eljio klxnfsf]eGbf pRr
x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf alnof] 5 .
^(= ;fd"lxs Jofj;flos v]tL
clxn] dlxnfx¿sf] ljifodf y'k|} jx; tyf 5nkmn rNg] ub{5 . dlxnfx¿sf]
nflu cf/If0fsf] s'/f pl7/x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/sf] klg k|;Fu rln/x]sf] 5 .
y'k|} dlxnfjfbL sfo{qmdx¿ ;x/df s]lGb|t 5g\ . t/ of] ;a} cleofgaf6 k/
clwsf/eGbf st{Jodf Jo:t eP/ Joj;fo ub}{ cfkm\gf] u'hf/f dfq} xf]Og l;Fuf] kl/jf/}
kfNg] dlxnfx¿ klg oxfF 5g\ . To:tf dlxnfx¿ sf]xL u|fdL0f e]udf xf]nfg\ t sf]xL
;x/L If]qdf .
dlxnfx¿ vfnL 3/sf] r'nf]rf}sf]df dfq l;ldt x'G5g\ jf x'g'kb{5 eGg]

k/Dk/fut dfGotfnfO{ kG5fpFb} kfNkf cu{nL uflj;sf s]xL pT;fxL / hfFu/Lnf
dlxnfx¿n] gf}nf] 9+uaf6 Jofj;flos t/sf/Lv]tL ub}{ :j/f]huf/sf] af6f]df lxFl8/x]sf
5g\ . kfNkf, cu{nL uflj; j8f g+=!,#,%,^ / * sf dlxnfx¿ Pp6f ;d"xagfP/ k};f
klg art ub}{ Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;fd"lxs t/sf/Lv]tL ub}{5g\ . cu{nL uflj;sf]
eujtL art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf cfa4 dlxnfn] @)%@ ;fnaf6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
k};f jrt ub}{ To;} ;d"xdf cfa4 eP/ o:tf] Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tL ub}{ cfO/x]sf
x'g\ . ;d"xdf cfa4 eP/ nfu]kl5 lgs} ;kmn / ;lqmo eOg] o; ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf]
cg'ej 5 . ;fydf pgLx¿ ;fd"lxs ?kd} kz'kfng klg u/L/x]sf 5g\ . k|To]s
;b:on] jflif{s sl/a %) b]lv ^) xhf/ ?k}ofF;Ddsf] t/sf/L o;} ;d"xdfkm{t ljqmL
ug]{ ub{5g\ . ;d"xleqsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ tyf xf};nf a9fpgsf] nflu
pgLx¿n] /fd|f] pTkfbg ug]{nfO{ gub k"/}:sf/sf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ .
Joj;fosf cnfjf ;fdflhs sfo{df ;d]t ;fd"lxs lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy nfu]sf

5g\ of] ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ . pgLx¿s} kxndf ufpFdf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL 5nkmn,
;/;kmfO{, wf/f rf}tf/L dd{t, cfFvf lzlj/ ;~rfng, k|f}9 lzIff ;~rfng cflb
;fdflhs sfo{x¿ klg x'g] ub{5 . Tolt dfq} xf]Og pgLx¿ dlxnfx¿sf] nflu ljleGg
Jofj;flos tflndsf] klg cfof]hgf ub{5g\ .
95
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
dlxnfx¿n] klg cfkm\g} hf]zhfFu/df y'k|} sfd ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] of] t Pp6f pbfx/0f
dfq xf] . dlxnfx¿n] u/]sf] sfddf ;a}n] xf};nf lbg ;Sg] jf pgLx¿n] u/]sf]
sfdnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy x]g]{ xf] eg] sf]xL klg dlxnfx¿nfO{ cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L/xg'
kb}{g pgLx¿ :jo+df cf/lIft x'g ;S5g\ . b]zsf c¿ dlxnfx¿n] o;}u/L cfkm\g}
;d"xdf yk pGglt k|ult ub}{ hfpmg\, xfd|f] d'/Ld'/L z'esfdgf .
&)= s]/fsf] af]6af6 lah'nL
cfkm\gf] sfd ;lsPkl5 cfkm"n] k|of]u u/]sf] s'g} j:t' sfd gnfUg] eg]/
kmflnlbG5f}+ . cyjf sltko j:t'x¿ kmf]x/sf] ¿kdf gi6 u/LlbG5f}+ . t/ hfGof] eg]
ToxL sfd gnfUg] j:t' jf kmf]x/ df]xf]/ klg x'g ;Sbf]/x]5 . ToxL kmf]x/af6 cg}sf}+
j:t' agfpg ;lsG5 . kmf]x/af6 dn agfPsf] t xfdL ;a}n] yfxfkfO{ cfPs} s'/f xf]
t/ oxfF ToxL kmf]x/af6 s] dfq} ug{ ;lsbf}]+/x]g5 t eg]/ cs}{] k|;Fu pKsfpg vf]lhPsf]
5.
afUn'ªsf s]xL pT;fxL / ldlxg]tL o'jfx¿n] s]/fsf] sfd gnfUg] af]qmf / k'gM
k|of]udf gcfpg] k"/fgf Jof6«Lx¿af6 lah'nL lgsfn]/ @ j6f uflj;sf] nueu *)
3/kl/jf/nfO{ pHofnf] k|bfg ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . afun'ª lhNnfsf] eLdfkf]v/f
uflj;sf lvd sfsL{, k|hfklt kf}8]n / t]h]Gb| yfkfsf] ;fd"lxs k|of;df s]/fsf] af]6 /
sfd gnfUg] k"/fgf] Jof6«Laf6 ljB't pTkfbg u/L ToxL+sf ^ / & j8fsf 3/kl/jf/df
pgLx¿n] ljB't ljt/0f u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ufpF3/df s]/fsf] af]6 /f]Kg] sfo{n] cem
ltj|tf kfPsf] 5 . o;n] csf]{lt/ s]/fsf] Jofj;flos v]tLnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ ;d]t d4t
u/]sf] 5 . s]/fsf] af]6 dfq} xf]Og, vGo'sf] rf]knfO{ klg s]/fsf] af]qmfsf] ljsNksf]
¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] pgLx¿sf] cg'ej 5 . pgLx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf] ljB'taf6
6]k/]s8{ ;'Gg], 6]lnlehg x]g]{, /]l8of] ;'Gg] cflb sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] cem /fd|f]
kIf eg]sf] of] jftfj/0fd}qL x'gsf ;fy} uf]a/af6 pTkflbt ljB'teGbf cem rxlsnf] /
;lhnf] 5 . To;}u/L o;nfO{ k|of]u ug{ w]/} cfly{s ef/ klg v]Kg' kb}{g .
o'jf kl/jt{gsf jfxs eg]sf] w]/} k6s ;'g]sf 5f}F . t/ u/]/ b]vfpg] yf]/}
o'jfx¿dWo] oL o'jfx¿ kb{5g\ . logLx¿sf] of] sfd olt k|z+;fof]Uo 5 ls alQ
lgsfNg k|of]u u/Lg] j:t' ljz'4 v]/ hfg] ju{ leq kb{5g\ . cem jftfj/0f k|b'if0f
u/fpg] kmf]x/nfO{ cfkm\gf] p4]Zo k"/f u/fpg ;Sg] agfpg] afun'ª eLdfkf]v/Lsf lvd,
k|hfklt / t]h]Gb| cfkm}+ alQ ag]sf5g\ h;n] ufpF emndn kf/]sf5g\ . of] pgLx¿sf]
96
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
ljZj emndn kfg]{ z'e;ª\s]t xf] . jftfj/0fd}qL klg x'g] / ljB't klg pTkfbg ug{
;lsg] jf Pp6} sfdaf6 km/s km/s kmfObf lng ;lsg] afUn'ªsf o'jfx¿sf] sfo{nfO{
tfl/km ug}{ kb{5 . pgLx¿sf] sfo{ cem km:6fpb} hfcf];\ .
&!=
&!= s'v'/fkfngdf
fkfngdf SofDk; k|d'v
elgG5 sfd s'g} ;fgf] jf 7"nf] x'Fb}g, of] t dflg; :jo+n] agfpg] s'/f xf] .
s'g}klg sfdnfO{ ;fgf]7"nf] gegLsg ToxL sfddf nflukg]{ xf] eg] s;}nfO{ s]xL
j]kmfObf x'Fb}g, ;a}nfO{ kmfOb} kmfObf x'G5 . To:t} dWo]sf Ps HjnGt pbfx/0f x'g\
emfkf uf}/fbxax'd'vL SofDk;sf SofDk; k|d'v ef]h/fh bfxfn . pgL k];fn] k|fWofks
cem SofDk;sf k|d'v . pgsf] of] lrgf/L g} ToxfF kof{Kt 5 . pgL cfkm\gf] SofDk;
k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ hflu/ ;Demb}gg\ o;nfO{ t cfkm\gf] ;dfh ;]jf 7fGb5g\ .
cfkm\gf] z}lIfs ;+:yfdf xhf/f}+ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 1fg afF8]/ klg pgL eg]
cfkm\gf] km';{bsf] ;donfO{ ax't} /fd|/L ;b'kof]u u/L/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf nflu pgn]
cfkm\gf] 3/df s'v'/f kfn]sf 5g\ . o;af6 pgn] cfkm\gf] km';{bsf] ;donfO{ pkof]u
dfq u/]gg\, SofDk; k|d'v h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] JolQmaf6 klg o:tf]
Joj;fo x'g ;Sbf]/x]5 eg]/ c¿sf] nflu klg xf};nfsf] ;|f]t ag]sf5g\ . pgn] cfkm\gf]
s'v'/fkfng Joj;fodf km]l/ csf]{ h'lQm klg nfPsf 5g\, s'v'/f kfng ubf{ ub}{
df5fkfng klg ;'?u/]sf 5g\ . s'v'/fkfng ubf{ s'v'/fsf] vf]/af6 lg:s]sf] kmf]x/
cflbnfO{ df5fkf]v/Ldf cGgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{;lsbf]F /x]5 . of] dxTj a'em]kl5 pgn]
df5fkfng Joj;fo klg ;'?u/] . o;sf cnfjf pgL cfkm\gf] af/Ldf xnf] hf]Tg] sfd
klg ug{ kl5 kb}{gg\ . :yfgLo JolQmx¿ pgL;Fu s[lifsf sltko s'/fx¿df ;NnfxdfUg
;d]t cfpg] ub{5g\ .
emfkf uf}/fbxsf SofDk; k|d'vn] cfkm\gf] lrgf/L lbFbf klg cfkm\gf] s'v'/f
kfng Joj;fonfO{ cToGt} dxTjsf ;fy lng] ub{5g\ . o;n] pgsf] sfdk|ltsf] ;dk{0f
efj b]vfpFb5 . pgn] h:t} s'g}klg sfd ;fgf] jf 7"nf] gegLsg sfd cflv/ sfd} xf]
eg]/ nfUg] xf] eg] j]/f]huf/n] To;} a:g'kb}{g eg] /f]huf/ x'g]n] klg cem cfkm\gf]
cfly{s cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
cfly{s cfTdlge{/tf klxnf] cfjZostf xf] ;j}sf] nflu . To;sf]nflu h]

u/L+b}5 ;f] eGbf a9L ug}{ kg]{x'G5 . sfds} l;nl;nfdf d]/f] of] ;fdflhs x}l;ot xf],
97
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
d}n] of] ug{ x'G5 x'+b}g eGg] ;ª\ls0f{ ;f]rn] g t cfkm"nfO{ g} dfly p7fpF5 g cfkm"
a;]sf] ;dfhnfO{ g} . cem ;fdflhs x}l;ot pRr ePsf JolQmx¿n] g} s'g} klg sfd
plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] s'/f cfkm}+n] u/]/ b]vfpg' kb{5 h;/L SofDk; k|d'v
ef]h/fh bfxfnn] u/]/ b]vfP .
&@= u]8fu'8L
\8L / 8fN8f £o"af6
af6 l8h]n
OGwg pTkfbg gug]{ jf OGwg cfoft ug]{ b]zx¿nfO{ ;w}F}el/ l8h]nsf] cefj
v8\ls/xG5 . gxf];\ klg lsg, ;a} b]zdf t]n vfgLx¿ x'Fb}gg\ / hxfF To:tf vfgLx¿
x'G5g\, ToxfFaf6 cfoft ubf{ dxFuf] x'g' :jefljs} xf] . o;n] ubf{ t]n pTkfbg gug]{ /
ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿sf cfd dflg;sf] b}lgs JolQmut hLjgdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf
c;/ u/L/x]s} x'G5 .
OGwgsf] j}slNks pkfox¿ kQf nufpg] qmddf 3f]/fxL gu/kflnsf ^

/em]gfsf ;'jf; uf}tdn] jg:klt £o"af6 afof]l8hn pTkfbg u/L ldgL 6«]S6/ ;d]t
rnfP/ b]vfO{lbPsf 5g\ . o;cl3 pgn] ;f]ofljgsf] t]naf6 ;d]t uf8L rnfPsf lyP .
lhof]u|fkmL Rofgnaf6 afof]l8hn agfpg] pkfo kQf nfu]kl5 pgn] s8f kl/>dsf
;fy of] pkfo kQf nufO{ 5f8] . cem pgn] kQf nufPsf] pkfodf /fd|f] kIf s] 5 eg]
jg:klt £o'af6 h:t} u/L hª\undf kfOg]] jg:klthGo u]8fu'8Laf6 ;d]t
afof]l8hnsf] pTkfbg x'g ;S5 . hª\undf kfOg]] ;hLjgsf] u]8fu'8Laf6 w]/} l8hn
pTkfbg x'g] ePkl5 pgL o:Tff] u]8fu'8Lsf] ;ª\sng ug{lt/ klg plQs} ;lqmo 5g\ .
jg:klt £o"nfO{ kufn]/ To;df ldygn / sfl:6s ;f]8f ld;fO ;dfg tfkqmddf sl/a
!@ 306f /fv]kl5 afof]l8hn / lUnl;l/g 5'l§G5 . To;kl5 lUnl;l/g kmfn]/ afof]l8h
/fv]kl5 l8hn tof/ x'G5 . o;sf] /ª x]bf{v]/L xNsf kx]Fnf] b]lvG5 . o;/L pTkfbg x'g]
l8h]nn] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 sd kmfNg] x'Fbf uf8Lsf] OlGhgsf] cfo' nfdf] x'g] / of]
jftfj/0fd}qL klg x'g] pgsf] bfjL 5 .
clxn]sf] ljZj kl/l:yltdf uf8Lsf] OGwgsf] d"No clws al9/x]sf] a]nfdf of]
vfnsf] pkfo ;fFRr} g} OGwgsf] cefj k"lt{ ug{ s]xL xb;Dd j/bfg ;fljt x'g ;S5 .
o;sf nflu vfFrf] 5, pgn] u/]sf] sfdsf] plrt ;Ddfg, /fHosf] tkm{af6 ljz]if kxn
/ pgnfO{ ;a}sf] xf};nf . OGwgsf] cefjnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ePklg kf/ nufpgsf] nflu
pgn] oxLF o;sf] pTkfbgdf cfkm\gf] ;Dk"0f{ ;do / kl/>d vr{ ug]{ klg
atfpF5g\ . pgsf] OR5f rfF8} k"/f xf];\, z'esfdgf .
98
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
pgsf] kl/>dL xftx¿nfO{ ;w}F'jfb ...
&#= 3/}lkR5] pBf]u
of] Pp6f k"j{sf c;w}Fo} ldlxg]tL JolQmx¿sf] jf:tljs syf xf] . of] emfkfsf]
bds gu/kflnsf– ! df /xsf] pBf]udo ufpFsf] syf xf] . ToxfFsf kl/>dL xftx¿sf]
syf xf] .
oxfF 3/}lkR5] pBf]u 5 . pBf]u gug]{ 3/} 5}g . km/s olQ xf], oxfF s;}sf]
3/sf] pBf]u 7"nf] 5 eg] s;}sf] ;fgf] . t/ h] xf];\, ;a}sf] 3/df Pp6f g Pp6f sk8f
a'Gg] tfgrflxF cjZo 5 . oxfF hDdf ^ bh{g 3/kl/jf/sf] j;f]af; /x]sf] 5 .
pgLx¿sf] cfkm\g} s[lif, hflu/ tyf cGo k];f klg 5, t/ ;Fu} 3/df Pp6f sk8f a'Gg]
tfg t clgjfo{ 5 . pgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f]n] o; k];fnfO{ g} cfkm\gf] pBf]u agfPsf 5g\
eg] s;}n] o;nfO{ km';{bsf] ;do ;b'kof]u ug]{ dfWod . h] xf];\ o;n] ;a}sf] cfly{s
pGglt cjZo u/]sf] 5 .
oxfFsf clwsf+; dflg;x¿sf] d'Vo k];f s[lif xf] . t}klg sk8f a'Gg] cltl/Qm
k];f eg] ;a}n] cFufn]sf 5g\ . oxfF tfg pBf]u ;~rfng ug]{ w]/}sf] cg'ejdf olt w]/}
cfDbfgL x'G5 eGg] lyPg . kl5 o;} pBf]uaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL x'g yfn]kl5 klxnf tfg
g/fVg] 3/n] klg b]vfl;lsdf tfg /fVg yfn], kmn:j?k ;a}sf] cj:yf /fd|f] ePsf] 5 .
s;} s;}n] t o;} pBf]unfO{ d'Vo k];f agfP/ sfdbf/x¿ ;d]t klg /fv]sf 5g\ . oxfF
o:tf] pBf]uaf6 dfq} #)) hgfeGbf a9L dlxnfx¿n] /f]huf/ ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .
oxfF k/Dk/fut 9+uaf6 sf7sf] tfg nufP/ sk8f a'Gg] k|rng 5 .

