PHN B NI DUNG

Kho St Cng Ngh HSDPA

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG

1.1 M U Thng tin di ng l mt lnh vc rt quan trng trong i sng x hi. X hi cng pht trin, nhu cu v thng tin di ng ca con ngi cng tng ln v thng tin di ng cng khng nh c s cn thit v tnh tin dng ca n. Cho n nay, h thng thng tin di ng tri qua nhiu giai on pht trin, t th h di ng th h 1 n th h 3 v th h ang pht trin trn th gii - th h 4.

Hnh 1.1 M hnh cng ngh v tuyn vin thng hin ti v tng lai. 1.1.1H thng thng tin di ng 1G 1G (the first gerneration: h thng thng tin di ng th h 1) c gii thiu trn th trng in thoi di ng vo nm 1980, ch h tr cc dch v thoi tng t v s dng k thut iu ch tng t mang d liu thoi ca ngi s dng, h thng ny s dng phng php a truy cp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA). Th h 1G ny cn thng c nhc n vi tn gi l "Analog Mobile Phone System (AMPS)". Cc h thng thng tin di ng 1G bao gm : H thng AMPS (Avanced Mobile Phone Service): H thng dch v in thoi di ng tin tin.
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H thng TACS (Total Access Communication System): H thng thng tin truy cp tng th. H thng NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone): H thng thng tin di ng Bc u. Cc h thng thng tin di ng 1G hu nh khng c ng dng nhiu do nhng hn ch nht nh ca n v cng nh gi c cho thit b u cui ca h thng tng t rt t. c im ca h thng 1G l : Thc s hot ng vo nhng nm 80s. N khng phi l h thng thng tin t bo u tin. Dung lng v kh nng lu ng cao hn hn trc . K thut chuyn mch tng t (circuit-switched). H tr kh nng lu ng cao ca ngi s dng. Cc t bo c chia nh v ti s dng tn s. Xc sut rt cuc gi cao. Cht lng m thanh khng tt. Ch bo mt khng ng tin cy. Hn ch chnh l do s dng phng php iu ch tng t (iu tn: FM: Frequency Modulation) trong h thng hn ch ng k s lng ngi s dng so vi cc h thng dng phng php iu ch s. 1.1.2 H thng thng tin di ng 2G 2G ( the second generation: h thng thng tin di ng th h hai) c chnh thc ra mt trn th trng di ng vo nm 1991 ti H Lan vi cng ngh GSM. H thng thng tin th h hai ra i p ng kp thi s lng ln cc thu bao di ng da trn cng ngh s m h thng 1G khng cn th p ng. So vi 1G, ba li ch ch yu ca mng 2G l: Nhng cuc gi di ng c m ha k thut s. Cho php tng hiu qu kt ni cc thit b. Bt u c kh nng thc hin cc dch v s liu trn in thoi di ng khi u l tin nhn SMS. Cc h thng thng tin di ng 2G bao gm : IS-95A CDMA : CDMA IS-95A l phin bn u tin c trin khai thng mi ti Hng Kng qua Hutchison Telecom v phin bn c tc truyn 14kbit/giy ny c tha nhn nh mt trong nhng h thng thuc th h th 2(2G).

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GSM : Nm 1992, h thng thng tin di ng t bo th h th hai xut hin Chu u l h thng GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) hay cn gi l h thng thng tin di ng ton cu. y l h thng thng tin Chu u u tin s dng cc k thut iu ch s. IS-136 TDMA : H thng IS-136 hay cn gi l h thng in thoi di ng s tin tin (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) l s pht trin ca h thng tng t AMPS c th s dng bng tn 800 MHz ca chun IS-54 v bng tn 1900 MHz ca h thng PCS. y l h thng s dng phng php iu ch TDMA. PDC : Nm 1994, Nht Bn xut hin mt h thng in thoi t bo th h th hai, h thng PDC (Personal Digital Cellular: H thng in thoi t bo s c nhn). H thng ny s dng phng thc iu ch / 4 DQPSK, b lc s dng l b lc cosine nng c h s roll-off bng 0,5. Tt c h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 s dng iu ch s. V chng s dng 2 phng php a truy cp. a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA). a truy cp phn chia theo m (CDMA). 1.1.3 H thng thng tin di ng 2.5G L mt thit k hon thin v nng cp t h thng 2G v hu nh khng c s phn bit r rng vi h thng 2G . Cc h thng 2.5G c th t kh nng v dung lng v qui hoch ging vi cc h thng 3G. Cc h thng thng tin di ng 2.5G bao gm : IS-95B CDMA : c a ra vi nhiu ci tin v cht lng ng thi tc truyn n 64 kbit/giy. y l th h di ng th 2,5. Cng nm ny, s thu bao CDMA trn ton th gii vo xp x 8 triu thu bao. HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) : Phin bn m rng ca mch chuyn d liu CSD (Circuit Switched Data), chnh l c ch chuyn d liu ca mng GSM. HSCSD l GSM m rng. HSCSD c tc nhanh gp 4 ln GSM, t ti 38.4kbps nhng thng th ch t tc thp hn ph thuc vo ng truyn v tuyn do nh mng cung cp. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) : GPRS xut hin trn th trng t nm 2001, s dng phng php chuyn mch gi ph hp vi cc ng dng Non-Real-Time (Internet, Web). EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution) : i khi cn gi l EGPRS, l mt cng ngh di ng c nng cp t GPRS cho php truyn d liu vi tc c th ln n 384 kbit/s cho ngi dng c nh hoc di chuyn chm v 144kbit/s cho ngi dng di chuyn tc cao. Trn ng
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tin n 3G, EDGE c bit n nh mt cng ngh 2.75G. Thc t bn cnh iu ch GMSK, EDGE dng phng thc iu ch 8-PSK tng tc d liu truyn. Chnh v th, trin khai EDGE, cc nh cung cp mng phi thay i trm pht sng BTS cng nh l thit b di ng so vi mng GPRS. IMODE : I-Mode c im tng t vi Wireless Application Protocol-WAP (KDDI, Japan cung cp dch v Internet da trn WAP): I-Mode u tin xut hin u nm 1999 2002 (33 triu) I-Mode rt thnh cng ti Nht v cho thy loi hnh dch v kiu WAP vi s xut hin ca Data Network l rt c ngi dng a chung s dng. 1.1.4 H thng thng tin di ng 3G p ng kp thi cc dch v ngy cng phong ph v a dng ca ngi s dng, t u thp nin 90 ngi ta a ra h thng thng tin di ng t ong th h th 3. H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 vi tn gi ITM-2000 a ra cc muc tiu chnh sau: Tc truy nhp cao m bo cc dch v bng rng nh truy cp Internet nhanh hoc cc dch v a phng tin. Linh hot m bo cc dch v mi nh nh s c nhn v in thoi v tinh. Cc tnh nng ny s cho php m rng ng k tm ph sng ca cc h thng thng tin di ng. Tng thch vi cc h thng thng tin di ng hin c m bo s pht trin lin tc ca thng tin di ng. Cc h thng thng tin di ng 3G bao gm : IS-95C cdma2000:L mt h chun thng tin di ng s dng cng ngh CDMA c chun ha bi 3GPP2. CDMA2000 bao gm 3 chun chnh: CDMA2000 1xRTT, CDMA2000EV-DO, CDMA2000EV DV. CDMA2000 hot ng trong di tn s 450 MHz, 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, v 2100 MHz. CDMA2000 l cng ngh 3G tip ni ca cng ngh 2G CdmaOne (hay IS-95) v c xem nh l mt i th cnh tranh vi cng ngh 3G/UMTS. Tuy nhin, CDMA2000 1xRRT thng c nhc n nh l mt cng ngh 2.5G. W-CDMA (FDD v TDD) : L mt k thut a truy cp dng trong mng 3G (UMTS v FOMA). WCDMA dng cng ngh DS-CDMA bng rng c tc cao hn v h tr nhiu ngi dng hn mng 2G. WCDMA h tr c hai ch song cng l TDD v FDD. Tuy nhin ch c WCDMA FDD c cc h thng s dng rng ri. y l h thng c nng cp t GSM.

