DifferentBranches OfLinguistics
M.A English-NUML (2011-2013)Linguistics & LiteratureS.M.Jamaal-021
Linguistics Tree
.
Linguistics
MicroLinguistics orCore LinguisticsMacroLinguistics
Neuro-Linguistics
SyntaxMorphologyVariationalLinguistics
ComputationalLinguistics
Lexicology &SemanticsContrastiveLinguistics
G r a m m a r
Phonetics &PhonologySociolinguisticsDiscourseAnalysisText LinguisticsStylistics
Dialectology
SociolinguisticsEthnolinguistics
SocvHsoc/Daoc&cmpav
appled vsgeneral/heoretcal
Approaches to Language
Prescriptivism
Prescriptivists believe thatEnglish is governed by a set frules which dictate a
‘proper’ & ‘correct’ use of
language.
They believe that if the ‘rules’
are not obeyed, the speaker
or writer is ‘wrong’.
The form of English they see
as ‘correct’ has a high social
prestige
—
it is associated withformal written & spokenlanguage & is used indictionaries, grammar, books& language handbooks.
Descriptivism
Descriptivists observelanguage as it is spoken or written in different situations.
They aim to describe theways in which languagevaries according to the user,the use & the context.
Descriptivists recognise theneed for a standard form oflanguage as a point ofcomparison. Although theybelieve that some usage is
‘wrong’ (I in live town the),
they are more interested indescribing variations from
the standard as ‘non
-
standard’ than as ‘incorrect’.
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