pgLx¿sf] pBf]udf s'g} cfw'lgs cf}hf/ tyf d]l;gsf] k|of]u x'Fb}g . t}klg pgLx¿;Fu
cfkm\gf] pTkfbg cTofw'lgs d]l;gn] pTkfbg u/]sf]eGbf sd gePsf] cg'ej 5 .
pgLx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf] 9fsf jf sk8f g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL nufot w]/} ;x/x¿df
ljqmL x'G5 eg] ef/t, k|mfG;, a]nfotdf ;d]t lgof{t x'G5 .
o:t} pBf]udo ag]sf] ufpF 5 pbok"/}sf] hnhn] ufpF . 3/}lkR5] v'n]sf

ljljw k|sf/sf pBf]un] ju/df 5fk|f] xfn]/ a;]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ dxnsf] dflns
agfOlbPsf] 5 . bfndf]7 pBf]u, cu/aQL pBf]u, kmf]6f]u|fkmL nufot cGo y'k|} pBf]usf]
ufpF ag]sf] 5 hnhn] .
99
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
emfkf gu/kflnsf bds–! sf] k"/} ufpF / pbok"/}sf] hnhn] jf:tjdf 3/]n'
pBf]usf] gd"gf cf}Bf]lus If]q xf] eGbf cTo'QmL gxf]nf . lxhf] s]xL gePsfx¿nfO{ s]xL
x'g] agfpg] / s]xL eO;s]sfx¿nfO{ w]/} ePsf] agfpg] pBf]u g} xf] . u}/;/sf/L
;+3;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n]] yf]/} dfq kxn u/]/ hgtfdf eO/x]sf] r]tgfnfO{
clnslt dfq a9fOlbg] xf] eg] b]zsf x/]s JolQm a]/f]huf/ a:g'kg]{ x'+b}g . ;a}
JolQmdf cfly{s ;DkGgtfsf] ;kgf x'G5 / t/ ;j}df tl/sfsf] af/]df 1fg gx'g ;S5 .
To;}n] /fi6«n] ;j}s'/fdf nufgL g} ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eGg] xf]Og, tl/sf / ljlwsf] af/]df dfq
hfgsf/L pknAw u/fOlbP/ klg w]/} dflg;df /x]sf] ;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ agfpg ;lsG5 .
cfzf u/f}+ u0ftflGqs ;/sf/n] gofF g]kfn agfpg] cleofgdf o:tf ;/n pkfox¿nfO{
klg canDjg ug]{5 .
&$= xft]sfuhaf6 cfTdlge{/
dlxnfx¿sf] ljifodf o;} k':tsdf klg y'k|} s'/f n]lvPsf 5g\ . oxL le8leq
of] klg Pp6f dlxnfx¿s} cfTdlge{/tfsf] jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t syf xf] . g'jfsf]6
a'ªtfªsf dlxnfx¿ cfkm}Fn] sfuhsf] nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy{ hª\undf vf]Hg]b]lv
lnP/ To;sf] k|zf]wg u/]/ g]kfnL 3/]n' sfuh agfP/ cfocfh{g ub{5g\ . pgLx¿ o;}
k];faf6 cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] u'hf/fdfq} xf]Og, cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] plrt lzIff bLIff
lbg'sf ;fy} art ug]{ klg ub{5g\ .
@)%^ ;fndf oxfF ufpFljsf; sfo{qmd nfu" ePkl5 sfo{qmdaf6 zLk ;w}Fg
/ :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng u/L g]kfnL sfuh pTkfbg ug{ yflnPkl5 oxfFsf
dlxnfx¿ cfTdlge{/ aGg ;s]sf x'g\ . nueu $)÷%) 3/w'/L /x]sf] a'ªtfªdf klxn]
klxn] ;a}h;f] 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yf Tolt /fd|f] lyPg . kl5 lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
kxndf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdaf6 pgLx¿sf] cfly{s cj:yf dha't x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] . clxn]
oxfFsf dlxnfx¿ g]kfnL xft] sfuhaf6 dfl;s !)÷!@ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd cfDbfgL ug{
;Sb5g\ . o;sf nflu jgsf] nf]Qmf ;ª\sng u/L To;nfO{ 3/]n' k|ljlwdf k|;f]wg
u/LG5 / g]kfnL sfuh tof/ u/LG5 .
oxfFsf clwsf+z dflg;x¿sf] d'Vo k];f s[lif xf] . t}klg ;a}h;f] dlxnfx¿
3/]n' xft] sfuh agfpg] pBf]udf ;+nUg 5g\ . pgLx¿n] of] k];f ;'?ubf{sf] ;doklg
100
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
/f]rs 5 . pgLx¿n] $) jif{cufl8 g} aghª\unaf6 nf]Qmf ;ª\sng u/L 3/}df xft]
sfuh lgdf{0f uy]{ / ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df ;f] sfuh nu]/ lbPjfkt ToxfFaf6
lgz'Ns ¿kdf cfkm\gf] k|zf;lgs sfd ub{y] . tTsflng ;dodf pgLx¿ k/Dk/fut
tj/df xft] sfuhsf] pTkfbg ub{y] .
oxL xft] sfuh agfpg] k];fdf lg/Gt/ nflu/x]sLdWo]sL Ps wghf]d

tfdfª;Fu klg cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLn] % hgfsf] kl/jf/sf] kfngkf]if0f / aRrfx¿sf] k9fO
vr{ klg o;} Joj;foaf6 wflg/x]sf] cg'ej 5 . :yfgLo ¿kdf k|fKt x'g] ;w}Fg /
;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug{ hfg]df cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ dha't u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg] of] Pp6f
pkdf dfq xf] . dlxnf, jfnjflnsf tyf 3/sf ;j} hgf ldn]/ km';{tsf] ;dodf u/Lg]
o:tf sfdx¿n] 3/kl/jf/df cltl/Qm cfDbfgL leqfpg 7"nf] d4t ub{5 .
&%= df]afOnaf6 cgf}

cgf}7f] k|ljlw
g'jfsf]6sf bfh'efO /fd nId0f l/dfnnfO{ glrGg] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;fob} sd}
xf]nfg\ . pgLx¿n] agfPsf] ljleGg *^ j6f k|ljlwx¿sf] sf/0f pgLx¿ g]kfnL
;dfhdf /fd|};Fu :yflkt eO;s]sf 5g\ .
To;dWo] pgLx¿sf] csf]{ Pp6f k|ljlw klg crDds} 5 . pgLx¿n] 3/sf]

cf]5\ofgd} ;'t]/ wf/fsf] eNe vf]Ng] / aGb ug]{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ h'g k|ljlw
df]afOndf cfwfl/t 5 . df]afOn kmf]gsf] ;xof]udf wf/f tyf eNe vf]Ng / aGb ug{
;lsg] of] k|ljlw vf;u/L vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf wf/f vf]Ng] / aGb ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
nflu pko'Qm x'g;S5 . of] k|ljlwnfO{ ckgfpg] xf] eg] sd{rf/L tyf ;j{;w}Ff/0f;d]tn]
3/sf] cf5\ofgd} ;'t]/ wf/fsf] eNe vf]Ng] jf aGb ug{ ;Sb5g\ . of] k|ljlwnfO{
vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgn] ;d]t k|of]u ug]{ pgLx¿ atfpF5g\ . pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ sf7df8f}Fsf
s]xL:yfgx¿df k|of]u klg u/L;s]sf 5g\ .
o; k|ljlwdf k|of]u ePsf ;a} pks/0f tyf kf6{k'hf{x¿ k"0f{tof :jb]zL 5g\ .
of] k|ljlwsf] csf]{ /fd|f] kIf eg]sf] o;n] kfgLsf] r'xfj6nfO{ ;d]t lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5 .
Tolt dfq} xf]Og o;n]] Pp6} eNe vf]Ng / aGb ug{sf nflu @ hgf sd{rf/L rflxg]
;d:ofsf] klg xn ub{5 . ;8ssf] aLrdf /x]sf] eNe eGbf afx]s cGo ;a} 7fpFdf
/x]sf eNenfO{ vf]Ng] tyf aGb ug]{ k|ljlw o;df 5 .
101
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
/fd nId0fn] u/]sf k|ljlw ;DalGw y'k|} sfdx¿ dWo] of] pgLx¿sf] csf]{
;zQm sfo{ xf] . o; k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 clxn] b]lvPsf] kfgL r'xfj6 x'g] k|d'v
;d:of xn x'g ;S5 . oL bfh'efO /fi6«sf wg / s/f]8f}+ g]kfnLsf dg x'g\ . o:tf

k|ljlwsf cfljisf/sx¿nfO{ b]zleq hf]ufP/ /fVg / pgLx¿sf] ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{ b]zs}
ljsf;sf] vflt/ k|of]udf Nofpg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{kg]{ sfd eg]sf] km]l/ klg ;/sf/L
lgsfos} x'g cfFp5 . gofF g]kfnsf] ;+3f/df cfOk'luPsf] of] ;dodf cj t o:tf
k|ltefx¿n] lg?T;flxt eP/ ?+b} b]z 5f]8\g' kg]{ cj:yf gcfpnf eg]/ cfzf ug{
;lsG5 .
&^= v';f{gLaf6} nfvf}F cfDbfgL
cfDbfgL ug{ jf k};f sdfpgsf] nflu 7"n} nufgL ug{ ;Sg'k5{, ljz]if ;Lk jf
Ifdtf rflxG5 eGg] klg s]xL 5}g . ldlxg]tsf ;fy s'g} klg sfddf bQlrQ eP/
nfUg] xf] eg] kSs} klg k};f sdfpg ;lsG5 . of] s'/f s~rgk"/}sf dfof/fd Gof}kfg]sf]
;fdfGo v]tLkftLn] k|i6 kfg{ ;S5 . pgsf] v]tL c¿ s]xL geP/ v';f{gLsf] v]tL xf] .
rfFbgL uflj;–%, afafyfgsf dfof/fdn] v';f{gLsf] v]tLkftL / Jofkf/df

;kmn ePs} sf/0f pgsf] pkgfd klg ufpFn]x¿n] uhas} /flvlbPsf 5g\ …v';f{gL
afhÚ]. pgnfO{ klg of] gfd lgSs} dg k/]sf] 5 . dg gk/f];\ klg lsg, pgsf] of]
pkgfd;Fu cfkm\gf] ;kmntf hf]l8Psf] 5 . @)#! ;fndf Ps ?lkofF &% k};f dfq
lnP/ bf]wf/f k'u]sf v';f{gL afh]n] Tof] a]nf To;} k};fn] v';f{gL lsg] / v';f{gL v]tL ug{
yfn] h;af6 pgL clxn] …v';f{gL afh]Ú ePsf 5g\ . Tolta]nf Ps ?lkofF &% k};fsf]
v';f{gLaf6 %)) ?k}ofF cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePs} sf/0f pgn] of] v]tLdf cem ldlxg]t
ub}{ uPsf x'g\ . pgn] cfkm\gf] c9fO{ s¶f k"/} hdLgdf v';f{gL v]tL g} u/L/fv]sf 5g\ .
pgsf] v';f{gLsf] :jfb gkfpg] bf]wf/f / rfFbgL uflj;df ;fob} sd} xf]nfg\ . pgsf]
v';f{gL vl/b ug{sf nflu ef/tb]lvsf Jofkf/Lx¿ ;d]t cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .
o;sf cnfjf pgL v]tLkftLtkm{ klg plQs} ;lqmo 5g\ . To;}u/L pgsf]
csf]{ ;a}eGbf /fd|f] ljz]iftf eg]sf] cfˆgf] v]taf/Ldf /;folgs dnsf] k|of]u gug'{ xf] .
102
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
h;sf] nflu klg km]l/ pgn] csf]{ pkfo lgsfn]sf 5g\ h;af6 pgn] cfkm"nfO{ rflxg]
sDkf]i6 dn k|fKt dfq} ub}{gg\, yk cfo klg ub{5g\ . o;sf nflu pgn] gf}j6f eO+;L
klg kfn]sf 5g\ . h;af6 pgnfO{ rflxg]dfqfdf k|fª\ufl/s dn k|fKt x'G5 .
dfof/fdn] hLjgdf v';f{gLsf] v]tL dfq} u/]/} klg nfvf}F ?k}ofF sdfO;s]sf
5g\ . o;sf cnfjf pgn] cGo v]tLkftL klg u/L/x]sf 5g\ eg] dnsf] nflu eg]/
pgn] gf} ÷bzj6f eO+;L klg kfn]sf 5g\ . pgL klxnf of] Joj;fodf PSn} lyP . t/
clxn] pgsf] of] ljljw v]tLkftLsf] k];fnfO{ c¿n] klg cFufn]sf 5g\ . pgsf] u'gf;f]
r}+ /fHon] s[ifsnfO{ hlt ;x'lnot lbg'kg]{ xf] Tolt lbg g;s]sf]df 5 . h'g;'s} k];f
jf v]tL u/]klg nugzLntfsf;fy u/]df To;}n] pGgtL u/fpFb5 . dfof/fdsf]
;kmntfsf] syfn] klg t oxL s'/f atfpF5 .
&&= g]kfnL /fO6\

/fO6;
\ bfh'efO
g]kfndf klg j}1flgs / Jojxfl/s 1fg ePsf JolQmx¿sf] vfFrf] 5}g . a?

vfFrf] x'g ;S5 pgLx¿nfO{ lrGg] s'/fdf, pgLx¿;Fu ePsf] Ifdtf / ;Lksf] k|of]u ug]{
s'/fdf, pgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg u/Lg] xf};nfdf .
g]kfndf y'k|} If]qsf af/]df y'k|} k|sf/sf 1fg ePsf j}1flgsx¿ 5g\ .
logLx¿dWo]sf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno k'Nrf]s OlGhlgol/ª SofDk;sf
s]xL pT;fxL, ldlxg]tL, / j}1flgs ljBfyL{x¿sf] . oxfFsf s]xL ljBfyL{x¿n] g]kfndf
klxnf]k6s dfG5];lxt p8fpg ldNg] ljdfgsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . @)^$ ;fnsf]
Jofrdf cWoog/t * hgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] tLg jif{sf] cys ldlxg]tåf/f of] ;fFRr} p8\g
;Sg] ljdfgsf] lgdf{0f x'g ;ssf] xf] . @)^$ ;fnd} of] ljdfgsf] Ps ?;L ljdfg
rfns SofK6]g cn]Sh]G8/ DoflS;df]en] ;kmn p8fg k/LIf0f u/]sf lyP .
pgLx¿n] agfPsf] of] ljdfgdf rfns ;lxt b'O{ hgfsf] Ifdtf /x]sf] 5 .
vf;u/L of] ljdfg @ ;o lsnf]ld6/ xjfO{ b'/Lsf nflu pkof]uL /x]sf] 5 . o;
ljdfgsf] s'n tf}n nueu !$) lsnf]u|fd 5 eg] pgLx¿nfO{ of] ljdfg lgdf{0f ug{
sl/a !) nfv ?k}ofF nfu]sf] lyof] . Tolt dfq} xf]Og, * hgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] # jif{sf]
cys ldlxg]t / ;do klg o;df ;Fu;Fu} hf]l8Psf] 5 . of] vfnsf] ljdfg ljb]zaf6
cfoft ug]{ xf] eg] sl/a #% nfv ?k}ofF nfUb5 . o:tf] ljdfgn] ^ xhf/ lkm6;Dd
103
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
p8fg eg{ ;S5 eg] vf;u/L o:tf] vfnsf] ljdfg pkTosf tyf lxdfnL
b[iofjnf]sgsf] nflu pko'Qm x'g ;Sg] cg'ej To;} ljdfg lgdf{0f ;d"xsf Ps ;b:o
ljsf; k/fh'nLsf] /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnLn] agfPsf] of] ljdfgnfO{ g]kfnsf] ko{6g ljsf;sf] nflu k|of]u ug{
;lsg]5 . ljleGg lxdfnL tyf pkTosfsf If]qdf o;nfO{ p8fpg ldNg] ePsfn]] klg
ko{6sx¿ o;k|lt cfslif{t x'g ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu g]kfnd} pTkfbg x'g] ljdfgnfO{
Jofj;flos ¿kdf pTkfbg ug{ ;DalGwt 7fpFaf6 kof{Kt ;xof]u lbg' h?/L 5 .
pgLx¿sf] of] sfo{nfO{ a]n}df lrg]/ o;sf] Jofj;flostfdf Wofg lbOxfNg'kg]{ h?/L
b]lvG5 .
k'Nrf]s OlGhlgol/ª SofDk;sf ljBfyL{x¿n] agfPsf] of] ljdfgsf] g]kfndf

;fFRr} g} Jofj;flos ¿kdf pTkfbg x'g ;sf];\, pgLx¿sf] pTkfbgsf] ;a}lt/af6 /fd}|
sb/ xf];\, eljiodf cem /fd|f] /fd|f] ljdfgx¿ g]kfnd} pTkfbg ug{ ;s'g\, xfd|f]
d'/Ld'/L z'esfdgf ;fy} pgLx¿sf] of] cys k|of;nfO{ xfd|f] ;w}F'jfb ...
&*= g]kfnL
fnL t]n cd]l/sL ahf/df
g]kfn klg s]xL s'/fdf c;w}Fo} cfTdlge{/ 5 eg] Tof] xf], s[lif pkhdf .
jf:tjdf g]kfndf pTkfbg gx'g] s]xL klg 5}g xf]nf . oxfF ;Dk"0f{ s[lif pkhx¿nfO{
kmnfpg ;lsG5 . s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f / ljljlws/0f;Fu} o;sf] If]qnfO{ Jofks
agfpg] xf] eg] xfdLn] c¿ b]zaf6 j:t'x¿ cfoft u/]h:t} s[lifsf y'k}| pkhx¿
g]kfnn] lgof{t ug{ ;S5 eGg] Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0f dsjfgk"/}sf] lrTnfªdf pTkflbt
h}t'gsf] t]nnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oxfF pTkflbt t]nsf] cd]l/sf / o'/f]kdf c;w}Fo} dfu 5 .
lrTnfªdf dfq o;sf] Jofj;flos ¿kdf v]tL ePsfn]] dfu cg';f/ o;nfO{ lgof{t
ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
h}t'gsf] Jofj;flos v]tL lrTnfª uflj;–( df x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 / o;sf]

u]8fnfO{ nlntk"/}sf] 7}adf NofO{ k]n]/ t]n lgsfn]kl5 lgof{t u/LG5 . o;sf nflu ;a}
lhDdf hd{gL / g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf :yflkt lxdfnog KnfG6];G; k|flnn] lnPsf]
5 . lrTnfªdf ljut & jif{b]lv h}t'gsf] Jofj;flos v]tL ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 o; k|flnn]
@ s/f]8 ?k}ofF nufgL u/]/ To;} ufpFsf] @ j6f j:tLdf O6flnog 6f]:sgf / @))
/f]kgL hUufdf leGrLsf] v]tL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .of] t]n cln dxFuf] ePsfn]] o;sf] k|of]u
104
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
a9L cfDbfgL x'g]x¿ / ljz]ifu/L ljsl;t /fi6«x¿df a9L x'G5 . t/ g]kfnL wgf9\o
k/Ljf/df klg o;sf] /fd|} k|of]u x'g yfn]sf]n] cfGtl/s ahf/df klg o;sf] dfu
a9\g]qmd hf/L 5 .
h}t'gsf] t]n :jf:Yosf nflu c;w}Fo} nfek|b x'g], o;sf] k|of]un] SofG;/,
Xbo/f]u, d'6'/f]unufot cGo /f]usf] pkrf/sf] nflu ;xof]u k'U5 . af]6af6 l;w} l6k]/
nu]/ k]n]kl5 o;sf] t]n pTkfbg x'g] ePsfn]] o;sf] u'0f:tl/otfdf s'g} sdL gePsf]
sDkgLsf cWoIf x6{d8' sf] bfjL 5 .
h}t'gsf] t]n g]kfnL s[ifsx¿sf] nflu j/bfg g} ;fljt x'g ;S5 . o;sf]
v]tLn] rf}tkmL{ kmfObf lbg] s'/fdf s'g} z+s} 5}g . of] :jf:Yosf] nflu clt nfek|b x'g]
ePkl5 / o;sf] dfu ;+;f/sf w]/} ljsl;t b]zx¿df cToflws /x]sf]n] o;sf]
Jofj;flos v]tLtkm{ kf] nfUg ;DalGwt If]qaf6 kxn x'g] xf] ls < lrTnfªdf dfq}
xf]Og, o;sf] v]tL df6f] ;'xfpg] cGo 7fpFx¿df klg x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . o;n] s[lif
If]qdf Ps gf}nf] cfofd yKg ;Sg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt} 5}g .
&(= cNnf] pBf]u
udL{df lr;f] x'g] / hf8f]df Gofgf] lbg] sk8f g]kfndf pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
ToxfFdfly klg o;n] Pp6} lhNnfaf6 dfq jflif{s @) s/f]8 ?k}ofFsf] Jofkf/ u/L/x]sf]
5 eGg] s'/fsf] af/]df hfGbf ljZjf; gnfUnf . t/ s'/f jf:tljs xf] . ;+v'jf;efdf
pTkflbt cNnf]af6 tof/ u/LPsf] sk8fn] udL{df z/L/nfO{ lr;f] /fV5 eg] hf8f]df
Gofgf]kg k|bfg ub{5 . sk8fsf] oxL ljz]if u'0fsf] sf/0f g} oxfFsf] sk8f pBf]un] cGo
ljb]zL sk8f pBf]unfO{ ;d]t r'gf}tL lbg ;s]sf] 5 .
;+v'jf;efd} v]tL u/]/ pdfl/Psf] cNnf]nfO{ k|zf]wg u/L agfO{Psf] sk8fsf]