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Bng thng 5MHzkbps. Tc d liu 144-384. Ci thin nhiu a ng. FDD: y l phng php truy cp m ng uplink v downlink c chia ra 2 dy tn c th truy cp cng mt lc (phn chia theo tn s ). TDD: y l phng php ng uplink v downlink c cng dy tn s nhng truy cp khng cng thi im ( phn chia theo thi gian ). 1.1.5 H thng thng tin di ng 3.5G Cng nh cng ngh 2.5G, cng ngh 3.5G l nhng ng dng c nng cp da trn cng ngh hin c ca 3G. Mt trong nhng i din tiu biu ca 3.5G l HSDPA ( High Speed Downlink Package Access) cng ngh truy cp gi ng truyn xung tc cao, y l gii php mang tnh t ph v mt cng ngh, c pht trin da trn cng ngh ca 3GWCDMA. HSDPA l mt phng thc truyn ti d liu theo phng thc mi. cng ngh ny cho php d liu download v my in thoi c tc tng ng vi tc ng truyn ADSL, vt qua nhng cn tr c hu v tc kt ni ca mt chic in thoi thng thng. HSDPA l mt bc tin nhm nng cao tc v kh nng ca mng di ng t bo th ba UMTS. HSDPA c thit k cho nhng ng dng dch v d liu nh: dch v c bn ( ti file, phn phi Email), dch v tng tc ( duyt wed, truy cp server, tm v phc hi c s d liu), v dch v Streaming. 1.1.6 H thng thng tin di ng 4G 4G l cng ngh truyn thng khng dy th h th 4, cho php truyn ti d liu vi tc ti a trong iu kin l tng l 1-1.5GB/s. Nhng cng ngh nh m ni ln gn y nh WiMAX 802.16m,Wibro, UMB, 3G LTE, DVB H d p ng tc truyn ln, song cng ch c xem l cng ngh tin 4G ( pre 4G). Tn gi 4G do IEEE ( Instritute of Electrical Engineer ) t ra din t ngha 3G v hn th na. H thng thng tin di ng 4G c k vng s ni ln vo khong 2012 2015 nh mt mng khng dy bng thng rng tc siu cao. H thng thng tin di ng t khi ra i tri qua nhiu giai on pht trin, nhng c th ni, cng ngh di ng c 4 giai on pht trin chnh thc nh sau:
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Hnh 1.2 S pht trin ca cng ngh v tuyn qua cc giai on.

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Bng 1.1: Bng so snh cc cng ngh di ng v tc truyn d liu. Cng ngh 1G AMPS - GSM - CDMA - iDen Tc Khng c Nh hn 20Kbps Tnh nng Analog (ch c chc nng thoi) - Thoi - SMS - Gi hi ngh - Caller ID - Push to - talk - MSM - nh - Trnh duyt Web - Audio/Video clip - Game - Ti cc ng dng v nhc chung - Video cht lng cao - Nhc streaming - Game 3D - Lt web nhanh - Video theo yu cu (VOD) - Video hi hp

2G

2.5G

- GPRS - 1xRTT - EDGE

T 30Kbps90Kbps

3G

- UMTS - 1xEV-DO - HSDPA - 1xEV-DV

T 144Kbps2Mbps

3.5G

T 384Kbps14.4Mbps

1.2 Kt lun chng Trong chng ny trnh by s lc v qu trnh pht trin cc h thng thng tin di ng qua cc giai on, vi cc bc pht trin v nhng ci tin ni bt qua cc giai on, thng tin di ng ngy cng p ng tt nhng nhu cu to ln ca con ngi, sau khi tm hiu chng ny, ta s c c s i su vo tm hiu ni dung chnh ca ti cc chng sau.

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CHNG 2: GII THIU CNG NGH HSDPA

2.1 TNG QUAN V HSDPA

Hnh 2.1: M hnh kin trc cng ngh HSDPA. Mc d cng ngh 3G WCDMA hin nay cho php tc d liu gi ln n 2Mbps. Tuy nhin, cc tiu chun thit k h thng WCDMA c mt s hn ch nh: Khng tn dng cc u th ca d liu gi vn rt ph bin i vi ng trc hu tuyn. Thit k dch v 2Mbps hin nay l khng hiu qu v cng cha p ng c nhu cu s dng dch v s liu. Khng th x l tc d liu cao ln n 10Mbps. Do , R5 tip tc c pht trin khc phc nhng hn ch ny. R5 l s pht trin quan trng ca mng v tuyn 3G k t khi WCDMA c chp nhn l cng ngh mng v tuyn 3G t nm 1997 vi Cc tnh nng k thut ca cng ngh HSDPA gm: Tng ng vi CDMA2000 1xEV (HDR). iu ch v m ho thch ng. Sng mang tc d liu cao (HDRC) trong bng tn 5MHz. 64 QAM h tr tc nh tng ng 7.2 Mbps. M Turbo. Kh nng sa li gn vi gii hn l thuyt.
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ARQ ghp thch ng. T ng thch ng lin tc theo iu kin knh bng cch ghp chn thm thng tin khi cn. S dng AMC khi c kt hp vi HARQ nhm ci thin dung lng ca h thng. Cc k thut c s dng cho php HSDPA h tr tc 10 Mbps. Trong mt h thng d liu v thoi c tch hp vi ngi s dng thoi(12.2 Kbps) ti khong 30 Erl/sector v thng lng sector ca d liu vn khong 1 Mbps.

Hnh 2.2 : Biu ct so snh thi gian download ca cc cng ngh. HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), truy cp gi ng truyn xung tc cao l mt phng thc truyn ti d liu theo phng thc mi. y c coi l sn phm ca dng 3.5G. Cng ngh ny cho php d liu download v my in thoi c tc tng ng vi tc ng truyn ADSL, vt qua nhng cn tr c hu v tc kt ni ca mt chic in thoi thng thng. y l gii php mang tnh t ph v mt cng ngh v c pht trin trn c s ca h thng 3G W-CDMA. Cng ngh HSDPA hin nay cho php tc download t n 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 v 14.4 Mbit/giy, v trong tng lai gn, tc hin nay c th c nng ln gp nhiu ln. Khi , cc mng cung cp c th c nng cp thnh Evolved HSPA, cho php tc download t n 42 Mbit/giy. Vi nhng u th vt tri , HSDPA ang tr thnh mt cng ngh c nhiu nh cung cp quan tm pht trin. HSDPA c pht trin da trn cng ngh W-CDMA, s dng cc phng php chuyn i v m ha d liu khc. N to ra mt knh truyn d liu bn trong W-CDMA c gi l HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel), hay cn gi l knh chia s ng xung tc cao. Knh truyn ti ny hot ng hon ton
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khc bit so vi cc knh thng thng v cho php thc hin download vi tc vt tri. V y l mt knh chuyn dng cho vic download. iu cng c ngha l d liu s c truyn trc tip t ngun n in thoi. Song qu trnh ngc li, tc l truyn d liu t in thoi n mt ngun tin th khng th thc hin c khi s dng cng ngh HSDPA. Cng ngh ny c th c chia s gia tt c cc user c s dng sng radio, sng cho hiu qu download nhanh nht.

