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The Hesperian Foundation
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k jCG R~ jE G Sha jh .S dG jW Y dG `a R~jEG ShH HQCG
.I~j~Y SC ~G `a cCG YH qd .AdGh LdG H G SQ
j~G `a S dG , G S Y H `a R~jEG ShH HG qdZ
O~Y e G SQ EG H GQ~q G e~e e g G~dG
e dG jh .AcdG e cCG HEG e~ j j dG S dG)
fG eh .Y c ~G EG SdG (jhdG e Yh G Z GQ ~q G
Lq G e ,~G EG SdG e ~je e G SQ j dG L dGh
cCG YH R~jEG Sha j CG GDS Gg qGE ?dP ~j c .LdG
.dH BG Y g `a S d a . HhCG SGQO Y
H j dG e We
hCG L dG e G SQ j dG L dG e ` q e aq J `a F T
Sha QfH aq dG g Jh .Ke
q HEH GQ~q G j jdG UTCG
qGE j R~jEG Sha qGC ZQ Gd .SdG e YG g H cCG YH R~jEG
qj qe jH R~jEG ShH Hj jdG UTCG f qEa ,IO~q H
.d kJ
VGh ~G
?R~jEG ShH G g e
22
?R~jEG ShH G g e
R~jEG Shah G
j G AKCa .W I~H R~jEG Sha QfG e G ~jJ CG
NBG Ve q GC hCG R~jEG ShH HG OG jh .NBG EG e e OG
.I~j~G G EG G jW Y j
e~N qbJ qfeEG j dPh .Gh GOdG OG Lj e kdZ
c .R~jEG ShH qG qqdG jYdGh UdGh IQG ~J e
.ZEG Y GOdGh G kfMCG
~b UG Lh Y LdG qC Gk fh .SCG q Jh gCG j ,G AKCGh
GhdG e qYLG GOdG e kjCG qj , dG EG bj hCG oj
.e fj Y jT e cCG LhdGh GhRCG qj ~bh .Gh
jdG IQOe EG Gh G a~j ,JfGMh JH SdG ~j e~Yh
WJ EG SdG a~j e SCdGh dG G e kdZh .~G `a jd kW
UTCG EG R~jEG Sha QfG q J GqdG gh .AdG SQh GQ~q G
.G b ShdG e eBG Gfc Q
Gh ~j~dG GVG j e~a .IG Y SdG QaCG G qJ
`a ,GS ~H EG j fC R~jEG Sha dG CH b hOj ,SdH
.~dG `a J ~b HdG hCG UUdG qCG M
G g q S ~bh .qHZh G~ZhCG q HL `a M bh ,qdG NhCG `a
`a Lc j hCG AGa hCG jOq e SdG e dG qNh .R~jEG Sha QfG
,O~G LdGh ,MdG e MdG FS h~bh OG fG eh .UdG
e H 25h 10 H e c ,qdG SGhCG `ah .YH R~jEG Sha fG
W e e cCG qJ c ,R~jEG ShH He G~ZhCG We H `a qdG
.R~jEG Sha H
?R~jEG ShH G g e
24
25
?R~jEG ShH G g e
26
Ld eG~SG ee
IQhV g j CG hO OQGG
:QG qJ d ,G d
EG O J ~ b q dG G j~ dG
.OQGd Q~gh qS GQGb
jdG `a Qjf j~e `a
Y jLCG SGQO qH ,I~G
qGC HE H GQ~q G W e
.R~jEG Sha j HEG QJ
UTCG e H 70 f ch
GQ~q fCG j jdG
He qdG qH e H 1 e qbCG qGC M `a ,R~jEG ShH He
`a UN
q eGd dG `a SdG c SGQO ~YS ~bh .R~jEG ShH
`a c EG .HEH GQ~q G We H R~jEG Sha QfG bd dh
Vh UN
q LH ~G a ,R~jEG ShH He HEH GQ~q G We e b
c Jh ,G HEG QJ W Y GQ~q G e~e EG ~q d efH
qf~J Y dP j CG h .f I~j~L HEH eCG GPEG g~jhJh ,HEG qj
ih~dH HEH GQ~q G We e j M J .R~jEG ShH ih~dG
.Y GC ~J d
JSGQO Y SGh AGG CSG
d a AGLEG dG e ?e ~H `a R~jEG ShH HG O~Y f c
hQ~q jh Y SdG j ,dP e k~H .~H CG `a G SdG
e H 10 qGE AG j e~Yh .cCH qdG e HG jG dG g e
GDS hCq Gh .SCG H j CG j ,R~jEG ShH He e e `a SdG
O~Y c jh SdG H dH j T g g ?zdP j e{ ,g j
jdG e .SGQ~dG AGLEG q c Y CSG ?dH j T qfGC CG ,HG
CG qLG e ,dc eCG c EG ?Ic j~e `a kSfCG a Gfc gh ?Goa
e `a ~G qS qC ,cCH G `a q G bdG e YCG bdG j
UTCG QYCG fc g .R~jEG ShH HUEd kVq J cCG g dG AfCG
qC j fOCG j~dG j CG Lq G e ,dc c EG ?dG J UG
`a g e HUEG MG Y R~jEG ShH HUEG MG qj dG a SdG
.SCG WGh Gk QM c Gd ,Gj~dG Y ~J HhCG SGQO e qGE .jdG
?R~jEG ShH G g e
28
S ` e SCG Y HLEG
?R~jEH HUEG e f YCG j~d dG ~dG g eh ?Ie hC R~jEG ~Lho jCG{
OG eh ?dG hCG VdG jW Y j R~jEG Sha qGC f ch
G~fGhQ UY `a j jdG ddG e H 30 qGE dj e~Y kqM
?zR~jEG ShH He
?R~jEG ShH G g e
HGdG dG
SGQ~dG dCG
jdG `a
IN I~G
?G~
v L
SdG CG
QGdG `a vM
?R~jEG H
HG ~Lj jCG
?R~jEG ShH
J d b
G dG We `a R~jEG Sha
R~jEG Shah AdGh LdG
idG AGdG L jaEG
jQdG eh JdG ceCG
HdG HhQhCGh ddG ceCG
SdG SBGh bdG HhQhCG
J d SCG Y HLEG
J d b
g~dGh Hj M ,dG Sh `a c b IU I~H `a dW J d
.H `a WdG eG N~d NGh SQ~G `a ~q Lh SQO ~d .dG
Ra INCG S `ah .jfEG dG U `a hCG fch eG `a bJh
q
,kY Gk QhS dH J d q S .I~G jdG `a jfEG SGQ~d
.G~v L IN ceCG `a SGQ~dG{ .dH d dG e FN fc j~dGh dh
ce `a J CG ~jf fCG c ?R~jEG H QGdG `a vM SdG CG
G O .zG~v L FT R~jEG M JdG ceCGh jaEG e eJ e d
a e `a dG edG fCG dCJ CG Qa .f J d `a
.G
30
G dG We `a R~jEG Sha
jdG jh .2002 S `a j c R~jEG ShH T 14000 f j c
j e~Y .dG e G WG `a HUEG ch R~jEG ShH Hj
SQ UTCG ~Y ih~dG GfCG e ~ ,e ~H `a Ie hC R~jEG Sha
jdG H hCG ;jT e cCG e S ,Qq e H feCe Z jH G
UTCG ADg qjh .~dG dEG of jdG SdG hCG ,GQ~H fCG j
HUEd dY W Vq e d ,cCH dG e IU je f
J a ,MG g `a ddG ceCGh .AHd IqG MG g g .ih~dH
FcTh GQ~H f CG j e H R~jEG ShH HUEG e
.LdG e G SQ jdG LdG Hh , G
H `a YH dP ~jh .bdG Qh jNBG EG J HUEG CG Z
AGdG L jaEG `a YH R~jEG Sha fG ,G S Y .MCG
W Yh ,R~jEG ShH e O f jW Y dG edG H idG
.NBG EG e ih~dG haGh MdG FS f M ,MdG W
Hj gh ,S 25 Y gQYCG J R~jEG ShH HG e ,dG
EG .Lhe
q e ch ,LdGh AdG H G JG N e ih~dH
e kdZh .ddG ~Y H 30 Y ~G e c `a ~jj gh m Y ih~dG ~q e
OLh Y bh e G~H `a dG Gg T jh .R~jEG ShH ~dGG j
.g INCe Me `a R~jEG Sha AHh jh .a R~jEG Sha
e INCGh IG MGG c `a I~j~G VGeCG qd dH dG
~H gh ,G~ZhCG a .G~dG e ~j~dG `a W AfCG EG H .R~jEG Sha AHh
C R~jEG ShH O~G HG O~Y fG ,AHdG e INq C e Me `a
`ah .QG qjh Fbh eGH hj~j eGh dG edGh YG
q
bGdG G~SG{ M OCG ,AHdG e INq C e Me `a NBG ~H gh ,~jJ
N EG G `a edG H cdG bGdG G~SG jhd z100% cdG
fG ,I~G jdG `ah .G `a QcdG dG H I~j~G HUEG O~Y
~e `a GQ~H fCG j e H R~jEG ShH O~G HG O~Y
.(12 dG fG) HEG OJh dG eGd f IO~q
AdG e g e 2 ,R~jEG ShH ~j~L T e 5 UCG ,2002 S `a
,jbdG `a IOjR h~Hh ,2010 S jH .WCG e 800^000h
fS ADg eh .ShdH GUCG ~b Gfj CG T e HQCGh
dG `a T e 30 e cCG .dG `a kJ bCG G~dG `a j
.R~jEG ShH He fCH j dG
Cd HdG R~jEG efH b e dG Gg `a e~G eG L
hCG R~jEG ShH HUEG G O~d Gj~J bQCG eh .I~G
31
% 20
e T
R~jEG ShH
Gg `a SdG e H 50
ShH He ~dG
% 50
32
HG WCGh ddG
R~jEG ShH HG
G
29^ 400 ^000
AGdG L jaEG
6^000 ^000
SBG bT Lh L
1^500 ^000
JdG ceCG
1^200 ^000
ddG ceCG
1^200 ^000
HdG HQhQhCG
980 ^000
AiOdG Gh SBG T
570 ^000
jQdG
550 ^000 ShCG dGh jaEG T
420 ^000
SdG SBGh bdG HhQhCG
15^000
G~jRfh dGSCG
42 ^000 ^000
LEG
HQhQhCG
HdG
ceCG
qddG
ceCG
JdG
T
jaEG
SBG bT
SdGh
SBG L
SBG bT Lh
jaEG
L
AGdG
dGSCG
G~jRfh
:jaCG
11^035^000
:SBG
1^827^000
JdG ceCG
:jQdGh
578^000
HG ddG f
R~jEG ShH
% 58
AGdG L jaEG
% 55 ShCG dGh jaEG T
% 36
SBG bT Lh L
% 27
SdG SBGh bdG HhQhCG
%24
SdGh SBG bT
%7
G~jRfh dGSCG
% 25
HdG HQhQhCG
% 20
ddG ceCG
% 30
JdG ceCG
% 50
jQdG
% 50 dG SG
AGdG L jaEG
Y jdG dG S e AGdG L jaEG `a R~jEG Sha ~Lj
S `ah .G J `a dG `a R~jEG ShH HG K jh .bCG
c ,2002 S .f je 3^5 R~jEG ShH kj~M HG O~Y c ,2001
, fG J H `ah .Sh d H H e j aGC L `a T j e 5 g
.1997h 1992 S H R~jEG ShH HG QcdG f YJ
BG ih~dG ~e CG eh .~G S Y R~jEd cCG KCdG c ,AHdG jG~H `a
.ddG `a Iqae Z jYdG M jdG EG ShdG fG ~a ,~G `a YCG g
.AGdG L jaEG `a R~jEG ShH He ICGeG e 17 e cCG g
ShH He HH ~jH H `a eGG e %59 fc ,1996 S `ah
H ,j~aGdG edG e Ic f J dG HR G~H i~MEG `ah .R~jEG
AdG je C Gk fh .1995 S `a %70 R~jEG ShH HG eGG f
a .kjCG He ~dGG e dG Ea ,R~jEG ShH He jaEG `a
?R~jEG ShH HG ~Lj jCG
34
SBG bT Lh L
dG J FGhCG `a SBG bT Lh L `a QfH R~jEG Sha GC ~H
YH OGORG HG O~Y d ,dG We H Y NCe bh gh .jdG
bT Lh L `a R~jG ShH T e UCG 2002 S N .Ic
H ,~dH ,eH `a 1995 S `ah .VG e T je S j SBG
iNCG VGeCH HG LdG e H 30 f R~jEG ShH HG f
HG eGG f OGORG ,~dH ,hOf eJ jh `ah .G jW Y J
ShH HG dG O~Y JQGh .1991h 1989 S H %400 R~jEG ShH
e je 5 h 3 H e BG ~Ljh .a 1993 S `a %25 ~dG `a R~jEG
f OGOREG ~a C Wj dG `a AHdG QfCG CG h~j ,~dG `a R~jEG ShH
.2002 S e hCG dG `a %17 GH R~jG ShH I~j~G HUG
e H R~jEG ShH HG O~Y `a Gk QfG ,~jJ UY ,fH ~T
c ,1988 jj/dG fc a .fdG NGhCG `a GQ~H fCG j
f H ZCG /BG `ah ,R~jEG ShH He GQ~q G We e %3
`a edG H R~jEG ShH HG O~Y JQG ~jJ Sh `ah %32 HG
750 000 e cCG vdM ~Ljh .1994 S %35 EG 1990 S %13 e G
HUEG ~q e CG Z .(QcdG qdG e %2) ~jJ `a R~jEG ShH e
S `a ,G S a .~jJ `a BG bj NCG R~jEG ShH I~j~G
Hh ,R~jEG ShH He G N~j jdG LdG e %12 c ,1992
dG dG EG dG Gg e AL Ljh %8 EG dG fG ,1994 S
.eGh G G H J dG dG
36
J d SCG Y HLEG
?R~jEG H QGdG `a vM SdG CG .Gv~L IN ceCG `a SGQ~dG{
JdG ceCGh jaEG e eJ e d ce `a J CG ~jf fCG c
.zGv~L FT R~jEG M
37
eG dG
fCG ~SCG CG j gh
HUEG qd bGdG LhRh
?R~jEH NBG f~MCG
UCG CG g
J e R~jEH
CG QG qhdG Z
?qceCGh
SdG j c
?R~jEG Sha q
IQSG
G dG
dhCG b
q
dGh R~jEG Sha
cS J `a SdG I~Ye
R~jEG Shah q VdG qJG
R~jEG Shah G
G jW Y R~jEG Sha f qf c
R~jEG Sha QfG Y qKD J iNCG eGY
dhCG SCG Y HLEG
rdhCG b
q
~je NCG ,gOH SG ~H .HRhCG `a ~H ~a `a eON dhCG J
Gk fh .R~jEG M I~q Y Y QNCG g fGh ,~W EG haj fLCG e
U c `ah .dH dhCG T ,fLCG j M ~dG Z qJ qfC
J e R~jEH UCG CG g{ ,dCJh eSG e Y q ,kjJ
qd bGdG LhRh fCG ~SCG CG j gh ?qceCGh CG QGhdG
q Z
?zR~jEH NBG f~MCG HUEG
38
dGh R~jEG
HG ~q V dG SQ Q R~jEG Sha j c cQ~j jdG SdG
HUEG e aj fC dOY Z jH fej Q qfGC CG ,ShdG GH
R~jEG ShH HG SdG e Y ~q V dG ~j h .ShdH
,G `a edG e ,R~jEG ShH HUEG qLJ e ~q V jCG EGh ,a
Y SdG J qE a Gd .fLCG e R~jEG ShH He qfCH C N ~j hCG
Y J j c ,ShdG e j R~jEG Sha Qf qG dG
.d IQhV dG dG e G H j dG dG
qch G SQ AKCG R~jEG Sha j CG c dG Gg j
Sha f iNCG dG dG dG j Sh .d feCG SQG
.R~jEG
cS J `a SdG I~Ye
.cS J jW Y R~jEG ShH HUEG Ua e SdG qj CG
WEG g a aq j dG jdG J Y SdG I~Ye `a GG qgCGh
G~gCG j e kdZh .gVh d H qj ~MCG a .dG `a ZdG
g qdG G SQ ~Y ,G S Y .IdG e SCG IdG
Z dP qd ,G jW Y R~jEG ShH HUEG qd SCG jdG
,jhdG e ,G jW Y GQ~q G G~SG bhh .SdG q bGh
qbdG GQ~q G Wj e qc j d ,R~jEG Sha qd iNCG jW
~Y e cCG SdG j SCG dG f IU GH dG qE a Gd .Y
M EG q G bGdG G~SG SdG J EG eCG H j Qh .qdG dG
Y Goj CG EG Iq e IOq HEG J hCG ,FcT ah a
.GQ~q G G~SG
j ~a .d eBG SQG `a QG AG i~d j MCG H `a
SQ ~Y LhR e dG ICGG SH j ~bh ,dG Z G bGdG
Sha qd kbW J e~Y NBG dG hX `a qa .jNBG e G
Gfj CG ch R~jEG Sha QfG qc Y SdG EG ~q h .R~jEG
f H ej dG ddG IG CH JGQGb PJG `a g~Yj da ,eC
.SCG IM EG UdG
.Gq e I~q Y feCG Z SQG AG Qq j ~bh .qT eCG dG J qEG
.eCG Z dG J dh Y SdG J HJh ,SCJ
39
40
R~jEG Shah G
eh AdG EG LdG e j CG h .G N e R~jEG Sha j
AG NCj ~b .LdG Hh AdG H kjCG j CG h .LdG EG AdG
CG h .R~jEG Sha j qd ae h~j q L jT e R~jEG Sha