dfu cGo b]zx¿df cToflws /x]sf] 5 . of] ljz]if u'0fsf] af/]df yfxfkfpg]x¿ o;sf]
ljz]ifu/L ;'6 nfpg dg k/fpF5g\ . o;af6 ag]sf] sk8fn] xfn g]kfnsf k|d'v
ahf/x¿df :yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] cGo b]zx¿df cd]l/sf, hfkfg, kfls:tfg nufPtsf
b]zx¿df o;sf] lgof{t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cNnf]af6 ag]sf] sf]6sf] ahf/d"\No # xhf/
?k}ofFeGbf a9L k5{ . o;af6 sf]6 dfq} xf]Og , 6f]kL, k5Øf}/f, dlxnf h'Qf, O:6sf]6
cflb aGb5 . To;sf cnfjf ljleGg k|sf/sf emf]nf, unaGbL, r:dfJofu cflb klg
105
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
aGb5 . cNnf]sf ljleGg ;fdfgx¿nfO{ :jb]zL dfofsf] lrgf]sf] ¿kdf pkxf/ :j?k
klg lbg] rng 5 .
Psjif]{ a'6Øfg x'g] cNnf] Ps÷b'O{ ld6/ cUnf] ePkl5 sf6]/ Nofpg], af]qmf
lgsfn]/ kf6 agfpg] u/LG5 . cNnf]af6 sflQsb]lv h]7;Dd kf6 ;ª\sng u/]/
ksfpFb} wfuf] agfOG5 / ;f]xL wfuf]af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf sk8f tyf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿
agfOG5 .
cNnf]n] To; ufpFsf] y'k|} JolQmx¿sf] hLjg:t/ psf:gnfO{ v'a} d2t u/]sf]
5 . ToxfFsf * ;o $% kl/jf/sf sl/a * xhf/ hgtfn] cNnf]sf] Jofj;flos
v]tLaf6 /fd|/L lhljsf]kfh{g u/L/x]sf 5g\ eg] oxfF :yflkt @% pBf]udf # ;oeGbf
a9Ln] /f]huf/L ;d]t kfO{/x]sf 5g\ .
To;}u/L DofUbL lhNnfsf cf]v/af]6, u'hf{, d'bL, lrdvf]nf, s'Og]dª\un],

n'nfª, bfgf nufotsf uflj;sf ;fd'bflos jgdf kfOg] cNnf] ;ª\sng u/]/
s[ifsx¿n] jflif{s #) nfv a/fa/sf] cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePsf5g\ . eg] cNnf]sf]
k'jfaf6 agfOPsf] wfuf] cd]l/sf / hd{gL nufot ljZjsf clt ljsl;t cf7j6f eGbf
a9L b]zx¿df lgof{t x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
;+v'jf;ef tyf DofUbLsf] nflu cNnf] Joj;fo j/bfg ;fljt ePsf] 5 .

o;af6 dgUo] cfDbfgL x'g] ePkl5 oxfFsf sf]xL klg JolQmx¿ vfnL xft jf ljgfsfd
a:g'k/]sf] 5}g . cNnf]sf] Jofj;flos v]tLsf sf/0f oxfFsf ;a}nfO{ c;w}Fo} /fd|f] cfly{s
pkfh{gsf] af6f] ag]sf] 5 .
106
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
*)= ;'Gtnf h'; pBf]u
l;hgsf] a]nfdf t ;a}sf af]6x¿df n6/Dd ;'Gtnf kmn]sf x'G5g\ . ahf/df

efp klg cf]/fnf] nfu]sf] x'G5 . ;'Gtnf pTkfbsnfO{ /fd|f] d"No kfpg] ahf/sf] vf]hLdf
ef}+tfl/g' kg]{x'G5 cyjf sd d"Nodf a9L k|lt:kwf{ x'g] ahf/df g} nu]/ a]Rg kg]{x'G5 .
t/ pkfo hfGof] eg] g t ;w}Fg / ;|f]tsf] g} sdL x'G5 g t l;hgdf g} ;Sg'kb{5
eGg] lrGtf g} x'G5 . ;'Gtnfaf6 a]l;hgdf klg /fd|} d"No lng gofF tl/sf
lgsfn]sf5g\ kj{t lhNnf afF;vs{sf ls;fgx¿n] .
klZrdf~rn If]qd} ;a}eGbf /l;nf] / pko'Qm dflgg] oxfFsf] ;'GtnfnfO{

plrt k|ljlwsf] cefjdf ls;fgx¿n] nfdf] ;do;Dd hf]ufP/ /fVg ;Sb}gg\ t/
pgLx¿n] ToxL ;'Gtnfsf] h'; lgsfn]/ a]Rg yfn]sf5g\ . lxpFbdf cl;gfn] ;'Gtnfdf
Iflt k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] / ;'Gtnfsf] afh/efp;d]t gkfpg] u/]sfn] tL ;'Gtnfaf6 h';
pTkfbg ug{ yflnPsf] xf] . lxdr"nL gfd lbPsf] pQm h';af6 bfgfsf] laqmLaf6eGbf
a9L cfDbfgL x'g]s'/f atfp5g\ ToxfFsf ls;fgx¿ .
x/]s ;d:ofnfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf lng] xf] eg] ToxL ;d:of a/bfg ;fljt
x'G5 . oxfFsf ls;fgx¿n] oxL ;f]rsf ;fy sfd ;'?u/]sf lyP . cfkm\gf] af/Ldf c¿
k|sf/sf cGg afnLaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg x'g g;s]kl5 sf]bf] /f]k]sf lyP t/ To;af6 klg
k|ofKt cfDbfgL gePkl5, Tof] ;d:ofnfO{ c¿ s'g} afnL jf kmnkm"n nufpg] df}sf
x'g'kb{5 egL vf]hL u/] . h] vf]lhG5, ToxL e]l6G5 . cflv/ pgLx¿n] kQf nufO5f8]
ls ToxfFsf] xfjfkfgLdf ;'Gtnf v]tL /fd|f] x'g;S5 eGg] . ;'?u/Lxfn] ;'Gtnfsf] v]tL .
pgLx¿nfO{ dgUo] cfDbfgL klg lbg yfNof] ;'Gtnf v]tLn] t/ lx+pbsf] ;dodf
/fd|f];Fu hf]ufpg g;s]kl5 hlt cfDbfgL lng ;Sy] Tolt lng g;s]kl5 km]l/ csf]{
df}sfsf] vf]hLdf nfu] . ;'GtnfnfO{ :yfgLo k|ljlwaf6 af¥x} dlxgf hf]ufpg g;Sg]
ePkl5 km]l/ csf]{ pkfo lgsfn] . To;} cg'?k afF;vs{ uflj;df NofOPsf] kfFrj6f
d]l;gaf6 ;'GtnfnfO{ lgr/]/ To;sf] h'; agfO{ a]Rg ;d]t yfln;s] .
clxn] kjt{ afF;vs{sf ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;'Gtnf s'lxP/ hfnf jf ;dodf ;a}

a]Rg g;lsPnf ls eGg] s'g} lrGtf 5}g . ;'Gtnfsf bfgf ljqmLaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL eP
ToxL a]R5g\ geP h'; agfP/ a]R5g\ . ;'Gtnfsf] h';af6 jflif{s s/f]8f}+ cfDbfgL ug{
;lsg]s'/f pgLx¿ uj{sf ;fy atfp5g\ .
of] Ps pbfx/0f xf] / ;'Gtnfsf] v]tL ug]{ ;j} ls;fgx¿n] of] pkfonfO{
canDjg ug{ ;S5g\ t/ 7fpF, ;do / cfjZostf x]/]/ s'g} ;dodf w]/} pTkfbg x'g]
107
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
j:t'nfO{ hlt;'s} d"No cfPklg a]Rg} kg]{ eGg] jfWotf xf]Og, of] t ;f]rsf] sdL xf]
eGg] s'/f oxfFsf ls;fgx¿n] b]vfPsfdfq x'g\ . w]/} kl/0ffddf pTkfbg x'g] j:t'nfO{
?k kl/jt{g u/]/ klg af¥x} dlxgf k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . goFf ;f]r / goFf ljrf/n]
gofF hLjg klg lbG5 .
*!= l8h]nsf] ljsNk kfgL
pd]/ k'u]kl5 dfq gofF / gf}nf] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ ljZjsf
w]/} afnaflnsf ;d]tn] tf]8]sf5g\ . clxn] cfP/ g]kfns} !( jifL{o ;'lgn kl/of/n]
klg k|dfl0ft u/LlbPsf 5g\ sL ;fg} pd]/df klg 7"nf7"nf a}1flgsn] ug]{ cfljisf/sf]
sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . lrtjg e/tk"/}sf ;'lgnn] kfgLaf6 rNg] qm]g / /s]6sf] cfjlisf/
u/]sf5g\ . ;'Gbf crDd nfUg] ljifonfO{ pgn] k|dfl0ft u/]/ b]vfOlbPsf5g\ 5g\ sL
l8h]n gxfnL kfgLs} k|of]u u/]/ qm]g / /s]6 rnfpg ;lsG5 . pgsf] cfljisf/df
kfgLn] OGwgsf] sfd ub{5 . To;df xfjfsf] k|];/ lbP/ /s]6 p8fpg ;lsG5 eg]
To;nfO{ sDo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ l/df]6sf] ;xfotfn] klg
rnfpg ;lsG5 .
;fgf]df r~rn] :jefj ePsf ;'lgnn] o:tf w]/} a}1flgs cfljisf/

u/L;s]sf5g\ . cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsfn]] jfNocj:yfdf c¿ aRrfn] v]n]sf]
h:tf] v]nf}gf rnfpg / v]Ng kfPsf lyPgg\ . t/ hj c¿n] v]n]sf] b]Vy] Tolta]n}
pgL sNkgf uy]{ ls o:tf v]nf}gf t d cfkm}+ agfpg ;S5' . ;fob k|s[ltn] pgLleq
klxn] g} of] Ifdtf lbPsf] lyof] .
pgn] klxnf] k6s Jofl6«af6 rNg] sf/ agfPsf lyP . sIff * df k9\b} ubf{
l/df]6af6 rNg] sf/ agfP . kfgLaf6 rNg] ;}lgs 6\of+s klg agfP . pgsf cfljisf/
pgsf sf]7fdf dfq yGs]/ a;]sf 5}gg\ . kb\dsGof SofDk;df ePsf] lj1fg
k|bz{gLb]lv lnP/ sf7df8fF} ljZjljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lj1fg k|bz{gL x'+b} gfi6df
ePsf] o;} k|sf/sf] k|bz{gL;Dddf k'/:s[t x'+b} cfO/x]sf5g\ ;'lgn . pgsf
l;h{gzLntfdf ;DaGwLt If]qsf 7"nfa8fx¿sf] cfFvf kl/;s]sf 5g\ . x/]s k6ssf]
k|b{zgLdf pgsf] cfljisf/n] jfxjfxL kfO/x]sf] 5 .
cfly{s cefjn] cfkm\gf b'O{ bfh'x¿n] k9g gkfPsf] kL8f rls{/x] klg cfkm"df
OlGhlgo/ aGg] wf]sf] /x]sf] atfpg r'Sb}gg\ . w]/}n] ;xof]u ug]{ cfzf b]vfPklg
108
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
clxn];Dd s'g} ;xof]u k|fKt x'g g;s]sf]n] st} of] k|ltef To;} d'emf{P/ hfg] t xf]Og
eGg] z+sf nfUg' :jfefljs g} xf] . t/ /fhwfgLsf] OG6]G;Le OG6/g]zgn sn]hn]
lgz'Ns k9fOlbP/ Pp6f xf]gfxf/ k|ltefnfO{ hf]ufO/xs]f 5 .
g]kfn k|fs[lts kIfdf ;Dejt ljZjd} wgL /fi6« 5 . oxfFsf dgf]/d k|fs[lts
;|f]tn] g]kfnnfO{ wgL agfpg tDtof/ 5g\ . ;fydf :j:k"mt{ ¿kdf hlGdb} / x's{b}
u/]sf a}1flgsx¿sf] klg sld 5}g . o:tf k|ltef / l;h{gfnfO{ km'Ng / kmNg plrt
aftfj/0f xfdLn] ;dod} ug{ ;s]gf}F eg] of t oL k|ltef ;'s]/ hfG5g\ of ljb]zL
/fi6«x¿df knfog x'G5g\ . ;dfhsf] bfloTj xf] logLx¿nfO{ hf]ufpg] / /fi6«sf] klg
d'Vo st{Jo x'g cfpF5 logLx¿nfO{ k'mNg lbg] . ;'lgnsf] cfljisf/ lg/Gt/ clu
al9/x]f;\, b'Os/f]8 g]kfnLsf] z'esfdgf .
*@= tLg cfgf hUufaf6 nvklt
hxfF OR5f, ToxfF pkfo . of] pvfg rl/tfy{ u/LlbPsf5g\ x'Dnf 8fF8fkmofsf
lx/axfb'/ zfxLn] . sfd ;fdfGo xf] t/ ;'Gbf crDd em}+ nfU5 . pgL;Fu w]/} hdLg
klg 5}g / pgn] s'g} ljz]if k|ljlw jf a}1flgs cfljisf/sf] k|of]u klg u/]sf xf]Ogg\
t/ cfkm";Fu ePsf] hDdf tLg cfgf hUufdf pTkfbg u/]sf] uf]ne]+8f laqmL u/]/ nfvf}+
?k}+of sdfPsf 5g\ . cem crDdsf] s'/f t tL uf]ne]+8f 9'+ufdfly pdf/]sf x'g\
lx/axfb'/n] .
cfkm";Fu ePsf] yf]/} hUuf , To;dfly cem 9'+u}9'+uf . kl/jf/ rnfpg xDd]
xDd] kg]{ ;w}+sf] cfly{s cj/f]w . sd{zLn ljrf/ / hfFu/nfO{ of] ;+;f/df cj/f]w st}
klg 5}g . pgn] ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL u/] / pkfo kQf nufOxfn] . clg agfP 9'+ufnfO{
pj{/ , /f]k] uf]ne]+8f / ag] nvklt . pgn] 9'+ufdfly df6f] ljR5\ofP/ pj{/ agfPsf x'g\
cfkm\gf] 9'+u] hdLgnfO{ . pgsf] oxL l;h{gzLntfsf] ;kmntfn]] Jofj;flos t/sf/L
v]tLtkm{ cfslif{t u/fPsf] xf] pgnfO{ . @)^% ;fndf dfq pgn] tLg cfgf hUufdf
9'+ufdfly df6f] /fv]/ /f]k]sf () af]6af6 !% lSjG6n ufne]+8fsf] Jofkf/ ug{ ;kmn
ePsf 5g\ .
109
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
x'Dnfsf ls;fg lx/axfb'/ Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tLaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug]{
ls;fgsf] ¿kdf lrlgPsf5g\ . uf]ne]+8fsf] ;fydf cfkm\gf] af/Ldf ufh/, Kofh, aGbf /
sfpnLaf6 klg /fd|} cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . lr;f] 7fpF ePsfn]] w]/}h;f]
dflg;x¿ e]8f kfng Jojzfodf ;+nUg ePsf5g\ pgsf ufpFn]x¿ t/ pgL eg] yf]/}
;dodf w]/} kmfObf x'g] t/sf/L Jofj;fodf ;+nUg ePsf5g\ / c¿sf]eGbf /fd|f] kmfObf
lnPsf5g\ . pgL cfkm}+ eG5g\ æe]8f kfngdf kmfObf lng tLg jif{ kv{g'k5{ t/ t/sf/L
v]tLaf6 tLg dlxgfd} kmfObf lng ;lsG5 .Æ
ljh]tf Tof] xf] h;n] s'g} gf}nf] sfd ub}{g t/ ToxL sfdnfO{ km/s tl/sfn]
ub{5 . o; cy{df lx/axfb'/ klg ljh]tf ag]sf5g\ . 9'+u}9'+ufn] el/Psf] yf]/} hdLgdf
;fdfGo dflg;n] s]xL ug{ ;lsb}g eg]/ a:y] xf]nfg . t/ pgn] ToxL 9'+ufnfO{ km/s
tl/sf ckgfP/ pj{/ agfP / kmfObf lnP . yk s'/f eg]sf] pgn] l56} cfDbfgL lng
;lsg] t/sf/L v]tL u/] . oxL xf] l;h{gzLntf . ;fdfGo sfdwGbfnfO{ klg Jofj;flos
¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ xf] / ePsf] ;|f]t ;w}FgnfO{ ;Dej pkfo ;lxt k|of]udf Nofpg] xf]
eg] of] b]zdf ul/jL pGd'ng x'g nfdf] ;do kv{g' g} kb}{g . cem To;df klg s[lifaf6}
of] cleofgsf] ;'¿jft ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
*#= PPd /]l8of] Jof08
l;h{gzLntfsf] d'gfx¿ g]kfnsf ufpFufpFaf6 pld|b} 5g\ . lj1fgsf

cfljisf/x¿ g]kfndf wdfwd hGdb} 5g\ . o:t} cfljisf/sf hGdbftf ePsf5g\ bfª
3f]/fxLsf ljleGg ljBfnosf sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿ . g]kfndf xfn;Dd
/]l8of] g]kfndfq PPd Aof08df k|;f/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . PkmPd /]l8of] Jof08af6 k|zf/0f
x'g]sfd t b]ze/L 5l/Psf 5g\ . t/ ca oL jfn a}1flgsx¿n] cfkm\g} kxn, 1fg /
nugzLntfdf PPd Jof08af6 klg /]l8of] k|zf/0f u/]/ gofF sLlt{dfg g} /fVg ;kmn
ePsf 5g\ .
3f]/fxLsf] d]rLsnL af]l8{ª :s'nsf sIff gf}sf !$ jifL{o ;'ud l;+x, EofnL6k
O+lUn; af]l8{ª :s"ndf sIff gf}df g} cWoog/t !% jif{sf ljzfns'df/ k'g, / ;f]lx
ljBfnodf sIff gf}df g} cWoog/t xl/ s];L tyf cNkmf cfjf;Lo dfWolds
ljBfnodf ;f]lx sIffdf cWoog/t dfz{n /f]sfn] PPd Jof08df /]l8of] k|zf/0f u/]/
b]vfOlbPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] of] cfljisf/sf]nflu Ps jif{sf] k|of; / ldlxg]t k/]sf] 5
eg] hDdf %)÷^) ?k}+ofdfq vr{ u/]/ :6]zg tof/ kf/]sf x'g\ .
110
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
xfn pgLx¿n] !) jf6 dfq Ifdtf ePsf] cl8of]sf] k|of]u u/]sf]n] ;o ld6/ 6f9f;Dd
dfq ;'Gg ;lsG5 . t/ cl8of]sf] Ifdtf a9fpg] xf] eg] of] eGbf w]/} 6f9f;Dd klg
;'Gg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿n] /]l8of] :6]zg k|of]usf] nflu 6«flGhi6/, /]lhi6/, sg]i6/,
6«fG;kmd{/, ldl8od Sjfon nufotsf ;dfgx¿ k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . oL ;j} lrhsf]
Joj:yf kl/jf/ / ljBfnosf] ;xof]u lagf cfkm}+n] h'6fPsf x'g\ . cem /f]rs s'/f t
k"/fgf kmflnPsf ;dfgx¿af6 of] :6]zg tof/ kf/]sf x'g\ .
oL l;h{gzLn jfn a}1flgsx¿sf] k|ltef o;/L pT;flxt ePsf] 5 ls /]l8of]