Hnh 2.3: tr tn hiu trn ng truyn i vi cc cng ngh khc nhau. HSDPA c tc truyn ti d liu ln ti a gp 5 ln so vi khi s dng cng ngh W-CDMA. V mt l thuyt, HSDPA c th t tc truyn ti d liu ln ti 8-10 Mbps (Megabit/giy). Mc d c th truyn ti bt c dng d liu no, song mc tiu ch yu ca HSDPA l d liu dng video v nhc. 2.2 NHNG CI TIN CA HSDPA SO VI WCDMA

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Hnh 2.4: Cc tnh nng c bn ca HSDPA khi so snh vi WCDMA. Trong WCDMA, iu khin cng sut nhanh nhm gi n nh cht lng tn hiu nhn c (Eb/No) bng cch tng cng sut pht nhm chng li s suy hao ca tn hiu thu c. iu ny s to ra cc gi tr nh trong cng sut pht v tng nn nhiu a truy cp, do s lm gim dung lng ca ton mng. Hn th na, s hot ng ca iu khin cng sut yu cu lun lun phi m bo mt mc d tr nht nh trong tng cng sut pht ca Node B thch ng vi cc bin i ca n. Loi b c iu khin cng sut s trnh c cc hiu ng tng cng sut k trn cng nh khng cn ti d tr cng sut pht ca t bo. Do HSDPA khng cn s dng iu khin cng sut vng kn vn ny c thc hin nh vic gim rng ca TTI t 10 ms WCDMA xung cn 2ms HSDPA. S dng k thut HARQ nhanh, n cn cho php pht li mt cch nhanh nht cc block d liu b mt hoc b li v kh nng kt hp vi thng tin mm ln pht u tin vi cc ln pht li sau . ng dng k thut iu ch v m ho thch ng AMC. Vi k thut AMC, iu ch v t l m ho oc thch ng mt cch lin tc vi cht lng knh thay cho vic hiu chnh cng sut. 2.3 NGUYN L HOT NG CA HSDPA
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HSDPA gm cc gii php: Thc hin an xen thi gian truyn dn ngn TTI=2ms. M ho v iu ch thch ng AMC. Truyn dn a m, lp vt l tc cao L1. Yu cu lp t ng lai H-ARQ. Trong gii php HSDPA, thit b sp xp gi tin s c chuyn t b iu khin mng v tuyn RNC ti Node-B nhm gip ngi s dng d dng truy nhp vo cc chc nng thng k giao din v tuyn. K thut sp xp gi tin tin tin s gip iu chnh c tc d liu ngi s dng sao cho thch hp vi cc iu kin knh v tuyn tc thi.

Hnh 2.5: Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca HSDPA. Trong qu trnh kt ni, thit b ngi s dng (UE) s nh k gi mt ch th cht lng knh CQI ti Node-B cho bit tc d liu no (bao gm k thut iu ch v m ho, s lng cc m s dng) m thit b ny c th h tr khi di cc iu kin v tuyn hin thi. ng thi, UE gi mt bo nhn (Ack/Nack) ng vi mi gi gip node-B bit c thi im lp li qu trnh truyn d liu. Cng vi chc nng thng k cht lng knh tng ng cho tng UE trong mt cell, Thit b sp xp gi tin s thc hin sp xp cc gi ca cc UE mt cch cng bng.
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2.3.1 Khong thi gian truyn dn ngn TTI Trong HSDPA, HS-DSCH c thm vo s dng TTI t hn 2ms so vi TTI knh truyn dn Phin bn 99. Do lm gim thi gian i vng, tng tc x l v kh nng hiu chnh bm theo thi gian tt hn vi nhng knh v tuyn thay i. Trn thc t di ca khung thay i v c chn da trn lu lng c h tr v s ngi s dng c h tr. Gi tr tiu biu l 2 ms. 2.3.2 M ha v iu ch thch ng AMC Trong HSDPA cng sut pht c gi khng i trn TTI v s dng c ch m ho v iu ch thch ng AMC nh mt phng php iu khin ci thin hiu qu ph. HSDPA s dng c cu iu ch bc cao nh iu ch bin trc giao 16QAM bn cnh QPSK. S iu ch ny c thch ng theo cc iu kin knh v tuyn. QPSK c th h tr 2 bit/symbol trong khi 16QAM c th h tr 4 bit/symbol, do tc ti a s gp i khi so snh vi QPSK, s dng bng thng s hiu qu hn. T l m khc nhau c dng l 1/4,1/2, 5/8, 3/4. Node-B (Trm gc) nhn bo co ch th cht lng CQI (Channel Quality Indicator ) v kt qu cc php o cng sut trn knh kt hp. Da trn nhng thng tin ny n quyt nh tc truyn d liu s l bao nhiu. Trong HSDPA, nhng ngi s dng gn Node-B thng thng c gn mc iu ch cao hn vi t l m cao hn, v c hai u gim khi khong cch gia UE v Node-B tng ln. 2.3.3 Yu cu lp li t ng hn hp nhanh H-ARQ AMC s dng k thut iu ch thch hp v c cu m ho theo cc iu kin ca knh truyn dn. Thm ch sau AMC, c th bt c cc li trong cc gi thu v trong thc t cc knh c th thay i trong sut qu trnh cc gi di chuyn trong khng gian. T l li khi BLER (Block Error Rate) sau ln truyn dn u tin l 10%-20%. Mt c cu yu cu lp li t ng c th c s dng khi phc li cc li trong ng truyn thch ng. Khi gi pht i b thu li th bn nhn yu cu bn pht pht li cc gi b li. K thut c bn l s dng tn hiu pht i trc cng vi tn hiu c pht li sau ny gii m cc block. C hai c cu chnh trong HARQ, l Kt hp theo ui CC (Chase Combining) v Gia tng d IR (Incremental Redundancy). 2.4 CU TRC KNH CA HSDPA

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Hnh 2.6: Cu trc knh ca HSDPA. Theo hnh 2.5 th ta thy trong cu trc knh ca HSDPA c b xung thm mt knh vn ti mi, knh chia s ng xung tc cao ( HS- DSCH ) mang d liu ngi dng, knh vt l tng ng l HS PDSCH. Trn mi cu trc knh l lin kt knh vt l dnh ring tc thp cho c hai hng uplink v downlink. Knh lin kt hng downlink thc hin ti tn hiu sng mang v tuyn ti bo hiu lp 3 tng t nh nhim v yu cu iu khin cng sut knh uplink. Trong giao din v tuyn ca HSDPA c trnh by hnh 2.6 bn di cho ci nhn tng quan v cc knh cn thit c cung cp cho HSDPA , trong c mt s knh vt l thm vo l: Knh vt l chia s ng xung tc cao HS PDSCH ( High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel). Knh iu khin vt l HS DPCCH (HS Physical Control Channel).

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Hnh 2.7: Giao din v tuyn HSDPA. 2.4.1 Knh vt l chia s ng xung tc cao HS DPSCH Trong knh ny thi gian v m ho c chia s gia nhng ngi s dng gn lin vi Node-B. y l c cu truyn ti cho cc knh logic c thm vo: Knh chia s ng xung tc cao HS-DSCH (HS-Downlink Shared Channel) v Knh iu khin chia s tc cao HS-SCCH (HS-Shared Control Channel. 2.4.1.1 knh chia s ng xung tc cao HS DSCH knh chia s ng xung tc cao HS DSCH cho php cp pht nhanh mt b phn ti nguyn ng xung truyn s liu cho mt ngi s dng c th. Phng php ny ph hp cho cc ng dng s liu gi thng c truyn theo dng cm v v th c cc yu cu v ti nguyn thay i nhanh.

Hnh 2.8: Cc m nh knh c s dng cho truyn dn HS DSCH. Ti nguyn m cho HS DSCH bao gm mt tp m nh knh c h s tri ph 16, trong s m c th s dng lp cu hnh cho HS DSCH nm trong khong
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t 1 n 15. Cc m khng dnh cho HS DSCH c s dng cho mc ch khc nh bo hiu iu khin, cc dch v chuyn mch knh.

