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.3 <*' UNTXFINXNHFZRFXQNWT :N[WXNIFI I QFLF UXFINXNHTHTRINHRQ UK[IZZ^XFINXINFLW UK[IZZ^XFINXLQTXFWNTR UZZXKNHWTXIFTX :N[WXNIFI I -ZQ[F I IFQZHvF 67 ----------------------- Page 68----------------------QTXFWNT XNHT I rWR NTX XFIvXNHTX Doctor ALEJANDRO TOLEDO MANRIQUE Presidente Constitucional de la Repblica PRESIDENCIA DEL CONSEJO DE MINISTROS INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADISTICA E INFORMATICA Doctor PEDRO PABLO KUCZYNSKI Presidente Seor FARID MATUK J efe Seor FRANCISCO COSTA APONTE Sub-Jefe de Estadstica Seora LUPE BERROCAL DE MONTESTRUQ UE Directora Tcnica del Centro de Investigacin y Desarrollo LEY DE ORGANIZACION Y FUNCIONES DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADISTICA E INFORMATICA DECRETO LEGISLATIVO N 604 Artculo 1 Los Sistemas Nacionales de Estadstica e Informtica tienen p or finalidad asegurar, en los respectivos campos, que sus actividades se desarrollen en forma integrada, coordinada y racionalizada y bajo una normatividad tcnica comn, contando para ello con autonoma tcnica y gestin. Artculo 2 nformtica: ficial. b. Coordinar, integrar y racionalizar las actividades d e Estadsticas e Informtica y c. Promover la capacitacin, investigacin y desarrollo Son objetivos de los Sistemas Nacionales de Estadstica e I a. Normar las actividades de estadstica e informtica o

de las actividades de Estadstica e Informtica. Artculo 3 tica e Informtica Los mbitos de competencia de los Sistemas Nacionales de Estads son: a. Del Sistema Nacional de Estadstica Los levantamientos censales, estadsticas contnuas, las e ncuestas por muestreo, las estadsticas de poblacin, los indicadores e ndices en general, las cuentas nacionales y regionales, los esquemas macroestadstico s, anlisis e investigacin. Corresponde a ste las tareas tcnicas y cientficas que se desarrollan con fines de cuantificar y proyectar los hechos econmicos y sociales para producir las estadsticas oficiales del pas. 68

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