k|zf/0f;Fu} cGo ljleGg gofF k|ljlw lgdf{0f ug{ ;d]t nfu]sf5g\ . h;df jfo/n];
kmf]gaf6 ljZjsf] Ps 5]pb]lv csf]{ 5]pdf /x]sf] pks/0f rnfpg jf aGb ug{ ;lsg]
k|ljlw, kmf]g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ l:jlrªdf abn]/ To;nfO{ l;h{gfTds If]qdf k|of]u ug]{
k|ljlw cflb 5g\ . l56\6} g} xfO8«f]lns 8f]h/, k]l/:sf]k / kmf]6f]kmf]gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{
of]hgf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 pgLx¿sf] .
oL l;h{gzLn afn k|ltefn] klg b]vfO;s]sf 5g\ g]kfn s] s'/fdf sd 5 <

o:tf k|ltefx¿ la?jf eO;s]sf 5g\ . ca vfFrf] 5 ;dfhn] logLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{
;Ddfg, k|]/0ff / xf};nf . clg vfFrf] 5 ;/sf/L lgsfosf] Wofg . vf]hL ug]{ xf] eg]
o:tf k|ltef xhf/f}+ e]l6G5g\ g]kfnsf ufpFufpFdf . :j:km"t{ ¿kdf pd]|sf o:tf
k|ltef;Dd ;DaGwLt lgsfosf] gh/ k'u]/ pgLx¿nfO{ /fi6«n] k|bfg ug{;Sg] / ug'{kg]{
;xof]u clg jftfj/0fdfq pknAw u/fpg] xf] eg] lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf klg g]kfn
ljZjdf lrlgg ;S5 . ;Defjgfsf] vf]hLdf cfFvf lrDng], 7"nf] wg/fzL vr]{/ k|fljlws
pTkfbg ug]{ clg plrt jftfj/0fsf] cefjn] ltg} k|ltef ljb]z knfog x'g] cfhsf]
cj:yfnfO{ gofF g]kfndf ;'wf/ ug}{ kg]{x'G5 . xf]Og eg] of] b]z wgL / ljsl;t
b]zx¿sf] nflu bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg u/Llbg] sf/vfgfdfq eP/ /xg' kg]{ x'G5 .
111
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
*$= k};f sdfpg ljb]z} hfg'kb}{g
:jb]zdf cj;/ vf]Hg] / ldlxg]t ug]{ eGbf klg ljb]zd} uP/ b'Mv ug]{ clg
5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} k};f sdfpg] ;kgflt/ nfnflot\ clxn]sf] o'jfk':tfnfO{ k};f sdfpg
:jb]zd} ;Defjgf 5 eg]/ b]vfpg] sfddf ;kmn ePsf5g\ kfNkfsf bfh'efO clegj /
lbkªs/ s;h"n] . ;fOj/ ;+;f/ 86 sdsf ;~rfns b'O{ bfh'efOsf] ;+3if{, ;kmntfsf]
syf cfhsf] o'jf lk+9LnfO{ k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t aGg;S5 .
!#÷!$ jif{sf] pd]/df afa'n] 3/df nu]sf] sDKo'6/ klxnf] k6s b]v]kl5
sDKo'6/ rnfpg] /x/ hfu]sf] lyof] b'j}nfO{ t/ 5'g klg gkfpg] ;dodf n'lsl5kL
ePklg b'j}n] rnfO{ 5f8\y] . sDKo'6/k|ltsf] cfsif{0f a9]kl5 uf¥xf] ePklg b'j}n] ldn]/
kfNkfdf sDKo'6/ OlG:6Ro'6 vf]n] . OG6/g]6k|ltsf] rf;f] a9L ePklg cToGt dxuf]+
ePsfn]] lhNnfdf ;f] ;~rfng ug{ g;lsg] ePkl5 b'j}efO sf7df08f} l5/] .
olta]nf;Dd b'j}n] P;Pn;L k/LIff dfq ptL0f{ u/]sf lyP .
s]xL u5'{ eGg] b[9 OR5fzlQm af]s]sf s;h" bfh'efO sf7df08f}sf] a;fOnfO{
pknlAw d"ns agfpg v'a} ldlxg]tsf;fy nfluk/] . dflg;df j]j;fO6k|lt xfnsf]
h:tf] cfsif{0f geP klg pgLx¿n] ;g !((& df ;fOj/g]kfn z'? u/] . ;fy} j]j
l8hfOlgª, u|flkmS; l8hfOlgª, d]l8of 6]Sg]fnf]hL ;DaGwL 1fg xfFl;n u/L sDKo'6/
OG6/g]zgndf l8Knf]df ;d]t u/] . cfkm\gf] ;fOj/ ;+;f/nfO{ l6sfpg pgLx¿nfO{ wf}
wf} k/]sf] a]nfdf ljleGg ldl8of xfp;x¿df hflu/ vf+b} o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf lyP .
;g\ @))$ -@)^) ;fn_ df cfP/ o'jfx¿sf] klxnf] /f]hfOsf] g]kfnL j]e ;fO6 ;fOj/
;G;f/ 86 sd vf]n] .
of] ;fO6sf] cnfjf s;h"åon] O g;f, cfkm\6/ P;Pn;L, j]e;fO6 86 sd

86 PgkL nufotsf ;fO6x¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf5g\ . ;ft jif{ b]lvsf] cys
kl/>d, nuglzntf / lg/Gt/tfsf] kmn:j?k clxn] b'j} efO ;Gt'i6 5g\ cfkm\gf]
k];fk|lt . ;fydf !* hgfnfO{ /f]huf/L;d]t lbg ;s]sf5g\ eg] yk gofF ;fO6x¿
;d]t vf]Ng] tof/Ldf nfu]sf5g\ .
s;h"åosf] b[9 OR5fzlQm / ;kmn x'g;lsG5 eGg] cfTdfljZjf;sf] kmn g}

xf] pgLx¿sf] ;kmntfsf] /fh . kmfObf ePg eg]/ sfd 5f]8]sf] eP g pgLx¿sf]
ldlxg]tsf] k|ltkmn clxn] ldNYof] g gfd /xGYof] . ;'rgf k|ljlwdf k|j]z u/]sf]
clxn]sf] ljZj;Fu g]kfnnfO{ klg lx+8fpg] xf] eg] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df g} ljz]if
Wofg lbg'kb{5 . s;h"åo klg o; s'/fdf ;xdt 5g\ .
112
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
;x/ahf/df v'n]sf ;fOj/ Sofkm]nfO{ x]/]/ / Rol6ªdf Jo:t s]xL o'jfx¿nfO{

b]v]/ g]kfn klg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf k'lu;s]sf] 5 eGg] ldYof e|d lr/]/ b]zsf
u|fdL0f:t/ ;Dd sDKo'6/ k|ljlw / OG6/g]6;DaGwL 1fg lbnfpg' kb{5 . o;f] eof] eg]
dfq of] k|ljlw klg u|fdL0f:t/sf dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjg;Fu uf+l;g]5 . clg dfq o;sf]
Jofjzflos kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . ;'rgf k|ljlwn] ufpFsf] ljsf;df slt;Dd l56f] /
5l/tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f tf//xlt kmf]gn] NofPsf] kl/jt{gn] g} k|i6 kfb{5 .
ljz]ifu/L o'jfk':tfnfO{ ljBfnodf sDKo'6/ lzIff Pjd\ ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL

1fg k|bfg ug{ ;lsPdf o'jfnfO{ cfkm\g} b]zdf a;]/ sfd ug]{ cj;/ ldN5, gofFgofF
cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg] s'/fdf s;h"åo ljZj:t5g\ . clg dfq /f]huf/L pknAw
u/fpg ;Dej x'G5 . s;h" bfh'efOsf] of] egfO, egfO dfq geP/ ef]ufO klg xf] .
;/sf/ / ;DaGwLt lgsfon] o; ljifodf rf;f] b]vfpg] / k|ltefx¿nfO{ xf};nf k|fKt
x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ xf] eg] hgtfn] vf]h]sf] gofF g]kfn aGg w]/} ;lhnf] x'g]5 .
*%= UofF;sf] ljsNk h}ljs kmf]x/
sf7df08f}sf] d"nkfgLsf] 8lDkª ;fO6df k'l/Psf] kmf]x/af6 UofF; lg:s]sf]

b]v]/ :yfgLo jfl;Gbfn] kfOk uf8]/ d'xfgaf6 kfgL nu]h:tf] u/L efG;fdf Uof+; nu]/
afn]sf] s'/f b]v]sf] jf ;'g]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o:t} ljleGg 7fpFdf hxfFhxfF kmf]x/ ufl8Psf]
x'G5, tL 7fpFx¿df s]xL ;dokl5 cfuf] aNg] UofF; lgSn]sf] eGg] g;'lgPsf] x}g . t/
b]zsf d'Vo ;x/x¿df ToxL kmf]x/n] ;Qf b]lv ;8s;Dd a:g] ;a}sf] 6fpsf] b'vfO
eO/x]sf] 5 . kmf]x/ nu]/ kmfNg] 7fpFsf] vf]hL / :yfgLo jfl;Gbfsf] emu8f kmf]x/ eGbf
a9L uGxfpg] u/L 5tf5'Nn ;Dd klg ePsf 36gfx¿ tfh} 5g\ . kmfxf]/nfO{ df]xf]/df
kl/0ft ug]{ lrGtg clxn];Dd s'g} klg lgsfon] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5|}g . t/ w'lnv]n
ld/fj]n xf]6nn] o; s'/fnfO{ k|dfl0ft dfq xf]Og k|of]udf g} NofO;s]sf] 5 .
pQm xf]6naf6 b}lgs lg:sg] $÷% s]hL h}ljs kmf]x/af6 !) 3gld6/

Ifdtfsf] ;+:yfut jfof]Uof+; KnfG6sf] lgdf{0f u/]kl5 UofF; pTkfbg;Fu} kmf]x/
Joj:yfkgsf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ePsf] s'/f xf]6nsf k|f]kfO6/ Zofddf]xg >]i7 v';Lsf
;fy atfp5g\ . clxn] ;f] xf]6nnfO{ ahf/df PnkL UofF;sf] cefj eP klg s;/L
kfx'gfnfO vfgf v'jfpg] eGg] ;d:of 5}g . g t xf]6naf6 lg:sg] kmf]x/ txnufpg]
lrGtf g} .
113
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
nlntk"/}sf] gd'gf dlR5Gb| dfWolds ljBfnon / nlntk"/} afns'df/Ll:yt

;kmfO{ tyf jftfj/0f ;'wf/ zfvfdf klg oxL k|ljlwaf6 UofF;sf] pTkfbg u/L k|of]udf
NofO+b} 5 . gd'gf dlR5Gb| ljBfnodf t ;f}rfnonfO{ KnfG6df h8fg u/LPsf] 5 .
ljBfnodf ljxfgb]lv lbge/ lrof vfhf ksfpg oxL Uof+;sf] k|of]u u/LG5 eg]
o;af6 kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgfsf] ;d:of klg ;dfwfg ePsf] 5 . o; k|ljlwaf6
lgsflnPsf] Uof+;sf] Hjfnf lgs} t]lhnf] x'g] / vfgf klg rfF8} kfSg] s'/f
k|of]ustf{x¿sf] cg'ej 5 .
Ogf]e]l6e OG6/k|fOh]h k|flnn] klxnf]k6s g]kfndf leqfPsf] of] k|ljlwn] 5f]6f]

;dodf w]/} ;kmntf k|fKt u/L;s]sf] 5 . o; k'lS;g afof]Uof; KnfG6sf] d'Vo ljz]iftf
eg]sf] o;df 7f]; cuf{lgs kbfy{h:t} 3fF;kft, k/fn, efG5fsf] kmf]x/ / h'g;'s}
k|sf/sf] s'lxg] kmf]x/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . Psk6s /fv]kl5 5 cf7 dlxgf;Dd
nuftf/ Uof; cfO/xg] of] k|ljlwdf b}lgs¿kdf uf]a/ / kfgL xfNg'kg]{ afWotf x'+b}g .
;fy} KnfG6sf] ;Dk"0f{ efu hdLgd'lg x'g] ePsfn]] hdLgsf] efudf g t s'g} kmf]x/ g}
b]lvg] g t KnfG6n] hdLg g} cf]u6\g] x'G5 . o;sf] yk kmfObf eg]sf] KnfG6af6
lg:s]sf] kmf]x/ -:n/L_ s[lif pTkfbgsf nflu lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 . k|fljlwsx¿sf
cg';f/ yf]/} kmf]x/af6 klg w]/} Uof; pTkfbg x'g] of] k|ljlw g]kfnsf] ;x/ b]lv
ufpF;Dd Tolts} pkof]uL x'g;S5 . of] k|ljlwnfO{ dfq ckgfpg] xf] eg] sf7df08f}sf]
sflndf6Ldf lbgx' hDdf x'g] #%) 6g kmf]x/af6 b}lgs !)) l;ln08/ Uof; pTkfbg
x'g;S5 . ;w}Ff/0ftofM Ps s]hL h}ljs kmf]x/af6 @)) ln6/ Uof; pTkfbg x'G5 of]
k'lS;g afof]Uof; k|ljlwaf6 .
k'lS;g jfof]UofF; k|ljlw g]kfnsf] nflu j/bfgl;4 x'g;Sg] s'/f k|fljlws /

jftfj/0fLo b'j}kIfaf6 k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . ufpF3/df bfp/fsf] vkt sdu/L
aghª\un hf]ufpg] b]lv lnP/ ;x/df dxuf] dl6t]n tyf Uof;sf] k|of]unfO{ sd
u/fpg] of] k|ljlwnfO{ yk lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf emg 68\sf/f] ePsf]5 . ;a}eGbf
dxTjk"0f{ kmfObf g} kmf]x/nfO{ Uof; / dndf Ps}k6s ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsg] of] tl/sf
cToGt ;/n / pkof]uL /x]sf] 5 . /fi6«n] yf]/}dfq nufgL u/Llbg] xf] / cleofgsf]
¿kdf b]zJofkL agfpg] xf] eg] of] k|ljlwn] b]zsf] d'xf/ pHofnf] agfpg cjZo 7"nf]
of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] 5 .
114
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
*^= ;ª\
;ªqmldtx¿sf]
\qmldtx¿sf] ;fd'lxs v]tL
PrcfOeL÷P8\; ;+qmldtx¿nfO{ klxn] t ;dfhn] g} k5fl8 /fVg vf]H5,

bf]>f] ;DaGwLt ;qmldtx¿df xLgtfsf] efjgfn] h/f] uf8]sf] kfOG5 . ;qmldt ePkl5
s]xL sfd ug{ x'Gg eGg] / bftfsf] d'v tfs]/dfq a:g] afgLsf] ljsf; ePsf] klg
kfOG5 . t/ lj:tf/ lj:tf/ ;dfhdf o:tf lg/fzfafbL ;f]r / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g
cfp+b}5 . ;qmldtx¿ klg ;dfh ;'wf/sf sfdx¿b]lv lnP/ r]tgf clea[l4 / cfly{s
pkfh{gsf] af6f]df ;d]t nfUb} uPsf] kfOG5 .
cGo JolQm;/xxfdLn] klg sfd ug{ ;S5f}F eGg];f]r kfn]/ cfTd;Ddfgsf]

sfd ug{ ;+qmldtx¿sf] ;"lrdf ylkPsf 5g\ kf]v/f / cf;kf;sf ^ hgf ;+qmldtx¿ .
pgLx¿ ldn]/ #) /f]kgL kfvf] hdLg ef8fdf lnP/ ;fd"lxs v]tL u/L/x]sf5g\ .
;fd"lxs v]tLsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ nIdL clwsf/L ;+qmldt dlxnfsf] ;+:yf cfFs'/fsf] ;d]t
cWoIf l5g\ . pgsf] g]t[Tjdf ;'?u/LPsf] of] cleofg ;+qmldtx¿sf] aLrdf dfq xf]Og
cGo JolQmx¿sf] nflu klg pbfx/0fLo ePsf] 5 . a]ugf;tfnsf] lsgf/df ef8fdf
lnOPsf] hdLgdf t/sf/Lv]tL, wfg tyf gub]afnL / afv|fkfng u/L/x]sf 5g\ oL
sd{zLn ;fx;L JolQmx¿n] . pgLx¿sf] o; k|sf/sf] sfdn] ;+qmldtn] s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g
eGg]nfO{ hjfkm ldn]sf] 5 .
PrcfOeL÷P8\; ;+qmldtx¿n] zf/Ll/s sfd ubf{ /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf

oyf:yfgdf /xg] s'/f pgLx¿sf] cg'ej 5 . ;fn8fF8fsf jfl;Gbf;Fu xft]dfnf] u/]/
sfd u/L/x]sf oL gjLg ;f]rsf ldlxg]tL JolQmx¿ c¿ ;dfGo dflg;n] h:t} ljxfg
;j]/} p7]a]nfb]lv cfkm"n] kfn]sf ufOj:t'sf] :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug]{, t/sf/Lsf] uf]8d]n ug]{
/ ef8fdf lnOPsf] hdLgdf nufPsf cGo afnLsf] b]vefn ug]{ sfd ;lhn} /
/dfO/dfO u/L/x]sf x'G5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] kl/>dn] !@ jif{b]lv af+emf] /x]sf] hdLg v]tLof]Uo ag]/ cfd"n

kl/jt{g g} ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] of] sfdnfO{ w]/}n] k|f]T;fxg / xf};nf ;d]t k|bfg
u/]sf5g\ . clxn] ToxfF e|d0f ug]{ / x]g{ hfg]x¿sf] le8 nfUg] ub{5 . ;j}n] pgLx¿sf]
sfd b]Vbf v';L dfq xf]Og 5Ss ;d]t kb{5g\ . c¿ JolQmsf] v';L / crDd oL
;+qmldtx¿sf] ;fx;sf] k"/}:sf/ xf] . pgLx¿sf] hUuf d'nf, Kofh, ufne]+8f, v';f{gL,
sf+qmf], ufh/, ;fu nufotsf t/sf/Ln] el/Psf] 5 .
;fdfGo JolQmx¿ ;d]t s]xL ug{ ;lsb}g / ug{ ;lsg] 7fpF tyf pkfo s]xL
5}g eg]/ lg/f; eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf kf]v/fsf oL ;fx;Lx¿n] Ps} k6s w]/} ;Gb]z lbg
115
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
;kmn ePsf5g\ . klxnf] t v]/ uO/x]sf] hdLgnfO{ ;b'kof]udf NofP/ cfly{s /