Hnh 2.9: Cu trc thi gian m ca HS -DSCH Hnh 2.8 m t n nh ti nguyn m HS DSCH cho tng ngi s dng trn c s TTI = 2ms ( TTI: Tran smit Time Interval : khong thi gian truyn dn). HSDPA s dng TTI ngn gim tr v ci thin qu trnh bm theo cc thay i ca knh cho mc ch iu khin tc v lp biu ph thuc knh. 2.4.1.2 Knh iu khin chia s tc cao HS-SCCH Ngoi d liu ngi s dng, Node-B cn thc hin truyn dn bo hiu iu khin nhm thng bo sp xp cho ngi dng k tip. Bo hiu ny c sp xp trong knh iu khin chia s tc cao (HS-SCCH), l knh dng chung cho cc ngi s dng, v n c thc hin bng cch truyn dn hai khe thi gian HS-SCCH TTI. Knh HS-SCCH mang nhng thng tin sau: Mt l ID ca nhng ngi dng c trng UE. Nhim v chnh ca mt n l xc nh ngi dng c phc v trong chu k TTI tip theo. Thng tin lin quan n khun dng truyn ti, m t cc m nh knh, phng thc k thut iu ch c s dng. T l m ho c trch ra t kch c ca block truyn ti v cc tham s khun dng truyn ti khc. Thng tin lin quan n HARQ: c th l chu k pht tip theo s l mt block mi hay l mt block c pht li (do c th gp li trc nn yu cu pht li) v thng tin v cc phin bn. Thng tin iu khin ny ch c s dng cho cc UE s c phc v trong chu k tip theo, nh vy knh bo hiu ny l mt knh chia s theo thi gian cho tt c cc user. 2.4.2. Knh iu khin vt l tc cao

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y l knh ng ln,c s dng mang tn hiu bo nhn ACK n nt B trn mi Block, n cng c dng ch th cht lng knh CQI ( Channel Quanlity ), l yu t c s dng trong AMC.

Hnh 2.10: Cu trc knh HS-DPCCH Knh HS-DPCCH dng c nh h s phn b 256 v c mt khe cu trc c rng l 2/3 ms. + Khe u tin c s dng cho thng tin v HARQ. + Hai khe cn li c dnh cho CQI. Thng tin v HARQ lun lun c gi khi m knh HS- SCCH gii m chnh xc nhn ng tch sng xung trong khi QCI truyn tn s c iu khin bi thng s k. C 2 khe u hot ng ring bit lp iu khin. V d, trong mt s trng hp, qu trnh lp li ny din ra vi chu k 2 ms v hot ng cnh ca t bo khi cng sut hin ti khng chc chn cho qu trnh lp li. Cng sut iu khin t nhng t bo HSDPA cng c th lm gim bt cng sut nhn t knh HS-DPCCH trong qu trnh chuyn giao trong min nh nh thit b u cui lm gim cng sut truyn nu mi t bo hot ng gi mt lnh yu cu. Nh vy l vic khng dng iu khin cng sut m iu khin cp pht ngun ti nguyn s lm cho dung lng h thng tng nh li dng c tnh bin i ca knh fading. R rng bng vic s dng iu khin truyn dn lm thay i cch nhn v fading. Nu trc y chng ta coi l mt nhc im ca mi trng truyn dn h v tm cch trnh, xa b th by gi chng ta li c nh n do chng ta hiu v s dng n ng tnh hung.

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Dung lng ca h thng theo phng php ny cng tng nu nh mt thu bao trong sector cng cao v vi nhiu User phn b u tt c cc v tr trong cell th bt c thi im no cng c t nht mt User c trng thi knh cc tt truyn dn vi tc cc ln. tng dung lng ny ngi ta thng nhc n vi tn gi phn tp a ngi s dng- Multi-User Diversity. Tuy nhin c ngi s t ra mt cu hi l: Nu b scheduler quyt nh cp pht ti nguyn da trn trng thi knh ca my u cui th s c trng hp c User s khng truyn dn c trong mt khong thi gian di v User ny lun trng thi knh km hn nhng User khc?. Thc mc ny hon ton hp l. V n dn n vn cn bng gia dung lng h thng v s tha mn i vi ngi s dng. S tha mn y ngha l khng mt User phi i qu lu mi c truy nhp h thng. t c yu t cn bng ny cc b scheduler c thit k ngoi da trn nguyn tc trn cn phi kt hp vi nguyn tc Round-Robin (first come, first serve). V mi nh sn xut thit b s c nhng la chn thit k khc nhau ch khng nh sn xut no ging nh sn xut no v bn thn vn ny ch c a ra nguyn l trong 3GPP v 3GPP2 ch khng chun ha thnh mt k thut c bit c th. Mt iu th v khc na cn phi nhc n l khng dng iu khin cng sut m iu khin thu pht c ng lc tt i vi s pht trin ca th trng my u cui. iu ny c th c gii thch nh sau: Khi iu khin thu pht, b lp lch gi da vo nhng thng tin trng thi knh do MS gi v (Channel Quality Indicator Channel). M thng th MS s da vo tham s SIR (Signal to Inteference Ratio) yu cu b lp lch cp pht ti nguyn. Do , my di ng cng hin i ngha l kh nng nn nhiu cng ln (ngha l SIR ln) th b lp lch cp pht v iu khin BTS pht vi tc cao hn. Nh vy nu khch hng u t my u cui hin i s c li ch khng phi l h iu hnh hng li nh s dng iu khin cng sut V vi iu khin cng sut, nu my u cui tt, BTS yu cu MS gim cng sut pht, do nhiu gim v dung lng h thng tng. Khi dung lng tng l li ch ca h iu hnh ch khng phi l li ch ca ngi s dng. Vi li ch thuc v khch hng nh vy c th ni y l yu t kch thch qu trnh tiu th my u cui si ng hn.

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CHNG 3: CC K THUT S DNG TRONG HSDPA 3.1 IU CH V M HA THCH NG AMC Trong cc h thng ca WCDMA , vic iu khin cng sut c thc hin trong mi khe kt ng vi cc kt ni v tuyn, vic thch ng kt ni ny c yu cu trong cc h thng truyn thng t bo, bi v trong cc h thng ny t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR ca tn hiu thu ti thit b ngi s dng UE ( User Equipment ) thay i theo thi gian t 30 40dB do Fading nhanh v cc c im a hnh trong mt cell, do , loi b nh hng ca Fading v ci thin kh nng h thng, tn hiu truyn dn n UE ring bit c thay i ph hp vi s bin i tn hiu xuyn sut qu trnh x l, gi l thch ng kt ni. Ngc li, HSDPA lu cng sut pht khng i qua TTI ng thi s dng iu ch thch ng v m ho (AMC) nh mt phng php lin kt thch ng an xen nhm iu khin cng sut ci thin hiu sut ph. i ph vi di ng ca t s tp m trn nhiu Eb/No ti u cui UE, HSDPA thch ng qu trnh iu ch, t l m ho v s m ho nh knh vi cc iu kin v tuyn hin thi. S kt hp ca hai phng php trn gi l: iu ch v M ho thch ng AMC. HSDPA s dng c cu iu ch bc cao nh iu ch bin trc giao 16QAM bn cnh QPSK, s iu ch ny c thch ng theo cc iu kin knh v tuyn. QPSK c th h tr 2bit/symbol trong khi 16QAM c th h tr 4bit/symbol, do tc ti a s gp i khi so snh vi QPSK, s dng bng thng s hiu qu hn. Vic h tr cho QPSK c tnh cht bt buc i vi thng tin di ng, cn i vi 16QAM l mt tu chn cho mng v thit b ngi dng UE. 3.1.1 iu ch QPSK, 16QAM 3.1.1.1 iu ch QPSK iu ch QPSK ( Quadrature phase shift keying ) : k thut iu ch PSK vung gc hay cn gi l PSK 4 pha, l mch iu ch cho tn hiu ra c mt trong 4 pha ty theo trng thi ca mt cp bit ( dibit ) d liu vo, lch pha ca cc tnh hiu ra l 900. S khi ca mt b iu ch QPSK c cho hnh 3.1.