a GQ~q G We hCG G `a edG T CG R~jEG ShH j
G Y ~q dG
dP qj CG jh .dP Y K~q j qd G SQ SdG e c
`a AcdG Yh .R~jEGh (dG YG RdG Sha) R~jEG Sha H
SQ b R~jEG Sha Y ~q dGh .H ej q Y ~q dG G SQ
eCH SdG qj e kdZ .(!gAKCG hCG) g~H Y ~q dG e H aCG G
.qG FcT e Y j~G e YfH hj qd R~jEG Sha
Lh Y dP jh .IOY MGdH jdG `a Y K~q j jdG j Sh
.ih~dG CH dG j M UG
SdG L dG eh .FcT e G Y ~q dG qc SdG J
Mjh kqMh kL kVh NCj qfC H dG jh .TdG `a q
.(Y OG dG fG) q G Ad SdG j
q gh .dG Y
dG SdG Y dG e j ~b . dj c SdG J GQG qgCG e
Zj qfGC Y aEG `a e e fj ~bh .G SQ h~jj qfGE
b e H QdG FdG eh .L h~H YG~G h~jj hCG ,a b `a
.ATCG g
`a Gk ~e dG j CG h .kM ~jj e j CG `a qG T qd qd
dh kjCG fCGh
GPEG d
bGdG J
cdG
`a kqM ZQCG
G SQ
dG e
.kG~e dG j CG
?R~jEG Sha q SdG j c
42
J c :adG GQe
Gfj e~Y z{ Gdd G~dG H `a SdG e~SG W dEG
iNCG W `a dG hCG dG g G~SG .G SQ `a ZGQ
.J M J
NBG dG fG dEG
hCG SG e~SG
Y `a fG
zSG{ :b
: b
z b {: dG e~SEG
keRM kJU ~SEG
a pL j Vh JEG
:iNG M `ah
:G SQ Y Vo GPEG
H b
NBG AH dG bG
G QOZ
: d iNCG W
G ~SG
Y dG j da ,G SQ Gk c qj n :CSG
~jJ e QGJ UGh
kq e eCG `a dG ~jJ qfC H jT HCG
:f Y MJ SCG
?d Vq JCG g
?QGb PJG b eG e ~je EG MCG g
?G `a bG Gg q d S e g
. d kbW SdG J
?zR~jEG ShH UCG CG hO G SQeCG CG c{ ,SdG Cj e kdZ
SQe ~a .G SQ AKCG kFGO ShdG hj R~jEG ShH HG
Gj CG hO Gq e I~q Y q L mGh h~H G R~jEG ShH HG H
I~MGh Iq e G GSQe R~jEG ShH HG Hh .FcT EG ShdG
Ljh .dP ~j c qb~dG Lh Y ~MCG j h .FcT EG ShdG Gfh
a .bdG e jh Jj AG ~Y ShdG c qGC EG dG e fL
gf Ua J qG SQG GfCG H qGC g dG e NBG fG
aj G SQG e f q GC a EG .iNCG GfCG e YCG R~jEG Shd
43
G a
J ,AGdG `a j~f b J e~Y
f GP hG LdG Gg Y WS Ua
f j dP QG Z Yh . a b G e O~ Y
WCG f f qC H ,qG hCG ,MG
QcdG e f S e I~ H `a j OdG
EG g qG dj eh .fEG e fh
.kq U CG kH ~S q e ICGeG fc
qGC e fdG d `a SdG j
`a Gk ~ MGh j i dG I FG H Q q M
dG YQGG jh . a 100000
I~ q L IQq ~ e J C H qG Y dq jh
H c j h . J e~ Y d
H GQ q dG hCG G F dG U TCG
Ua fc d M ,OGG e G
CH GQGb f e~Y qG CH qf j c `ah .kG~q L V dP h~M
MG Y J G SQ qCG g UTCG H a qj e d .JM
qGC g QdGh .IFL HQ EG Oq D j ~b fj bQh AGT qGC e ,R~jEG Sha f
.H iNCGh ShH z{ gG~MEG
44
:N
L dG
ASG
d~dGh dGh dG
qdG
ke j~G eJ
46
47
feCG G SQ
SQ qcJ
G
feCG
48
fGC GaG
e GJh
dG
dGh
IqK~Gh
49
G e k~H dG G SQ Y SdG J .G SQ
g Ja .dG G e k~H ~jCH NBG g~MCG ee hCG ,q LdG hCG q G
.R~jEG ShH AG HUEG N qj GQG
G SQ AKCG iNCG fGGh bGdG G~SG
c H j gh .LdG b a Vj qG e q W ~Z q cdG bGdG
hCG G
q
G AKCG eG~SG h .q G jdG L q G NO hO j
h G hO ,f bdG `a H bGdG J .q dG hCG q LdG
dG e G jW Y dG iNCG VGeCGh R~jEG Sha QfG
.jr n o dGh IqK~Gh dGh
H a .kGc ~Yj q d ,G edG j q cdG bGdG G~SG qEG
~Yjh ,FdG q H j e dG Y dj hCG q cdG bGdG q j MCG
.G g q `a U H bGdG G~SG qJ
zfCG{ bGdG
J .z fCG{ bGdG g ~ j~ L mGh Gk Nq D e Uo
SQ b G NGO q fC G bG dG ICGG
J ICGG qCG q fCG bG dG I eh .G
q cP mGh AG~JQG LdG e J CG hO eG~SG
Sha QfG hO q fCG bGdG jh .b Y
G jW Y dG iNCG VGeCGh R~jEG
qCG Z .q c dG bG dG QG Z Y , G hOh
`a qae Zh dG Je qfGC `a J G
.ceCG e ~j~dG
qfCG bGdG
50
aQGh jH dG aG .1
cdG bGdG
bGdG SCGQ Y VG .3
e AGdG GNE cdG
51
52
53
J SH j ~b d ,G SQ Y eG SdG Y dG e
jdG e ~j~dG ICGG hd c EG .eCG Z G SQ Gq e O~Y
.q cdG bGdG AG~JQG LhR e dG Y MJ CG ,G QN
jdG Hh .LhR e SQ dG G Ge O~Y e qJ CG kjCG h
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54
55
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CG g
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56
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57
58
R~jEG Sha
60
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62
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65
66
67
68
70
71
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79
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CH d j~q e ddG `a SdG j ,kU j ~b dG AGLEG QGb
EG SdG j dG AGLEG VYh .Wd Vq j dG cS J
hCG G jW Y dG VGeCG Y e ,iNCG R~jEG Sha e~N
.qYLG e~G hCG ISCG J
,dG QX ~H Y N Vh ,R~jEG Sha d SdG N b
GPeh ?G S ch ?hS e ?S GPe .qHjEG CG qS fc AGS
ShdG f qS c ,R~jEG ShH He Gfc EGh ?JM `a qS
j ch ,d j CG j e e J CG ?jNBG SfCG EG
.dG ~H dG e ~je ~J jh .R~jEG Sha LG ch ,dG
qj da .AGdG Y ~Hh dG b ,ke GhRCG f ~G e j ~b
qfMCG ijh .dG FH j GPeh R~jEG Sha Y j~G Y LhdG
,kG~e j ~b dP qGC ZQ d .bd Gk aJ Y `a dG b dG
G f d Y G `a q T SCG IQ KE Gk OG~ SG bGC S dG j ~ b
.jT e hCG gO
EG H JCG dG e{ e dG q G GDdG .G `a dd q e e~q G
SCG J CG h .Sd ~q e qfGC j z?e~NCG CG c{ hCG z?g
SG .R~jEGh R~jEG Sha Y dG ae a `a ~YJ kM Gk ~j~ cCG
.JLMGh qN J
q d bdG eGh .SCGh dG h EG jH
Y T c CSG .R~jEG Sha Y qSSCG FG H dP ~H
q ch ?R~jEG ShH SdG j c{ :R~jEG Sha Y aj
J `a bdG Q~j dHh ?{R~jEG Sha e SdG V GPh ?R~jEG Sha
Y I~j~L QaCG d UdG kjCG dP jh .dH dG aj AT
`a ~Yj da ,qJ e QGJ dG e WG ,dP ~Hh .R~jEG Sha
EG SGh iNCG SCG j~d c EG Qq e H CSG .J e a c EG ae
kfMCGh .q e Ye hCG SCG IQKEG `a ~Yj e kdZ a ,~qL dG .HLEG
.AdG jf `a AG h cCG QoJ
87
fqbj e aj SdG L
iS qj dG qGC Sd TG
e 5
I~MGh IU e ,~dG e dG
jh .(G e N) a
YH ~dG e dG g U G
R~jEG d RdG ~dG QG~e j e j CG j G d ,I c
.~dG S ~H dH d
jCG H QfG Y c GPa .dG J CG b hS c SdG YCG
(qaJ GPEG) JdG hCG ~jdG ~J .Hd Gk ~Ye q Y ,YSCG hCG SCG hCG
H `a dG f EG j ,IOdG EG SdG JCj e~a .dG AYE
e~G Y ee Gqj CG kjCG h .JDhJ Y CG YGO
f jdH ~YGG ~j~ jh .R~jEG ShH He Gfc EG dEG IqaG
Y .S hCG q HjEG Ff J
G
fB
Oj ~bh ~YG W j
.UdG Ff qd SdG
f
a
G
E
R~j
f
a
G
R~jE
SG
IQ
b E G a
R~j
f
a
G
E
j
R~
q UG
.R~jEG hCG R~jEG ShH He qfGC oj e~Y fEG hO SdG ej ~b
GPEG jh .qeJ qjq H R~jEG Sha CH eG CG j ,dP Hh
.dG edG qGE Y qj H eBG e `a qdG qdG M eCG
e ~j~ `a qJ CG jh .dG e oj e `a IQSG AGLEG jh
~Yj da .R~jEH UG
VGeCH hCG R~jEG ShH dG S `a j
q
~bh ae EG H LM UTCG EG dG Y eG QfG q `a
.~q V dG SQ
fG) dP j eh qjq dH S a Ff fc EG UTCG HEG j
. CG d AG N QGb Y qKD J ~b eG M ja .(HdG dG
dG e
~Yj da .dG AGLEG b VH d f c e J j
.a H dG J e~Y kM TdG
q q `a
j CG h .R~jEG ShH e dG qGC J d qHjEG dG
?R~jEG Sha a LCG g
88
.e GS b M ` N S `a QT e~Y VG `a bh CG `a UCG
,R~jEG ShH e Z dG qGC :T ~MCG qdG dG J CG h
j L qGC h (IadG Ia) HSCG I~q Y b ih~dH UCG dG qGC hCG
g .INCG HSCG `a jH qj CG dG CSG .~H IOq e keLCG
SG
c
dG
bGdG
IH q
.~dG S b G dG Ff e a
q
FdG QfG
S ~H dG EG SdG j ~b
.dG Ff
89
dG ~H dG
a f d IOdG EG BG jW `a QfG e YSCG ~H qfGC QJ
q
q SdG Y S Qh .d dCG LdG jDhQ `a eCJh .R~jEG Sha
dG e .IOdG H J e~Y qJdH J .YSCG b Y L dG f
q Y AJ gh ?dG f g e AJ g ?dG g `a H qJ
EG AJ gh ?JM QNCG qS c AJ gh ?dG H S
?J qGC aCG e c
fc EG .QNCG EG Sd kYGO kfe dG ~H IQSG ~Ye qaj
dG W N W Y GDd bdG dG eCG j qS dG
UdG dG eCG j kqHjEG dG c EGh .G `a R~jEG Sha
.qdG QNCG q `a ~Yjh R~jEG Sha Y j e EG ~q d
q HjEG a Ff J jdG UTCG f
j qdG QNCG qC ,qHjEG dG f qC H g~MCG HEG dG e
CG dH qbj qHjEG a f J jdG UTCG e qGC Z .f
dG Q~dH Le qHjEG dG J ~bh ,R~jEG ShH GUCG Gfj
aCG HdG j da ,dG H g~MCG HE b e
q .qJ
CH jH dH dP Y h .d N dG dh d dH
.AG a IOq Q Y S eh dS e
G AaEG
SCGh ZG g e YGh .d G e a qj c Y AG CSG
I~j If ~SG .gj dG SCG Y ~q d `adG bdG eG.j~d dG
d N dG R~jEG Sha a f qGE { ,WH J ~b .dG J e~Y
j CG Ad dG h I~jG IdG J .a IOq Q fG K ,zqHjEG
qHjEGh qdG FdG Y a OhOQ I~q Y Sd jh .Y Oq dG e k~H SMCG
.dEG j e ah YSh QGG If O~q j T c O ddh .AGdG Y
hCq G dG Oq Q
J ~b R~jEG ShH e qfGC ae ~H AG J ~b dG hCG YG
,eCG Gd SdG e Yj .fdGh SCdGh Gh Gh dGh QfEG
?R~jEG Sha a LCG g
90
91
92
93
f
dG
S
:
SN SCG Y HLEG
dG bdG e ?R~jEG Sha a LCG e c O S EG L g{
GPeh ?R~jEG ShH kHe c EG LhR HEG qY gh ?dG QX bj
?zJSCG J
94
95
96
SdG dG
CG g
~b JM J
HUEG `a qJ
?R~jEH HG
CH aCG GPe
dG SEG
?HG UCG
9
CG c
kT fCG
?Y k``
r rjOhGoC b
q
dGh q dG
qj~dGh qadG G~G
jq ObGh Yq LG fG
qKEG
dG
qG SQG
q G Lq dG
dGh GQ~q G WJ
dG
jOhCG SCG Y HLEG
r jr OhoCG b
q
HQCG j~dh HJcfG d gY e KdGh eG `a ICGeG jOhCG
fdG ~H e L qfGE .(jaG)HdH L QH `a J gh ,WCG
97
?Y k kT fCG CG c
dGh qdG
fh R~jEG ShH j e Y dGh dG e qYLG idG qKDJ
UTCG qGC h~j UTCG H .kje j e~Y gj dG eG
.ih~dH GUCG Gfc zGQNCG{ Gfc d PEG ,R~jEG ShH Hj a ;zQGTCG{
g R~jEG Sha qCG Gqj CG eGh SdG a .dH kU d Ggh
.VG QfG bh Y ke jh G e
IhK fQT EG qdG ~j e kdZh .SdG c ~Y qdG e f ~Lj
JSQ hCG qSdG JG~e hCG qKEG hCG L hCG ga hCG jNBG
.qG
hCG qKEG hCG qYLG Y QN e j S H dG jh
-SdG e e Y Y M Z ATCG b~j fEG .qj~dG hCG qbdG
`a J CG fC JG G~v L Q~J CG Y .Ud AdG c CG e
FbdG G~SG
.FbdG hG EG Gk OSG GQGdG SdG j e kdZh R~jEG Sha qGE
NEG e ~H eM `a AGQRdG Qq j :G `a Ic `a dP jDhQ h
jYdG eY ajh ,R~jEG Sha d a g~Mh qe G~H e eJ
Gfc GPEG SQ~G OJQH WCd j h ,R~jEG ShH HH jdG dG
,R~jEG ShH e e dG AGT SdG ajh ,R~jEG ShH He
g e qGE .ih~dG dG e jNBG h H dYCG e SdG Oojh
JGQGb JG .R~jEG Sha QfG bJ gh ,G Ye e J YCG
!G EG FbdG EG Gk OSG
?Y k kT fCG CG c
98
dG LG
eCG H dEGh .dG AfCG c `a dG R~jEG ShH HG LGj
.SQG g bh SdG dh c Y
~V
q dG q j d kqWh kffb HR eM Vh ,1997 S `a
.R~jEG Veh R~jEG ShH HG
AGLEG dG EG j YCG UCG H j ,G~ZhCH c `ah
q j jdG q dG `a QdG dG kjCG e~j gh .R~jEG Shd a
`a TdG hjh .ih~dG WdG hCG R~jEG ShH He Gfj CG MG
e jd R~jEG Sha Ua Ff G~SG e dG HQCG e R~jEG
`a WG ASH ,q eGdEG dG VQJ eG qCG c .e~ j
.QG `a jQ~d jQGh G
~bh .OdG `a R~jEG ShH qKC J e hCq G ShQ e q HG bEG c
OYCGh c We `a ASd R~jEH e W N e~Y VG fG
R~jEG ShH HG GC ~Hh .dG Y e~SG dG KG
q G G~SG AWCG
M Y U fGb jdG eM q S ,dP dh `ah .dG h~j
.aCG SEGh dGh dGh fG dG jYdG Y R~jEG ShH HG
99
?Y k kT fCG CG c
?Y k kT fCG CG c
100
101
?Y k kT fCG CG c
R~jEG Shah dG
dG jRh Ff b ,1997 S `a
Y jQ~ dG EG ,hd hO f eG dG
j dG a Gh GQG
IOG OG e s e Gk AL J CG
W SdG i~d j GPEG{ .R~jEd
d ,kNO Y Qq ~j Y hCG fcCj
R~jEG e jb d fO L `a f
eG aCG j~d c dh M
.zR~jEG Y
YOh gSCG Y Gk ~H Ic ~e `a j Qh .Y Y Qd jW ae
G hCG G hCG dH G je EG hj MCG H `ah .