;fdflhs x}l;ot a9fpg] sfd s[lifaf6 g} ug{ ;lsG5 . of] sfd ;fdfGo jf ;+qmldt
;a}n] ug{ ;S5g\ . csf]{ kIf ;+qmldtx¿ ;dfhsf] cufl8 v'Ng ;Sg'kb{5 / lxDdtsf
;fy c¿ ;/xsfd ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ nflu kg'{ kb{5 . o;n] pgLx¿df cfTdfljZjf;
a9fpF5 clg ;dfhn] pgLx¿ k|lt x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf klg ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg
yfNb5 .
kf]v/fsf oL pbfx/0fLo ;+qmldtx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] dxf;+3n] Ps k6safx]s

c¿ s;}n] klg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5}g . x/]s gofF ;'¿jft ug]{nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;dfh
lxrlsrfpF5 / nfG5gf ;d]t nufpg] ub{5 . cem PrcfOeL ;+qmldtx¿sf]
cj:yfnfO{ ;dfhn] emg} bogLo agfOlbPsf] 5 . oL ;j} sf+8fx¿nfO{ kG5fp+b}
;dfhdf OHht ;lxtsf] lhGbuL afRg ;lsG5 eg]/ b]vfpg] oL / cGo o:t} pBdL
;+qmldtx¿nfO{ ;dfhn] ;xof]usf] xft a9fpg' kb{\5 / /fi6«n] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg'
kb{5 . clg dfq ;dfhdf n's]/ a;]sf cGo o:t} JolQmx¿df xfdLn] klg c¿n] h:t}
ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 / ;xof]u klg kfOg] /x]5 eg]/ lxDdt a9fpg ;S5g\ . ;dfh
?kfGt/0fsf] nflu ;j}sf] dxTj plQs} x'G5g\ rfx] pm :j:Yo xf];\ jf gxf];\ .
*&= vf]nfsf] au/df ds} v]tL
ljutdf /fhwfgLsf] ;'Gb/tf ag]sf] jfudtL gbL clxn] cle;fk h:t} ag]sf]
5 . cJojl:yt ¿kdf a9]sf] ;x/Ls/0f / hg;ª\Vof a[l4n] k|b'lift ePsf] jfudtLsf]
ju/ dsjfgk"/}, l;Gw'nL / nlntk"/}sf ls;fgx¿n] ds} af/Lsf] ¿kdf klg k|of]u ub}{
cfPsf s'/fn] crDd agfpg ;S5 . t/ of] oyfy{ xf] ls Tolts} v]/ hfg] ju/nfO{
;fdfGo vgLvf];|L u/]/ jif{e/L vfg] ds} pdfg]{ sfd u/]sf5g\ oxfFsf ls;fgx¿n] .
dsjfgk"/} / l;Gw'nLsf afl;Gbfsf] wfgv]tL ub}{ cfPsf] v]t @)!! ;fnb]lv

jfudtL gbLn] s6fg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . t/ lxp+bdf kfgLsf] dfqf sdx'g] ePsfn]]
vf]nfsf] clwsf+z efu au/sf] ¿kdf dfq /x]sf] x'G5 . ToxL ;dodf oxfFsf
ls;fgx¿n] ds} /f]Kg] sfd ub{5g\ . ;fdfGotof sflt{s d+l;/ lt/ /f]k]sf] ds} a}zfv
h]i7 ;Dddf leqfO;S5g\ . jiff{tsf] ;do ;lsPkl5 csf]{ jiff{t ;'?x'g' cufj} Ps
afnL ds}sf] pTkfbg lnO;S5g\ . k|of]u ljxLg eP/ /x]g] hdLgnfO{ ;b'kof]u ug]{ of]
;f]r ;fFRr} g} cg's/0fLo 5 .
116
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
x'g t pgLx¿n] ;'¿df jfWotfn] g} of] sfd ug'{ k/]sf] xf] . wfg pTkfbg x'g]
v]t vf]nfn] aufPkl5 vfgnfO{ cGg gk'Ug] ePsf] lyof] . lx+pbsf] ;dodf ePklg
k|of]u u/]/ v]tL ug'{kg]{ jfWosf/L cj:yfaf6 clxn] jfWo gePsfx¿n] klg l;Sg
yfn]sf 5g\ . nlntk'/÷dsjfgk'/, dsjfgk'/÷l;Gw'nLsf hgtfx¿ clxn] of] gofF
df}sfnfO{ ;b'kof]u u/L/x]sf5g\ . jiff{sf] ;dodf sf7df8fF}sf] kmf]x/ af]s]/ afudtL
gbL pn]{/ k"/} au/ 9fs]/ aU5 . lxFpbdf kfgL 36\b} uP/ vf]nf ;fgf] x'G5 / w]/} efu
au/ ag]sf] x'G5 . ;fdfGo vghf]t u/]/ ds}sf] aLpm dfq 5l/lbg] xf] eg] af/LdfeGbf
a9L pTkfbg x'g] s'/f cg'ejL ls;fgx¿sf] 7DofO{ 5 . jif{fdf jufP/ NofPsf] kmf]x/
lx+pbdf ds}sf] nflu dn x'g] ePsfn]] a9L pTkfbg x'g ;s]sf] xf] . o;/L afudtLsf]
au/ oxfFsf ls;fgx¿sf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t x'g ;s]s]f 5 .
o:t} s~rgk"/}df klg vf]nfsf] ju/df lx+pbdf v/a'hf, nf}sf, uf]ne]+8f,

sf+qmf], km;L{ cflb t/sf/L v]tL u/]/ rf/ ulfj;sf !!& kl/jf/x¿n] cfly{s kmfObf
lnO/x]sf 5g\ .
jfWotfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] gljg tl/sf g]kfnsf clwsf+z 7fpFx¿df cg's/0f

ug{ of]Uo 5 . g]kfndf c;+Vo vf]nfgfnfx¿ 5g\ / tL dWo] w]/} jif{fsf] ;dodf 7"nf]
x'g] clg lx+pbdf ;'Sg] k|s[ltsf 5g\ . o:tf glb jf vf]nfsf] ju/nfO{ :yfgLo xfjfkfgL
;'+xfpbf] s[lif pkh pTkfbg ug]{ sfddf k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] :yfgLo jfl;Gbfsf]
cfDbfgLdf lgs} ;'wf/ cfpg] s'/fdf b'Odt 5}g . ;dfhdf ePsf gf}nf] tl/sfsf]
1fgnfO{ ;j}lt/ k'¥ofpgdfq ;s]df klg vf]nfsf ju/x¿ lxpFbdf klg xl/ofnLdf
kl/0ft x'g]5g\ eg] :yfgLo jfl;Gbfsf] d'xf/df v'lzofnL 5fpg yfNg]5 .
117
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
**= ;Ld;fusf] ;b'kof]u
k|s[ltdf kfOg] s'g} klg af]6la?jf cf}ifwL gnfUg] x'+b}g . lrGg ;s]df xfd|}
cfFvf cufl8 pd|]/ ToxLF dg]{ y'k|} xl/of la?jfx¿ xfd|f] z/L/sf] nflu cfjZos kf}li6s
cfxf/ x'G5g\ . log} k|s[ltn] lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fPsf ;fukft a]r]/ hLjg rnfpg
klg ;lsG5 . o:t} pbfox/0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ df]/ª zlgZr/]sf rlGb|sf Clifb]j,
;~h' kf;jfg, km"ndfo dfemL nufot oxfFsf #% 3/ :yfgLojf;LGbfn] .
zlgZr/]sf] df]/ª\uL gfdsf] vf]nfdf kfOg] ;Ld ;fu -;Ld /fof]_ oxfFsf
afl;Gbfsf] cfDbfgLsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cª\u ag]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vf]nfdf kfOg] of]
/fof]sf] h:tf] ;fu a]r]/ oxfFsf dflg;x¿n] cfkm\gf] 3/vr{ rnfpg] u/]sf5g\ .
lbge/L c¿ sfddf nfu]klg cf–cfkm"n] :yfg efunufP/ 5'6\6ofOPsf] :yfgaf6
;ful6k]/ a]Rb} ubf{ dfl;s b'O{xhf/b]lv kRrL;;o;Dd yk cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf5g\
oxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿n] .
of] ;fusf] dfu olt w]/} x'G5 sL Jofkf/Lx¿ vf]n};Dd cfP/ lsGg] ub{5g\ .
o;n] ubf{ w]/}h;f] ;do oxfFsf ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;fu af]s]/ ahf/;Dd klg hfg' kb}{g .
5f]/f5]f/L k9fpg], kl/jf/sf] u'hf/f rnfpg] h:tf sfd ug{ ;Ld;fun] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgjf{xu/]sf] 5 zlgZr/]sf oL jfl;Gbfx¿nfO{ .
k|s[ltn] ;a}s'/f lbPsf] 5 t/ p;n] slxNo} klg lng cfOh eg]/ af]nfpg]
sfd ub}{g . vf]nf, gfªuf 8fF8f, eL/, kfvfx¿ g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljz]iftf xf] . log}
ljz]iftfnfO{ yk s] ug{ ;lsG5, :yfgLo¿kdf k|s[ltn] s] lbPsf] 5 eg]/ vf]Hg] xf] eg]
efUonfO{ bf]if lb+b} k'k'{/f] lk6\g' kg]{ jfWotf sxLF s;}sf] nflu klg kb}{g . df]/ª\uL
vf]nfsf] jl/kl/sf afl;Gbfn] o'uf}+o'ub]lv pTkfbg ePsf] ;Ld;fusf] dxTj a'em]/ aNn
o;af6 cfly{s kmfObf lng yfn]sf5g\ . pgLx¿n] of] ;fusf] dxTj yfxf gkfpFbfsf]
;do;Dd s/f]8f}+ ?k}of v]/ uPsf] k|i6 b]lvG5 . To;}n] hf] hxFf 5, ToxLF pknAw
ePsf] IfdtfnfO{ lrGg ;s]df s;}n] klg b'Mv kfpg' kb}{g . b]zsf cGo gbL gfnf jf
jghª\un lt/ o:tf vfg jf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] y'k|} k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ kfOG5g\ .
ltgLx¿sf] vf]hL u/L cfly{s pkfh{g ug{ zlgZr/]sf jfl;Gbfn] l;sfPsf] tl/sf
ckgfpg lsg kl5 kg]{ <
118
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
*(= hd{gLdf k'u] ufpFsf emf]nf
;LknfO{ l;h{gdf kl/0ft u/]/ 3/d} a;]]/ u/]sf] ;fdfGo h:tf] nfUg] sfdsf]
k|z+;f / j:t'sf] dfu ljb]zdf ;d]t x'g yfn]kl5 s;nfO{ hfFu/ rNb}g / yk sfd ug{ .
cem To;df klg lbge/Lsf] 3/wGbf / v]tjf/Lsf] sfd ;s]/ km';{bsf] ;dodf u/]sf]
sfd ljb]zLn]x¿n] dg k/fOlbPkl5 xf};nf t a9\g] g} eof] . o:t} ePsf] 5 kfNkf
d:ofdsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ .
;fdfGotof dlxnfx¿sf] xftvfnL gj:g] afgL x''G5 . ;f] uflj;sf

dlxnfx¿n] klg km';{tsf] ;dodf a'Gg] u/]sf pmgLsf emf]nfx¿ ljqmLug{ klxnf klxnf
cln a9L ldlxg]t g} ug'{kYof]{ . t/ clxn] pgLx¿sf] emf]nfsf] dfu hd{gLdf x'gu] /]sf]
5 . o;n] ubf{ pmgLsf] emf]nf a'Gg] sfd ca km';{bdf ug]{dfq geP/ pBf]usf] ¿kdf
;~rfng x'g] tof/Ldf /x]sf] 5 .
o:tf 3/]n' pBf]usf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] ;fgfltgf sfd ug{sf nflu
z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ / ;fdfGo ;Lk l;s]kl5 3/sf kl/jf/ ;j} ldn]/
klg ug{ ;lsg] sfdnfO{ ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] yf]/} dfq ;xof]u u/]sf]
v08df ufpF3/df /x]sf ;fdfGo u[lx0fLx¿n] klg /fd|f] sdfO ug{;Sg] s'/f d:ofdsf
dlxnfx¿sf] sfdsf] dfun] k|i6\ofPsf] 5 .
pgLx¿n] a'g]sf] / hd{gLaf6 dfu ePsf] pmgL emf]nf tof/ ug]{ vr{sf]
ljj/0f x]bf{ Tolt a9L gnfUg] t/ cfDbfgL /fd|f] g} x'g] b]lvG5 . pgLx¿sf] egfO
cg';f/ Ps lsnf] pmgnfO{ #@) ?k}+ofdf vl/b u/L To;af6 sDtLdf !^) b]lv !&)
?k}+of;Dddf a]Rbf 3/vr{ s6fP/ /fd|} cfDbfgL x'G5 . t/ hd{gLdf @)) ?k}+of;Dddf
a]Rg ;lsPsf] hgfpF5g\ . pgLx¿sf] of] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tnfO{ lj:tf/ u/]/ hd{gL;Dd
k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ug]{ l;sf]8/ gfdsf] ;+:yf xf] . ufpn] dlxnfx¿n] a'g]sf] emf]nf
l;sf]8/n] hd{gLsf kfx'gfx¿nfO{ pkxf/ :j?k lbPsf lyP . kl5 ToxL pkxf/n]
hd{gLsf c¿ JolQmx¿nfO{ klg cfslif{t u¥of] / emf]nfsf] dfu x'g;Sof] .
pmgL wfuf]af6 emf]nf, 6f]kL, l:j6/ a'Gg]sfd gf}nf] xf]Og . t/ nfdf] ;dob]lv
w]/} dlxnf tyf k'?ifx¿n] ub}{ cfPsf] of] sfdsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ x'g;s]df xfdLnfO{
;fdfGo nfUg] ToxL j:t'n] cGt/fli6«o ahf/df /fd|f] :yfg kfpg ;Sg] /x]5 . pkxf/sf]
¿kdf lbPsf] j:t' vl/bsf] nflu dfu cfpg ;S5 eg] ufpF3/df km';{tsf] ;dodf
tof/ u/Lg] sf7, afF;, lgufnf], pmgL wfuf] nufot y'k|} j:t'n] ljb]zsf] ahf/df :yfg
kfpg ;S5g\ . t/ vfFrf] 5 kxnsf] . ufpFsf dflg; cfkm}+ ahf/ k|j4{g sfo{df nfUg
119
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
;Sb}gg\ . ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿ o;sf nflu pko'Qm dfWod aGg
;S5g\ . ufpFb]lv ;x/;Ddsf dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ p+ef] nufpg ;lsg]
x'G5 . pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 l;sf]8/ ;+:yf . cGo ;+3;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L kIfaf6 klg
o:tf ;fgfltgf pTkfbgsf] ahf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ sfddf yf]/} dfq ;xof]u u/]df klg
cfly{s kIf alnof] agfpg ;lsg] x'G5 .
()= cld|;f] v]tL
O{nfdnfO{ cf7 j6f æcÆ sf] lhNnf eg]/ lrgfpg kfpFbf Onfd]nLx¿
uf}/jflGjt x'G5g\ . oL cf7 æcÆ dWo] Pp6f æcÆ xf] cld|;f] . st} cld|;f] t st}
cDnL;f]sf] gfdaf6 lrlgg] o;sf] v]tL ca Jofj;flos ¿kdf x'g ;'?eO;s]sf]5 .
Onfdb]lv gjnk/f;L clg bf]nvf b]lv b]zsf cGo efux¿df cld|;f] v]tLn] Jofkstf
kfpg yfn]sf] 5 .
cld|;f]sf] kft ufOj:t'sf] vfgf, o;sf] 8fF7 bfp/f / km"n s'rf]sf] ¿kdf
k|of]u u/LG5 . ax'pkof]uL cld|;f] v]tLsf] nflu g t s'g} ljz]if tlndsf] g}
cfjZostf kb{5 g o;sf nflu ;Dd k/]sf] v]tjf/L g} . eL/, kfvf, af6fsf] bfofFjfofF,
v]taf/Lsf] l8n jf 3/j/Lk/L hxfF;'s} h:tf];'s} 7fpFdf klg o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fy} o;sf] h/f df6f]df tn;Dd ghfg] ePklg jl/kl/ 5l/P/ /xG5 t/ df6f]nfO{
a]:;/L Rofk]/ /fVg] ePsfn]] e"Ifo /f]Sg klg of] Tolts} ;xfos x'G5 . oL ljljw
pkof]lutf / ;/ntfsf] sf/0fn] klg o;sf] v]tL u/L s'rf]sf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg ug{
ls;fgx¿ cfslif{t ePsf x'g\ .
jif{df b'O{5fs vfg d'l:sn kg]{ kl/jf/n] klg cld|;f]sf] s'rf] a]r]/ nfvf}+
sdfpg ;s]sf5g\ eg]sf] ;'Gbf kTofpg d'l:sn kg{;S5 . t/ of] oyfy{ xf] ls
cld|;f]n] xhf/f}+ ls;fgx¿sf] hLjg:t/ w]/} dfly p7fPsf] 5 . pQ/L Onfdsf]
;'n'j'ªsf lrqaxfb'/ ;fpb]g x'g\ jf Onfds} k"lj{ lhd{n]sf /fhaxfb'/ aflnª\ x'g\,
a/af]6]sf tf]ofgfy x'g\ jf du+naf/] ;fAh'ªsf u+ufk|;fb ;'j]bL x'g\ clg gjnk/f;Lsf]
xfQLuf}+8f ufpFsf jfl;Gbf x'g\ jf Onfdsf $* uflj; / gu/kfnlnsfsf jfl;Gbf x'g\
;j}n] cld|;f]sf] v]tLaf6 g;f]r]sf] cfDbfgL lng ;s]sf5g\ .
cld|;f]sf] Jofj;flos v]tL ug]{ hf] sf]lx ls;fgn] klg jflif{s Ps b]lv
8]9nfv;Ddsf] cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePsf5g\ . lu7f / Eofs'/ vfP/ hLjg lgjf{xug'{
120
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
kg]{ JolQmx¿ cfh klSs3/ agfP/, wfgv]t lsg]/ cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ cfgGb;Fu kfNg
;s]sf5g\ / dgnfu]sf] a]nfdf b'O{ rf/ xhf/ /sd lgsfn]/ vr{ ug{ ;Sg] klg
ePsf5g\ . cld|;f]sf] oxL kmfObfnfO{ ls;fgx¿sf] 3/3/df k'¥ofpg bf]nvfsf] lhNnf
kz':jf:Yo sfof{no tyf lhNnf jg sfof{non] klg cld|;f] cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf
5g\ .
cld|;f] v]tLsf] kmfObf dfq} ePsf] x'+bf o;sf] Jofj;flos v]tL tkm{ b]zsf
cGo efusf ls;fgx¿nfO{ klg cfslif{t ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;j} k|sf/sf] hUufdf
pTkfbg x'g], s'g} ljz]if hdLg grflxg], Ps k6s /f]k]kl5 :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug'{ gkg]{,
jf6f]sf] bfofFjfofF /f]Kbf ;'Gb/tf lbg], e"Ifo /f]Sg d4t ug]{ / 3f; / bfp/fsf]
cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug]{ / ;j}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf km"naf6 s'rf] agfO{ dgUo] cfDbfgL
ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn]] cld|;f] v]tLn] ;w]}+ / ;a}nfO{ kmfObf dfq w]/} lbG5 . o;sf]
Jofkstf / ahf/sf] Joj:yfdf ;DaGwLt lgsfon] yf]/} dfq Wofg lbg] xf] eg] cld|;f]n]
b]zsf nfvf}F ls;fgx¿n] hLjg:t/ psf:g ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sg]5 . bf]nvfsf] lhNnf
kz':jf:Yo / jg sfof{no o; ljifodf awfOsf kfq ag]sf5g\ h;n] ;/sf/L:t/af6
ls;fgsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpg cld|;f] cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ / pgLx¿n]
b]vfOlbPsf5g\ ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿n] cfkm\gf] sfo{If]q leqsf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/
p7fpg s;/L sfd ug'{kg]{ /x]5 eg]/ . cld|;f] v]tLnfO{ cfkm\gf] hUuf leqsf eL/
kfvf jf v]/ uPsf] 7fpFdf nufpg ;'?lsg gug]{ <
(!= l6d'/sf] Jofj;flos v]tL
g]kfndf v]tLkftLaf6 w]/} eGbf w]/} cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df b'O{dt} 5}g .
g]kfnsf] hdLgdf xfjfkfgL / df6f] ;'xfpbf] v]tL ug]{ xf] eg] s[lifdf lge{/ ePsf] xfd|f]
b]zsf] ax';+Vos hgtfn] u/LlaqmL] r/d rk]6faf6 l5§} g} d'lQm kfpg ;S5g\ . *)
k|ltzt hgtf s[lifdf g} lge{/ ePsfn] klg pgLx¿n] ug]{ s[lifn] Pslbg b]zsf] d'xf/
km]g{ ;Sg]5 .
o:t} d;nfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/Lg] l6d'/sf] v]tL u/]sf DofUbLsf s[ifs tyf
dlxnfx¿n] nfvf}+ d'/L l6d'/ pTKffbg u/]/ w]/} cfDbfgL lng ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .
l6d'/sf] Jofj;flos v]tLn] ubf{ cGo zLk gePsf / ljb]z hfg rfxg]x¿sf nflu
;d]t Pp6f k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t ePsf] 5 . DofUbLs} u'dfgl;+xbhL{n] t ! jif{d} l6d'/ a]r]/} !
121
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L sdfO cfkm\gf] d'6s' f] pkrf/;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . oxfFaf6 pTkflbt
l6d'/sf] Ps kfyLsf] @ ;o *) ?k}ofFb]lv ^ ;o ?k}ofF;Dddf ljqmL x'G5 .
s]xL ;docl3;Dd DofUbLsf] cfly{s cj:yf s]xL tn /x]tfklg kl/>dL

