Lignin l mt phc hp cht ha hc ph bin c tm thy trong h mch thc vt, ch yu l gia cc t bo, trong thnh t bo thc vt.

Lignin l mt trong cc polymer hu c ph bin nht trn tri t. Lignin c cu trc khng gian 3 chiu, phc tp, v nh hnh, chim 17% n 33% thnh phn ca g. Lignin khng phi l carbohydrate nhng c lin kt cht ch vi nhm ny to nn mng t bo gip thc vt cng chc v gin, c chc nng vn chuyn nc trong c th thc vt (mt phn l lm bn thnh t bo v gi cho cy khng b , mt phn l iu chnh dng chy ca nc), gip cy pht trin v chng li s tn cng ca cn trng v mm bnh. Thc vt cng gi, lng lignin tch t cng ln. Hn na, lignin ng vai tr quan trng trong chu trnh carbon, tch ly carbon kh quyn trong m ca thc vt thn g lu nm, l mt trong cc thnh phn b phn hy lu nht ca thc vt sau khi cht, ri ng gp mt phn ln cht mn gip tng kh nng quang hp ca thc vt. Lignin l mt polyphenol c cu trc m. Trong t nhin, lignin ch yu ng vai tr cht lin kt trong thnh t bo thc vt, lin kt cht ch vi mng cellulose v hemicellulose. Rt kh c th tch lignin ra hon ton. Lignin l polymer, c cu thnh t cc n v phenylpropene, vi n v cu trc in hnh l: guaiacyl (G), trans-coniferyl alcohol; syringyl (S), trans-sinapyl alcohol; phydroxylphenyl (H), trans-p-courmary alcohol (Hnh 1.5). Hnh 1.5: Cc n v c bn ca lignin [14] Cu trc ca lignin a dng, ty thuc vo loi g, tui ca cy hoc cu trc ca n trong g. Ngoi vic c phn loi theo lignin ca g cng, g mm v c, lignin c th c phn thnh hai loi chnh: guaicyl lignin v guaicyl-syringyl lignin. G mm cha ch yu l guaiacyl, g cng cha ch yu syringyl. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng guaiacyl lignin hn ch s trng n ca x si v v vy loi nguyn liu s kh b tn cng bi enzyme hn syringyl lignin [29]. Nhng nghin cu gn y ch ra rng lignin hon ton khng ng nht trong cu trc. Lignin dng nh bao gm vng v nh hnh v cc vng c cu trc hnh thun hoc hnh cu. Lignin trong t bo thc vt bc cao khng c vng v nh hnh. Cc vng phenyl trong lignin ca g mm c sp xp trt t trn mt phng thnh t bo. Ngoi ra, c cu trc ha hc v cu trc khng gian ca lignin u b nh hng bi mng polysaccharide. Vic m hnh ha ng hc phn t cho thy rng nhm hydroxyl v nhm methoxyl trong cc oligomer tin lignin s tng tc vi vi si cellulose cho d bn cht ca lignin l k nc. Hnh 1.6: Cu trc lignin trong g mm vi cc nhm chc chnh