.hdG g `a R~jEG Sha q dG eh .GQ~q G hCG
.UG Lh Y AdG eCG U IG CG dG eGdG e O~Y K
HJh eWEG `a jW YS U Y ICGG j ~b WCG OLa
ICGG IQ~b e ~q j ~b ,dG G dM `a qS ,f G EG H .jYQh
.dG Y
qj Qh .G~dG e c `a YGQdGh dG YCH j AdG CG c
qd Ad `adG bdG j dPh .FdG `a dG Qc jYQ Y hDe
fOh Y
.SQ~e `a Gk PSG j CG ~jjh VjdG SQ~j fEG .IU c `a dW Y
,fO Jh .I~H I~H `a de C Gk f ,dG `a dG e `a j gh
`a jHCG ob ~bh ,NBG ~H `a fO Cf .QGG `a dd e `a ,Y eR
`a cdG i~MEG e J d SG SQ~ J gh . S b Qh e O M
.UdG
.dH e dCS .HdG `a fc c I~S ~J fC fO Y dH Y T
j~U j~d C YfH J fEG . e e cG H LGJ fCG d VhCa
e dP Y ~q J c J d ,R~jEH HUEGh G e Jh ,jNCG
,G~v L Ia fO qC Gk fh .kFGO dEG Oj c d ,Ge I~q Y cJ ~bh .jT
`a ~jj e H IOY Jh dG EG LH gh ,eW K a~j j~U Ea
J hCG CG fO CG j fC MEH Y T ~bh .dP He
.R~jEG ShH
?fO J c
?Y k kT fCG CG c
102
~ j jh , G Q N dG hCG
.JFYh LGhRCG Y qgOYG
d kceG bCG Y H AdGh
A fCG `a dP jh . L dG e
`a AdG Ibq ~q J dG e Ic
dG Y JQ~b J ` JbY
GQG b P JG hCG eCG H
EG CG) I SCG J C H
g e ,EG ~Yh , CG WCG
,kGNCG .( j eh gO~ Y
`a AdG QhO Y j~dG QaCG
jT QMEG ~G e j MCG H `a AdG Y dG e G
.R~jEG Sha CH IQd kW e ~q J e~ Yh .G Y ~q dG
Q ,jNCG Ad IQG AdG
`a cCG jH AdG J ~bh .IQG LdG ~q b d cCG fH K~q j
Q jNCG Af Kh .kGOLe jT j e~Y gWH j Y ~q dG
JCJ e~Y cCG j~H eG e ej ~b jdG C jT OLh `a Zj
.e e
,LdG d .a ~MGh L jT PJG Y AdG G e EG
dP j ~bh .I~MGh jT e cCG PJG Y Ic ceCG `a j HH
QN jNCG Af e G SQ dG Lda .JjT Yh Y Gk N
Vq j dPh .j~U hCG LhR j h H j ~b GhdG hCG FdG bdG
.d ICGG
KEG
J e kdZh .AG dEG j dG dG hCG adG YG EG KEG J
Y G e iNCG YG h OQGGh G Y e bY Y
e hCG JH IQOe Y KEG Y AYCG j ~bh .jhe M
Vq j hCG ,qe SQG~e NO Y oj hCG ,IO~ YCG Y G
H hG dG AfCG e c `a KEG YG Jh .Y GAG~Y
.H ~V
a .j~dG H j KEG Y e UTC IQG ~J EG
G~e j~d jh d KEG YG ~J MCG H
dG KEG Y e UTCG e J CG hM .VGh dG Y
Y cCG ae Y T SdG EG IQG ~q j jdG Hh ,e
103
?Y k kT fCG CG c
dG
CG J e~a .AG U Y qKD j fCG c .fCG EG SdG If dG qj
OGORG ch .H oJ c J fC ddG `a aY cCG J ^kJ cCG
IQG d ~q J e J ie ~j CG h .aYh U W OGORG ,aY CG
GC b ~b IAGdG j e j Q ,G S a .H q j hCG OL dG
dH j Qh .dG Y YEG Mdh dG `a R~jEG Y kT dH
Y IQ~da .HG OGG G~SG EG OTQEG feEHh .R~jEG Sha Y kT
.SQ~e L
q `a qd JQH j AG CG J ~b HdGh IAGdG
jOGdG e ,ed iNCG QOe Y HdGh IAGdG oj e ~j
,dG g `ah .bGdG IG hd kah j e kdZh .Ab~UCGh jdGh
Y .FbdG OS e cCG R~jEH He jNBG SfCG Y dG jGhQ ~J ~b
I~YG GhOCG G~SG CG c .OdG `a R~jEG ShH HG SdG OG~YCG
H I~e J CG j~dG WTCp Gh eSdGh G e ,jdG
dG HQ e aCG H j IAGdG j jdG Sda .UN
?Y k kT fCG CG c
104
G SQG
G bdG `a Gk c kjQ~J HQq ~e dG hQG j e kdZ
e kdZ fCG j dPh .c ~M EG dG JN Y h~jh jdG
j~d jQG H CG c .G SQG Y j~G `a JQH hj
Ia jH JGq Y dG feEH .IO~ L SQ ~V Gq
j~G `a HU ~ c GPEG ,G S Y .dG SQG g Y ShCG
.dG `a FeR e dP ~q ,R~jEG Shah G SQ G dG Y
IQG ~J AKCG R~jEG Shah G Y j~d cCG JQG `a ~Yj da
.JQH FG e Y j~G Y Gk QOb ~G QG j CG jh .dG
105
?Y k kT fCG CG c
SdG Y G ~Y G a .G SQG H ~Y Gk ~j J CG hM
Y ~q h ,ASCG hCG f G~SG .e kMe Gk QGM EG OQCG GPEG
g{ LdG Y dG GDdG WG ,G S Y .dP e k~H IO~q SQ
SQ dG LdG ?zPT fCG g{ e k~H ?{b e NBG LQ e G SQe
.(ve vL) GvPT f j j EG M ,H j jNBG LQ e G
.R~jEG ShH HUEd VJ W N CH dEG ~q dG F~Y h
e JQH SdG QT OGORG ,G Y j~G `a kMJQG cCG c ch
.G Y K~q j e~Y dM
I~j d G~SG
da .Iqe Zh I~j d G~SG Y UMG ,SdG EG IQG ~J ~Y
.kMfG cCG QGM EG UdG `a ~YJ I~jGh dGh ,jNBG PDJ IqG
I~j d
Ie d
?G FcT O~Y c
?Le ?Sa fCG g
dG hCG H G dOH g
?ee ?IgY fCG g
?d e hCG
?dG `a dG J Ie c
?dG Y e~e ?S fCG g
e ?b e GQ~G SG g
?GQ~G Y e~e fCG g
?YGfCG
?NBG LQ e kej G SQe g
?e L ?PT fCG g
?ICGeG e kej G SQe g
?bS fCG g
G L
q dG
jYdG e e~N Y G `a HU SdG e e Y LGJ Q
H hCG ,KEG Y EG hCG dG FfG H j ~bh .dGh dG
.zG LJ{ H hCG ,SdG JG~e H hCG ,OQGGh G EG gQaG
G .e G SQh dEG SdG j e EG G Lq dG j
G G jh ,NBG L e G SQ (zAjSCG{) hjG
?Y k kT fCG CG c
106
jeh W
Iq d je jj IU I~H `a GS I~q Y dG GSQe dG AWCG ~MCG c
.keM J ~b fCG dG X .Abh H CG e J jG fch .hCG
:SCG H Y W
?zLhe fCG g{
.z{
?zL bY J fCG g{
.zf{
?zG Sh e~J g{
.z{
?zeM J CG CG{
.z{
dG AL ~bh .G e qd j H a AGLEG Y dG q UCG
J CG fCH d VhCGh ICGG V ,dH dG HCG e~Yh .S
.ICGeG G jT C keM
dGh GQq ~G WJ
dG hCG GQq ~G WJ ~jj CG
~ a .R~ jEG Sh H H UEG W
G QJ ~Y R~jEG Sha j
dGh GQ~q a .GQ~q G WJ AKCG
dG G Y dG IQ~b Y KDJ
G SQ `a dG Wj ~bh
KC J f j e~ Y e CG Z
W J CG h . c hCG g~ MGC
` G jW Y GQ~q G Ic a
a .QGT AHCGh Aq WCGh Q
q h eCG
GQ~q G Wj g~MCG CG q VJ
.GQ~q e~e fCG Y zh~j{ PEG
107
?Y k kT fCG CG c
dG
H EG H QdG dG j kfMCG
.vS e cCG EG j cCG
Gk q vj~ Q dG q dG q
.R~jEG Sha a e Y e d
U dG EG ddG e fa
e c `ah . g d eh
Y Gk c q dG ~ j , c e CG
Y d S e `a Ab~UCG
ADg KDj e kdZh .eeh QaCG
e ~TCG IH
q cS Y Ab~UCG
.qdG gCG KCJ
QdG dG j e kdZ
fC H h j Qh . H
j~J `a H U h~ jh h~dN
c .G hCG VH HUEG feEG
ddG `a hqj QdG qdG CG
?Y k kT fCG CG c
108
`a ,G S Yh .zhe ~j dh WG cQCG CG { :j c
.T fCG Gj d QfCG EG ddG QdG Y hj ~b I~G jdG
da fEG ,GQ~q G WJ hCG G SQ WG dG cj e kdZh
.R~jEG hCG G CH hqj ~bh .I~j~G QdG SG h~jjh
aCG W j~dGh SGh G ,dG V HG OGG J e kdZ
UCG EG YEG If dG j h ,(12 dG fG) dEG Ud
EG Lj dG CG j dP d .dG edG a ,dG
EG ~q h .J dG FG Y ka ,q J dG FG Y ~q .J~Ye
e WGh .f eCG Gj d gCG
R~jEG Sha Y ee j~d T
j e kda .jNBG T EG ~q dG
TdG e Gk ~je AGdG H QhdG Gg
.G
e CGq j GkA L T c j
.G e Ic GfCG gh ,
j bh AG F Y , G S Y
A eRh Dh b~ UCGh dG `a Dh eRh
.z{ c SQ~G AeRh dG
c Y YG g e c qKDJ
a E a G d . c Sh AG J
~Yj AG IM `a G G
.R~jEG Sha Y d IQG ~J `a
gGG ~j CG ,G S Y
Y ee Y d Fb~UCG Y
GbhCG
QfG
Sha
R~jEG
109
?Y k kT fCG CG c
R~jEG
.R~jEG H J hdG c ,I~G jdH fQdc ,fa S `a
c j M ,R~jEG AfEG IH g~MCG AL ,dGh dG e c ~Hh
jh .c e GAk L qj k He R~jEG H Gk ~MCG ~a ISCG hCG T
L IGOCG dG UCG ~bh .ADg H j dG Gh ~dG QG~e He c
Ic Ye I~Y j fCG H G~v L c dGh .R~jEG QKBH cd jMh
? `a dG j CG dG G QG~e e .~b
?Y k kT fCG CG c
110
111
?Y k kT fCG CG c
TdG dG
ZQCG
CG ~H dG
Sha HUCG
.R~jEG
10
?I~YG SCG c
e T YO
R~jEG ShH
CG b
q
ke ~q dG LGe
iNCG YGh QfEG
qFdG IQSG
Y~dG Y
q YLG Y~dG
qdG jYdG
qdG edG YO
CG Y~f c
CG b
q
`a e `a Jh ,jRGdH hfL O jQ j~e `a J qHT ICGeG CG
`a J dG FY e jb j~Uh gh .jT e Jh j~G Sh
UCG ~bh .OG e cCG H Jh ,jT e CG M .kjCG j~G
H d jLCGh AGh~dG H dW JOY EG JAL .b e SEG H
Sha a f qGC qJh .R~jEG Shd a dP `a ,qjG UdG
,d db ~bh .dG eCH j~U HE YdG qfGE .qHjEG R~jEG
.zR~jEG ShH UCG CG ~H BG dG ~jQCG qfGE {
?I~YG SCG c
112
ke ~q dG LGe
ShdG Y dG aj SdG eh .GfG EG Oq D J R~jEG ShH HUEG
j R~jEG ShH e H dG qGC dG ~jh .e aj gh
aj Qh .R~jEG ShH G ISCG OGaCGh Ab~UCG j ~bh .VH
H j R~jEG Sha qGC eh .R~jEG ShH G e dG XdG AeR
.H e qH JG qjh dP UTCG e c j ,dG
R~jEG ShH HG YO j ~b
Y hCG ,q dG e d j H
c dG j ~bh .j~dG hCG FdG
R~jEG ShH Ha .kjCG qdG
MGdGh q W dG Y~dG EG L j
e~ Y H S dG j . q f~ dG
hCG R~jEG ShH He qfGC aj
gO Gcj CG j qfGE ` R~jEG
j CG h .Gh C H Q d
.hj kZW G hCG eG VG
EGh .kGAS eCG G a Oq Q ~jj ~bh
CG ,R~jEG ShH kHe fCG c
j NBG Y~ d k U
q N Gk Q~ e J
jNBd UN
q YO Q~e J CG ~ oj CG h .Sh d H H G
.G IM `a Gk c kaNG YO
.R~jEG ShH kHe c EG
Gej qGC R~jEG ShH HG Y
Ha .kjCG qYLGh qWdG G e H ,a qdG cG e
CG ~H hCG V e~Y dWCGh LGhRC S dH hj R~jEH
Gh H hj qfGE .qdG ddG aO qH~J eCG jh .GJ
j e d qW Ye gh .G `a eCG h~j ~bh .dGh dGh
He AG j H Gk ~q L qjb YG g J CG d .N V
W OjEG `a HG I~Ye ,dP ~j e~Yh .qedG JWf
.YG g e ed
YdG N V He qfGC aj jdG SdG j Q ,HH
qd UdG SdG G VG ~bh .dEG dH qe g e Y cd
qdG edG e dG ~jh .qdG Z hCG YG hdG Y OHG hCG
SMEG cQj q dG edG qC N V HG e dG G e qGC
.dGh dH ~j~G
`a Zj gGa ,d kj~q q R~jEG ShH HUEG qGC SdG H ~jh
113
?I~YG SCG c
jfK
`cEG de
G
eBG
?I~YG SCG c
114
ITe Q~G e he
d qfGC hNBG ~jh .d Gk ~j~J qj R~jEG Sha qC H SdG H ~j
e~e e) dY W GP Y EG j qfGE PEG ShdH GHj
jNBG EG UdG Y UN
q IQ~e R~jEG ShH HG h .(GQ~q G
.d GVq j CG c a `a J~Yeh
ShH HG ~Yj ,I~G jdG `a fQdH Rhc fS j~e `a
R~jEG ShH He LQ S C fCG ~a .R~jEG Y jNBG J `a R~jEG
`ah .ITe Q~G e he G e q dG b QJ `a ZGQ
.zIT e{ R~jEG Sha e dG `a HQ G cQ J , G `a GA dG
R~jEG ShH JQG `a SdG I~Ye e Gq ,qdG b jGhHh
ShH He jNBG SfC P LdG ADg ch .q dG iG Y
.G `a R~jEG
GfG ~bh .efdG `a R~jEG ShH HG e ~je J
q ,bdG Qhh
dP ~Hh .QG eCG ~q dGh R~jEG Sha Y Ib qjQ~J U `a
.R~jEG Sha e HQ Y a GK~ kYLG Gh~Y
edG ch .G `a GAd ITe Q~G e he bCG dP ~Hh
UTCG CG e edGh qdG SCG Y HLEG `a I~Yd g qdG
.kFN hCG kN QG c e~Y SCG H Ab~UCG bh .QG H fGh~Y
Q .K~q G Y~d FSQ Gc qfGC H Gk c jOMCG GS jdG qKCJ ~bh
. `a efdG Gg e A~H `a ZJ
?I~YG SCG c
q FdG IQSG
HUEH hqKC j dG `a AeRh Ab~UCGh ISCG j~d R~jEG ShH HG
.q YLG d qSSCG I~MdG g G e `a ISCGh .VH
SCG a .qdG dGh OLEG GfCG e dG Rh SCG Jh
AYCG R~jCGh R~jEG Sha jh .qjObG YGh fGh G e eJ
ISCG QJ ~b d ,IOY VdG e qdG ISCG J .ISCG Y I~j~L
MG dP qGC J e~Y .R~jEG ShH FYCG ~MCG j e~Y kfMCG
dEG Lj dG I~fG Y G `a ISCG AYCG I~Ye hM ,
~Y SCG g j a .cCH ISCG e AdG ~G e j ~bh .ke Ad
j~H J~Ye .R~jCG Sha e edG qH qJ ISCG AYCG
QOe OjEGh ,kH H I~fe qc qJh ,aG qMh ,G Y
.eG hCG G e I~Yd iNCG
e Y ~q dG Y qT ,R~jEG hCG R~jEG ShH He I~dGdG fc EG
R~jEG e e j~dGdG ~MCG j ~bh .e N K qGC AHCG q e kda .FHCG
c dh M ,G `a fqbj Y FHCG e gCG ~q j CG qG e .dH
ZJ Qh .FHCG dG `a gCG ~YS .j~dGdG IQN j dP
.FG g CH ~q d ke AHCGh gCG e AdG `a
kHe kW JOh MG J ,R~jEG ShH He ICGeG g fc EG
?I~YG SCG c
116
117
?I~YG SCG c
?I~YG SCG c
118
Y~dG Y
Y J CG ~G e j e kdZ
G e j jdG U TCG e
kL AdG e
Y{ h .JM Y ~q d f
Y ~d dG
1ATCG g
ShH He UTCG e fG
q zY~dG
Je Y ~q d Ua SdG R~jEG
R~jEG ShH HG jh .JMh
e FdG G e edG c qJ
Y ~YJ .YG `a jNBG UTCG
.I~MdH QdG Y dG `a gAYCG Y~dG
aj PEG Y e Ibq SdG jh
.g~Mh R~jEG Sha aj fCG
.Y~dG Y e GfCG K
H J zdOG GQjdG Y{
e `a I~YG h~jj e~Y EG YLG EG gj SdG d ,e
fCG UTCG j ,iNCG Y `ah .FQW dM RJ e~Y hCG ,e
e j~d c AGS LG EG G gjh ,TCG I~d SCG `a Je
