Chapter 7

Section 1
Life is Cellular
EARLY MICROSCOPES
e knew very little until around the mid-1600s
when scientists began using microscopes to
observe living things
"Seeing is believing
Robert Hooke
bserved thin slices of cork
Seemed to be composed of
thousands of empty, tiny
chambers
Hooke called these
chambers "cells because
they reminded him of a
monastery's tiny rooms
Leeuwenhoek
ade a simple microscope (mid 1600's)
agnified 270X
Early microscope lenses made images larger
but the images were not clear
hat did Leeuwenhoek observe?
!ond water
Amazed to discover a world of tiny living
organisms.
CeII Theory
ased on the observations of many
scientists.
A fundamental concept in iology.
AII Iiving things are composed of ceIIs.
CeIIs are the basic units of structure and
function in Iiving things.
New ceIIs are produced from existing
ceIIs.
Scientists who contributed to
The CeII Theory
Schleiden: all plants made of cells.
Schwann: all animals made of cells.
Virchow: new cells could be produced
only from the division of existing cells.
EIectron Microscopes
ore powerful; some can
magnify up to
1,000,000X
Use a magnetic field in a
vacuum to bend beams
of electrons
mages must be
photographed or
produced electronically
Scanning Probe Microscopes
Have revolutionized the
study of surfaces.
Scientists can observe
single atoms.
Unlike electron
microscopes, scanning
probe microscopes can
operate in ordinary air
and can even show
samples in solution.
Scanning Probe Microscopes
The surface of human red blood cells.
CeIIs come in a variety of shapes
and sizes
.2 m
mycoplasma bacteria
Difficult to see under the light
microscope
,48.,48 iant amoeba
Large enough to be seen with the unaided eye
as a tiny speck in pond water.
2 m
AII ceIIs have two characteristics
in common
1) They are surrounded by a barrier called a
cell membrane.
2) At some point in their lives, they contain the
molecule that carries biological information
DNA.
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Cells fall into two broad categories,
depending on whether they contain a
nucleus.
The nucIeus (plural: nuclei) is a large
membrane-enclosed structure that contains
the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA.
Prokaryotes
Smaller and simpler than
eukaryotic cells (there are
many exceptions).
Genetic material is NT
contained in a nucleus.
Despite their simplicity,
carry out every activity
associated with living
things.
Eukaryotes
Larger and more complex
than prokaryotic cells.
Generally contain dozens
of structures and internal
membranes, and many are
highly specialized.
Contain a nucIeus in
which their genetic
materiaI is separated
from the rest of the ceII.
Eukaryotes