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Hnh 3.1: S khi b iu ch QPSK. Mch chia bit ( bit splitter ): chuyn dng d liu vo theo hai ng: Ng I ( In-Phase ) nhng bit vo ng I s iu ch vi song mang c pha ban u. Ng Q ( Quadrature ) nhng bit vo ng Q s iu ch vi sng mang c lm lch pha 900. V d liu vo c th l bit 1 hoc 0, nn tn hiu ra mch nhn I c th l sinwct hoc sinwct, v tn hiu ng ra ca mch nhn Q c th l coswct hoc coswct, cc tn hiu ny c tng hp mch tng cho ra mt trong 4 tn hiu nh hnh 3.2.

Hnh 3.2: cc tn hiu tn ti ng ra ca mch cng. ng ra ca mch cn bng gm cc tn hiu tng ng vi cc tn hiu ng vo I hay Q c trnh by di bng sau:

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Bng 3.1: tn hiu iu ch 4pha

V QPSK l dng iu ch 4 pha, nn dng sng ca tn hiu QPSK s gm 4 trng thi pha ty theo d liu ng vo, 1 v d n gin cho dng sng ca QPSK c trnh by hnh 3.3.
Amplitude 2 bits 01 Bit rate : 10 2 bits 10 Baud rate : 5 2 bits 10 2 bits 11 2 bits 00

Time

1 baud

1 baud

1 baud 1 second

1 baud

1 baud

Hnh 3.3: Dng sng iu ch tn hiu QPSK. Trong dng sng ny ta thy 4 pha tng ng vi 4 d liu ng vo l: 00 tng ng vi pha 00 01 tng ng vi pha 900 10 tng ng vi pha 1800 11 tng ng vi pha -900 Tn hiu QPSK s c gii iu ch bng b tch sng tch s thu li d liu s ban u, s khi ca b gii iu ch tn hiu QPSK c trnh by trong hnh 3.4.

Hnh 3.4: s khi b gii iu ch tn hiu QPSK.

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Mch phc hi song mang s cho li sng mang sinwct t tn hiu nhn c, tn hiu ny c cho thng vo mch nhn ng I v c lm lch pha 900 trc khi vo mch nhn ng Q, tn hiu ra cc mch nhn s c a vo mch lc thng thp loi b thnh phn tn s cao, cc thnh phn DC s c tng hp mch tng cho li dng d liu. Gi s tn hiu nhn c ng ra ca mch iu ch QPSK trn l: coswct sinwct. Tn hiu ng ra ca mch nhn ng I l: sinwct( coswct sinwct ) = 1/2sin2wct (1 cos2wct). Tn hiu ng ra ca mch lc thng thp l in p - DC , tng ng bit 0. Tn hiu ra mch nhn ng Q l: coswct ( coswct sinwct ) = -1/2sin2wct + (1+cos2wct) Tn hiu g ra ca mch lc thng thp l in p + DC, tng ng bit 1. Mch t hp bit s cho li dng d liu tng ng ban u. 3.1.1.2 iu ch 16QAM iu ch QAM ( Qudrature Amplitude Modulation ) l s kt hp gia iu ch ASK v PSK khai thc ti a s khc bit gia cc n v tn hiu. Vi iu ch 16QAM th mi mt n v tn hiu s c biu din 4bit, mi mt n v tn hiu ny s c s khc bit v bin v pha biu din cho 16 loi n v tn hiu . Nh vy gin chm sao ca phng php iu ch 16QAM s c th tn ti nhiu dng , c th c minh ha hnh 3.5.
3 amplitudes, 12 phases 4 amplitudes, 8 phases 2 amplitudes, 8 phases

16-QAM

16-QAM

16-QAM

Hnh 3.5: Gin chm sao tn hiu 16QAM.

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thc hin iu ch tn hiu 16QAM, ta c th thc hin theo s khi cung cp di y.

Hnh 3.6: S khi mch iu ch 16QAM. B tch (demux) chuyn i lung nh phn ng vo b(t) thnh bn lung c lp, trong hai bit l c a n b chuyn i mc nhnh trn cn hai bit chn c a n b chuyn i mc nhnh di. Cc b bin i mc chuyn i hai mc vo to ra cc tn hiu L mc tng ng vi cc u vo ng pha v vung gc. Sau khi nhn hai tn hiu L mc vi hai sng mang c pha vung gc c to t b dao ng ni pht TLO ( Transmitter Local Oscillator ) ri cng li to tn hiu 16QAM. Sau khi truyn qua knh truyn, ti pha thu, tn hiu 16QAM c gii iu ch thu li d liu ban u, qu trnh gii iu ch tn hiu 16QAM theo s sau:

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Hnh 3.8: S khi b gii iu ch 16QAM. Tn hiu thu c c a ln hai nhnh ng pha v vung pha, sau c nhn vi hai hm trc giao ging pha pht c to ra t b dao ng ni thu RLO ( Receiver Local Oscillator ). Nh tnh cht trc giao m ta tch c 2 thnh phn tn hiu. Tn hiu sau c a qua b tng quan ly mu, nh gi ngng ( so snh vi L-1 ngng) thu c k hiu. Sau cng hai chui s nh phn c tch ra ni trn s kt hp vi nhau b bin i song song vo ni tip khi phc li chui nh phn pha pht. thc hin gii iu ch thnh cng th my thu phi bit c cc thng s (thi gian truyn tr ), fc (tn s song mang ), ti, thng thng th my thu bit c f c. Qu trnh nhn c gi l qu trnh ng b, thng c thc hin bi hai qu trnh bt v bm. Qu trnh nhn c ti c gi l qu trnh khi phc nh thi k hiu. Qu trnh nhn c c gi l qu trnh khi phc song mang. C th dung phng php vng kha pha. Dng sng ca tn hiu iu ch 16QAM c ch ra hnh 3.9:

Hnh 3.9: dng sng tn hiu iu ch 16QAM.

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3.1.2

M turbo

3.1.2.1 Gii thiu M Turbo l s kt ni gm hai hay nhiu b m ring bit to ra mt m tt hn v cng ln hn. M hnh ghp ni m u tin c Forney nghin cu to ra mt loi m c xc sut li gim theo hm m ti tc nh hn dung lng knh trong khi phc tp gii m ch tng theo hm i s.M hnh ny bao gm s kt ni ni tip mt b m trong v mt b m ngoi. 3.1.2.2 S kt ni m v ra i ca m turbo (turbo code) Forney s dng mt b m khi ngn hoc mt b m tch chp vi gii thut gii m Viterbi xc sut ln nht lm b m trong v mt b m Reed-Salomon di khng nh phn tc cao vi thut ton gii m sa li i s lm b m ngoi. Mc ch lc u ch l nghin cu mt l thuyt mi nhng sau ny m hnh ghp ni m tr thnh tiu chun cho cc ng dng cn li m ln .C hai kiu kt ni c bn l kt ni ni tip (hnh 3.8) v kt ni song song ( hnh 3.9).
Ng vo B m ho 1 r = k1/n1 B m ho 2 r = k2/n2 Ng ra

Hnh 3.10: M kt ni ni tip. B m ho 1 c gi l b m ngoi ,cn b m ho 2 l b m trong.i vi m kt ni ni tip ,tc m ho: Rnt=k1k2/n1n2 i vi m song song , tc m ho tng : Rss= k/( n1+n2)
B m ho1 r = k/n1 Ng vo B m ho r = k/n2

B ghp (Multiplexer)