.I~j~Y GS J ~eCG jW Y kjCG gh . CG Y qj IO~
q dH UTCd J fC UN LH I~e ~eCG jW YG J Qh
AYCG Ve H d Y G g V Jh . H EG H G~k L
.Jahh YG
AYCa .He IM CG j~d UTCG e YG J
q CG ~G e
UTCG e J
q YO Y AfEG h .dh H
k H VhCG j
hCG ,KEG hCG YLG G j~d jdG UTCG e ,Ke N hP
We hCG (G eY) e ,O~ Vh hCG N `a cj jdG UTCG
.eGG AdG hCG GQ~G
CG ZQh .gAb~UCGh R~jEG ShH HG SCG kjCG Y~dG Y ~Jh
hCG j~U ~a j Q fCG EG ,R~jEG ShH He Z UTCG ADg
Y~dG Y ~YJ CG .d gSCGh JY q hCG ih~dH HUEG
FMCG ~MCG j e~Y fLGj dG G e c `a UTCG ADg
.R~jEG ShH
fC I~S fEG
119
?I~YG SCG c
YLG Y~dG
g JCJh .bhCG e bh `a I~YG EG R~jEG ShH HG c j
G e I~YG JCJ ,iNCG G~H `ah .G~dG H `a gSCG e I~YG
OJ eGH hCG dG jYdG hCG IQSG aJ Q ,G S Y .eG hCG
dEG qLhh IqaG e~G SG .dG hCG ihCG hCG AGdG `a I~YG hCG HEG
dP j ~b .H GC ~HG ,UGe e~N g j EGh .LG ~Y SdG
dG edH F OG~YEG hCG R~jEG ShH Hd YO Y AfEG
M zaGe f{ ebEG hCG R~jEG ShH HG e j dG jQGh
EG ~q h kbqN c .jNBG HG bO R~jEG ShH HG j
q
.H AadG ch JLMG Y R~jEG ShH HG
dG jYdG
dG aCG dP j e kdZh .G `a VG gOGaCG SCG e YJ
FMCG jYQ e aj UTCG H d .R~jEG ShH HG jYd
aN Y qdG `a SdG I~Ye .G `a R~jEG ShH HG
PJa .G `a jYdG ~d dG aCG CH d dG dG ~Jh
CG jh .H G `a R~jEG ShH HG jYQ ,WMG H
QH j R~jEG Sha CH dG jYdG `a hqj jdG SdG qcJ
.iNCG dG VGZCG hCG TG hCG dG GhCG hCG dG
Y j dG jYdG `a G G
e VGeCG j a .R~jEG ShH HG
EG H .dG dh ,G `a jNBG UTCG
dH IN J CG GffEG hCG cdG
~YJ H A TCG Kh .R~jE H d
CG jh .G `a IOH dG `a SdG
aG j CG jh . f S G Z J
HG jh . dG `a AG dGh AdG
N CG hO jNB d dG R~ jEG Sh H
h H H e G f c EGh .ih~ dG d
dG Gj CG j ,ae
CG jh .h dG
q J M
j~ j j e c j
b dG AGh H d H
.dG OG~YEG
?I~YG SCG c
120
dG jd VGZCG
de H ~e hCG dpe
GRb
jd jf TT
jOGQ
cd Lh b
Ye SH de
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121
?I~YG SCG c
eGR `a dG jYdG
e eGR HL `a JJJ e `a e jbdGh R~jEG jYQ efH EG
MGG KK efdG ~L jh .jaEG `a dG jbdGh jYdG O ~L
G Jh ^fG IQSG ~Jh ,jdGh dG jYdG aJ
.R~jEG Sha Y iNCG
h RG IQjH dG jYdG eY j ,G e dG jYdG b `a
fj jdG UTCd EGh ,R~jEGh R~jEG ShH Hd GQjdG g J
~V dG q `a dG Gg ~Yjh .WdGh dG e ,IN M e
Sha Y SCG H dG jYdG ja j .JQjR J jdG UTCG
IOYEG ) YU c e ,dG jYdG `a dG QeCGh R~jEG
e qY hNCj fCG c .SEH ~oJ dG FGdG jd (jdG geEG
G J e kdZh .d I~YG ~d dG aCG Y SCG dCjh ~dG
dG GQjdG g ~YJh .G `a aCG jYQ ~q J K eh ,MORG We
.IAc cCG H dG `a Gh ISCG
?I~YG SCG c
122
dG edG YO
j~J
j
dG edG
d kGT
YY
Y `a
HG YO
ShH
1 R~jEG
gQEG
.dG edG H gQEG q `a ~YJ CG dG ATCG H j a
.I~G hdG `a ~Yj da ,gdG hQ Y aM .1
da .bdG GW ~MGh ~ H J H YCG e GfCG I~H b .2
.H egG Y aj
`a Wj jdG UTCG a .YdG e ke Gk O~Y dG Y UMG .3
.Ia ~H G~k L j ,dG
j Y CG Gaj d IdG jG~dG hCG H ach YG
q qT .4
.jNBG eCG gO j~J Y qYh ,SCG Y HLEd Gk VM c .j~dH
.dG j fCG a Lj Sda .~L H j dG dG Y ~aCG .5
.j~Gh AdG ~q b Gd , AT EG T c jh
` IG `a G QeCG c zIdG IQdG{ dH edG dG Y qcQ .6
.edG GdG `a UJ J d
fj e kda .a S dG G eh d kUTCG ~qL .7
.Y `a MGQh keGdG cCG
jdG YGh OLEG e ajh MJj H dG e IRLEG edG YCG .8
.dG `a d Vq j dG
VGYC J .~Fb hCG hG j~e a ,gQEH c CG j CG .9
.q Y e YGh ,jNBG ~Yh ~Y gQEG
123
?I~YG SCG c
CG Y~J c
.zR~jEH UCG CG ~H BG dG ~jQCG {
?I~YG SCG c
124
Y OG dG
KCG c
NGO gG
?YG
?G TCG c
c d GPe
j SdG
?q~dG e
j
a
G
Sh GH R~jE
S
:
11
ke cCG c
?aCG
qqdG edG jQ~J
R~jEG Sha Y
a b
q
?qf c
q jQ~dG JQhO EG JCj e
?jQ~dH J jCG
jQ~dG IQhO A~H
IOdG Y jNBG I~Ye
Lf dSCGh d G~SG
Ih~b J CG Y dG
jQ~dG IQhO ~H
a SCG Y HLEG
a b
q
Y UN
q jQ~J qU `a Gk Nq D e QT q qU eY qfGE .a `a a j
k
He jb qS qC g EG gP .fg IQhG UdG `a R~jEG Sha
qGC ~j a j .jdG e `a OLe ShdG qC H fG YTEG qC h R~jEH
ae ~jj ch .~qcC dG ~jj c qd ,AG jW Y j CG R~jEG Sha
.G
e ~je EG LH jb qGC a QOCG ,jQ~dG AfG Qa jb EG OY CG ~H
125
?qf c
`a dH YGQdG qj SdG a .H dG g AT qd jW aCG qEG
~q dG e qdG SdG jh .c `a YGQdG Y IAGdG e k~H ,G
dG dG Gg j .jNBG f EG SG hCG IAGdG hCG H EG H
edG jQ~d d~c eG~SG h . q dG `a jNBG I~Y G
c dG Gg `a IOQGdG QaCG J h .G `a dG hCG qqdG
. LMG e TJ
.qU Y IdG `a jNBG I~Ye g qgCG q qdG edG q e qEG
jbdG qC R~jEG Sha `a q qdG edG Y UN
LH dP jh
q
jdG g qG aCGh .qdG g e qe AL qjQ~dG GQh~dGh .kG~q L q e
h SdG H IG qj gh .I~j~L QaCG WEG `a h~Yjh SdG coj
.U Z AH gOY hCG AH ae ~d AZCG qfC H hj fj
SdG hoj h~qG qGh
q dG U a J J S dG qC
.hj e~Y
dG dSCG e ~ J
EG q SdG jQ~dG `a e~G
QeCG Y edG j dG qG
qK e a e qC H j dG
e hcj Gfc EG a gj
`a qqdG edG jh .qJ
k~H G `a AG qU{ j dP qGE eh~dG qjQL `a R~jEG Sha
qJ `a q e Gfj qfC eG hqcj SdG e a .zAYdG e
H FbdG qa~J GhOj h SQ~H Gj SdG e ch .hCG G `a
e QaCG USG g ~qG dG qGE jh .zdG{ EG zqG{ e ~MGh
aCG gG `a eG QJ jh .dY `a QaCG M ,edG
.dG `a q qdG edG j jW
?aCG ke cCG c
126
127
?aCG ke cCG c
?dH J jCG
IOY hCG SQ~e `a IOY zSdG{ dG qjh .e q GC `a jQ~dG qj CG
G hCG dG AKCG ,qSQ Z jH hNBG SQq ~jh .IT hCG qY e hCG
e Y SdG jQ~d aCG G qbjh .fEG Y b
q hCG dG M hCG
EG ~q dG aCG e j ~b ,G S Y .dEG UdG h
e e CH qj ~b jdG Hh .dG CG~j CG b qdG OGdG `a G
j ~bh .IOdG `a qqdG jYdG eY EG UdG h .dG AKCG qJ
EG ~q d qM qcO G~SG h .SQ~G `a qd cCG JQH qG
e k~H JH `a aCG H dG qdH hhG~G qjh .G `a LdG
.dEG JCj Y~J h ,jh j M SdG AGQh nSG .IOdG hCG SQ~G
128
?aCG ke cCG c
. Y G `a ~q j e M
.kGc K~q j dG U TCG
Q dG j G H `ah
qdG Zj ~b Gd ,dG
,iNCG aK `ah .H hqj e H
Q aCG qEG . dG g dG j
qd q e AGdG Y QdGh qdG
e c `ah .R~ jEG Sha Y
`a qj e~Y AdG ~q J G
K~q j qbCG kLQ qJ Y
.AdG e Y `a q j e~ Y
q~dG Y YG `a G qT ~Y q e AdG AGQBG qC e Jh
A dG jh ,R~ j EG Y ~q dG
L IQGOEG `a q G qgCG eh .ke R~jEG Sha Y ~q dG EG LdGh
?aCG ke cCG c
130
?aCG ke cCG c
Lf dSCGh d G~SG
e e ie Y SdG J hM
Wh .YG `a U TCG e
SdG c EG ae `a ~Yj SCG
.dJ e cQ~j
Aj J SCG J
UTCG H qj ~b .YG e
.QdG hCG dG
q jW Y aCG H
f c EG aCG H h NBG q jh
H b ke qa .He I dG
j EG ,G S Y .~j~L SCG
q SQ I~ge Y jOe SdG
~ b , e A d bG dG e cCG Gk ~ e
Sa .qbe Z a OhOQ Y
Gk fh .Ic ShdG qC H OYG EG SdG Oj ~b QdG d Y Sha
R~jEG Sha qC H h~j qHQ ,SQ dG IQdG j kT Gh~gj qfC
.e `a OLe Z
eG e j e VCG .YG Y I~j~G QaCG hCG dG TG
.gJ H dG d d ,SdG gG Y a d j c I~j~G
e qbGdG IG e qY eCG G~SH e GP jH I~j~G eG YCGh
.dP eCG
Sha R~jEG Sha
qj qb qH
qY RHfGJ
f~dG M jd
M EG ~Y
...fO
TdG M
QaCG GcQd ke UTCG e Y e~Y zTdG M {`H OG
GDdG H R~jEG Y TdG M GC ~J ~bh .e e q M q c CH H a
?aCG ke cCG c
132
R~ j GP
... jG
j
H G e S dG j GP{
YG ~q J CG ?zR~jEH
dGh G e SdG h Y
g Y ~q dG h .ShdG
Sha QfG c Yh hG
e~ Y .Q fG ~ Yh k q M R~ jEG
HLEG cG ,TdG M ~J
. jDhQ e S dG q j H
HJh IOaEG cCG QaCG Y ~q
`ah .aCG h~J dG QaCG H
q G Rq hh HLEG bf ,jdG
G~SG h .dG Ld
Vhh e e ~j~d TdG M
.d m M
QdG G~SG
HQq ~G e dG ~ j
`a e T f A~ d Q dG
I~ e QdG Jh .YG
j jdG UTCd Gk ~q L
~YJ CG q d ,IAG dG
J Y GDS Wh . G
. Ak GQBG j Sd QdG
e jNBG j T c O
T q J CG Yh .G j
,G CGQ S b IQdG
Y .O qj T c Oh
C J CG , G S
e~Y H hqj dG e SdG
. q d~ U `a LQ IQ U h j
kGD S WG ,T dG A~ dh
Gg jj dG e{ ,e kH
qfCH g~MCG j ~b ?zLdG
`a jq cdG bGdG ~YJ c Y kTf dP j ~bh ,jq cP bGh j
j ~bh ,AGhO j LdG qC H NBG j ~bh .R~jEG Sha QfG e jbdG
133
?aCG ke cCG c
AfCG H q~d
dG qdG
~
q dG
q Y
e H
e QhO
d Y `a T e WG
j .LhRh k LhR j q QhO
N j dG LdG QhO T
Jh .iNCG jb `a SCG `a jCG
dG `a J dG ICGG QhO iNCG
e G SQ LdG GC ~H .jH
.a j dG I~dG e iNCG ICGeG
SCd qd .j~Uh LhR qj gh
Sh H e qfCG Gk Nq D e cG
.j~U e dG qfGC ~jh ,R~jEG
q cdG bGdG G~SG BG ~jj gh
qd ,LhR e G SQ e~Y
EG FYh LhR e GC J CG j
e qfGC hCG j~U Y LhR HCG
,q dG Qh~dG `ah .R~j EG Sh H
GQGG dG j CG
hCG LhR e LdG j j ~b dG
.j~U
?aCG ke cCG c
134
.aCGh qe Vh
.jNBG f Lh a `a SdG qdG QGhOCG ~YJ CG ,kGNCG
.QGhOCG dOj qK FbO d gQGhOCG Gj CG qdG QGhOCG `a SdG j
T ~q j c ae `a g~Yj c .dCG fL a `a g~Yj dPh
qdG Y q J dG YG ~J CG dP ~Hh .f G Y NBG
.j~G J qc CH FGQBG hCG HQ e MGbG a ~q J Me L
YG ~q J CG h ,QGhOCG YG e G~j~L T ~j CG h
.j eh j qfGC ~J Y QaCG e Gk ~je
J jH Gh R~jCG Y zbaQh JGQc{ j~a a G~SG kjCG
.(HdG OQGG TQh dG f)R~jG Y j~G A~H HU e
Ih~b J CG Y dG
YG AYCG c ~FdG qjh .Yd ~Fc H AG~bG e hNBG qj
`a ZGQ qfGC XCG GPEG M ISCG J Sh .dGh qdG `a cQG Y
HH kqM kegG kq e J e~Yh .aG EG QaGh FNCG qJ
.kjCG QdG dH jQ~dG H cQG j a ,R~jEG ShH
`a cCH jQ~dG IQhO p J ,GcQj CG SdG OQCG GPEG .qJ e qW
qjh .iNCG I~H `a R~jEG Shd he IQjd YG NCG `a qa .IVG
,G S Y . jCG `a Wf `a fG HQq ~G H
,K H ej SfCG e qd iNCG ceCG EG Md kej AKdG j CG
jH qd kej G j ~bh ,q `a d kej AHQCG j ~bh
dG QNG ,G d W H ~H .qj~dG IVG
e~Y kLf jQ~J c EG Jh .qe Y qd f aCG Y J dG
.qJ e kH H J e OGaCG qj
jQ~dG IQhO ~H
dEG j dG GTEG QG~e Qq b .jQ~dG IQhO ~H I~fGh Hd qN
H qj gh ?I~j~G JGQe G~SH hDh~S c .O~G edG
AG~SEG jGQOh IN cCG qqU q Y e jG~dG e GY e GPEG aCG
~Yj Sh .AG qj dG ~jG kFGO g ?aCG Gfj d d dG
.qdG UGe `a SdG q G jQ~dG efH
135
?aCG ke cCG c
?aCG ke cCG c
136
a SCG Y HLEG
hj e dP `a ,G TCG ch ?YG NGO gG KCG c{
WJh G e Fe Y q~dG e j SdG c d GPeh ?IOdG `a
?zGQq~G
137
?aCG ke cCG c
Y dG dG
`a J~Ye CG
Sha Y dG J
?GQ~Gh R~jEG
Y QdG c
SdG HE jOGdG hCG jdG
?R~jEG Sha Y
c
EG UdG
jdG gGG
EG gj
?SQ~G
12
CG~f CG c
kUN kYhe
R~jEG ShH
jbh eGH Vh
R~jEG Sha e
SdQc b
?R~jEG Sha e jbdG g e
eGh gCG jbdG OL
H JG
jbdG e Ac R~jEG Sha a
I~L dSQ ~q J c
QNCG jJ c
dSQ Y YEd Ie W
YEG FSh G~SG
dhQc SCG Y HLEG
SdQc b
gh ,Sg `a jfdG SQ~e J ,dG e IY edG `a T SdQc
,SQ~G `a cG j c e kdZh .I~G jdG `a SJ jH j~e
e eCG jf `a ~dGh OW .aU j e Gk QOfh GQ~G Wj ch
138
H JG
Sha Y Jh G `a SdG EG zUdG{ jW g H JG
`a AYCG jW Y ,Yh SdG ebEG ceCG `a IOY dP jh .R~jEGh R~jEG
Y SdG EG K~q j fGE .JG q Y U TCG AD g q jh . G
139
Fbh he EG j g
he EG e fc e GPEG jJ `a ~YJ dG SCG H j a
Y J iNCG SCG `a dG Q .hG Gg f eh Fbh
.aCG H
?R~jEG ShH HG ~V G `a g g
?gCG `aJ g ? `a R~jEG ShH He WCG ~Lj g
Hh GQdG e ,e R~jEG Sha QfG oj `a ceCG g g
?j~fCGh IQY~dG
`a ~MGh L jT hCG hR e cCG `a AdG hCG LdG j g
?f bdG
gh ?FGT dJ SdG j gh ? `a jcP bGh ~LJ g