Cc nhm chc nh hng n hot tnh ca lignin bao gm nhm phenolic hydroxyl t do, methoxyl, benzylic hydroxyl, ether ca benzylic vi cc ru mch thng v nhm carbonyl (Hnh 1.6). Guaicyl lignin cha nhiu nhm phenolic hydroxyl hn syringyl. Lignin to lin kt ha hc vi hemicellulose v ngay c vi cellulose (nhng khng nhiu). bn ha hc ca nhng lin kt ny ph thuc vo bn cht lin kt, cu trc ha hc ca lignin v cc gc ng tham gia lin kt [2]. Carbon alpha (C) trong cu trc phenyl propane l ni c kh nng to lin kt cao nht vi khi hemicellulose. Ngc li, cc ng nm mch nhnh nh arabinose, galactose, v acid 4-Omethylglucuronic l cc nhm thng lin kt vi lignin. Cc lin kt c th l ether, ester (lin kt vi xylan qua acid 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic), hay glycoside (phn ng gia nhm kh ca hemicellulose v nhm OH phenolic ca lignin) Cu trc ha hc ca lignin rt d b thay i trong iu kin nhit cao v pH thp nh iu kin trong qu trnh tin x l bng hi nc. nhit phn ng cao hn 200oC, lignin b kt khi thnh nhng phn ring bit v tch ra khi cellulose. Nhng nghin cu trc y cho thy i vi g cng, nhm ether -O-4 aryl b ph hy trong qu trnh n hi. ng thi, i vi g mm, qu trnh n hi lm bt hot cc nhm hot ng ca lignin v tr nh nhm hydroxyl hay ether, cc nhm ny b oxy ha thnh carbonyl hoc to cation benzylic, cation ny s tip tc to lin kt C-C [29]. Trong dinh dng ng vt, lignin rt ng quan tm v n khng b tiu ha bi enzyme ca c th vt ch. Lignin cn lin kt vi nhiu polysaccharide v protein mng t bo ngn tr qu trnh tiu ha cc hp cht g. G, c kh v rm rt giu lignin nn t l tiu ha thp tr khi c x l ha hc lm cho cc lin kt gia lignin vi cc carbohydrate khc b b gy.

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Nguyn l lm vic ca my nh sau: tru sau khi xay xt thng c m n 11% c rt thng vo h thng cp liu. My p hot ng nh mt ng c in cng sut 11 kW, trc vt quay trong khun p vi tc 200 n 400 vng/pht nh b truyn ai. Xung quanh khun p c gia nhit bng 3 vng in tr c cng sut 6 n 8 kW. Mc ch ca vic gia nhit nhm lm mm nguyn liu - gim ma st v lc p, ng thi lm chy lignin c sn trong nguyn liu th to kt dnh. Sn phm sau khi p chc - bng, b mt c carbon ha cao. Chiu di ca thanh nhin liu c th thay i theo yu cu.

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quy trnh sn xut ci tru c tin hnh nh sau: Tru nguyn liu a vo my p, b phn sy t ng ca my s lm gim m xung cn di 12%, sau p thnh thanh ci cng, dng ng di t 10->40 cm, ng knh t 40-> 80 cm. C 1,05 kg tru, s cho ra 1 kg ci tru thnh phm. Nng sut ca loi my p mi my p c th t c 150 - 200 kg/gi. Do trong bn thn ph phm nng nghip ny c cha sn cht kt dnh (gi l lignin) nn khi p, tc dng ca nhit ma st v nhit t khun p gip to nn mt cht kt dnh chc chn. Do vy, ci tru ny cn chc hn c g ci dng thng thng khc /////????
Trc , t ngy 1/1/2010, gi than bn cho cc h xi mng, phn bn v giy l 1,5 triu ng/tn than cm 3a, 1,35 triu ng/tn than cm 3b, 1,26 triu ng/tn than cm 3c, 1,17 triu ng/tn than cm 4a v 1,1 triu ng/tn than cm 4b. Vo thi im ngy 1/1/2010, mc gi ny cng m bo nguyn tc thp hn gi xut khu ti a 10%. Ring vi in, gi than sau khi iu chnh vo ngy 1/3/2010 bng 54-59% gi bn cho cc h khc trong nc, bng 35-40% gi xut khu than cng chng loi (p dng t ngy 1/1/2010 ca TKV) v mi bng 67-73% gi thnh nm 2010.
???????? Than

Cc 4 A, 4 B Vng Danh, Cm Ph With gi bn at Khu Vc Hi Phng is a 2 triu 690. Nhn cung cp Than Cc 3 A, 3 B Vng Danh Cm

Ph With gi bn at Khu Vc Hi Phng is a 2 triu 700.