Ng ra

Hnh 3.11: M kt ni song song. Trn ch l cc m hnh kt ni l thuyt.Thc t cc m hnh ny cn phi s dng thm cc b chn gia cc b m ho nhm ci tin kh nng sa sai. Nm 1993, Claude Berrou, Alain Glavieux, Puja Thitimajshima cng vit tc phm Near Shannon limit error correcting coding and decoding :TURBO CODE nh du mt bc tin vt bc trong nghin cu m sa sai. Loi m m h
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gii thiu thc hin trong khong 0.7dB so vi gii hn ca Shannon cho knh AWGN. Loi m m h gii thiu c gi l m Turbo, thc cht l s kt ni song song cc b m tch chp c bit cng vi cc b chn. Cu hnh ny gi l :Kt ni song song cc m tch chp ( Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code_ PCCC). Ngoi ra cng c Kt ni ni tip cc m tch chp(Serial Concatenated Convolutional Code_SCCC) v dng Kt ni hn hp cc b m tch chp( Hybrid Concatenated Convolutional Code_HCCC). Cc loi m ny c nhiu c im tng t nhau v cng xut pht t m hnh ca Berrou nn gi chung l: TURBO CODE ( TC). 3.1.2.3 B m ho tch chp h thng quy (RSC) Trong b m TC s dng mt b m tch chp c bit : m tch chp h thng quy ( Recursive Systematic Convolutional Code_RSC ).Tnh h thng c ngha l u vo ca b m ho cng c ngha l mt phn ca ng ra .V th ,mt bit trong n bit ng ra ca mt vng lp m ho n l 1 bit trong thng ip i vo b m ho. Tnh quy c ngha l c hi tip t ng ra b m ho v ng vo .Cc b m ho tch chp truyn thng khng c hi tip nn c th c coi nh mt b lc FIR cn cc b lc RSC nh hi tip nn c th coi nh l b lc IIR. M chp tuyn tnh B m ha s dng cc thanh ghi dch a thm d vo lung d liu. B phn c bn ca phn cng trong vic m ha ny l thanh ghi dch vi (m+1) ngn ( stages), nh hnh sau:
Sj-m Sj-1 Sj Message bits xi

gl

g1

g0 encoded bit yj

Hnh 3.12: Thanh ghi dch cho s m ha. Mi mt k hiu gi trn hnh l mt s nh phn i din cho s ngn mch hoc h mch( gi=1 l ngn mch, gi=0 l h mch). Cc bits thng tin trn thanh ghi c kt hp bi b cng modulo 2 to nn cc bit u ra ta gi cc bit u ra l cc bit m ha. Cng thc biu din cc bit u ra ng vi cc bit vo l:
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yj =Sj-m gl . . . . Sj-1 g1 Sj g0

(mod 2)

m t b m ha m chp ngi ta a ra cc thng s ca b m ha nh sau : (n,k, K) , Trong k : s u vo n :s u ra K:chiu di constraint lengths(s ngn ln nht trn thanh ghi) Trong k < n ta c th thm d vo lung d liu thc hin pht hin sai v sa sai.Hnh 3.11 bn di cho ta thy r hn v b m chp.
(1+0+0+0) + 1

+ (1+0+0) (1+1+0+0) + 1

+ (1+0+0) 1

Hnh 3.13: Cc v d v m chp. M tch chp h thng quy M tch chp h thng quy c ly t b m ho tch chp thng thng bng cch hi tip mt trong nhng ng ra m ho thnh ng vo ca n.

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29

+ c(2)

Hnh 3.14: B m ho tch chp c r=1/2 ; K=3 Mt b m tch chp thng thng c biu din qua cc chui g1= [1 1 1] v g2 =[ 1 0 1] v c th c vit l G =[ g1,g2] .B m ho RSC tng ng b m ho tch chp thng thng c biu din l G = [ 1, g2/g1 ] trong ng ra u tin ( biu din bi g1) c hi tip v ng vo, g1 l ng ra h thng , g2 l ng ra feedforward.Hnh 3.13 trnh by b m ho RSC.
c1 +

+ c2

Hnh 3.15: B m ho RSC. 3.1.2.3 Cc b m ho tch chp quy v khng quy Mt b m ho tch chp quy c khuynh hng cho ra cc t m c trng s tng so vi b m ho khng quy ,ngha l b m tch chp quy cho ra t t m c trng s thp v cng dn n vic thc hin sa sai tt hn. i vi m Turbo, mc ch ca vic thc hin cc b m ho RSC l tn dng bn cht quy ca cc b m ho v tn dng s kin b m ho l h thng. kim tra b m ho tch chp quy hay khng quy ,ta xt v d sau ,b m tch chp khng quy n gin c ma trn sinh g1 = [1 1] v g2 =[1 0] ,

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30

D c2=[1 0 0 0]

Hnh 3.16: B m ho tch chp khng quy r = 1/2 va K = 3 Hnh 3.15 trnh by mt b m ho tch chp tng ng ca hnh 3.14 c: G =[ 1, g2/ g1]
c1=[1 0 0 0]

x=[10 0 0]

D c2=[1 1 1 1]

Hnh 3.17: B m ho tch chp quy c r = 1/2 v K = 3. Hai m c cng khong cch t do ti thiu v c th m t bng cu trc trellis. V vy cc m c cng xc sut li s kin u tin ,tuy nhin cc m ny c cc mc li bit khc nhau do BER ph thuc vo s tng ng ng vo - ra ca b m ho. BER ca m tch chp h thng quy th thp hn BER ca m tch chp khng quy tng ng vi cng t s tn hiu trn nhiu(SNR) thp. 3.1.2.4 Kt thc Trellis i vi b m tch chp thng thng, Trellis c kt thc bng( m= k -1) cc bit zero thm vo sau chui ng vo. Cc bit thm vo ny li b m tch chp thng thng n trng thi tt c zero ( l trng thi kt thc trellis) .Nhng cch ny khng th p dng cho b m ho RSC do c qu trnh hi tip .Cc bit thm vo kt thc cho b m ho RSC ph thuc vo trng thi ca b m ho v rt kh d on .Ngay c khi tm c cc bit kt thc cho mt trong cc b m ho thnh phn th cc b m ho thnh phn khc c th khng c li n trng thi tt c zero vi cng cc bit kt thc do c s hin din ca b chn gia cc b m ho thnh phn. Hnh 3.16 l kt thc trellis :
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Hnh 3.18: Cch thc kt thc trellis b m RSC. m ho chui ng vo ,kho chuyn bt n v th A , kt thc trellis th kho chuyn bt n v tr B. 3.2 K THUT H-ARQ AMC s dng k thut iu ch thch hp v c cu m ho theo cc iu kin ca knh truyn dn. Thm ch sau AMC, c th bt c cc li trong cc gi thu v trong thc t cc knh c th thay i trong sut qu trnh cc gi di chuyn trong khng gian. T l li khi BLER (Block Error Rate) sau ln truyn dn u tin l 10%-20%. Mt c cu yu cu lp li t ng c th c s dng khi phc li cc li trong ng truyn thch ng. Khi gi pht i b thu li th bn nhn yu cu bn pht pht li cc gi b li. K thut c bn l s dng tn hiu pht i trc cng vi tn hiu c pht li sau ny gii m cc block.

Hnh 3.19: v d v k thut HARQ. Thc t, H- ARQ l mt giao thc dng dng li v ch SAW (Stop And Wait). Trong c ch SAW, pha truyn dn lun lun qu trnh truyn dn cc block ang hin hnh cho ti khi thit b ngi s dng hon ton nhn c d liu. tn dng thi gian khi Node- B ch cc bo nhn, c th thit lp N tin trnh SAW-ARQ song song cho thit b ngi dng. Do , cc tin trnh khc nhau truyn dn trong cc TTI
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ring bit. S tin trnh SAW-ARQ song song c thit lp ti a l 8 (N=8), tuy nhin thng thng chn gi tr N t 4-6. Thi gian tr nh nht cho php gia qu trnh truyn d liu gc so vi qu trnh ti truyn dn d liu ln u tin trong HSDPA l 12ms. C hai c cu chnh trong H-ARQ, l Kt hp theo ui CC (Chase Combining) v Gia tng d IR (Incremental Redundancy). Kt hp theo ui CC C cu ny bao gm vic pht li cc gi d liu m bn thu nhn c b li. Mt khi cc gi pht li nhn c, bn thu kt hp cc gi tr mm ca tn hiu gc v tn hiu pht li c SNR u tin gii m gi d liu. u im: Vic truyn v truyn li c gii m ring l (t gii m), tng tnh a dng thi gian, c th tng tnh a dng ng truyn. Nhc im: Vic pht li ton b cc gi s lng ph v bng thng. Tng d IR Tng d c s dng nhn c tnh nng ti a trong bng thng sn sng. Lc ny block c pht li ch bao gm d liu sa cha ca tn hiu gc c truyn i ch khng phi thng tin thc s. Lng thng tin d thm vo c gi i ngy cng tng ln khi qu trnh pht li lp i lp li m bn thu vn nhn b li.