?SdG e~j gh ?Y G j
Y SdG J g ,fjJ hCG jOGQ hCG U `a ~Lj c EG
?bO dSdG g ,dc c EG ?R~jEG Sha
?R~jEG Sha Y SQG~G `a OhCG qj g
?R~jEG Sha GQ~G J c SdG j g
?GG jW Y j R~jEG c EG SdG Cj g
c G hCG NdG hCG dG hCG TdG SQ jdG UTCG j g
?R~jEG Sha QfG j
?g~dGe EG eCG e j CG R~jEG Sha CG SdG Q~jo g
?R~jEG Sha Y SCG j~d IQG ~q J eGH aJ g
?R~jEH HG jYQ Gh Gh GOdG J g
140
dG ~e e c `a G qe Y f ~bh .J `a LP
.R~jEG Sha Y SdG d jb T
ShdG GH HG ~MCG L R~jEG Sha Y d da dG cCG eh
ShH e ~q j e~a .UTCG e Y eCG HQ Y ~q d
c
J
R~jEG
?J dG jQG g e
:ddG cG jGG Y ddG `a G dG eGdG cJ
.gh
q OQGeh G LMG q J e ,AH Jh IU GC ~J
.dG EG dG e dG bCG c `a G J
.dG `a cQG G OGaCG e J
G JGe jJ ,G e~N FdG g j jdG IOdG ~J
.G Lh
e qjh I~j~G QaCG Y e eGdG hj~j jdG SdG j
.hG e~j jd IqG LMG
H ,a LYh VG e jbdG N e dG EG cQG j
.T d ~dGh WdGh YLG VdG `a kjCG hqj
141
YdG SCG
R~jEG ShH
142
143
144
145
dG `a R~jEG Sha Y dG
VG e f Gh abG jo
.R~ jEG Sh H H UE d d Y W
Z j H G SQ e k d a
e~j e~Y HEG cQjh feCe
L dG jo CG h .QG~G
Af hCG SGG b e dG `a AdGh
dG fG j h .jNBG dG
e C ,MCG ZCG `a R~jEG Sha Y
e e Y G Y dG
fG Qq ~j ,I~G G `ah .I~L
^R~ jEG Sha Y ~q d H dG
A f EG ~q d H dP ~ H e jh
e fCG j M c Y dG
.R~jEG Sha
dG `a R~jEG Sha
dG `a ad idG SCG e R~jEG jo ,SGQh~H dS J `a
S `a R~jEH 65 `aJh R~jEG ShH S 100 e cCG UCG M cG
H f dH G JQG H dG Gg `a dhDG jh .1998
~J EG ~MGh L jT PJG ODj CH dhDG eCjh .G LG
S f LG H R~jEH HUEG ~q e jh .R~jEG ShH HUEG MG
e %75 iS ~q j dP ZQh .ddG dG FS H ~q G dP VCG
.GS H b Y fc Y dG g Jh ,R~jEG Y kJ dG
R~jEG Y G Y J
hCG cCG hCG G He AcT I~Y e G Oj ICGeG hCG LQ CG G Y
G dG jh .dGh eG e ,G d I~j~Y ASCG Kh .G
h ,iNCG ceCG `a he Z fCG M `a ,G H `a jv OY kY
.dG G Y NOEG
k e Gk QhO R~jEG Sha dG q c a `a G Y I~Ye J
jcdG bGdG G Y ~j CG jh .R~jEG Sha QfG e jbdG `a
~MCG aQ GPEGh .iNCG VGeCGh R~jEG Sha e FHRh fCG j kFGO
cCG feCe SQ Y J CG ,cP mGh G~SG d eY FHR
bGdG G~S jR e G Y j CG h .dG G e
R~jEG ShH kUN kYhe GC ~f CG c
146
148
I~q L dSQ J c
.jbd efH `a hCG IG qGE g e R~jEG Y SdG J `a ZdG qEG
~jJ dG)dSdGh ,(dEG UdG ~jJ dG)Q H k jCG q J CG Yh
QG hj CG .(eG a ~q J dG jdG)SdGh ,(ZHEG
Y SdG J H dSdG hJ ~bh .q q dG edGh QGdG OhCG H
e Gaj qGC WCG HEG Hh G SQ ~Y jq cdG bGdG G~SG
TG H SdG hj CG h .R~jEG ShH HG jNBG WCG
dSdGh QG NCG jh .ZCGh ~FGG e Hh ,jOGdG Y fYEGh
,MdG FS EG UdG ~jJ c EG ,G S Y .G `a SdGh
EG ddG `a j FdG qC ~q L H q YGPEG G J CG
R~jEG Sha Y dSQ
J e~Y a qa .R~jEG Sha e jbd dSQ q C qSSCG bCG j a
:a~J jdG `a dG Y ka ,dSQ
.dJ CG ~jJ dG e :iG
.(jOGdG Y hCG YEG `a hCG ke e Y) jCGh SdG ~q J c :~dG
.(dEG ,Oq L ,e , ,~S) qdG dSdG L
q :dG
.eG qH AG j dG e :~FGdG
149
G
fC
ZJ Q ,G S Y .aCG
?R~jEH
Gd
dG)
n
(K
`a jq cdG bGdG G~SG IOjR `a
e Y AdG .
` zLJ Y{ ` G `a SdG
jE Sh aCG Y dGD Sh
EG jq c dG bG dG Y e G
~b ,MGbG I~q Y ~J ~Hh .SdG
~ q L Sh G qCG YG Qq J
.jq cdG bGdG Y eG d
`a LdG Y ~YJ CG h
R~jEG ShH kUN kYhe GC ~f CG c
150
151
dSdG jJ c
i~MEG . `a SdG EG R~jEG Sha Y FSdG jE I~j~Y W K
dG e J CG g~MCG EG ~q dG ~a .NBG EG T e dG g
MdGh SGq dG .d J dG eh R~jEG Sha Y dH aj
SdG e dG g .dP J CG jdGh jOGdG fYEGh qfYEG
Y ae J ~bh ,R~jEG Sha Y dH H EG H ~q j jdG
Sha Y dEG ~q J e OGR qch .kjQ~J qJ e a K R~jEG Sha
FSh QKCG qdH deh qM ch .Fb~UCG e JGQGM qdq a OGORG ,R~jEG
EG ~q j S ,R~jEG Sha Y qJ fM `a eYh ILCG IQqS FSh MT
Y kT cCH G j S ,bdG Qhh .ShdG Y SdG e O~Y
.R~jEGh R~jEG Sha
WTCG VYGh YLG `a ~q .R~jEG Sha Y G SDq e qY
Yh cdGh HdGh WdGh IOdG QhO AYCG q GE .SGq dG Rq hh j~a
R~jEG ShH q e qc ,IJSCG e ,qG YGh Gh YCG
,qdGh a~dGh qdG GQGRh e ,qeG SDq Gh .Y jNBG J h
R~jEG Sha QfG Y eGG J :q LP he
.q G GOdG `a G q S `a AdG :a~G YG q Y
qGC YG `a AdG J S ,q jQ~dG G jf `a :aG~gCG q Y
.VQEGh IOdGh G AKCG g~dh EG qGC e j CG R~jEG Sha
`a GG Ad FbO 10 J~q e qjQ~J L QW
q :J dG Oq GG q U
H T `a I~Yd ,G e ,qjdG G H UG .IOdG
Y qeC G J dG eh VdG
q EG R~jEG Sha QfG W HG .QaCG
.QfG hO hDd
Sa QfG q c Y SCG IOdG `a AdG CSG ,G ~H :Yhe q b
.jQ~dG ch qj dG eh qJ dG e dP j .R~jEG
152
dSQ d bqN W
~d .R~jEG Sha Y d bqG dG e dG q e Y SdG ~SG
dG
q ScCGh GQqdG G~q e Y e Y R~jEG Sha Y FSQ Gc
VhY G qfh .e j~e `a e c EG FSQ GSQCG ~bh .T dG bh
g `ah .R~jEG Sha EG fG d VQGh R~jEG jCGh G eh e~dG
qj R~jEG jQe e SfCGh e~dG cq h qGh qSG c G~MCG
.kjCG bqN J d e OQGe G~SG h .R~jEG Sha Y G
e~dG VhYh G e
G Jh q SdG FG Vd dG AfCG c `a G e ~jo
jh .q edG WdG Y OHG qajh QG j G .dG aJh
`a j~Yeh Lh qc cQGh UG
q Me Hc G AYCG
q
CG h .a cQG QG j f q MG J h .G
CG ,q MG ~Hh .FNCG Y Gj CG H q MG `a SdG
.UG
JM `a Ghqjh ghCGQ dG q dG Y QG e UTG ~q j
q
VGh G e UN
q Feh R~jEG Sha Y ~q d G G~SG
q d ,dG YG R~jEG Sha Y HG dG eJ .GQ~q G WJh
e d LhRh hR Y q Me gh ,FT b
q Kh .e J CG
.a Ab~UCG eCG Y K~q j H NBG M Y e ~MCG j h .M
.G adG hCG dG hCG jq dG dG Fd dG e c J
H `a ,G S Y . `a e~G GOG qJ ,q Me Vh GPEG
jh ,zdc { e G~SG j CG q fSEH W dG G~ dG
`ah .zdG{h zG{`d b~dG GOG G~SG e aCG ,UG
AYCG
q
q bCG zSCG `a g{ Jh ,zJc{ c G~SG j ,HR AfCG H
.kG~j~ cCG c G~SG e IASEG
153
~jdG G e
.R~jEGh R~jEG Sha Y d ,d e ,G e ~j ,~jJ jQ `a
dG gGdG AjRCG .q FEG dGh eGQ~dGh bdGh SG d e jh
`a SdG e dG qGC h .q MG I~g SdG e dG qG j~Jj
jOGdG `a R~jEG FSQ a e qj qfE a ,qj~jdG qj jdG
cCH G JCjh .qj~jdG e k~H qG dG d e ~jh .jdGh
.qjcdG bGd jRJh IQSGh qSQ~e eGH j dG ,qMG I~g
Y Qd fH EG Lq jh jb GQOj HT Y FT d e b
q K
q J G e .IQY~dG H ~MGC GQhj , f H `ah . Y
~Hh .q cdG bGdG G~SG qj HdG ~MCG qd ,q cdG bGdG G~SG
Qhe ~Hh .Y QdH R~jEG Sha eY hCG GC ~Jh jb EG Oj GS
LhR J .Fb~UCGh JSCG Ye q MG oJ .R~jEH qaj ,bdG H
Yh .j~dGh Ve gYe Y DhHCG ~q jh R~jEG ShH LdG
qMG J c .j~q L c EG dfGh J~dGhh g~dGh QMG bGh LGe
H j~eh G h c qJh fH `a G IM
.G GSQe c q cdG bGdG G~SG G J FHdGh IQY~dG
154
155
G hCG ~FGG
R~jEG ShH HG UTCG Y G hCG ~FGG b qJ CG
AGq dG dG g ~YJh .kT qj qfGC Gaj CG hO ShdG Y jNBG
HG ~MCG AGq dG WJ J CG h .R~jEG ShH G IM q J `a
~FGG b J c .dG
IAGb b q Q e ` R~jEG ShH
q
.g~Md Gd qfGC Gaj CH R~jEG ShH HG Sd qGh
G~ZhCG `a ~FGG
q Jh .R~jEGh R~jEG Sha Y e I~YCG ~FGG H `a ~Lj ,G~ZhCG `a
b G jh .zR~jEG e qdG PfEG{ Y~j e za f{ U `a
.dG Y e H j CG h R~jEG Sha Y eeh
gGG J jW J Y qcJh zJ jS{ Y~J iNCG U Kh
H Qb e f EG Jh 1993 S I~jG Q~U ~bh .R~jEG Y gQaCG
Y e qJh .MGH R~jEG Shah G zJ jS{ Jh .d
.qG aGG Y FG Jh .R~jEG Y d I~YCGh GhdG b G
q Jh .I U q S `a G SQ ~ Y Y gGG dG q Jh
.q cdG bGdG G~SG qq gCG kqL dG gGG
Ua J CG kjCG H ,a R~jEG Y d jW dG ~q J
SCG e Fb Y Vh ,c a .dH SdG aj dG e d
YG f dP ~Hh .R~jEG Sha Y G `a SdG aj dG e d
e~ SGh ,~jdH JHL GE S dG SQCG . q q U `a k fq SCG
.qJ M Vd eG YG
~MCG q S S qfGC cP GPEG SG hCG G SdG e ~je ~j
H Y G dh h .(LGQq O e) IFH hCG RdG e G
Y SdG j d dG `a fGY hCG efdG Jg bQ VCG .dG
.Yheh R~jEG Sha Y eG e ~je
j~dG WTCGh aCG
qGC
q T h .R~jEG ShH e Y b
q HE jq b W j~dG WTCGh aCG
f QdG f j~dG WTCGh aCG J .IqKD e H R~jEH j~U HUEG
.R~jEG ShH kHe Gk ~MCG Gaj ~b jdG SdG EG
IOh~ IqaG I~YG J e~Y UN
q H I~e j~dG WTCGh aCG
Yhe `a ~MGh T g c d GPe .jq d aNG g j e~Yh
d d q e ShdG iS qj c ~Lj d ,ShdG qj
R~jEG ShH kUN kYhe GC ~f CG c
156
H e
Gk ~e j ~a .R~jEG Y faj Y SdG GDd ~j e Y f j a
aVEG hCG SCG J h .R~jEG Sha Y a dG j We `a
. FJ I~j~L SCG
G Y) EG SG ~YGh U qfCG ~ J dG H L CG M I FGO V
(.Y
?R~jEG qj dG e .1
IM GC
eKL
f
Sha O
?R~jEH SdG j c .2
HG QJ e GC
MGG ~Ye e
VdG e
G e O
?dEG dG e R~jEH kHe kT qCG ae CG .3
f GC
?R~jEd AGhO g g .4
f GC
?VG e R~jEH HG e g .5
f GC
157
158
R~jG
M
dG
159
bhCG
G G
R~jE
160
161
Y ddG dG
jCG
d qLdG
?G Y
kMGbG f c
?I~YG d
J g
QGdGh fG `a SdG
?Shah R~jEG Y
13
Y f c
A~d I~YG
?e he
jdG qJGSG
jQe b
q
OQGG
?j EG f g
khCG qqG OQGG G~SG
hd dG
?Se
q LM dEG j dG e
qfGG OG~YEG
jdG SDq e GfCG
?GbG g e
~q L GbG Hc
GbG bCG
dG Y AHEG
?TGdG o ofh jQ M GPe
162
jQe b
q
jdG AdG eh .hdH Ic j~e `a TGdG f Y~oj ko of jQe j~J
H UCG ,VG dG GdG `a .d dG `a j
K~M ~bh .jH j d k e jG Z AdG Jh .R~j EH AdG
jQe qd ,a AS hCG R~jEG e G H G eY Y Ic GAG~YG
qc d M cG e fj JGdG Ad kFGO kMe S dG qEG J
R~jEG Sha Y SCG j~d e qc qC H G GP ~bh .R~jEG ShH He
.G OQG ce EG AH a
q ,dG e eG Y G
I~Y kfq qbh e~q j dG `a qj JGdG IdG fc jG~dG `a
~bh .QGdG `a qY j~d qC kU UCG dP qd ,eG ~Jh VG
I~Y Zq e e Y EG L H dG UCGh I dG e ~ jG V e
YG
q e ~jG ~ EG jQe Gd .eG ~Jh R~jEH HG
SGq dG LCG e G EG kjCG h .OQGG e g Y G EGh
JGdG AdG EG UdG ~jJ qfGC c .jhOCGh Iq SCGh qjQ~dG Oq GGh qdG
e jQe W .I~Yd kW dG EG AG j h QGdG `a j
q LQN Y Y G `a J~Ye dG `a qj JGdG AdG H
QGdG `ah fG `a SdG J g{ :Ic SCG j~d qgh .jh
jCG EG ?dG QN e YG
q jQ~J gh ?Shah R~jEG Y
UGe ch ?Y~dG d GbG Hc c ?G d qLdG
?zd kW eG hCG IdG SDq G EG qLJ GPEG hG Y GTEG
OQGG
Gh VQCGh G~q G .ATCG e e h j eh SdG g OQGG ?OQGG g e
J `a Cf R~jEG e jbdG jQe aCG Hh .OQGe qc SdGh
Z J G d ,kT qC H SdG ~j e kdZ .OQGG EG
bqN Gfj CG Y hoj OQGG j~d qJ jdG UTCa .IOdG `a dP
QHG e SCG G `a IOLG OQGG Y QdG j e kdZh .cCG Y~eh
IQOb Zh ddG `a G e dG G qGC qT .I~j~L OQGe
eh .R~jEG H Gk a OGORG J ~bh ,q eM hCG qY YO Y G Y
e~Yh .qSSCG Oq GGh jhOCG e G~v L dGh edG e Gk ~q L dG j~d cGG
H dG Gg d ~q j .HU q qdG edG q e OGOJ ,b OQGG J
Y kFGO qJG . `a R~jEd he LCG e OQGG OjEG qc CH QaCG
Yeh
Ad e e ,qdG ATCG H ~q j qfGC Q~J Q .khCq G
q
. GQe
163
?e he A~d I~YG Y f c
.khCG `a OQGG Y YG
?OQGe EG f g
SdG j e kdZ d ,OQGG hCG G e ~jG jQG e c ~J CG
Y Gj CG hO j e q edG dYCH G~v L de hG `a WG
? `a q dG OQGG g e
AHBGh G h eSdGh
qGh q q dG edGh hhG~G :SdG
q
.hG `a ~Yj CG h GQe j~d e c ` WCGh
hCG dG hCG OG hCG YGQdG hCG G hCG dG Y SdG GQ~b :GQG
I~j~G GQG qJ IQe j~d dGh .HdG hCG SdG hCG AdG hCG dG
.YH
JdG BGh TadGh QhdGh bCGh QdGh TdGh eGh QG :GhOCG
.d eG~SG e c ` SGGh
e hCG G e hCG G hCG IOdG Y oJ CG dG G :VQCG
.CG hCG YLG
e SdG dj e He a~d hCG VQCG hCG GhOCG AGd e~G OdG :G