xftx¿sf] lg/Gt/ ldlxg]tsf sf/0f oxfFsf] cfly{s cj:yf clxn] w]/} /fd|f] ePsf] 5 .
l6d'/sf] Jofj;flos v]tLsf cnfjf oxfFsf dlxnfx¿ cGo v]tLkftL ug]{, jgdf nf]Qmf
;ª\sng ug]{, jghª\undf To;} v]/ u}/x]sf] s'l/nf], ;t'jf, nflnu'F/f;, lgufnf] cflb
klg ;ª\sng ug]{ ub{5g\ .
h}ljs ljljwtfn] ;DkGg o; DofUbL lhNnfsf s[ifsx¿sf] of] hf]z hfFu/

c¿ :yfgsf ls;fgx¿n] klg l;Sg h?/L 5 . ;j};Fu ;a} tl/sf jf ;Lk x'+b}g eg]
b]zsf] ;j} efudf Ps} k|sf/sf jg:klt / v]tL x'+b}gg\ . hxfF h] xfjfkfgL 5 / hxfF h]
kfOG5 To;} cg';f/sf] v]tL u/L k|fKtx'g] jg:kltsf] a9L eGbf a9L pkof]u u/]/
kmfObf lng ;Sg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu b]zsf] s'g} efudf eP u/]sf tl/sf jf
k|ljlwnfO{ cGo 7fpFdf klg ckgfpg ;lsG5 . clg kf] ghfGg]n] l;Sg] / gePsfn]
kfpg] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf x'G5 .
(@= /f]huf/Lsf]
uf/Lsf] dfWod sfuh
cfkm"n] hfg]sf] ;Lksf] pRrtd k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] yf]/} /sdaf6 klg /fd|}
Joj;fo ug{ ;lsG5 . clg ;fg} Joj;foaf6 klg y'k|} cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . of]
oyfy{tfnfO{ k|dfl0ft u/LlbPsL l5g\ c~hgf tfd|fsf/n] . dlxnfx¿sf] ;Lk / Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; ub}{ pgLx¿sf] :j/f]huf/sf] ljsf; ug{ :yfkgf u/]sL …sf7df8f}F lalhg]; PG8
k|f]km];gn jdgÚ gfds g]kfnL sfuh;DaGwL n3'pBf]uaf6 cfkm" / cfkm"h:t}
dlxnfx¿nfO{ /f]huf/L pknAw u/fP/ ;dfhdf pbfx/0fLo sfd u/]sL l5g\ .
cGhgf cfkm\gf] n3'pBf]usf]nflu ljleGg lhNnfx¿af6 cfpg] g]kfnL sfuh

vl/b ul5{g\ . To;nfO{ cfkm\gf] sf/vfgfdf k|zf]wg kZrft sfuhsf ljleGg
j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ug]{ ul5{g\ . h;df ljz]ifu/L :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahf/df /fd|f]
122
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
dfu ePsf] gf]6a's, lu|l6ª sf8{, kmf]6f]k|m]d, Aofu, lukm\6 cfO6d, r'/f aS;,
k]lG;naS; cflb 5g\ .
pgn] ;'?df o; pBf]udf $ hgf dlxnfx¿nfO{ /f]huf/ lbP/ :yfkgf u/]sL lyOg\ .
xfn pgsf] ;+:yfdf !) hgfeGbf a9L dlxnfx¿n] /f]huf/ kfO{ cfTdlge{/ ePsf 5g\ .
;fydf pgLx¿sf] JolQmTj ljsf; ;d]t ePsf] 5 .
ljleGg b]zx¿df cGhgfn] dlxnf tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;DaGwL y'k|}

tflnd klg xfl;n u/]sL l5g\ . cfkm"n] k9]sf] / hfg]sf] zLk tyf IfdtfnfO{ c¿
dlxnfx¿nfO{ afF8\g] dfq} u/Lgg\ pgLx¿sf] /f]huf/sf] klg Joj:yf u/LlbPsL l5g\ .
pgL hflu/] hLjgeGbf Jofj;flos hLjgnfO{ g} a9L r'gf}tLk"0f{ / ;kmn dflG5g\ .
u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fFRr} g} cfly{s ?kn] dfly psf:g] xf] eg] pgLx¿sf]
;Lk / Ifdtfsf] klg ljsf; ug'{kb{5 / pgLx¿nfO{ k"FhL nufgL ug]{ plrt jftfj/0f
klg tof/ ug'{kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff /flV5g\ c~hgf . dlxnfx¿sf] xs clwsf/ /
cf/If0fsf] ;jfnn] pRr k|fyldstf kfO/x]sf] of] ;dodf ;a} ldn]/ b]zsf] pGgtL
ug'{5 . dlxnfx¿ klg c~hgf h:t} pBf]u Jofj;fodf k|j]z ug'{kb{5 clg /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ub}{ cfly{s ;DkGgtftkm{ nfUg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;DaGwLt
lgsfoaf6 jftfj/0fsf] ck]Iff ug'{ kg]{5 eg] :jod dlxnfx¿df sfdk|ltsf]
cfTdljZjf; / hf]lvd p7fpg ;Sg] cfF6 klg x'g'k5{ .
(#= cGt/ v]tLafnL
df6f]df ;'g kmN5 df6f];Fu v]Ng] tl/sf hfg]df . cfjZos x'G5 dfq o;dfly
k|of]u u/Lg] xfd|f] hfFu/ / ldlxg]tsf] . o:t} g]kfnL df6f]df ;'ga/fa/sf] v]tL ug]{
d]lxg]tL / tl/sf hfGg] s[ifs x'g\ sf:sL e/tkf]v/L –$ afudf/fsf dfwj kf}8]n .
pgsf] v]taf/L slxNo} klg afFemf] / vfnL b]Vg kfOb}g . To;}n] t pgn] cfkm\gf]
af/Laf6 c¿n] eGbf $ u'gfeGbf a9L cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ .
pgsf] v]tL ug]{ tl/sf c¿sf] eGbf km/s / gf}nf] 5 . af/Ldf 6fF8 agfP/
ds} /f]K5g, ds} x's{Fb} hfG5, ToxL 7fpFdf uf]ne]+8f n6/Dd eO;S5 . uf]ne]+8f l6k]/
a]Rb} ubf{, o;sf] em\ofª klg dl/;S5 . km]l/ ToxLFleq /f]k]sf] a]df};dL sfFqmf] l6Kb} a]r]/
g;Sbf ToxLF em\ofªleq x's{b}F u/sf] af]8L a]Rg xtf/ eO;s]sf] x'G5 . af]8L
a]lr;s]kl5 eg] ds} /f]Kbf agfPsf 6fF8 klg lgsfN5g\ / tf]/Lsf] pAhgL ub{5g\ .
123
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
pgsf] v]tLsnf gf}nf] / cg's/0fof]Uo 5 . o; k|sf/sf] cGt/ v]tLafnLsf]

cg';Gwfg / ljsf; :jo+ dfwjn] g} u/]sf x'g\ . o;}af6 slxn] pgn] uf]ne]+8faf6 dfq}
#÷$ nfv ?k}ofF cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf x'G5g\ eg] slxn] sfFqmf]af6 #÷$ nfv ?k}ofF .
pgn] cfkm\gf] !) /f]kgL hUufdf ljljw k|sf/sf df};dL a]df};dL t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n
nufPsf 5g\ . v]taf/Lsf] k|fo ;a}h;f] sfd pgL cfkm}F ug]{ u5{g\ . pgsf] of]
cGt/v]tLn] ubf{ ToxfF /x]sf s'n @$^ 3/kl/jf/sf !% xhf/ hg;ª\Vof /x]sf]
afudf/fdf ;a}eGbf ;kmn / ldlxg]tL s[ifs pg} x'g ;s]sf 5g\ .
Ps jif{df b'O{ of tLgafnL nufP/ vfg gk'Ug] v]taf/L 5 eGb} ;w}+ u/Ljsf]
/]vfd'lg /xg afWo g]kfnL ls;fgx¿sf] nflu dfwjsf] v]tL ug]{ of] tl/sf ;a}sf] nflu
cg's/0fLo 5 . pgsf] of] tl/sfsf] Jofks k|rf/k|;f/sf] h?/L klg Tolts} 5 tfsL
c¿n] klg l;Sg ;s'g\ . olt w]/} ldlxg]t / s8f kl/>d u/]/ s[lifdf gf}nf] tl/sf
k|of]u ug]{ dfwjsf] eg] ;/sf/;Fu lgSs} u'gf;f] /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] s[lifdf gofF
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 , ;/sf/s} tkm{af6 cfjZos tflnd / cg';Gwfg x'g'kb{5 .
cem l;FrfO{sf] ;'ljwf x/]sf 7fpFdf k'–Øfpg ;s]df ;a} afFemf] hdLgnfO{ pa{/ agfpg
a]/} gnfUg] klg pgsf] syg 5 .
hdLg slxNo} yfSb}g pTkfbg lbg . yfs]sf x'G5f} xfdL cfkm}+ . s[lif qmflGt
dfkm{t cfly{s qmflGt ug{ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ug'{kg]{ sfd klg Jofks¿kdf ug'{kb{5
eg] b]ze/L dfwjx¿ hGdg' kb{5 h;n] hdLgaf6 Ps} k6s b'O{ of tLg k|sf/sf] v]tL
ub}{ jif{df 5 b]lv cf7 afnL;Dd nufpg ;s'g\ . lxhf]sf] hlts} hdLgaf6 cfh ltg
rf/ bf]Aa/ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsPkl5 u/LjLn] jfWo eP/ b]z 5f]8g' kg]{ x'G5 .
124
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
($= gd'gf gu/kflnsf
b]zsf ;x/ahf/, ljz]ifu/L sf7df8f}Fdf kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgsf] sl7gfO a9\b}

uO/x]sf] 5 . x/]s gu/kflnsf / kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt cxf]/fq vl6/x]sf 5g\
;x/nfO{ ;kmf / :j:y agfpg . t/ ;x/ ahf/n] b'u{Gwaf6 d'QmL kfpg ;s]sf] eg]
5}g . Nof08lkmN8 ;fO6sf] vf]hL / Joj:yfkgn] plQs} lk/f]nL/x]sf] 5 ;DalGwt
lgsfox¿nfO{ t/ st} eg] kmf]x/nfO{ cfly{s pkfh{gsf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ub}{ o;sf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ pBdzLn k|z+;fof]Uo / cg's/0fLo pkfox¿ klg ckgfOPsf 5g\ .
kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgdf o:t} kmfObfhgs pkfo ckgfpb} cfDbfgL lng ;kmn ePsf] 5
bfªsf] lqe'jg gu/kflnsf .
lqe'jg gu/kflnsfsf] kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg / kmf]x/nfO{ cfly{s ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf

pkof]u ug]{ tl/sf a]nfa]nfdf cg'ejLx¿af6 p7fOg] u/LPsf] tl/sf g} xf] . ahf/af6
lbgx'F 8lDkª ;fO6 k'Ug] kmf]x/nfO{ gu/kflnsfaf6 v6fOPsf & hgf sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
;xof]uaf6 uNg] -s'lxg]_ / guNg] -gs'lxg]_ kmf]x/ 5'6\ofOG5 . guNg] kmf]x/dWo] klg
Knfli6snfO{ 5'§} hDdf ul/G5 / Tof] Knfl:6s lrtjg OGefO/f] Knf:6 gfds ;+:yfn]
vl/b u/LlbG5 . jftfj/0f k|b'if0fsf] ;j}eGbf a9L lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] Knfl:6saf6}
o; gu/kflnsfn] @)^$ ;fndf dfq} ;jf nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn
ePsf] lyof] . afFsL gs'lxg] kmf]x/nfO{ vfN8f]df xfn]/ k'l/G5 . kmf]x/af6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf]
d'Vo cFz uNg] kmf]x/ g} xf] . of] k|sf/sf] kmf]x/ k|fª\ufl/s dn agfpg k|of]u u/LG5 .
h'g dn laqmLaf6 klg gu/kflnsfsf] cfDbfgL a[l4 ePsf] 5 . Ps l6«k k|fª\ufl/s dn
#)) ?k}ofFdf a]Rg] u/]sf] 5 gu/kflnsfn] .
lqe'jg gu/kflnsf Pp6f pBdL gu/kflnsfsf] ¿kdf ;d]t cufl8 a9]sf]

pbfx/0f o;n] u/]sf] df}/L kfng Jofj;fon] klg k|i6 kfb{5 . Nof08lkmN8 ;fO6df
kflnPsf df}/Lsf] dxaf6 klg jflif{s nfvf}F ?k}ofF cfDbfgL u/L/x]sf] 5 . o;/L kmf]x/sf]
cToGt} /fd|f] Joj:yfkg, o;}af6 cfDbfgL clg df}/L kfng Jofj;fo klg ;Fu;Fu} u/]/
gd'gf gu/kflnsf ag]sf] 5 lqe'jg gu/kflnsf .
lqe'jg gu/kflnsf kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgdf dfq} geP/ ljleGg vfn] k];faf6

cfDbfgL lng ;kmn Ps ax'cfoflds gu/kflnsf x'g;s]sf] 5 . b]zs} ;j}eGbf a9L
kmf]x/ pTkfbg x'g] pkTosfsf gu/kflnsfx¿ / b]zsf c¿ gu/kflnsfx¿sf] nflu
;w}F lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] kmf]x/ jf:tjdf kmf]x/ geO df]xf]/ g} xf] / o;nfO{ df]xf]/
agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] pbfx/0f cufl8 b]vfkl/;s]sf] 5 . b]zsf cGo gu/kflnsf
nufotn] klg o;sf] l;sf] ug]{ xf] ls, cflv/ /fd|f] s'/f l;SgnfO{ s] km/s k5{ / <
125
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
(%=hl8a'6L] pBf]u / v]tL
g]kfnL jghª\un ljZjdf ct'ngLo ax'd"No jg:kltx¿n] wgL] 5 . Tolt

dfq xf]Og, ca t g]kfnL s[ifsx¿n] ;d]t o:tf hl8a'6Lx¿ cfkm\g} v]taf/Ldf
nufpg yfn]sf 5g\ . To;}n] xfdL uj{sf ;fy eGg ;S5f}+ ls g]kfnL df6f]df ldlxg]t
ug]{af6 ;'g kmnfpg ;lsG5 . o:t} ;'gh:t} v]tL ug]{x¿dWo] s]xLnfO{ u'nl/ofsf]
alb{ofdf klg e]6\g ;S5f}+ . oxfF s]xL ug{ ;lsFbg} , cfkm\gf] /f]huf/ klg 5}g, cfDbfgLsf]
af6f] klg 5}g eGg]x¿sf nflu alb{ofsf ls;fgx¿ k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t aGg ;S5g\ /
pgLx¿n] u/]sf] sfd c¿sf] nflu klg cfDbfgLsf] af6f] klxNofpg] dfWod aGg ;S5 .
alb{ofsf] du/fu9L /Defk"/}sf afl;Gbfx¿n] hl8a'6Lsf] v]tL u/L To;}sf]

k|zf]wg ug]{ pBf]u ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;/L v]tL / pBf]u ;Fu;Fu} ul//xFbf
pgLx¿sf] cfly{s l:ylt cToGt} dha't x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿n] @)^@ ;fndf
s/]lnof h8La'6L pBf]unfO{ :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . To; pBf]uaf6 pgLx¿n] vf;u/L
;'ulGwt t]n pTkfbg ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkFm}n] To; pBf]usf nflu rflxg] sRrf
kbfy{ klg v]taf/Ldf pdf5{g\ clg To;}nfO{ sf/vfgfdf nu]/ t]n agfpF5g\ . ;fx|}
/fd|f] s'/frflxF s] 5 eg] pgLx¿n] agfPsf] pQm t]n g]kfnL ahf/df eGbf klg a9L
ef/t, aª\unfb]z / o'/f]ksf sltko b]zx¿df pRr dfu /x]sf] 5 . ;f] pBf]un]
;fd'bflos tyf JolQmut ¿kdf g;{/L ;~rfng ub{5 . pBf]un] cfkm"nfO{ rflxg]
hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ :yfgLo JolQmx¿af6} ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;/L pBf]un] ljljw
tl/sfaf6 :yfgLo dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
pQm pBf]uaf6 d]Gyf]n, l;6fg]n, n]dgu|fd, Sofdf]dfOg, km]G;ljn, kfdf/f]hf,

h/fs'; cflb ;'ulGwt t]nhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . pQm pTkflbt t]naf6
;d'bfonfO{ jflif{s $÷% nfv ?k}ofF ;Dd cfDbfgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; pBf]un] hl8a'6L
pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg ;DaGwL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿ klg a]nfa]nfdf ;~rfng ub}{
cfO/x]sf] 5 .
hl8a'6Lsf] v]tL sd hdLg x'g]x¿sf] nflu klg cToGt} nfebfos 5 eg]

hgfj/n] cGg vfOb]nf ls eGg] lrGtf klg o;df /xFb}g . yf]/} nufgL / yf]/}
ldlxg]taf6 w]/} cfDbfgL lng ;lsg] hl8a'6L v]tL ug{ ls;fgx¿ lj:tf/} cfslif{t
ePsf] kfOG5 . gofF ;f]rsf ;fy gofF t/ a9L kmnbfoL sfdsf] ;'¿ ug{ rfxg]
s[ifsx¿ / km/s sfddf nufgL ug{ pT;'s b'j}sf] nflu hl8a'6L v]tL tyf o;;Fu
;DaGwLt pBf]u ;~rfng gofF cj;/sf] ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . cf}ifwLnufotsf] sfddf
k|of]u x'g] hl8a'6L g]kfndf cToGt} w]/} dfqf / k|sf/df kfOg] ePsfn]] of] gofF
126
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
sfd lsg z'¿ gug]{ < alb{ofsf /Defk"/}sf jfl;Gbfn] t o:t} sfd u/]/ /fd|} cfDbfgL
ug{ yfln;s]sf 5g\ .
(^= 3/]n' ;fa'gsf] pBf]u
dlxnfsf xs / clwsf/sf nflu n8g]5f}+, dlxnfsf] k];f / clwsf/sf]