Hnh 3.20: Qu trnh truyn li block d liu IR. u im: Gim bt bng thng, lu lng hu dng ca mt ngi s dng v dng n cho nhng ngi khc. Nhc im: Cc bit h thng ch c gi i khi truyn ln u v khng th truyn li, iu lm cho qu trnh truyn li khng th t gii m. V th, nu qu trnh truyn ln u b mt th fading rt ln s tc ng v khng c c hi khi phc li d liu trong hon cnh ny.
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Ngoi ra, trong H-AQR cn s dng phng php tng d tng phn. phng php ny l s kt hp ca CC v IR. S khng thun li ca IR b loi b bng cch thm vo cc bit h thng cng vi cc bit d gia tng trong qu trnh truyn li. iu lm cho c tn hiu ban u v tn hiu pht li u t gii m c.

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Chng 4 MT S NG DNG CA HSDPA

4.1 VOIP SONG CNG TON PHN V THC Y TR CHUYN Khi so snh vi nhiu ng dng khc chy qua IP, lu lng yu cu cho VoIP song cng ton phn thp, ln trn ti vi chc Kbps, nhng nhng yu cu tim n mt khc li i hi cao hn, nh vy mt ln na , RTT v khng phi lu lng ni lin kt- l nhn t m ngi dng cui gii hn dch v thc hin v dung lng mng. Khuyn co ITU trong thi gian truyn mt ng cho ting ni song cng ton phn ni rng ngi s dng tha mn vi tr truyn t ming n tai khong 280ms. Vi tr ln hn 280ms th s tng tc ca kt ni ting ni gim nhanh chng.V khi tr t n 400ms th ting ni khng tha mn vi s tng tc kt ni. Ch rng tr c ni n y l tr t ming n tai, v do khng ch bao gm tr ng truyn m cn c tr x l (m ha/ gii m) trong b pht v b nhn. Khuyn co ca lin hip vin thng quc t ngoi ra cng bao gm hng dn cho tr m ha / gii m. Vi a s cc b ly mu dng cho di ng yu cu tr ch t 50ms n 100ms. B qua tr x l th tr t lc truyn tin cho n khi kt thc l nh hn 200ms. Khi chng ta so snh yu cu tr ny vi RTT thp hn 200ms trong WCDMA v thp hn 100ms trong HSPA. R rng rng VOIP lm vic tt trong c 2 cng ngh.Vi RTT ngn hn trong lin kt v tuyn HSPA, tr cho php trong ng truyn HSPA l ln hn so vi WCDMA. Ch rng khi ti HSPA tng ln th RTT cng tng. Vi cc ng dng thc y tr chuyn th tr yu cu t ming ti tai l t i hi cao hn so vi VOIP song cng ton phn. Mt khc, nhng ng dng ny t nhng yu cu cht ch trn vic thit t thi gian cho kt ni v tuyn. iu ny l bi v mi thi gian ngi s dng yu cu tr chuyn, h thng phi thit t mt kt ni v tuyn, thi gian lm iu ny trc tip nh hng n ngi dng kt ni ti cuc tr chuyn. 4.2 TR CHI THI GIAN THC C nhiu nhm tr chi mng, v cc nhm ny c yu cu khc nhau trn mng di ng, nhng yu cu ny ph thuc thi gian thit lp kt ni v tuyn v tui th ca pin. Di y l cc v d v cc nhm tr chi. Nhng tr chi hot ng thi gian thc. Nhng tr chi chin lc thi gian thc. Nhng tr chi chin lc trn nn quay.
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Yu cu cht ch nht l cc tr chi hot ng thi gian thc. Trong khi tc truyn theo bit ti a ca nhng tr chi hot ng nh vy him khi vt hn 100200 kbps v tc truyn theo bit trung bnh thng khong 10- 30 kbps. RTT yu cu tr in hnh 125-250ms cho nhng tr chi i hi cao nht. Do , HSPA s c kh nng h tr vic chi trn nn hot ng vi s np thc hin min l mng ngi dng cui kim sot tt. Yu cu tc d liu cho nhng tr chi hot ng thi gian thc thay i rt nhanh. HSPA c u im hn so vi Release 99 v tc d liu c th c p ng ngay lp tc. 4.3 LUNG TV DI NG Vic cung cp lung video c cht lng tt i vi mt mn nh di ng s dng b ly mu video gn y nht yu cu tc t 32 n 128 kbps ph thuc vo ni dung. a s nhng kiu ni dung mang dung lng 64 Kbps cht lng s tt.Cc mng WCDMA c th cung cp 64-128kbps vi cht lng rt tt. Tuy nhin, ci m HSPA mang l nhiu kh nng hn, m ln lt cho php th trng tc truyn theo bit cao ti nhng ngi dng cui. Nhng mng v tuyn trc th h 3G. th ch t c tc d liu 50- 200 kbps, trong khi 3G mng vi kh nng HSDPA c th cung cp nhng tc d liu ln ti 1 Mbps. Do , cc ng dng lung phi lm thch nghi tc phng tin truyn thng. S thch nghi tc phng tin truyn thng lung c h tr trong mt s thit b u cui, trong khi s h tr y ca 3 GPP tiu chun ha s thch nghi tc phng tin truyn thng c bao gm vo 3 GPP ln thnh phin bn R6. la chn tc phng tin truyn thng thch hp ngi phc v lung cn phi bit: Loi trm di ng no hng ti. Trong trng hp l mt thit b u cui vi nhng kh nng tc truyn theo bit hn ch, tc phng tin truyn thng cn phi tnh n nhng hn ch . Tc phng tin truyn thng ban u no cn phi c s dng c th trong mt mng 2G, v i khi n c th trong mt mng 3G Khi no tng hay gim bt tc phng tin truyn thng. Trong thc t, trm di ng v thng tin trao i ngi phc v v nhng kh nng ca h trc khi lung bt u. iu ny nh th no th bc 1 c gii quyt. S chn lc nhp phng tin truyn thng ban u kh khn hn. Trong mng ngy nay n da vo m hnh mng in thoi. Khi tc truyn theo bit ca cc gii php dch v c t trong nhng thit b u cui v cc mng WCDMA v

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HSPA ri tc truyn theo bit c th c s dng hng dn s chn lc nhp phng tin truyn thng ban u.

4.4 EMAIL Cc gi tr tr trong mng HSPA thng thp cho cc ng dng th in t. Thm ch nu ngi s dng khng ti cc file nh km hoc gi th in t, ng dng th in t dng gi tin nhn ti in thoi di ng: Tiu th v vi KB u tin ca mi email nhn c c y ti thit b u cui. Gi cc tin nhn hot ng c trao i gia my ch v thit b u cui. Kch thc ca cc tin nhn c gi l rt nh. Hnh 4.1 cho ta mt c lng tiu th cng sut ca in thoi di ng trn nhng tin nhn c gi li c mI 4 pht v nhn 0 50 tn nhn email 1 gi .