.Yh bh
?e he A~d I~YG Y f c
164
qJG SCG
SdH
SCG c YCG
SG
dG SCG
HCH
165
?e he A~d I~YG Y f c
hd dG
VGh H IO~q G jQ G
jQG e cCG dH q LQN jH
j ~j~dG jOQ jQa .G
h~j jdG j e gh a
e~Y .d qgCG qbCGh k J q bGC
Q~ b Gk O~q c ,Yh e q J
dG e) aG~gCG Uh `a G
b Wh ( EG h G j
.(G~gCG J EG J c)
Y G H a R~jEG Sha j k QJ
q ,G S Y
J LCG e G e KG jQ~d kYhe dG q U ~bh .ZCG
kMGbG qG c .R~jEG Sha q qc Y jNCG G
bCGh QdGh SGq dG e OQGe dP `a ,TCG qd kYO a j
d{ QhO 1000 W e aCG dP .OdG H Y ka ,qjcdG bGdGh
GDd SG J `a I~YGh QdGh SGG W qGE .zR~jEG Y SdG
W e aCG g H ~Hh dG b R~jEG Y qae Y G
c{ :AGq dG i~d SCG j Vda .zG `a R~jEG a G e dG{
S bdG e c ?hG e ~S dG e ?kq M G YG ~S
Gk NBG VdG c e GPEG ~j~d jW YG i~d ~LJ g ?G EG LM g
?zhG A~H e Gk AS OGOj hCG dG
`a
q
e SCG S J~q e h j OjEGh .IOdG `a IOh~ Id jdG j
~qL H e~SG OQGG hCG GeCG qGC QXEGh .GS 10 J~q e h OjEG
~J e~Y jdG e ~je Y dM qLQG ~jj hG G~gCG q qfGC h
.qUCG GeCG
VH jCGQ e
?e~d
OhCG qd
qj c
R~jEG Sha
?e he A~d I~YG Y f c
166
167
?e he A~d I~YG Y f c
?Se
q LM dEG j dG e
dG hG bCG ~j~ ddG IG J ,gO~q hCG aG~gCG J e~H
F Gjh ke hG AYCG j G .gZ e cCG jdG EG
jQG qJ h .khCq G qq gCG cCG Vhh FdG bJ h .LMH
`a ZJ ~bh .bNEGh MdG Y eCG Y d iNCG `a
`a qq gCG cCG LG g e g~j~ qc CH iNCG Y EG ~q dG
.J
g eh ?G dG f g eh .dG REG qc `a dG dP ~H
hCG jOGdG `a fYEG hG q j gh ?dP qS ch jQ~J qS jdG
dG dSCG jJ ~Y ?qT GQSG hCG qeY HN hCG e hCG SGq c
kq e j CG eh ,I~Ye aCG ~J e ae e qJ ,q J
.jH
fRGG Vh
h dEG S F V
e ATCG q V .Shah R~jEG
kGQhO 25 GOG~eEG
GOG~ eEGh UGGh S dG bh
kGQhO 50 UGG
15 jQ~dG qdOCG Y f
,(SGq dG e) qdG Oq GGh
kGQhO
CG J
n .jOGdG Y YGPEG bhh
kGQhO 75 qjcdG bGdG
? jOGdG bh
a S dG b dG Q~ oJ
kGQhO 20 G
M G OQGG k a , Yq G
? JGhdG
F b I~YCG KK V .iNCG
U z q fGG{ T fG) O dG
,hCq G O dG `a V .(179
`a cGh .~H nc J ,ddG
dG hCG ,G ge ,dG
dG hCG ,h d d H I aq G
h~ H Y G J
c `a OdG LG .qLQN I~Ye
OY WG ,G jdG ,ddG OdG `ah .qLEG G EG Ud
q OY
,hG dEG j dG G dG a .ddG OY e G ge
.G G e LEG G CG
g e jJ `a YG ~Yj S dEG dG G QG~e `a dG qEG
fRGG
?e he A~d I~YG Y f c
168
169
?e he A~d I~YG Y f c
?GbG g e
bh j ,eRdG OQGGh e~S dG dSCGh hG CH Qq J CG ~H
LMG Vj gh .Y~dG Jh hG J bQh GbGh .GbG Hc
~jh jdG hCG Y~dG GbG jh .dG qN j qfGC c .aG~gCGh hG
.dH dH
~qL GbG Hc
G~gCG AGq dG j CG jh .dG Sh dG ~q L GbG j CG j
GeDj G Yh hG qS c a Y jQOb Gfj CG jh .dH hG
gj dG SCG e Y GbG j CG jh .J hG qC H
.AGq dG
AGLEG MJE UUQ Hh ,IOY ~dG qH Gbd hCG GOG
q oJ
Ab~UCG Y IOG
q VYh Seb G~SH q FeEG ANCG q U .GdG
J CG jh .MG hCG dG AG~HE eGdG `a k JG .JAGd
GbG a .HCG Qh Y (SG hCG dG Y) Ye q FdG dG
VGhh dG I~q L q FdG dG J CG jh .j M dH q e
Y AGq dG cJ j da .q FeEG hCG jq ~YGdG ANCG e dNh YdG
c GPG kUN d Q fSG jh)ANCG Y GbG i
.(LCG H dG
?e he A~d I~YG Y f c
170
GbG bCG
o of e eCG dG
fL EG WCG VJh .GbG bCG G Gg `a f
q
ddG bCG j LQ~oj SdG e qd ,k MGbG j ~b .TGdG
:qc hCG qSSCG
(dH aJ)qVJ dSQ
hG GY Yh dG U
jG Fb
(qjQNG) UG
qGh e~q G
hG G~gCG
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171
?e he A~d I~YG Y f c
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172
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1
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5
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174
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35
100
130
70
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200
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(f 200* U 10)
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(4000 ,q QSCG)
(40) e Qh
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(40*)Yd b
300
100
400
17000
3000
2^000
2000
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180
181
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183
184
185
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hCG ShdG GOq e hCG qjG GOq H VGeCG g e dJh .R~jEG
R~jEG Sha bh Y J kjCG jhOCG g qGC Z .Wd IOq G jhOCG
(jOah~jdG)J R GC AZT e ,qYLdG RHfGdG qe g Jh .f
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186
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dG jW Y e 500 ehjQEG ~j ,~d q dG q FYdG GQdG d
Iq e e 600 er rjdG hCG ,kqej Jq e e 100 rS rch~dG hCG ,kqej Gq e 4
dG UGe j ,He AMCG hCG dG fc GPEGh .kej 21-12 I~q ,kqej
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jhOCG YJ
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dG e ,UN
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Y IOY jhOCG W GC ~j .Id IO~q G (jhf ej~jEG cJ)fL
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.jG I~Y YG~dG H A~dGh
ZQ eG~SG j H jG qd Gk ~q L kq e AGh~dG j MCG H `a
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187
jhOCG YJ
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G qf~Jh SJdG qf~Jh VfGh q M :Amphotericin B H jJeCG
.IOQhCG dGh AGG ~dG jN O~Y qf~Jh dG Qq Jh
.SEGh Zh W :Ceftriaxone cjS
.Wh G~Uh Abh SEGh Z :Ciprofloxacin SrcahS
.~dG Qq Jh Wh Abh Zh SEG :Clindamycin eG~rc
eRe{h AGG ~dG jN Jh ~dG `a HZG OLh :Dapsone HGO
.~dG dGh ,(IOY dG e HSCG 8 -3 ~H ,~dG Qq Jh q Mh W) zHGO
jdG WCG ~Y SCG d GhRh SEGh Z :Doxycycline chO
q j) Oq M Wh G AKCG AGh~dG JG~dGh qJ jdG hCG AGh~dG qj
.G AKCG H j .(dG
qdG G J .dG `a CGh Abh SEG :Erythromycin ehrKQEG
.IQOf M `a bj .~jQdG dG ~jQdG `a DhYEG qjh .kG~q L De
.Wh q H CGh dG LGJ :Ethambutol JreKEG
`a ~dG Qq Jh .Wh q H CGh SEGh Abh Z :Fluconazole hRfcra
.IQOf M
AdG ~dG jN O~Yh jq e~dG dG O~Y qf~J :Flucytosine jRSra
.~dG Qq Jh Wh Abh Zh
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G qf~Jh SJdG qf~Jh YJQG hCG SdG qf~Jh dG bO fG
.dG `a hbh AGG ~dG jN O~Y qf~Jh
qje~dG dG O~Yh AdG ~dG jN O~Y qf~J :Ganciclovir afZ
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p nG jn oG dGh jn oG dG
QhL ~Y ~d ih~Y (jda ajjEGh jrda)jG dG
kdZh .dH ke j ~bh ,qd Gk e hCG kDe MCG kNfG qJ gh .dG
LdG Y jG dG OLh jh .NfG Sh `a IT g j e
qjOdG e qjO dG KGG q Jh .( dG e) q HQCGh dC Gh Gh
dG M e Streptococcus qj~ dG hCG Staphylococcus aureus qgdG
qM hCG qeO C j CG ,kY cCG ih~Y jG dG qS GPEGh .jG
q~G qjdG YG f Sha Ve Y
188
(HJ) jhOCG YJ
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.qG VG
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jh .Sfh dG `a CGh Zh dG `a ~e W :Metronidazole hRG~rfhrep
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ah (IG Y N q ~L YJ gh) fL - S
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qbh ~dG `a HZG OLhh AGG ~dG jN J :Primaquine cH
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jN OG~J qbh ~dG dGh dG `a Mh W :Sulfadiazine jRjOr So
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jdG WCG ~Y SCG d GhRh SEGh Z :Tetracycline r SGJ
dG IQOf M `ah .G A K GC J qeGC q J jdG hCG AGh~dG dh j
AKCG q j .d qSG Jh .I dG YG ~ Y Sj dG
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q ah (fL - S eRe
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189
G hCG qG
~bh .eLCG e I~j~Y AfCG `a H R~jEG ShH HG j e kdZ
qG e .~G Y qG J (S 2 - 1) IU noM g j
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gOH GG q Gdhj CG Yh .HdGh ZGdGh VdG dP `a
dG J h .~eGdJ jO e Gd OQH fCG TQh
q G e
h .jW jhGSh jW cCG GP b AG~JQGh qSedG G~SH kd
K e 75 - 50 jRchQ~g e) edG GOq e qG e J CG
.IOq M qG fc GPEG UHh
,qVe qj~FhS gGe hCG ,(kqej Gq e
q
q~G qjdG YG f Sha Ve Y
190
RHc WS
70h 50 q S H LdG IOY j RHc WS c ,R~jEG Sha QfG b
RHc WS ~gj BGh .k c e Gk QOfh GWCG Y ~gj ch .S
kdZh .8 q dG q G ShdG q jh ,ZCG Y R~jEG ShH HG ~Y
jd hCG M gh ,AGOS hCG q H hCG AGM RHc WS aBG J e
,ddG `a NG~dG e dG RHc cS j c .(S 2 - 0.5) IU Sb
q Jh jq hdG ~dG ~q J Qh Gk ~q L Ic aBG J ~bh .G S UHh
q
NCG RHc WS UCG GPEG U cG J ~bh .bdGh YGQdG Qq J
edGh ~G fWS h~J ~bh .q HQCG hCG bdG hCG YGQdG hCG e~dG
LCG e Y N AG LEG jh ,R H c W S e q dG q F Y dG GQ dGh
.dG e H HG jh kgJ
q RHc WS jo e kdZh .dG
HUEG J ~bh ,IOh~ HUEG J RHc WH HG e qCG Z
.HUEd FdGh AeCG e q NGO AYCG Vq J H IOq G
I~j~Y W q Kh .G jJ ~b q d IG RHc WS e J e Gk QOf
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q CG EG RHc WS
SdG g NBG Y Kh .eQq dG J CG EG HSCG 3 - 2 c G g
Y IU ~J .RHc WS eQq J NGO j CG dG
Qq dG M IOY dP qj .qG AG e e 0^1 `a SdG e e 0^01
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.f bdG `a AGh~dG e dG G qj d jdG
J ~bh .RHc WS e IdG WG LCG e kjCG TCG ~J CG
G e Ic AfCG `a RHc WH HG ~Y jq QhV cCH G e
,SCG `a Iq e e 2 Vincristine ja j .~dGh FdG e AYCG `a hCG
eHr h ,dG jW Y SCG `a Iq e c /e 1 - 0^5 Vinblastine Sah
.kej 14 c 2 /e 10 Bleomycin
q fdG AGO
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.qNG~dG AYCGh ~G j gh .qFGSG WG `a VG Gg jh
eQq c GC ~j gh .edG HHP d e Gk T 24 ~H q ~G qfdG AGO ~j
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TCG ~H Ic qNGO kMhb qj e ,Gh fCG EG MCG H `a J gh
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191
192
194
dG VGeCG
.jq RfG VGeCG eY a J CG dG ceCG hCq G ~MCG g dG
.dG fL EG G e iNCG AGLCG `a e VGeCG g e q Jh
qC jH dG a j ,dH ih~Y Y R~jEG ShH e ~j e~Yh
.dG Qe EG LM K q dG VGeCG d .dG q J VGeCG H
,dG `a ~Lj e q H G VGeCG H dG dG e j e kdZh
qKD j dG f VG Y f dG e qCH VGaG q QhdG e j ~bh
.~cCG J OLh hO dG A~H Lq j ~bh .G e NBG AL Y
(~edG) G dG
jh q j dG (G) dG e HCG dG dG g G dG
dG hjh ,G dH IOY d Y Sha qJ .AGU GRGaEG
dG qGC NCG hCG UCG dG RGaEG jh .KG hCG SCG Z `a
Oq q eKG G dG Y h .LQCG Y q eKL S G
jDhdG ~a hCG ~j~dG CG j CG h .FS hCG ge T Y q Ve M
.dG W IQSG jh ,IN ih~Y Y eY
q dG dG
h~Jh .R~jCG ShH HG qT `a kYT cCG G g qdG dG
gh .U q T jf H j dG HCG dG e f e qdG dG
dG h~J .f AJ e IOY gJ YhCG `a IU qjeO L Y J
qd dG H T (dG dG fG) jd q G ShdG qj dG
.qdG dH HG ~Y IOY VGYCG J h .Y hO hJ
jd q G ShdG
