1
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)
Produced during fermentation
3 major VFAs
AcetateCHCOOH
PropionateCH
3
CH
2
COOH
ButyrateCH
3
CH
2
CH
2
COOH
Acetate
Metabolized by rumen epithelium toketones(acetone, acetoacetate,
β
-hydroxybutyrate)
Not utilized by liver
Acetate utilization
Important as a precursor to de novofatty acid synthesis
Adipose
Lactating mammary gland
Oxidized via TCA
Activated to acetyl CoA
Used by skeletal muscle, kidneys, andheart for energy
Acetate utilization
Dependent upon
Energy balance
GeneratesCOandHOi.e.ATPwheninlow
energy balance
Used for fatty acid synthesis when animal is inhigh energy balance
Arterial concentration
Tissue uptake is directly related to rate of rumen fermentation [blood concentration]
Propionate
Utilized by rumen epithelium
Important as a precursor for
Propionate metabolism
GlucoseOAA TCA CyclePropionatePropionyl CoA Methylmalonyl CoA uccny o
Coenzyme B
12
Biotin, Mg
++
ATP AMP + 2 Pi ATP ADP + PiCoA
2
Butyrate
Metabolized by rumen epithelium toketonebodies (acetoacetate,
β
-hydroxybutyrate)
Later metabolized in liver
Hepatic metabolism of VFA
RumenPortalvein
Acetate5070
Liver
Acetate
Peripheralblood
PropionateButyrateGlucose3-hydroxybutyrate2010101
3-OHbutyrateGlucoseCO
2
4
Lipogenesis
Non-ruminants
from glucose
from acetate and butyrate
Glycerol
from glucose and glycerol
Fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acids are built 2 carbons at a time
Limit is 16 carbons
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
Fatty acid synthase
Formation of malonyl CoA
CO
2
acetyl CoA malonyl CoA ATP ADP + Piacetyl CoA carboxylaseon
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