Hnh 4.1: c lng tiu th cng sut ca in thoi di ng. Vic gi cc tin nhn hot ng c mang trn cc knh RACH/FACH trong khi cc phn ca tin nhn- ca 1 vi KB- c mang trn HS-DSCH Vic tiu th cng sut ngun c trnh by trong hnh 4.1. Tiu th ngun ph thuc vo s lng tin nhn nhn c v cc thng s thit t trn mng
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v tuyn. Nu chng t gi s cc ng h 5-sec DCH v FACH 50 tin nhn 1 gi, thit b di ng chun l 53h s s dng 1000mAp cng sut pin. S tnh ton ny chng minh rng cc thng s trong ng dng y email tt trong mng v tuyn.

Hnh 4.2: Truy cp email t mobile s dng pin 1000-mAh. Nu trng thi PCH khng c s dng bi mng, UE c di chuyn t FACH ti trng thi ri v kt ni RRC c gii phng. Khi d liu ti ng xung t li mng 3G , kt ni RRC cn c chim gi. Kt ni RRC thit t cc th tc c th tng tiu th cng sut u cui v gim thi gian chun s dng pin. S dng trng thi PCH l c li t c thi gian chun s dng di.

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Chng 5 M PHNG V KT QU 5.1 S khi m phng Trong ti ny, ngi ngin cu s m phng s khi ca mt h thng HSDPA, m c th l m phng h thng c s dng cho mt user. S khi ca h thng m phng c cho hnh 5.1.

Hnh 5.1: s khi m phng. Hnh thc m phng c s dng l GUI lin kt vi simulink, m phng xc nh t l li khi tn hiu c truyn t ni pht n ni thu thng qua knh truyn nhiu AWGN, v cng cho ci nhn v s chm sao ca tn hiu iu ch 16QAM. 5.2 qu trnh m phng u tin, to mt d liu ngi dng l cc d liu s ngu nhin 0, 1 cc d liu ny s c chuyn sang lng cc trc khi c tri ph trc tip vi chui m gi PN. Tn hiu sau khi tri ph s c em i m ha dng m turbo,m turbo c dng y l s kt ni ni tip ca hai b m chp. Tn hiu sau m ha s c em iu ch vi loi iu ch l 16QAM, sau c pht i qua knh tryn nhiu l AWGN vi thng s SNR. Qu trnh bn thu s thc hin ngc li bn pha pht nhm thu li tn hiu ngi dng ban u.

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Hnh 5.2: s khi qu trnh thc hin. 5.3. Kt qu m phng M phng ny nhm xc nh t l l BER ca iu ch 16QAM, qu trnh tnh t l li nh sau: Pha pht pht mt lng thng tin qua pha thu thng qua knh truyn nhiu. Sau khi qua knh truyn, pha thu thu c tn hiu, so snh tn hiu thu c vi tn hiu pht xc nh s bit li v suy ra t l li ca h thng. Kt qu khi cha c knh truyn nhiu.

Hnh 5.3: kt qu BER khi khng c knh truyn nhiu. Theo kt qu ny ta thy, khi cha c knh truyn nhiu, vi 101 bit c pht ( Total bits), bn pha thu thu li c ton b, khng c s bit sai, nn tng s bit li ( Total Errors) l 0 v vy t l li ( BER ) l 0.

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Kt qu khi c knh truyn nhiu AWGN:

Hnh 5.4: kt qu BER khi khng c knh truyn nhiu. Theo kt qu ny ta thy, khi c knh truyn nhiu, vi 101 bit c pht ( Total bits), bn pha thu thu li s bit bn pha pht nhng c nhiu can vo nn s b li bn pha thu, nn tng s bit li ( Total Errors) l 39, n s thc hin qu trnh so snh gia bn thu v bn pht v tnh t s li, trong trng hp ny t l li ( BER ) l 0.3861. Trong qu trnh m phng ny, ta cng c th quan st c gin chm sao ca tn hiu iu ch 16QAM, ta s quan st chm sao ca 16QAM trong hai trng hp. Trng hp cha truyn qua knh truyn nhiu.

Hnh 5.5: chm sao 16QAM khi cha c nhiu AWGN.

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Trong trng hp ny ta thy, chm sao ca 16QAM l 16 im n nm theo hai trc, mt trc l In-phase v mt trc l Quadrature.

Trng hp ruyn qua knh truyn nhiu

Hnh 5.6: chm sao 16QAM khi cha c nhiu AWGN. Trong trng hp ny ta thy khi c nhiu, th mi im trn chm sao 16QAM khng phi l nhng im n c nh, m khi b nhiu can thip, cc tn hiu ny b nhe ra xung quanh, y chnh l nguyn nhn lm sai tn hiu pha thu. 5.4. Nhn xt Qu trnh m phng thc hin nh s khi ban u, chng trnh chy tt v ta cng quan st c cc tn hiu cn thit. 5.5. Kt lun v hng pht trin 5.5.1. u im ca ti ti i vo tm hiu su v cng ngh HSDPA, y l cng ngh di ng khng dy ang s dng kh ph bin hin nay.

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Vic m phng v knh truyn tn hiu cho 1 user gip hiu r hn cc k thut c p dng trong cng ngh HSDPA, c bit l iu ch - gii iu ch 16QAM v m ha Turbo. ti s l mt nh hng tt cho nhng ai mun nghin cu su hn v h thng di ng khng dy ang pht trin trong hin ti cng nh tng lai.

5.5.2. Nhc im ca ti ti ch mi nghin cu 1 s k thut c bn trong HSDPA nh AMC, HARQ m cha i su vo nghin cu cc k thut khc c s dng trong HSDPA. ti thc hin m phng vi hnh thc l simulink v ch mi m phng c qu trnh x l d liu cho 1 user nn thc cht cha hiu ton b quy trnh lm vic ca h thng. Vi hnh thc m phng l simulink th cn kh n gin nn s khng hiu su vn m phng, ch mi hiu r hnh thc bn ngoi ca n thng qua cc s khi c sn trong simulink. 5.5.3. Hng pht trin ca ti ti s l mt ti liu hay cho nhng ai am m nghin cu cng ngh khng dy th h tng lai, v vy ti c th pht trin v c ng dng trong lnh vc vin thng hin c s dng kh ph bin hin nay. T m phng qu trnh x l tn hiu cho 1 user, ti c th pht trin m phng cho nhiu use t c th thit k h thng HSDPA hon thin. ti c th m rng sang m phng bng cc hnh thc khc gip hiu r hn cc k tht s dng cng nh cng ngh HSDPA nh m phng bng GUI, Matlab. C th m rng m phng cng nh x l tn hiu vi cc k thut c s dng trong HSDPA nh m phng v HARQ, AMC hiu r hn giao thc HSDPA.

Chng 5: M Phng V Kt Qu

PHN C PH LC V TI LIU THAM KHO

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PH LC
Ph lc A: M ngun chng trnh M ngun chng trnh gm cc thnh phn sau: file Matlab c tn doan. file Simulink c tn AWGN. file Simulink c tn K_AWGN. file simulink c tn chomsao.

Tt c cc file trn u nm trong folder M NGUN trong a CD. Ph lc B: Hng dn s dng Sau khi khi ng phn mm Matlab, m file matlab c tn l doan.m. Nhn nt Run ( nt mu xanh) th chng trnh s xut hin mt giao din mi. T giao din , chn cc mc cn m phng c trnh by trn giao din, sau run v quan st kt qu.

Phn C: Ph Lc V Ti Liu Tham Kho

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TI LIU THAM KHO Tc gi

1. Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall,Johan Skold, Per Beming. 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband. Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved. 2007. 2. Harri Holma, Antti Toskala. WCDMA for UMTS HSPA for evolution and LTE. 2007. 3. Ts.Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. Cng ngh 3G WCDMA UMTS. 4. phm Hng Lin, ng Ngc Khoa, Trn Thanh Phng. MATLAB v ng dng trong vin thng. Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TP.HCM. 2006. Trang wed 1. www.book360.net 2. www.dtvt.org 3. www.google.com

Phn C: Ph Lc V Ti Liu Tham Kho