ShH HG ~Y FT e (Shade jS)jd q G ShdG
QGZ Yh .oG Shah q bdG
C G Sha FY e Sha gh .R~jEG
qj CG hO dG `a jW I~q e jd q G ShdG j CG ,CG
e~Y jd q G ShdH He G j G H `ah .VG
g~dh EG CG eh G QJh G Y j gh .dG qS EG j
ShdG qKD j CG h .~dG f jW Yh q dG VQEG AKCG hCG IOdG b
195
G hCG e~dG hCG ~dG hCG qjhdG O~dG hCG FdG hCG dG Y jd q G
ce EG R~jEG ShH HG HQ f Vq jh .AeCG hCG AG hCG q cdG
.R~jEG ShH ih~dG Y f dG hCG Id IO~q e
EG j K dG i~MEG Y jd q G ShdH qdG dG qKDj
dG Y J zeGY{
q hCG IU kH UTCG ij e kdZh .iNCG
~gJ CG h .dG Ad qSMh zAY H{ kjCG Hj ~bh .j~d
qdG Y (Oh FS) zJdGh AdG G{ e h~J AGMh AGU H
.qd fG ~j ~bh .dG Qe G~SH d b~dG dG AKCG
c /e 5 afZ SGH jd q G ShdH qdG dG dj
,YS 8 c ~jQdG Y c /e 2.5 hG ,dG `a Jq e YS I~q e N ~jQdG Y
c /e 5 hCG FG~HG YG f dG QGSEG YL Jh .kej 21 - 14 I~q
~jQdH c/e 60 fQSdG G~SEG h .SCG `a jCG 7 - 5 I~q kqej Iq e
d q a afZ ~SG h .j~H c j 21-14 I~ YS 8 c
f ,(neutropenia) p~dG qb e ,IN qfL GKCJ ~ ~bh .fdG
Gd ,fQSdG Y f d Qq Jh dhdEG `a GPhTh afZ Y
fQSdG hCG afdG jh .e edG ~Y jdG e Gk ~je Nq J j
.bj qd jd q G ShdG
d G CG
kjCG Lg e GPEGh .~G YCG Y IOY (ShR HdG)q G
C G qKDj
C G QH dP J CG Lq G eh .dH q j CG ,dG EG Oq Dj kY
~bh De gh .G hCG ,fCG fL hCG ,d ~MGh f Y J dG q G
dch ,dH q fdG J ~bh .MCG H `a d dG g j
j ,dG e G
C G j e~Y hCG IOq G G `ah .q MdG
14 - 7 I~q YS 8 c YS i~e Y ~jQdG Y c /e 12 - 10 aSCG
GPEGh .jq QhV adG geEG Jh jq c ce aSCG q j CG ej .kej
5 dG jW Y e 800 - 600 j CG ,kGqae ~jQdG aSCG j
fQSa AYEG ,aSCG j GPEGh .jCG 10 - 7 I~q dG `a Gq e
.dP EG LG YO e YS 8 c ~jQdG Y c /e 40
G RHc ecS
d LM h .R~jEG ShH HG L `a RHc ecS ~ CG
qjRLh qVe e dG j ~bh .jd Ye ecdG fc GPEG EG
.(zqj~G VGeCG{ RHc ecH UG
dG fG)
q
196
jq FdG qH qdG dG
.qdG Y I~j~Y AGU jd (jQc Sef)qjFdG qG ~
~j .qjFdG qH FdG GP Y dG `a qjFdG G Y jh
GP b fG) eG~c hCG j~eH hCG hRceS-HQJ SG
.(zqjQ~dG VGeCG{ qjFdG qH FdG
SH
qGh qdG dG
q
Gk ~qL q G Z dG jW Y J qj q W (eRHcJ)S q G
Oh~M GP fe e
q EG AGU qePh qT aBG qJ gh .qdG dGh
e q eeCG dG dGh qLLdG dG SH
q HG ~Y IOY ~j .ZR
aBG J h .jd q G ShdH HUEG ~Y ~gJ VGYCG gh , dG
ceCG `a kjCG H Hj dG `a SG
q AG~H HG e ch .qjeO SG
q
SG AGO Y SH
q qGh qdG dG Y Kh .e~dG e ,iNCG
.(ze~dGh YCG ce{ SH
q jdG dG b fG)dG
e~dGh YCG ce
H jdG dG
AfCG c `a ~Lj IG j a Cryptococcus neformans eQG G
e
q AGg H
q G Jh .jH e QdG MJ eh HdG `a dG
AGO VGYGC Qq Jh .(NB T e dG j ) dG Y j Q H
TdGh q Gh G~dGh HdGh AdGh dG J gh .AH G
ICa kfMCG G~dG JCj ~bh .dG a G `a IOY G~dG jh .gdG
Y eY U TCG H ~ Y ~LJ ~bh .k jS GC ~ J Hf hCG S j
.~Gh ShdGh ~dGh dGh FdG `a G
,dG Y kH q YdG q qG FdG a I~Fa G GQNG cCG e
e H Ij~e qjY ~gJ .h q ~g M d G~SH
JhH Y kH q YdG q qG FdGh ~dG a kjCG h .aqT e
JhdG je e ,q YdG q qG Fd iNCG SGQ~dG Jh .G
.ddG `a OG e jb jG OG~YCGh RcdGh
c /e 0^8 - 0^6 H jJeCG SGH Oq G G AGO e
fL EG ,e 1000 - 750 qdLEG YG RhJ H ,kqej ~jQdG Y
1^0 - 0^6 H jJeCG hCG ,YS 6 c dG jW Y c /e 25 SjSa
0^7 e H H jJeCG AYEG dP e k~H h .O kqej c /e
hRfcdG e HSCG 8 j ,fh~H hCG SjSa e YSCG I~q kqej c /e
197
198
200
dG ce
Y C J CG h .R~jEG ShH HG ~Y dG `a ce ~ e kdZ
jdGh .edG H f hCG WdG hCG dG hCG ShdG hCG KGG
.VGeCG g e dG qd qjQhV dH G
q YdG hdG
De gh .hb EG J
q AG hCG dG `a AGM IU eQq J qYdG hdG
jh .dG QN qb ~ qd (HdG)
C G Sha hb J ~bh
.dG AGLE kac dG NGO IU hb QX
,~FhdG c eCG Jh .CGh dG d jhOCG G~SG
Ge 6 hdG Y VJ dG ,jchH hCG % 0^05 (c~d) ~fSa ge e
~Y jh .d c (e /e 0^5) hQOjO cEG kjCG ~Yjh .dG `a
EG UdG j e~ Y UG Lh Y ScCG ~ Jh .hQO j~dG H
,kjCG Gk ~e ~eh~ddG j CG h .kU dG gO j e ,hdG
K ,hdG J
q CG EG dG `a Ie dG jW Y e e 200 j e~Y
~eh~ddG ~j CG jh .jbd SCG `a Ge 3 dG jW Y e 100
qJh .qN kHY qj qfC ,AGh~dG hJ AKCG G qbJ dG hCG eG ICGG b e
.qYdG hdG Y dG CG dH jdG Y QWEG `a IOQGdG dG Z
201
dH jdG
ATCG H j a .q YG RG H HG ~Y Gk ~q L q e qdH jdG
.gGaCG af Y d YJG CG dG
.AGh dG `a SCG a
.SCG H j c H SCG J
.d c LhQ~dG ~chH `a SCG Lh f
dG C a Z
kJ fG
q J .dh dG `a Ge I~q Y ddG FGdH G
.kZe dG Z qe FGS aVEG h ,qaj
2
SGJ
e 240
LhQ~dG ~jQc eGQ~jjGO GT
e 60
hJQchQ~jg
I~Mh e 6
Jf
.oJh ddG FGdH oj ,qje hb ~LJ fc EG
e 55
LhQ~dG ~jQc eGQ~jjGO GT
e 10
%2 jch~d M
e 175
edCGh G qe
dG L
.jhOCG qJ dG zdG L{ AKCG dG e j e qHdG O~dG J
cdG e
q aj .kMG cCG dGh dG Ve L EG dG L ODjh
~YJ ~bh .dG HWQ Y G `a q YUG dG G~SG hCG dG
j dG SdG
q q `a dG hCG SCG e hCG qj~jQdG dG Z
.dG H HG ~Y kYT cCG
q dG Gn sdG
h~J .IOY dG fL Y ~LJ e AH jd q dG (cHcd)dG
q dG GdG qj h .J d kaN qd ,dG e AdG jdG
YN NCG qd ,dG AGLE IOY kac e jh .dG Y ce
.dG e~e ~Y UHh
,(kHe h~j CG dG) WdG Y d
q
q bdG CG Sha
hCG zQdG{ qJ gh .kG~q L FT (S HdG) q bdG
C G ShH ih~dG
`a QdG MJh .qSdG AYCG eh dGh dG Y zIOQH hb{
q~G qjdG YG f Sha Ve Y
202
204
AeCG VGeCG
Sha V ,dG EG dG e q G q ~G RG AGLCG c qKCJ CG
~ah SEGh Abh dG `a ce ShH HG ~Y ~ kfMCGh .R~jEG
e cCG hCG jd EG UTCG e jh .FGd ~a dP Y jh .Rd
.H cCG EG La SEH HG eCG ,j c FGdG
SEG
q J dG ih~dG qdh .R~jEG ShH HG ~Y Oq M SEG ~j e kdZ
Gh cdG h .kKe
q j ~b dG AGh dG q AG Y ,SEG
GPEGh .qe e f 10 - 5 e AG e ~MGh d `a bO 20 I~q J ,eBG LRdG
.zff hCG J hCG W hCG Z{ EG AdH J I~Yda ,k dP j
Id Gk e j CG SEG S eh q ~jQh hCG q a FS AYEG qEG
QqG e j MCG H `ah .(geEG IOYEH G CH QWEG fG)
GfCG e d qjG GOq G G~SG .SEG qj dG e ae
.kahe SEd b~dG dG j e~Y M J CG h FdG ih~dG
NQ RGH c ~H dG jW Y j~EG hCG Jed qM2 - 1 AYEG bj e kdZh
FGdG e Gd 6 - 5 UTCG H ~j ~bh .dG dj qd SEG
Yhe aCG U e ,iNCG LY EG LM K ADdh .dG `a SEH
15 G jdG aQG S hCG ,kqej Ge 4 dG jW Y e 0^6 FGdG
.dG `a I~MGh Ie dG jW Y e
p KGL qEG
kYT SEG SCG cCG H g fdGh cHdGh qdG
dGh I~ G q J KGG g c q Jh .R~ aG Sh H H G ~ Y
.h O e kfMCGh ,SEGh
jW Y e 500 - 250 eCG :j e j ,fdGh qp dG ih~Y d
4 ~jQdG hCG dG jW Y c /e 25 - 15 eQc hCG ,kqej Gq e 4 dG
Je dG jW Y e 800 /e 160 hRceS ` HJ hCG ,kqej Ge
.YS 6 c ~jQdG jW Y (HJdG EG ~e) c /e 5 hCG dG `a
cHec ih~Y Y h .jCG 10 - 7 I~q qjG GOq G AYEG jh
dG jW Y e 500 jQS jQEG SGH Campmlobacter jejuni L
ScaQf hCG e 500 ScahS djh .jCG 7 I~q dG `a Ge 4
.qac KdG KGG jCG 10-7 I~q kqej Je dG jW Y e 400
dG jW Y e 500 hRG~fhe SGH Clostridium difficile qG Y
.jCG 7 I~ kqej Ge 4 dG jW Y e 500 efa hCG jCG 7 I~q kej Ge 3
jG NGO qj dG I q G cq e Y dG SEG d jh
q Jh . jhOCG HQCG EG FGhO SG H Mycrobacterium avium-intracellulare
205
qjdG geEH G
WCG Vq jh .dG AfCG c `a UTCG je SEG Y dG dG j
g eE G IO YGE j J b .U G Lh Y d SE H H G
Oq M SH HG c ,(dG SGH dG/dG e )jq dG
~jhdG G J ceCG e c `ah .J hCG ~jQdG jW Y FGdG qj
qj dG geE G IOYGE U d H d ,I aq e FGdGh ~ jQ dG Y
H aCG qjdG geEG IOYEG h .G hCG IOdG hCG G `a eG~SGh
.UTCG e jG IM PfEG `a dG a eG~SG gS ~bh ,AG e
.dG jW Y NDjh qdGh Gh AG e qjdG geEG IOYEG j
AG T GPEG
q dG AG VCG fK UeH d dGh G j
.qdSEG VGeCH qdG ~Y LCG e f Ae G~SG jh .O kqjOY kAe
e g q SSG fGh
q .W I~H jq dG geEG IOYEG U h
e IU e f jh .AG d dG e Ye 8h G e IU
hCG JdG Y e c aVEG kjCG h .Iqae fc GPEG GOdG fHH
50 G~SG ,kT dG j e~Yh .OG SJdG G~S JRe
.WdG hCG dG hCG N~t dG hCG ZdG hCG IQdG hCG Rq QCG e G bO e keGZ
F~Y ,SEG H ~j dG AG QG~e IOSG e AG qj GPEGh
.e hCG IOY `a ~jQdG jW Y FGdG DhYEG
206
208
Q~dG VGeCG
ShH G Yh .R~jEG ShH HG ~Y IN qjFQ VGeCG ~
qd W gh .qdG ~Y CH T hCG f V GPEG I~YG j CG R~jEG
G~SG ,G S Y .IO~q qjFQ VGeCG e EG aVEH VG
.GffEG ih~Y qd eG~SG Mdh qjFdG qG qd AGh~dG
q eKG FdG VGeCG
qeKG FdG GP
ddG ~Gh Streptococcuc pneumoniae qG qj~dG e KGG qJ
j Sh q M e FdG GP Staphylococcus aureush Hemophilus influenzah
FdG h~J ~bh .Q~dG `a CGh qdG `a HUh NCG EG UCG (kH) kb
q dG QU Jh .Y dG ~Y fqfQ Z hCG Yq dH dEG dG
~Y WQ
q
jNh FS e qdC J FdG `a JQG e e e Y IOY Q~d
Jh .kGqce Gk e kfMCG j q TCG IQU `a dG qGC Z ,KQLh
~dG YGQR q J e dZh .KGLh AH O jN OLh Y d GZ jJ
.KGG
EG ShdH ih~dG Oq D Jh .GffEG hCG I~aGdGddG GffEG Sha qJ
cCG j AG qGC j dPh .FdGh G e KGGh ShCG OW HU
GffEG ~Jh .S. pneumoniae G j~dG eKL H Vd VY
Hd dG ~j ) FdG GP e jbdG `a qjFdG GQG
q ~q V MdGh
.(G H dH
~j~dG G~SG h .~jQdG Y kLY IOq G qeKG FdG GP qJ ~b
` H J dP `a , q e KG F dG G d qj G GOq G e
Jh .Moraxella h H. Influenzah Pneumococcus ~q V j dG hRceS
T dGh ,eCGh ,jQSdS e dG G iNCG I~G jhOCG
Oq e aVEG h .jCG 10 - 7 IOY dG j .~SZeCGh q YUG
Mycoplasma e qLP Z FQ GP OLh qbj c GPEG ehjQEG e
q M
.Chlamydia hCG Legionella hCG
210
dG
G~dG H `ah .dG AfCG c `a j~G VGeCH Iad hCG qG g qdG
e j e qGC ZQ ,qdG e %50 f EG qdH HG f J
qdG Y ka R~jEG ShH HG Vq J MG ~jj qfGC Z .Tf Ve
.dGh R~jEG ShH HG e %10 - 5 f Y c dH jh .Vd
qd FdG ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis eKL qJ dG ,qdG j e cCG
qLjh .~dGh AeCGh dGh dGh qjdG O~dGh e~dG Y qKDj CG
.R~jEG ShH HG Z e cCG FdG QN d R~jEG ShH HG Vq J
.qdG Y kH q d q J hCG Rd ~a hCG q M hCG ee S e j e c a jh
~gJ GPEa .d ~eU jH G dG qH qdG J qj
qS AG i~d j CG qLG Z e ,dG e e qY K `a qdG eKL
f hCG qjhdG ~dG hCG dG hCG dG e qY YGQR h .FQ `a f
CG h .M. tuberculosis qqdG I qG Y kH ,~dG f M hCG ,dG
.d ~eU jJ Y f Z qY `a qqdG I qG kfMCG YGQdG J
jhOCH qdG eY Y J jdG R~jEG ShH HG dj CG j
qd qdG eY Y J jdG R~jEG ShH HG Yh .(fOCG fG)
QNG jd qqG GOTQEG LGQ) qG JhdG qe QN qHjEG
Y dG `a e 300) jbd qbCG Y S ~jRfjEG AGhO Gqj CG (q HjEG
O H H qG JhdG qe QNG
e qd dG qdG qjY e AGLCG qG JhdG qe QNG ~j
` 48 ~H Qq J X e GPEGh .~G NGO JhdG j .qqdG I qH AG HUEG
e ~H c O~j .kTf VG j d M kHe AG j CG Lq j ,YS 72
.(j~d qG qdOCG LGQ)j~d qdG ih~Y EG j dG Qq dG M g
e Yj ~a ,R~jEG ShH HG ~Y V q YG RG qGC
`a dG jh .qqdG I qH He Gfc GPEG qG JhdG qe QNG
~Y Gk ~q L Gk ~e d q dG qG JhdG q e QNG qGC ,k qJ Y~jh ,YdG
dG We e c `ah .~e q HjEG QNG qd ` R~jEG ShH HG
qG JhdG qe QNGh .ddG qS `a jQZ ` c qH qdG qj
Z .qdG HS jQZ ` c qY d kjCG j ~b WCG ~Y q HjEG
He kq HjEG j~d qG JhdG q e QNG j jdG ddG e qGC
CG h .ddG AKCG jQZ ` c qY d GqJ d M ,qqdG I qH