;'lglZrt ug{ cl3 a9\g]5f}+ eGg] efif0f w]/} ;'lgPsf] 5 . t/ tL efif0f / tf/]
xf]6nx¿df dlxnfsf] gfddf ul/g] uf]li7 / ;]ldgf/x¿df ufpFufpFdf /x]/ pBf]u
Jofj;fo ;~rfng u/L ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:ylt tL eJo
sfo{qmddf slxn] x'g ;s]s]f 5 / < jf:tljs xs clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ ;dfh /
kl/jf/;Fu slt ;ª\3if{ ug'{ kb{5 eGg] k|ToIf cg'ej u/]sL dlxnfnfO{ pEofO{ pgsf]
;kmntfsf] syf ;'Gg] clg To:t} tl/sfn] c¿nfO{ klg ug{ k|]/0ff lbg] sfd sxfF ePsf]
5 / < t/ o;f] ePg eGb}df dlxnfx¿n] cfkm\gf] k];f, Jofj;fo, pBf]u ;~rfng
gu/]sf] / ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] kSs} xf]Og . y'k|} ;kmn dlxnfx¿sf] syf vf]Hg
afFsL 5, n]lvg afFsL 5 t/ ug]{sfd w]/} ePsf] 5 .
o:t} ldlxg]tL / l;h{gzLn xftx¿sf] syf xf], alb{of augfx uflj;cGt{ut

kg]{ au{bfsf dlxnfx¿sf] . …l;h{gf dlxnf hLljsf]kfh{g ;d"x, alb{ofÚ sf kf}/vL
dlxnfx¿n] :yfgLo :t/df 3/]n' pBf]usf] ¿kdf g'xfpg] ;fa'gsf] pTkfbg ;'¿
u/]sf5g\ Tof] klg pBf]usf] ¿kdf . x'g t g]kfndf w]/} ;fa'g pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf
ePsf 5g\ / o;n] ljb]zL d'b|f ;~rodf b]znfO{ g} 6]jf k'u]sf] 5 . b]zdf ;~rflnt
oL w]/} pBf]ux¿dWo] of] klg Ps xf] . o; pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt ;fa'gsf] u'0f:t/ w]/}
/fd|f] ePsfn]] ahf/df ;fa'gsf] cToflws dfu /x]sf] 5 . t/ sRrf kbfy{ cefjsf
sf/0f dfu eg]hlt ;fa'g pTkfbg ug{ g;lsPsf] ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] cg'ej 5 .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no alb{ofaf6 ;~rflnt n3'pBd ljsf;

sfo{qmd cGt{utsf dlxnfn] ;f] ;fa'g pBf]u :yfkgf u/]/ pTkfbg ug{ yfn]sf x'g\ .
pgLx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf] ;f'ag :yfgLo ahf/df g]r'/n xa{n ;fa'gsf] ¿kdf /fd|f];Fu
lrlgg] ul/G5 . pgLx¿n] ;f] ;fa'g lrpF/LnfO{ k|;f]wg u/L pTkfbg ul/g] ;f] ;fa'g
:yfgLo ahf/df !% ?k}ofFdf vl/b ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfF pTkflbt ;fa'gsf] d'Vo ahf/
lhNnfs} e'l/ufpF, d}gfkf]v/, afF;u9L, u'nl/of x'g\ .
127
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
alb{ofsf dlxnfx¿n] ;~rfng u/]sf] of] ;fgf] pBf]un] pgLx¿sf] cfly{s
cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ pBdzLn klg agfPsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf]
pBf]unfO{ ca rflxg] / pgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf d'Votof k|f]T;fxg, xf};nf,

sfd ug]{ plrt jftfj/0f tyf /fHosf] ;xof]u g} k|d'v x'g\ . oL s'/fsf] ;'ljwf
pgLx¿ / pgLx¿ h:t} :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;w}Fgsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;fa'g pTkfbgdf nfu]sf
pBdLx¿n] kfpg] xf]] eg] g]kfnsf] ;x/ ahf/df :jb]zL pBf]usf] ;fa'gsf] g} dfu
clws x'g ;S5 .
(&= uGwj{ klg kmlg{r/ lgdf{0fdf
cfkm\gf] 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yf gfh's x'Fb} uPkl5 unl/of, tf/ftfn–% sL $)

aifL{o k~rsnf a}uf/n] …k'?ifn] dfq} ug]{Ú eGg] ul/Psf] Joj;fodf nfu]sL l5g\ .
pgsf] kl/jf/df cfly{s ;ª\s6 r'lnFb} uPkl5 ;f/ª\uL ahfP/ lxF8\g] k~rsnf clxn]
sf7sf ljleGg ;fdfgx¿ agfpg] cfkm\g} kmlg{r/df sfd ul5{g\ . cfk\mgf] k/Dk/fut
k];f ;f/ª\uL ahfpFb} lxF8\bf cfly{s ¿kdf vf;} k|ult x'g g;s]sfn] cfkm\g} >Ldfg\sf]
kmlg{r/df pgn] sfd ug{ ;'? ul/g\ . sfd ;'? u/]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 g} pgLx¿sf]
cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfpg yfln;s]sf] 5 .
k~rsnf kmlg{r/sf] k];fdf nfu]sf] klg @% jif{eGbf a9L eO;s]sf] 5 . of]

cjlwdf pgn] g]kfndf dfq} xf]Og ef/tsf w]/} 7fpFx¿df kmlg{r/ lgdf{0fsf] ;Lk
k|bz{g ul/;s]sL l5g\ . ef/tsf] ax/fOr, uf]nf, l6s'gLnufotsf ;x/x¿df uP/
pgn] ;f]kmf;]6, knª, 6]a'n, b/fh cflb lgdf{0f u/]/ ToxfFsf u|fxsnfO{ klg ;Gt'i6
kf/]sL l5g\ . oxL k];faf6 pgLx¿sf] & hgfsf] kl/jf/ kflng ;s]sf] 5 . cfkm\g}
>Ldfg\ \sf] kmlg{r/df sfd ubf{ c¿nfO{ lbg'kg]{ kfl/>lds yf]/} eP k'Ug] / k};f hf]lug]
ePsfn]] pgL of] k];fdf nfu]sL x'g\ . x'g klg xf] dlxnf eGb}df cfkm}F sfd ug{ ;s]/
klg k'?ifs} d'v tfSg' k5{ / < sfd ug]{ lxDdt / hfFu/ ePdf k'?ifn] eGbf sl7g
sfd klg dlxnfn] ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ b]vfOlbPsL l5g\ k~rsnf a}uf/n] .
sfd ;'? ubf{sf avtdf pgnfO{ lv;L u/L dgf]an 36fpg] k|oTgx¿ klg
y'k|} ePsf lyP . t/ pgn] oL s'g} klg s'/fsf] jf:tf ul/gg\, jf:tf ul/g\ t cfkm\g}
k];fsf] / nflu/lxg o;}df lg/Gt/ . dgf]an 36fpg sf]l;; ug]{x¿sf nflu clxn]
k~rsnf Ps ;kmn dlxnf l;sdL{ ePsL l5g\ .
128
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
xfdLn] xfd|f] ;+:s[lt hf]ufpg' kb{5 . t/ o;f] eGb}df k/Dk/fut k];fsf] dfnf
hlk/xg] clg cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ cfly{s bnbndf kml;/xg' kg]{ dfGotf / afWotf
ca TofUg' kb{5 . k/Dk/f hf]ufpg] sfdnfO{ klg Jofj;flos agfP/ cfly{s pkfh{g
ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . xf]Og eg] j}slNks k];f Joj;fo lt/ cfsif{0f a9fpg} kb{5 . cfkm\gf]
k/Dk/fut k];f Tolta]nf pko'Qm lyof] hlta]nf vf;} cfly{s ;ª\s6 kg]{ lyPg . t/
clxn]sf] of] ahf/d'vL hdfgfdf klg cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut k];fn] /fd|f] cfDbfgL lbg
;Sb}g eg] j}slNks pkfosf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{ /x]5 egL k~rsnfsf] of] Joj;fon] k'li6
ub{5 . t/ k/Dk/fnfO{ Tofu]/ cGo Jofj;fodf nfu]klg cfkm\gf] lrgf/L lbg] ;+:s[ltnfO{
hf]ufpg] pkfo eg] lgsfNg} kb{5 .
(*= ufO{af6 s/f]8 cfDbfgL
g]kfnL lxGb" k/Dk/fcg';f/ ufO{nfO{ wgsL b]jL, nIdL dftfsf] ;fIfft hLljt
cjtf/sf]¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . ufO{ nIdLs} cjtf/ xf] eGg] s'/f] ?kGb]xLsf lji0f'
1jfnLsf nflu k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . sf/0f pgn] cfkm\gf] uf]7df kfn]sf @% j6f
ufO{x¿ . x'g t o;f] eGb}df ;a} s'/f k'Ub}g, pgn] kfn]sf ufO{x¿n] ;fFRr} g} pgnfO{
s/f]8klt agfpg'df pgsf] lg/Gt/sf] ldlxg]t, sfd ug]{ z}nL / pgLdf ePsf] hfFu/ g}
k|d'v xf] .
logsf] lbgrof{ klg cToGt} Jo:t 5 . ljxfg $ ah]b]lv ( ah];Dd / lbpF;f]

@ ah]b]lv ^ ah];Dd lg/Gt/ ufO{uf]7df Jo:t x'G5g\ . To; cjlwdf b"w b'x'g], uf]a/
;f]g]{, s'F8f] ksfpg] / Vjfpg] cflb ufO{sf] :ofxf/ ug]{ sfddf Jo:t /xG5g\ . o;sf
cnfjf pgL ufO{ a]r]/} klg jflif{s @ nfv ?k}ofFhlt kmfObf ub{5g\ . cem /f]rs s'/f
t pgn] ufO{ kfNbf kfNb} ufO{af6 k|fKtx'g] b'n{e / ax'd"No uf]nf]rg ;d]t kfPsf 5g\ .
ufO{sf] lkQf;oaf6 lg:sg] uf]nf]rg Ps k|sf/sf] ;'ulGwt kbfy{ xf] . h;sf] 3/df
uf]nf]rg x'G5, p;sf] 3/df kmlnkmfk x'G5 eGg] cfdwf/0ff;d]t /x]sf] 5 . pgsf]
ldlxg]tdf uf]nf]rgn] klg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] x'g;S5 h;n] ubf{ pgsf] cfly{s cj:yf
ufO{kfng af6} lbgfg'lbg ;'b[9 x'+b} uO/x]sf] 5 . ufO{kfngnfO{ pgn] Jofj;fos} ¿kdf
cl3 a9fPsf5g\ .
pgn] ufO{ kfngaf6 dfq} !$ hgfsf] 7"nf] kl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s cefjaf6 lgs}
6f9f /fVg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . ^ hgf s]6fs]6LnfO{ /fd|f] :s'ndf dfl;s % xhf/ ?k}ofF
129
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
eGbf a9L vr{ u/]/ plrt lzIffbLIffsf] klg k|aGw u/]sf 5g\ . cem pgn]
ufO{kfngaf6} a'6jndf b'O{ laufx|f] hdLg / ;Fu} kSsL 3/;d]t vl/b u/]sf 5g\ . oxL
ufO{kfngaf6} sdfPsf] s'n ;DklQsf] lx;fa ug]{ xf] eg] lji0f' 1jfnL ! s/f]8 ?k}ofF
eGbf ;Dkltsf] dflns eO;s]sf 5g\ .
k};f sdfpg 7"n} nufgL ug'{k5{ jf ljb]z g} efl;g' k5{ eGg] s]xL 5}g .
ldlxg]t ug]{sf nflu hxfF klg 7fpF 5 / h] klg pkfo e]6fpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f
k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf 5g\ lji0f'n] . pgs} xf/fxf/Ldf ufO{ kfNg] c¿ ls;fgx¿ klg o;
7fpFdf lgSs} 5g\ / tL ;j}sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf qmdzM ;'wf/ cfpFb} 5 .
ufO{ vl/bsf nflu ;x'lnotdf C0f, u'0f:t/Lo bfgfsf] pknAwtf / 3fF;sf

nflu lglZrt hdLgsf] Joj:yf ePdf g]kfnsf w]/} 7fpFdf o:tf] k|sf/n] ufO{ j:t'
kfngaf6 w]/} eGbf w]/} cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 . s[lifhGo j:t' pTkfbgsf] ;fydf
ufO{j:t' kfngsf] sfd ;Fu;Fu} x'g] u/]sf] t hxL+txL+ kfOG5 t/ o;nfO{ klg
Jofj;los¿kdf ckgfp+g]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof sd} 5 . s[lifdf qmflGtsf] ;'?jft ug]{ xf] eg]
lji0f' 1jfnLsf] l;sf] ug}{ kg]{x'G5 .
((= g]kfnsf] bf]:tLsf]nf
lxdfnL lr;f] xfjfb]lv kxf8sf] dWod x'Fb} t/fO{sf] tftf] xfjfkfgLdf x's]{sf
g]kfnLx¿sf] lbdfu, ;f]r / vf]h ljZj;Fu k|ltikwf{ ug{;Sg] 5g\ . ljZj ahf/df
pTkfbg x'g] / ljZjn] s/f]8f}+ 8n/ vr]{/ tof/ ug]{ k|ljlw / cfljisf/x¿ g]kfnLn]
g]kfnL j:t' g} k|of]u u/]/ tof/ ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] gvf]h]/ dfq xf] k|ljlw /
cfljisf/sf] nflu g]kfn dfgj / k|fs[lts b'a} kIfdf ;Ifd 5 . o;} s'/fsf] k|df0f
:ofª\hf l;;]{sf]6–%, sf]v]sf x'daxfb'/ u'?ªn] klg lbg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .
x'daxfb'/ u'?ª Ps :yfgLo pBdL x'g\ . pgn] ljZjahf/df ax'/fli6«o

sDkgLx¿n] pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf sf]sfsf]nf / k]K;Lsf]nf a|fG8sf k]okbfy{s} ;f]xL :jfb
/ k|s[ltsf] k]okbfy{ pTkfbg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . ef/tLo ;]gfsf] hflu/] hLjgdf lnPsf]
;fdfGo tflndsf] 1fgaf6 pgn] cfkm\g} k|of;df of] pTkfbg ug{ ;'? u/]sf x'g\ .
cfkm\gf] k]okbfy{sf] gfd æbf]:tLsf]nfÆ /fv]sf 5g\ . b'O{j6f pTkfbg ug]{ d]lzg vl/b
u/]/ bf]:tLsf]nfsf] pTkfbg yfn]sf adaxfb'/n] rf/ k|sf/sf xn'sf k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg
u/]sf 5g\ . æsf]nf km\n]j/Æ k|of]u u/]/ æbf]:tLsf]nfÆ, æc/]Gh km\n]j/Æ k|of]u u/]/
130
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
;'Gtnf /ªsf] h';, æn]d]g km\n]j/Æ df ælk|G;Æ / æsfa{g8fOcS;fO8 / kfgLÆ ld;fP/
agfPsf] ;fbf ;f]8f klg ælk|G;Æ / oL ;j} pTkfbg @ ;o %) ldlnsf] af]ntdf
ahf/df NofPsf 5g\ . u'?ªsf] bfaL cg';f/ pgsf ;j} pTkfbgx¿ sf]sfsf]nf, k]K;L,
kmG6f, ldl/G8fsf] :jfb;Fu ;dfg /x]sf] 5 . pgsf] pTkfbgsf] yf]s d"No * ?k}ofF ##
k};f /flvPsf] 5 .
cfkm\gf] pTkfbgsf] Nofj kl/If0f gul/;s]sf ePtf klg ahf/ kl/If0fsf]

nflu pTkfbg ljqmL z'¿ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . cfjZos km\n]j/x¿ ef/taf6 NofP/ cfkm\g}
gfdaf6 % xhf/ af]tnx¿ ;d]t tof/L ul/;s]sf 5g\ . pTkfbg ;kmn ePdf /fli6«o
:t/af6 g]kfnL ahf/df ljt/0f ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf 5g\ .
u'?ªsf] bf]:tLsf]nfsf] pTkfbg g]kfnL pBf]usf] If]qdf Pp6f gofF cfofd

x'g;S5 . ax'/fli6«o sDkgLsf pTkfbgx¿ ljZjsf x/]s b]zsf ahf/df cflwkTo
hdfP/ a;]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf klg sf]sfsf]nf tyf k]K;Lsf]nf h:tf xNsf k]okbfy{n]
:yfloTj agfO ;s]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ufpFsf] Pp6f s'gfdf a;f]af; ug]{ ;fdfGo
g]kfnLsf] of] lxDdt, k|ljlw / ;LknfO{ b]zn] pRr k|fyldstf lbg] xf] eg] ljZj
ahf/sf] Pp6f 7"n} x:tLnfO{ r'gf}lt lbg dfq xf]Og, g]kfns} cj:yfnfO{ dfly p7fpg
lgs} ;lhnf] x'g] b]lvG5 .
!))= g]kfnL ;Lk g]kfnL k|ljlw
ljb]zL k|ljlw g]kfndf glelqFbf k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|of]udf NofOPsf df}lns