eY OLh hO qHjEG gQNG f J jdG R~jEG ShH HG NCj
jbd TCG 9 I~q dG jW Y dG `a Ie e 300 ~jRfhjEG qdG f Y
jW Y dG `a Iq e e 10 chOhH aVEG h .TdG q dG h~M e
.~jRfhjEH dG Y C J ~b dG YCG ce e jbd dG
211
212
qGhodG QdG
qJdG ceCG `a ddG `a ~Ljh .Fd i~dG qj NBG a Coccidiodes qfGhodG
~b fj qfGhodH V jdG UTCG eh .I~G jdG Z Lh
qJ CG hO AqUCG UTCG NGO ddG `a J gh .HS bh `a ih~dH GUCG
ih~Y qJ .IOY ~dG ih~dG d J IOYEG ~j~G VG jh .kGQV d
Q~d IQU J ~bh .qdG `a eh RdG ~ah q Gh dG qfGhdG
EG UdG
q h .c hCG FdG i~MEG `a IU Ij~e c OLh Y q TCH
kjCG h .G `a q YdG q qG FdGh dGh ~d GQNG AGLEH dG
Y Qd q Qh~dG q G T H q dG q dG dG Fd j J AGLGE
.kjCG I~e ~G hCG FdG hCG ~dG hCG dG f YN J ~bh .qfGhdG
`a Ie ~jQdG jW Y c /e 1 - 0^5 H jJeCG SGH qfGhdG dJ
- 400 hRfca g j~H Y K .(IOY HSCG 8 ` 6) VGYCG hJ CG EG dG
`a Je dG jW Y e 800 hRfcGJEG hCG dG `a Ie dG jW Y e 800
Je dG jW Y e 200 hRfcGJEG j ,qfGhdG IOY e jbdh .dG
jbdG kjCG h .dG `a Ie dG jW Y e 400 hRfca hCG dG `a
.IG i~e SCG `a Ie ~jQdG jW Y c /e 1 H jJeCG G~SH
SdG AGO
`a qJdG ceCGh jQdGh I~G jdG `a ~Lj a Histoplasma SdG
SdG AG~H j CG dEG aj hCG WG J `a j e ch .ddG
~ah q G SdG AGO qjh .qjdG g Y j QZ qJ jW Y
J dG eh .q TCG QU `a qeKG FdG GP e h~j ~b eh RdG
FdGh ~dGh qjhdG ~dGh dG f e YN jJ h .SdG AGO
Y kH G ah q dG efe hCG Z ` jGQ jJ G~SH
h .dG Y kj UCG EG FG q G ~dG Z j ~bh .dG
.q YdG q qG FdGh ~dG YGQR
dG `a Ie ~jQdG jW Y c /e 1 - 0^5 H jJeCG SGH dG j
.( 2^0 -1^5 J qdLEG YL ~H hCG ,IOY HSCG 8 -6) VGYCG hJ CG EG
KK I~q dG `a Je dG jW Y e 300 hRfcGJEG j~dG fCG eh
jW Y e 400 hRfca hCG ,kYSCG 12 I~q dG `a Je e 200 K ,jCG
~j ,SdG AGO IOY e jbdh .kYSCG 12 I~ dG `a Je dG
Y c /e 1 H jJeCG hCG dG jW Y dG `a Ie e 200 hRfchJEG
.IG i~e SCG `a Ie ~jQdG jW
jq FdG qH FdG GP
Y~j U H Fd ih~Y Pneumocystis carinii jq FdG qH FdG GP
Yh .jaEG e cCG qYdG qHdG G~dG `a Jh .Pneumocystis carinii
213
214
~dG HGVG
~dG a
HG UTCG ~Y ~dG HGVG jhOCGh jdG ASh VGeCG qJ CG
jc O~Y VfG) ~dG a dG f VGeCG qJ CG h .R~jEG ShH
jdG qb hCG qje~dG jdG qb hCG AdG ~dG jN qb hCG (AGG ~dG
RG Vh R~jEG ShH HG i~d j .(~dG jN GfCG c OG~YCG qf~J)
e qjY iNCG ~dG a SCG eh .VH qe ~e O a q YG
`ah .SdG e dGh ,qdGh ,jG NGO qjdG I qG qce hCG jQG
Jh .~j~G hCG jdG qb hCG dG Ve Y kf ~dG a j MCG H
J kjCG R~jEG Sha qjh .AGG ~dG jN J hCG ~dG ~a iNCG SG
Y dG e j e ,p~dGh (4 O S jN) AdG ~dG jN H
.FdG VGeCG ae HG
jG NGO jq dG I qG qce
.q qdG I qG jG NGO qjdG I qG qce qJ dG KGG J
qce ih~Y qJ CG h .dG AfCG e `a AGh HdG `a ~LJ gh
kjW kSEGh dG CGh RdG ~ah dGh q G jG NGO qjdG I qG
I qG cq e j c j h .A dGh AGG ~dG jN O~Y q bh
I~jGe W ~q G R~jEG ShH HG Vq jh .jG NGO qjdG
.jG NGO qjdG I qG qc HUEd
YN hCG UN
q O YGQR N e jG NGO qjdG I qG qce q j
qJ gh jG NGO qjdG I qG qce e dG e dh .qf
`a Ie dG jW Y e 600 ejQ H .IG i~e dG QGSG
ScahSh ,dG `a Ie dG jW Y c /e 25 - 15 JeKEGh ,dG
YH SeCG aVEG h .qaJ GPEG dG `a Je dG jW Y e 750 - 500
,I~G jdG `ah .dG `a Ie dG `a hCG ~jQdG jW Y c /e 7^5 J
500 ehjRCG hCG dG `a Je dG jW Y e 500 ehjQc ~j
215
dG `a Ie c /e 25 - 15 HeKEG :j ~MGh e dG `a Ie e 1000 dG jW Y e 750 - 500 ScahS hCG dG `a Ie e 600 JHjQ hCG
G~SG h .dG `a Ie c /e 7^5 SeCG aVEG h .dG `a Je
dG `a Je dG jW Y 500 ehjQc hCG dG `a Ie e 300 JHjQ
G jbh `a I~Yd IG i~e SCG `a Ge 3 e 500 ehjRCG hCG
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ih~H HG H ~Y GGh qdGh dG `a GqJ h~M :AIDS dementia R~jEG N
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English-Arabic
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Family planning
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HIV-sheltered relationship
Homosexual
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d I~edG qdG
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AIDS
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AIDS wasting syndrome
R~jEG Gg eRe
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(q~e) q~dG G~qde
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Birth control
dG ~j~
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Body fluids
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c SCG
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(HdG dH aG SSCG OQGG fCG)
Berer, M. Women and HIV/AIDS: An International Resource Book. London:
HarperCollins, Pandora Press, 1993.
Cohen, F. L., and J. D. Durham, eds. Women, Children, and HIV/AIDS. New York:
Springer, 1993.
Cohen, P. T., M. A. Sande, and P. A. Volberding, eds. The AIDS Knowledge Base.
Waltham, Mass.: Medical Publishing Group, 1990.
Cotton, D., and D. H. Watts, eds. The Medical Management of AIDS in Women.
New York: Wyley-Liss, 1997.
Gordon, G., and T. Klouda. Talking AIDS: A Guide for Community Work. London:
Macmillan Education, 1990.
Green, E. C. AIDS and STDs in Africa: Bridging the Gap Between Traditional
Healing and Modern Medicine. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994.
Hubley, J. The AIDS Handbook: A Guide to the Understanding of AIDS and HIV.
London: Macmillan, 1990.
Mann, J., and D. Tarantola, eds. AIDS in the World. 2d ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Peiperl, L. Manual of HIV/AIDS Therapy. Fountain Valley, Calif.: Current Clinical
Strategies, 1995.
Pierce, C., and D. VanDeVeer. AIDS: Ethics and Public Policy. Belmont, Calif.:
Wadsworth, 1988.
Piot, P., B. M. Kapita, E. N. Ngugi, J. M. Mann, R. Colebunders, and R. Wabitsch.
AIDS in Africa: A Manual for Physicians. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
Pohl, M., D. Kay, and D. Toft. The Caregivers Journey: When You Love Someone
with AIDS. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
Sabatier, R. Blaming Others: Prejudice, Race, and Worldwide AIDS. London:
Panos Institute, 1988.
. The Panos Dossier: AIDS and the Third World. London: Panos Institute,
1988.
Sande, M. A., and P. A. Volberding, eds. The Medical Management of AIDS.
Philadelphia, Pa.: W. B. Saunders, 1997.
Webman, D. M., and F. J. Alwon, eds. Taking Action on AIDS: A Resource Book.
Needham, Mass.: Albert E. Trieschman Center, 1990.
Werner, D. Where There Is No Doctor. Palo Alto, Calif.: Hesperian Foundation,
1992.
. Helping Health Workers Learn. Palo Alto, Calif.: Hesperian Foundation,
1982.
Williams, A. O. AIDS: An African Perspective. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1992.
World Health Organization. W.H.O. Model Prescribing Information: Drugs Used in
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Infection. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 1995.
. AIDS Prevention Through Health Promotion: Facing Sensitive Issues.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 1991.
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196 ` 195 ,dG H
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213 ,211 ,210 ,192
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141 ,136 ,60 ,GQq~G W IQG ~J
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148 ,143 ,96 ,90 ` 87 ,86 ,84 ,83 ` 82
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209 ,208 ` 207 ,j~jQSjc
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249
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227 ,209 ,208 ,197 ,191 ,187 ,185 ,25 ,RHc ecS
156 ,150 ,51 ,23 ,c
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176 ` 175
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211 ,fdG
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215 ,dG jdG qb
204 ,203 ,195 `194 ,GdG
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221 ,18 ,16 ,15 ,14 ` 13 ,qdG ~dG qQJ
227 ,226 ,R~jEd Vnc qdG ~dG qQJ
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203 ,192 ,190 ` 189 ,185
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220 ,216 ,G jW
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227 ,208 ,199 ` 198 ,25 ,e
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251
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199 ,jdG dG
225 ,45 ,18 ,G
60 ,hOe
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212 ` 211 ,209 ,cQG
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216 ` 215 ,209 ,207 ,206 qjG H qjdG IqG
212 ` 211 ,207 ,q dG IqG
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35 ,ef
208 ,206 ,199 ,197 ,188 ,18 ,15 ,dG
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196 ,146 ,139 ` 138 ,108 ` 107 ,99 ,94 ,72
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186 ,af
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215 ,~p dG
186 ,jQf
156 ` 155 ,~FGG
34 ,33 ,G~jRf
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200 ,199 ,197 ,Hf
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146 ,107 ` 106 ,86 ,62
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136 ,134 ,124 ,110 ` 109 ,107 ,103 ` 102 ,41
196 ,G AKCG jd qG ShdG QfG
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146 ,108 ` 107
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175 ,168 ,141 ,GQc G eY
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177 ,176 ,172
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207 ,206 ,qdG
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221 ,203 ,14 ,G dG
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210 ,190 ,189 ` 188 ,qjOdG
189 ,187 ,fL ` S eRe
226 ,210 ,209 ,190 ,189 ` 188 ,qj~dG
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Peoples Health Movement secretariat:
CHC, 367, Jakkasandra 1st Main, 1st Block,
Koramangala, Bangalore 560 034, India
Tel: +91 80 5128 0009; Fax: +91 80 25525372
Email: secretariat@phmovement.org
www.phmovement.org
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