k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsl;t ¿k jf:tjdf g]kfn ;'xfpFg] / Jojxfl/s x'G5 . b]zdf g} pknAw
x'g] hgzlQm / ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ul/g] k|ljlw bLuf] x'G5 . g]kfndf o:tf OlGhlgo/¿ klg
5g\ h;n] ljb]zL k|ljlwnfO{ ;d]t dfy ul/lbg] s]a'nsf/, xfjfaf6 ljB't pTkfbg
nufotsf df}lns k|ljlwnfO{ k|of]udf NofP/ ;kmntf xfFl;n ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o:tf
k|ljlwnfO{ k|of]udf NofP/ pbfx/0fLo sfd ug]{ ;kmn JolQm x'g\ OlGhlgo/ u'0f/fh
9sfn nufotsf cGo OlGhlgo/x¿ h;n] u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;d"x g]kfn (u|L8
g]kfn) dfkm{t ljljw df}lns k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ljsf; u/]sf
k|ljlw dWo] s]xL k|ljlwx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
d]sfgfOH8 a[h
131
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
g]kfn h:tf] kxf8L d'n's hxfF :yfgLo :t/d} ljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg]
;Defjgf Jofks 5, To:tf] 7fpFdf cGttf]uf]Tjf oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf /Hh' dfu{
g} pko'Qm b]lvG5 . t/ /Hh' dfu{ ljb]zaf6 vl/b ubf{ dxFuf] dfq xf]O{g ljleGg vr{ /
;d:of j]xf]g'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
d]sfgfOH8 j[h Ps k|sf/sf] /f]k j] xf] . :yfgLo :t/df pTkflbt ljB't zlSt g}
o;sf] k|d'v O{Gwg xf] . ;fy}] l8h]naf6 rNg] h]g]/]6/ j}slNks O{Gwgsf] ¿kdf Joj:yf
ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljB't zlSt / l8h]n b'j} pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf t];|f] ljsNksf]
¿kdf dflg;n] g} klg rnfP/ vf]nf kf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ck/]6/n] cfjZostf cg';f/
ult a9fpg tyf 36fpg ;Sg] x'G5 . $)) s]hLsf b'O{ j6f 6«nL h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5 .
Pp6f 6«nLdf ^ hgfsf] b/n] j:g ldN5 .
k/Dk/fut ;fwg\ t'Og\÷l3nL{Ë, k|of]u ub}{ jf/Lkf/L ug'{kg]{ afWotfaf6 d'QmL

lbg] of] ;fwg\ le/fnf kxf8x¿df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . of] k|ljlw :yfgLo :t/df
pTkflbt n3' hnljB't zlStaf6 ;d]t ;~rfng x'G5 hxfF lbjf ;dodf ljB't zlSt
vkt ug{ g;s]/ v]/ uO/x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnL k|fljlwsx¿åf/f b]z leq} pknAw ;|f]t
;fwgsf] clwstd pkef]u u/L :yfgLo hgzlStnfO{ ;Lk x:tfGt/0f u/L :yfgLo
hgtfs} ;ls|o ;xeflutfdf ;~rflnt x'g] of] k|ljlw cToGt Jojxfl/s / df}lns 5 .
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Fb} cfPsf t'Og, l3ln{ª / k/Dk/fut k'nx¿ #%)
dL6/eGbf a9L nDafOdf agfpg' k|fljlws tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] cg'ko'Qm b]lvG5g\ .
t/ of] d]sfgfO{G8 a[h !,%)) dL6/;Ddsf] nDafOdf klg agfpg ;lsg] ePsfn]] w]/}
pkof]uL x'g] b]lvG5 .
:yfgLo lj08 kDkLª
ljB'tLs/0fsf] ;'ljwf gk'u]sf] u|fdL0f e]usf hgtfsf] nflu of] k|ljlw j/bfg
l;4 ePsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ¿ksf] lj08 kDkLª eGbf *) k|ltzt sd nfutdf lgdf{0f
;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] of] k|ljlw ;lhn} dd{t ug{ ;lsg], ;lhn} h8fg ug{ ;lsg] /
xfjfsf] rfk Go"g x'Fbf klg k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfd ug]{ ePsfn]] b]zsf x/]s If]qdf
pkof]uL x'g ;Sg] k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 .
;f]nf/ klDkª vfg]kfgL
;f]nf/ klDkª k|0ffnL ;lhn} h8fg ug{ ;lsg] ;fy} o;sf nflu cGo OGwg
klg grflxg] x'G5 . ;f]nf/ Kofgnsf] nflu lbgsf] sDtLdf klg % 306fsf] b/n]
slDtdf #)) lbg;Dd ;f}o{ k|sfz pknAw eO/xG5 . o; k|0ffnLdf @) cf]]6f *)
jf6lks Ifdtfsf ;f]nf/ lkeL df]8nx¿ k|of]u ul/G5g\ . oL ;f]nf/ lkeL df]8nx¿sf]
132
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
sfo{Ifdtfdf @) k|ltzt kfj/ s6f}ltsf] t'ngfdf @% jif{sf] jf/]G6L x'G5 . kfgL klDkª
ug{sf nflu SQ flex ;adl;{on kDksf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . oL kDkx¿ 8]gdfs{sf]
Grund fos sDkgLåf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf x'g\ . oL kDknfO{ #)–#)) lel8;Lsf] l8;L
kfj/ ;KnfO jf ()–@#) leP;Lsf] P;L kfj/ ;KnfOaf6 klg rnfpg ;lsG5 .
SQ Flex kDkdf ;]G;/sf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . 6\ofFsLdf kfgLsf] ;tx
;]G;/eGbf 36\of] eg] oL kDkx¿ :jrflnt ¿kdf !) ldg]6;Ddsf] nflu aGb x'G5g\ /
pQm ;doleq klg kfgLsf] ;tx ;]G;/eGbf tn /x]5 eg] ;tx ;]G;/;Dd gcfpGh]n
oL kDkx¿ aGb g} /xG5g\ . oL kDkn] k|lt ;]s]G8 )=$@ ln6/ kfgL kDk u5{g\ .
lbgsf] cf};t % 306fsf b/n] kDk ubf{ Pslbgdf s/La &,%)) ln6/ kfgL ;+slnt
x'g hfG5 .
g]kfnL k|fljlwsx¿s} ;lqmo kxndf pgLx¿s} l8hfOgadf]lhd ag]sf] k|ljlw

ePsfn]] k|fljlws ;d:of cfOxfn]df t'?Gt} ;Dks{ u/L dd{t tyf ;Def/ ug{ ;lsg],
oL k|ljlwx¿sf] kf6{k'hf{x¿ g]kfnleq} g]kfnL k|fljlwsn] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'gfn] :yfgLo
sf/vfgfx¿d} ;Dk"0f{ kf6{k'hf{ pknAw x'g] oL k|ljlwx¿ g]kfnsf] cfkm\g} df}lns
pTkfbg x'g\ . o:tf k|ljlwsf ;h{s OlGhlgo/x¿ b]zsf vDaf x'g\ h;n] b]znfO{
cfly{s / k|fljlws kIfdf dfly p7fpg ;Sg]5g\ . s] oL k|ltefx¿ / pgLx¿sf]
k|ljlwk|lt b]zn] cfvfF lrDn]/ k|fljlws pGgtL x'g ;S5 / < /fi6«n] logLx¿sf]
l;h{gfnfO{ /fli6«o ;DklQsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ / ;h{sx¿nfO{ yk k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
ug{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f pknAw u/fpg} kb{5 .
!)!= skmLsf] syf
k|s[ltn] s'g}klg 7fpFnfO{ 7u]sf] 5|}g . ljsf;sf nflu / hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu

x/]s 7fFpdf s]xL g s]xL lrh x'G5 g} t/ sxfF s] 5 eg]/ klxrfg ug]{ / tL
cj;/x¿sf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ sfd eg] dflg; cfkmF}n] ug{ ;Sof] eg] ToxfF slxNo} klg
ef]sf] gfª\uf] a:g'kb}{g .
;Gbe{ /fhwfgL;Fu}sf] lhNnf nlntk'/sf] blIf0f kxf8Le]usf cfwfbh{g

uflj;x¿sf] xf] . oxfFsf hgtfx¿n] ul//x]sf skmL Joj;fosf] xf] . o; e]usf] ;'b"/
blIf0f kxf8L e]usf] rGbgk'/, 7"nfb'n'{ª, luDbL, cf;|fª, / Ko'6f/df ljut @% jif{eGbf
133
k|ltefsf]
tefsf] Vff]hL
cufl8 sf]bf], ds} cflbsf v]tL x'g uYof]{ h;sf] cfly{s pkfh{g jf:tjd} Go'g lyof] .
clwsfª\; hgtfx¿nfO{ ^ dlxgfeGbf clws vfg k'Ug] cfDbfgL x'Fb}g lyof] . k};fsf]
c;fWo} cefj lyof], Pshf]/ n'uf km]g{, lj/fdL x'Fbf Hofb} sl7g lyof] . lzIff t tL
clwsfª\; ul/a hgtfx¿sf] kxF'raf6 6f9f lyof] .
@)#* ;fnlt/ l;l8PrkL gfds Ps u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] 7'nfb'n'{ªsf] Pp6f

;fd"bflos g;{/Ldf skmLsf la?jfx¿ pTkfbg u/L ls;fgx¿nfO{ ljt/0f u¥of] .
To;}af6 ToxfFsf clwsfª\;n] skmL pTkfbg ug{ ;'¿ u/] . tL la?jfx¿ c;fWo} /fd|/L
x's{b}F uP , /fd|f] pTkfbg klg eof] . t/ ToxfFsf s[ifsx¿sf] nflu skmL Psbd} gf}nf]
ePsf]n] pgLx¿nfO{ o;sf] ahf/sf] l:ylt yfxf lyPg . g t o;sf] k|zf]wgsf] af/]df
g} pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf lyof] . To;kl5 w]/} ls;fgx¿n] skmLnfO{ kmf8\g ;'? u/] t/ kl5
pgLx¿sf] of] cGof]ntfnfO{ skmL Joj;fosf cu|0fL s[ifsx¿ dbgkf]v/fsf 9Ns]Zj/
l3ld/], nlntk'/sf :j= ofª\sk|;fb bfxfn cflbn] km]l/ k'g{hLjg lbP / cufl8 a9fpFb}
nu] . xfn ;f] :yfgsf s[ifsx¿sf] k|d'v cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t eg]s} skmL pTkfbg ePsf]
5 . oltv]/ nlntk'/df skmL s[ifsx¿sf] #^ j6f ;d"xx¿ 5g\ , sl/a !)) x]S6/df
skmL v]tL km}lnPsf] 5 eg] nueu Ps xhf/ hgf hlt s[ifsx¿ Jofj;flos skmL
v]tLdf ;ª\nUg 5g\ .
oL ;a} sf/0fx¿n] oxfFsf ls;fgx¿df klxn] b]lvPsf] r/d cfly{s ;ª\s6

x6]/ uPsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ w]/} dfly p7\g ;s]sf] 5 . vf;u/L skmL ;]kLnf
le/fnf kfvfdf /fd|f] x'g] / tL 7fFpx¿df cGo v]tL sd x'g] ePsfn] klg
ls;fgx¿nfO{ of] Jofj;fo kmlnkmfk l;4 ePsf] 5 . clxn] oxfFsf s[ifsx¿
;fnfvfnf jif{df ! nfv %) xhf/ ?k}ofF eGbf al9sf] skmL a]Rg] ub{5g\ .
g]kfnsf nlntk'/, c3f{vfFrL, u'NdL, kfNkf nufot @@ lhNnfdf skmL v]tL

;'¿ ePsf] 5 . ljZjs} dL7f] skmLsf] hft dWo] c/flasf hftsf] skmL nlntk'/
lhNnfdf pTkfbg x'g yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] skmL cGt/fli6«o ahf/df cuf{lgs skmLsf]
¿kdf ;d]t lrlgG5 . oL ;a} sf/0fn] ubf{ ljZjdf skmLsf] pTkfbg cWolws ePtf
klg g]kfnsf] skmLsf] nflu cGt/fli6«o ahf/ ;w}F v'Nnf /xg] b]lvG5 .
ljZjd} t]neGbf kl5 cTolws dfu x'g] skmL h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ lrh nlntk'/
nufot cGo lhNnfsf ls;fgx¿sf] cfˆg} kxndf o;/L ljsf; / lj:tf/ eO{/x]sf] 5 .
o;nfO{ clxn];Dd /fHosf] tkm{af6 vf;} rf;f] b]vfO{{Psf] 5}g . olb ;/sf/L tj/af6
o; e]udf Jofj;flos skmL v]tLsf nflu k"jf{wf/ tof/ ul/g] xf] eg] / g]kfnsf cGo
e]udf ul/g] skmL v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ xf] eg] o;n] 7"n} cfly{s qmflGt Nofpg ;S5 .
134

Prativako khoji प्रतिभाको खोजी

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Prativako khoji प्रतिभाको खोजी

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k|ltefsf]

ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] ;'¿jft;Fu} hgtfsf cfsfª\Iff klg w]/} lyP . t/ gofF

sf]xL;Fu ;|f]t 5, ;fwg 5}g t/ s;};Fu ;fwg 5 t/ ;|f]t 5}g . sf]xL;Fu

ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu oL pBf]u / lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cfwf/df /f]]8Dofk tof/

clxn];Dd /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] g]kfnsf] cg]sf}F k~rjifL{o of]hgfx¿

gofF k':tfsf] clenfiff

c;n gful/sn] klxn] b]znfO{ ;f]R5, To;kl5 ;dfhnfO{ / cGtdf cfk"mnfO{ .

aNne ltldlN;gf, ;Dkfbs, k|ltefsf] vf]hL

!= v]tL / ;hfj6 ;Fu;Fu}

zf]efs/n] cfkm\gf] 3/sf] 5tdf / s/];faf/Ldf ;a}nfO{ Oiof{ g} nfUg] u/L

pgnfO{ o; k|sf/sf] v]tLn] lgs} pT;flxt agfPsf] 5 . k|ydtM pgn] of]

a:ofn ufpFdf :yflkt dgsfdgf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsL k|aGws klg x'g\ .

xfdL cfkm'nfO{ u/La eGg] ub{5f}+ . t/ jf:tjdf xfdL;Fu wg geP/

$= o'jf nfu] skfn sf6\

lbkfon l:yt >L dxfsfnL dfWolds ljBfno, d'8]ufFpdf sIff !) df

$) PdPn jg:klt £o", %) u|fd PdPn kfgL, !% u|fd ;f]l8od

^= /fi6«n] glrg]sf] d"lt{sf/

rf}xQ/ jif{cl3 nlntk'/sf] ykf6 cf]s'axfndf hGd]sf sfn' s'dfn]sf]

g]kfndf qmf]w d"lt{snfdf kf]Vt /fli6«o snfsf/ sfn' s'dfn]nfO{ ljb]zdf

&= d?e'lddf xl/ofnL

pgsf] s]Gb|df /;fog;lxt df};dL tyf a]df};dL t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n

pgnfO{ s[lif Joj;fodf nfUg / o; ;DaGwL tflnd lbg s[lif ljz]if1

*= sd{rf/Lx¿ 9fsf pBf]udf

Dofªn'ª t]x|y'dsf /fdl;+x cfn]du/nufot sltko sd{rf/Lx¿n] hflu/

Hflu/sf] vf]hLdf efF}tfl//x]sf] o'jf zlQmsf nflu logLx¿sf sbd k|]/0ffbfoL

Or+u'gf/fo0f uflj;df >]i7 / k't'jf/ h:t} ! / @ j8fsf u/L sl/a # ;o

!)= cflbjf;Lsf] sfi7snf

l;h{gzLn ljrf/ / xftx¿ slxNo} cefjdf afFRg' kb}{g . of] s'/fnfO{

To;}u/L glhs}sf] algofgL uflj;– *, kNnfaf/Ldf klg sfi7snfsf] sfd

pgLx¿ o:tf snfs[ltx¿ ljleGg cfFk, s6x/, OGrfg / lz/Lifh:tf ?vsf

oL ;Dk"0f{ j:t'sf] k|d'v Jofkfl/s s]Gb| sf7df8f}F xf] . 7d]n / j;Gtk'/sf

o; ;d'bfon] cfkm"n] lgdf{0f u/]sf snfs[ltaf6 ;x/sf 7"n7"nf 3/x¿,

:yfgLo ¿kdf x's]{sf / hLjg lhpg] snf hfg]sf /fi6«sf oL ;DklQx¿sf]

!!= 3fF;af6 aif}{el/ cfDbfgL

ls;fgsf af/Ldf hyfefjL;Fu pld|Psf 3fF;n] pgLx¿nfO{ lbSs nufpg

!@= afnL emfg]{ d]l;g

lrtjg, df8L, sNof0fk'/ uflj;–^ sf gu]Gb| zfxn] sd nfutdf afnL emfg{]

s[ifsx¿n] cfkm\gf] afnLgfnL x'sf{O;s]kl5 clGtddf afnL emfg{ uf]¿ tyf

!$= 3/cfFug g} nfx'/ agfof] s[

ef8fdf lnOPsf] hUuf ljBfnoaf6 !% jif{sf nflu jflif{s #% xhf/ ?k}ofF

!%= kmf]x/n] lbnfPsf]

hª\unL hgfj/ / kz'k+IfLsf] 5fnf tyf xf8af6 cfkm\gf] 3/ ;hfpg]

To:t}df DofUbLsf ls;fgx¿n] cfkm\gf] cGo afnL pAhgL gx'g] hldgdf

afF;sf] pTkfbg g]kfndf cToflws 5 . o;sf] dxTj ga'em\gfn] dgUo]

!&= u8F of}

!*= dlxnf 6]Dkf] rfns

!(= hl8a'6Ln] agfof] nvklt

pgn] o; Joj;fodf ;do, lr/fOtf], l6Dd'/, em\ofª, sfnLu]8L,cb'jf,

g]kfndf kfOg] ljleGg jg:klt tyf hl8a'6Lx¿ cf}ifwL jf cGo o:t}

@)= C0fn] pBdL agfof]

sflnsf]6 dfGdsf s[i0f rf}nfufOFnfO{ cfkm\gf] hLjgdf PskN6 lnPsf] C0fn]

pgn] cfkm\gf] u]:6 xfp;sf] !) j6f sf]7fnfO{ k|ltsf]7f # ;o ?k}ofFsf b/n]

Jofj;flos ;Lk / l56f] ;DaGw a9fpg ;Sg] vfnsf rf}nfufO{Fn] cl3Nnf

@!= ko{6g Joj;fodf r]kfª ;d'bfo

lrtjg zlQmvf]/sf lk5l8Psf elgPsf r]kfª ;d'bfosf s]xL h'emf¿

cfkm\gf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ cem a9L lrgfpg pgLx¿n] agfPsf] ;Fu|xfnodf

@@= gf}nf] hf]tfO{

@#= ux'Fsf 5jfnLsf]

kf]v/fd} o:tf x:tsnfsf ;fdu|Lx¿ jflif{s¿kdf @ ÷# nfvsf] ljqmL x'G5

@$= ?b|fIf v]tL

d'nkfgLsf ls;fgx¿sf] ;kgf k"/f ug]{dfq xf]Og sf7df8f} h:tf] dxFuf]

@%= :j/f]huf/df /dfpF

o; pBf]uaf6 pgLx¿sf] * hgfsf] kl/jf/ /fd|};Fu kflnPsf dfq} 5}gg\ ;a}

gjnk/f;Lsf af]6] kl/jf/n] cfkm\gf] k'Vof}{nL k];fdf s'g} cfDbfgL / k|ult